Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Lost Kingdoms

    Uploaded by

    Hunter
    45 views285 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    45 views285 pages

    Lost Kingdoms

    Uploaded by

    Hunter

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 285
    LOST KINGDOMS HINDU-BUDDHIST SCULPTURE OF EARLY SOUTHEAST ASIA John Guy Rey Pierre Baptiste, Lawrence Becker, Bérénice Bellina, Robert L. Brown, Federico Card, Pattaratorn Chirapravati, Janet G. Douglas, Arlo Griffiths, Agustijanto Indradjaya, Le Thi Lien, Pierre-Yves Manguin, Stephen A. Murphy, Ariel O'Connor, Feter Skilling, Janice Stargardt, Donna Strahan, U Thein Lwin, Geoff Wade, U Win Kyaing, Hiram Woodward, and Thierry Zéphir RAMON cues Mee en OU lig Distributed by Yale University Press, New Haven and London CONTENTS Dee aa | EMER eens ce cs Early Indic Inscriptions of Southeast Asia 33 ‘Alo Grifiths eee ee Fa ie Pers tee eros a baa ‘ Inscriptions in Early Southeast Asia oo ie Peter Skilling Peer eres at ‘The Pyu Civilization of Myanmar and the 8 ay es eee Rec Te ee er eee pene Peter Per ree Gene er C RS are Bre ese Pierre Baptiste ener Caen) 74 in, VE ete aces! 3 John Guy Ill THE BRAHMANICAL WORLD Principal Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia ve ene etait rt ml comteng nee eect) Roe ere ac ed eed ee gee eCL ed across the Java Sea eee er etc een in Chinese Texts to the Ninth Century Geoff Wade Rees Sonny ry Seer tee Corus foro ea cua cy Pyne Sunt Rey omen ter 40 Ee eee prs) ‘Asia, 600-800 RA! ona) 130 Core eA ES cer ASC! Pets Poa Cakra: Quintessential Symbol of Sed Thierry Zéphir per ese erent in Thailand, Seventh to Ninth Century Seog emery ts JOR CULTS Ses eee en) Buddhist Imagery in Central Thailand, 600-800 Pattaratorn Chirapravati Catalogue: Savior Gults oo ct) 194 ct 22 226 Stone Types and Sculptural Practices in Pre-Angkorian Southeast Asia Federico Card and Janet G. Douglas ‘Technical Observations on Casting Technology pee ene Len peehrees ee a eS and Ariel O'Connor Notes to Essays Bibliography eee Cui Roeser ire Nene tre Phowgraph Credits oo ray 57) 282 rd etn) itd 37 Director's Foreword The Metropolitan Museum of Arthas along tradition of presenting ‘exhibitions that advance our uncerstanding ofthe at ofthe ancient ‘world. “Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-3uddhist Sculpture of Early Sout ‘east Asia, Fifth to Eighth Century” will open up new vistas fo ‘our visitors, introducing the litde-k of early Southeast Asia. Th phers as the place “bey region was described by early geogra Inia, before China’—a regio -mingly s own. As this exhibition ably demon- frst millenniuen, mainland an without an identisy of strates, in the course of nsular Southeast Asia boasted a string of emerging states, whose identities, have largely y: The principal kingdoms that produced the sculptores presented here—Pya, Funan, Zhen, Champa, Dviravats, Srivijaya—are unfamiliar, if not unknown, many. Yet these early st aning of state forma: 3 footprints broadly lay. The surviving corpus of sa lost to modem hi tion in Southeast Asia, and their a define the politcal map ofthe region catlyceligious at from these kingdoms, much scale and often sublimely beauful, i our principal window on hese Buddhist imagery ing the vast flow of ideas, imagery political structures across the region, Imported concepts continued ughout the diaspor istic styles, and gious and wolve in their new setting, displaying substantial cultural and political transformations as they we bsorbed and appropria to suit the needs of the host cltures. It is the metamozphosis of Indian imagery into Southeas: Asian guise that defines this art's contribution Exhibitions of sculpture ate always significant undertakings, and thes bled here have made "Lost Kingdoms" Much of the finest art from the period is on view thanks to che unglinching generosity of the source countries. We are expecially indebted to the governments cf Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, and to the many individuals, 2, for their wil nd important works of art including many national fiom their museums. These loans, together with a select group of objects from the Musée Naticnal des Atts Aslatiques-Guimet, unig le eagility and cultural importance of the works assem monumental endeavor and institutions with whom we wo mess t0 Patis, and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, along with the Asia Society, New York; Cleveland Museum of Art; Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth; Newark Must of A 1e most important exhibition of e Asian art ever presen and Philadelphia Museu ‘The exhibition and this accompanying publication, whose coauthors include many of the leading archaeologists and epigra phists in the eld, present a new understanding of the early king doms of Southeast Asia. The exhibition's curator, John Guy, Florence and Herbert Irving Curator of the Arts of South and Southeast Asia, meticulously researched the sites and collections in sgion and negotiated the loans with skillful diplomacy. He edited the catalogue and contrib <1 substantively with his own essays and catalogue entries alized without the dedi cation of many colleagues Department of Asian Art, led by Maxwell K. Hearn, Douglas Dillon Chaisman, cross the Museum and beyond. The wided staunch support, as did the Objects Conservation staff, led by Lave cr, Sherman Fairchild Conservator in Charge, and the technical Miller, who had the Herculean task of installing th Aileen Chulk, Chief Registrar, played a pivotal role in ensuring that the objects undertook their journ ‘A complex international endeavor of this kind is an expen: sive business, and we are grateful to the following funders for shibition: the Placido Arango Fund, the Fred Eychaner Fund, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation, the Henry Luce Foundation, the E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation, the National Endoviment for the Ars, Jim Thompson America, Inc, and Bangkok Broadcasting & TV. Co, Led, We also thank The Andzew W. Mellon Foundation, the Henry Luce Foundation, and the Doris Duke Fund for Publications for making this catalogue possible. Many of these longtime supporters of Asian are at the Metropolitan and we are deeply indebted to them for their commitment to the ns led by Taylor sin the safest possible manner their generous support of donors a department and its many initiatives, mas P Campbell Director ‘The Metropolitan Museum of Art Pretace The landmark exhibition “Los Sculpture of Early So first to explore the artistic and religious legacy ‘Asia as an integra ‘emerging kingdoms. It ditions of the earliest Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms of Southeast Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist east Asia, Fifth to Fighth Censury" isthe fSrst-millennium South jon marked by identifiable as ts starting point the sculptural ta ‘Asia, principally chore we know as Pyu, Funan, Zhenla, Champa, Dvaravat, Kedah, and S:ivijaya. The Pyu territories represented a large pate of central Myanmar; Funan and Champa, the southern half of Vietnam; and Zhenla, today’s Cambodia, D extended over mu and Srvijaya, ais pea, from western Indonesia t southern Thailand Such an exh undertaken in a mear- ingful way a generation ago. Progress in our knowledge of the 1 has accelerated in the intervening years, largely thanks eo new understandings brought to the subject by field archaeologists, Advances in epigraphic staies, involving both the revisiting ofthe published corpus of Sanskrit, Pll, Pak local-language inscriptions and the act publication of new inscriptions, have refined and extended our understanding of the eazly history of the region. Historical and nced, enabling scholars to pursue a more holistic approach to the history of the region and to i forme of culeural expression When studying the past one is limited an build a reading of the past only has survived, Firse-millennium religious images that were con n could not have vicissitudes of history an ‘on the basis of what Barres “singapore si Sumatra INDONESIA I ambi Sulawesi Palembang skorts ain Mine “Maingraw “bon wane ite? % * SiThep al, Lop, Maton” Thor: cayunta Plott, “xan Mags una Paes Malate . Ban Katong, i ieeTianom, (np * hansen, Rakion SabChamgst Ratehasing ioe Lenhart ‘oars , yeahs, Thi Phot Oieng Te hongtoc, Kempen : “Nakhon Pathom apeeeacr 1) thames, “kos Boe “Bin Nong Hag Mong Fadae —— e % Dong Bind ha My i hslchampe Mung at netpislenepab Spalien Chai = Prasat Hit Ki Plait hol set SAREE oh Reng “Krai, ‘Ye Canh, kang ll es, “ayn AnglorBore. “Sek TOP Phu Tabatngs Pa Sot ngp es Sumorta sida Sikenden Batson, C Adler, Lekiond Note to the Reader to the essays appeat inthe back ofthe book, beginning on s appear directly afer page 273. The notes t0 the tach entry. Citations ae ab throughout the book; full ref the bibliography, beginning on page 282. When availabe, thr dimensions have been provided for the 1 by width by depth. Other sed to identify the knoven ). Dimensions are expressed in. inches, followed by followed by meters. Dates are expressed in the traditional mann in the text ate San xj, and for the benefit of the general reader, terms are id catalogue entries. Sanskrit to the International Alphabet of nsliteration follows ‘. W. Rhys Davids and William Stede's Pali Text Society's Pal-Eng (Chipstead, Surey, 1921-2 defined throughout the essays a words are transliterated accor ), and G, P Malalasekera's Dictionary (London, 1937-38). In the text, every attempt has been made to include fll and proper diacritics on Sanskrit and s. Words that have en are not italicized unless Pali words and personal 1: Englch language (eg jonger teem or tile of a work ‘Cambodia, written in Sanskric or Old Khmer, was pub: inder the auspices of Prangaise d Exréme the inventory, inscriptios «by the letter K, and the authors ofthis book ofen cite those nurnbersin thei texts by that organization, 1 “The corpus of recotded inscriptions from Champa, written in Sanskrit or Cham, has been published principally by French schol ars, beginning with Abel Bergaigne in 1888, The inventory of chs corpus is likewise maintained under the auspices of the BFEO. Inscrip led by the leter C. “Most of the countries covered in this book use systems {ng other than the Latin alphal names have h are assigned a number pr x for this reason, most of the place s found in the relevant ly for villages and individual cemples. Every fforchas been made to render these names consis tobe transliterated. S lierature are often variable, especial fiom placenames th in tently, despite the dispar tems. Diacrisies have been omit use today, even when those times, Fo the most part, names of dynasties and ancient kingdoms retain their proper diac “The transliteration of Thai words follows as closely as possible, the General System of Phonetic Transcription of That Characters 1 Royal Institute, Bangkok, in 1954. The into Roman devised by Royal Institute system 1 is an imperfect system at best. Personal names and rdng to the preference of wise, they are transliterated by the snd with 20 titles, when known, at transl the individual concerned. Oth ystem, with given name follow: abo by surnay ly rendered with diacritics to indicate der, the dia tone marks; however as a concession tothe general ctitcs have been omitted inthe essays and catalogue entries in the bibliography). Viemamese personal names usually consist of three parts—family name, midéle name, and given name-—and are expressed in that order in the text and bibliography. ‘The “Indianization’ of Southeast Asia—that is, the adoption and adaptation of foreign, Indic ideas—fundamentally shaped cultural developments in the egion, providing a conceptual and linguistic framework for new ideals of kingship, state, and religious order. How to define the nature of that process, even whether to accept the term, has fueled protracted debate ever since the term was coined by George Coedés in 1948." Indian scholars had already spoken of a "Greater India,” implying an active process of coloniza- tion. Paul Mus counterargued in 1933 that no such process of cul tural colonization had taken place; rather, Southeast Asia had shared with eatly Indiaa stratum of indigenous animistic belie sys tems, including such cults as those of the yaksa (nature spirit) and the ndga (snake) Indian Sanskrit religion and its pantheon of dei ties were comfortably grafted onto those beliefs (se fig 59), as had ‘occurred in the Indian subcontinent itself? The ongoing vitality of local traditions ensured that a strong local identity prevailed, even ‘when Indian icons and rituals for their worship were imported in, Bg 1. Roc ctrl depicting Buda preaching to iva and Vien, Central hla 7 cena: Int in Thar Pra Phot, Srabur province pore form. As aresul, Southeast Asia gave birth to new concepts that were unknown in India, The seventhcentary rock-cut elit in the cave interior at Tham Phra Phothsat, central Thailand Bg.) the most spectacular demonstration of this phenomenon: an enthroned Buddha is seen preaching tothe Brahmanical gods Siva and Visnu, both of whom gesture submission as they rezrve Snsersction in Buddhist dharma, Beginning inthe 1970s, scholars propased alternative models to characterize the proces of wansmision—models tha cary less ofasense of ultual colonialism, such as “acculturation” and “lal ization,” among others The cuzeent consensus that Indian inf ences were selectively adapted into multcentered, mandala-ke poliial systems in which authority was extended through the dedared allegiance of vassal states tothe center Prestige and power were measured less by the territory ditecy controled than by the tributary relationships that extended a rule's authority beyond his itumediate kinship sytem. With a large population at a rulers Opposite Vat (deta ofcat 15) The adapt 88 of continuo fe and reinvention, Indian ideals of kingship, for ery di aracter in Southeast Asia, just as artist es revealed ther lineage in recognizable components that then ca dstinctly non-Indian aesthet Taerever the initiative la rans mi Asia was profoundly touched by Indic clture in the frst ha st millennium a.0. The works of religious art ented in this volume gue between the wo ning, about the fith century n ‘Brahmanial rituals forthe benefit of sand of the creation of large of the principal deities in the Indian pant fig 3). By providing new models of statehood with s underpinnings, the agents of this chang Brahman priests in the service of local rulers, ws pate strength to those leaders svealth ac evidence of this phe Southeast Asi, with the notabl shee, the eat Fig. 3- Hakata, Cental Cambodia, lat 7 cena 0 their position and , tury, many had sworn devoti igou as the supreme divine ch began appearing in Sanskrit inscriptions on stone steles about the fourth or ith century, 3c ist offically sanctioned records of local rulers’ identification with the new religions. They had begun co give themselves Indic kingly i fication with the Brahmanical gods, and t

    You might also like