OXFORD 7th NEW SYLLABUS “MATH EMAL ISEXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM 3°: PREFACE New Syllabus Mathematics (NSM) 'S a series of textbooks specially designed to provide valuable learning experiences to engage the hearts and minds of students sitting for the GCE O level examination in Mathematics. Included in the textbooks are Investigation, Class Ciscussion, Thinking Time, Journal Writing, Performance Task and Problems in Real-World Contexts to support the teaching and ‘earning of Mathematics, Every chapter begins with @ chapter opener which motivates Students in learning the topic. Interesting stories about. Mathematicians, real-life examples and applications are used to arouse students’ interest and curiosity so that they can appreciate the beauty of Mathematics their surroundings. The use of ICT helps students to visualise and manipulate mathematical odjects more easily, thus making the learning of Mathematics more interactive. Ready-to-use interactive ICT templates are available at http://www.shinglee.com.sg/ StudentResources/ ONFORD oe a PretaceEXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH S FEATURES CHAPTER OPENER Each chapter begins with a chapter opener to arouse students’ interest and curiosity in learning the topve. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Lesining objectives help students to be more awae of what they ar@ about te study so thal they ean monitor their ‘own progress. RECAP Relevant prerequisites willbe eevisited at the beginning of the chapter or at appropriate junctures so thal students cant ‘uit upon their prior knowledge, thus creating meaningful finks to their existing schema. WORKED EXAMPLE ‘This shows students hovr to apply what thay have leant to solve related problems und how to preset their working clearly. A suitable heading is included in brackets to distinguish between the efferent Worked Examples. PRACTISE NOW [Al ine ead of each Worked Cxampla, a cimise queetion will be provided for immediate practice. Where apropriate, this includes further questions of progressive dificuy, ‘SIMILAR QUESTIONS A\\st of simiar questions in the Exercise is elven here to help teachers choose quest (on their own, EXERCISE the questions are classified into tires Iavels of difficulty ~ Basic, Intermadiate and Advanced. SUMMARY [At the end of each chapter, a succinct summary of the kay concepts 's provided to help students consolidate what they have learst. REVIEW EXERCISE “This is included at the end of each chapter for the consalication af learning of concepts, CHALLENGE YOURSELF Optional problems are included at the end of each chapter to challenge and stretch high-ablity students to ther fullest potentia REVISION EXERCISE “This is included after every few chapters to help stucents assess thet leaning Neen en nn EE EEEEEE EERE!& cafrigl, Gxpbridetds bdyé foeeh shrussulaii\b4Jolaatcu/\Elads|olsciseleo| Mutant ne. urnal Writing and Performance Task. © ey Investigation students fo investigate and dseover important mathematical concepts 0 that they can construct their vn knowledge meaningfully. Activities are inciuded to guide ( Class Discussion ‘uestions are provided for students to discuss inclass, with the teacher acting asthe facilitator. The questions will assist students to learn new knowledge, think mathematically, andenhance ‘hair reasoning and oral communication skits, Thinking Time Journal Writing Key quettions are also included at ‘Oppertuniies ar provided for stucents to appropnate junctures to check if rellect cn the letting an to communicate stuclents have grasped varous concepts mathematical. it ean also be used a5 2 and to create epportrites fr them to formative assessient to prove feedback to futher develop te toring, Students to preven her earing. - Performance Task Min projects are desioned ta 9) | develop research and presentation HD))| skits in the students “This contains important Thie guides students information that students fon how to approach a should know problem. This contains certain ‘This contains puzzles, mathematical concepts fascinating facts and ‘or rules that students Interesting stories have leamt previously. abou: Mathematics as envichment for students. OXFORD “This includes nformation that may be of interest to students. internet weces This guides stucents to search on the Internet for valuable information or interesting online games for theirindependent and sett directed learning.EXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM 22°? Contents CHAPTER. _GUAPHEM 2_ Direct and Inverse Proportions Linear Graphs and Simultaneous 037 4.4 Direct Proportion Of Linear Equations 1.2 Algebraic and Graphical 006. 24 Gradient of a straight line 039 Representations of Direct 2.2 Further Applications of Linear USO Proportion Graphs in Real-World Contexts 1.3. Other Forms of Direct Proportion 012 2.3 Horizontal and Vertical Lines 055 1.4 Inverse Proportion o19 2.4 Graphs of Linear Equations inthe 058 1.6 Algebraic and Graphical 023 form ax + by =k Representations of 2.5 Solving Simultaneous Linear 062 Inverse Proportion Equations Using Graphical Method 4.6 Other Forms of Inverse Proportion 029 2.6 Solving Simultaneous Linear 067 Summary 034 Equations Using Algebraic Methods Review Exercise 1 035 2.7 Applications of Simultaneous 077 Equations in Real-World Contexts Summary 083 Review Exercise 2 084 GEES ER A Expansion and Factorisation of 089 Further Expansion and Factorisation 113 Quadratic Expressions of Algebraic Expressions 3.1 Quadratic Expressions 091 4.1 Expansion and Factorisation 115 3.2 Expansion and Simplification of 097 of Algebraic Expressions Quadratic Expressions 4.2 Expansion Using Special 123 3.4 Factorisation of Quadratic 105 Algebraic Identities Expressions 4.3 Factorisation Using Special 126 Summary Wi Algebraic Identities Review Exercise 3 412 4.4 Factorisation by Grouping 128 Summary 132 Review Exercise 4 133 Revision Exercise A 136EX AENING Vcaaapitey gO" Quadratic Equations and Graphs 137 5.1 Solving Quadratic Equations 139 by Factorisation 5.2 Applications of Quadratic 148 Equations in Real-World Contexts 5.3 Graphs of Quadratic Functions 147 Summary 158 Review Exercise 5 159 Relations and Functions 181 7A Relations 183 7.2 Functions 184 Summary 189 Review Exercise 7 199 — CHARTER 9 __ Geometrical Transformation 233 9.1 Reflection 235 9.2 Rotation 244 9.3 Translation 246 Summary 250 Review Exercise 9 251 Revision Exercise B FORD Algebraic Fractions and Formulae 164 64 Algebraic Fractions 163 62 Multipication and Division of 165 Aigetrraic Fractions 63 Addition and Subtraction of 168 Algebraic Fractions 6.4 — Menipulationof Algebraic Formuse 171 Summary 178 Review Exercise 6 178 — TES Congruence and Similarity 191 8.1 Congruent Figures 193 8.2 Similar Figures 208 8.3 Similarity, Enlargement and Scale 213 Drawings Summary 228 Review Exercise 8 229 ETE 10 Pythagoras’ Theorem 257 10.1. Pythagoras’ Theorem 259 10.2 Applications of Pythagoras 269 Theorem in Real-World Contexts 10.3 ConverseulPyligoras’ Theorem 276 Summary 278 Review Exercise 10 278Trigonometric Ratios 281 Volume and Surface Area of 315 11.1 Tigonometric Ratios 283 Pyramids, Cones and Spheres 11.2 Applications of Trigonometric 289 412.4 Volume and Surface Ar 37 Ratios to Find Unknown Sides of Pyramids, of Right-Angled Triangles 12.2 Volume and Surface Area 328 44.3 Applications of Triganometric 296 of Cones Ratios to Find Unknown Angles 12,3 Volume and Surface Area 338 in Right-Angled Triangles of Spheres 444. Applications of Trigonometric 302 42.4 Volume and Surface Area gaa Ratios in Real-World Contexts of Composite Solids Summary 310 Summary 349 Review Exercise 11 3it Feview Exercise 12 350 Symmetry 355 Sets 391 43.4. Line Symmetry 357 44.4 Introduction to Set Notations 393 18.2 Rotational Symmetry in 368 14.2. Vern Diagrams, Universal Set 399 Plane Figures and Complement of a Set 13.3. Symmetry in Triangles, 372 14,8 Intersection of Two Sets 406 Quadirilaterals and Polygons 14.4 Union of Two Sets 408 13.4. Symmetry in Three Dimensions 379 14.5 Combining Universal Set, 409 Summary 384 Complement of a Set, Subset, Review Exercise 13 384 Intersection and Union of Sets Summary 416 Revision Exercise C 387 Review Exercise 14 a7_ ANG BEER Probability of Single Events 419 Statistical Diagrams 443. 45.4 Introduction to Probability 421 16.1. Statistical Diagrams 445, 18.2 Samp Space 422 16.2 Dot Diagrams 446 15.3 Probability of Single Events 425 16.3 Stem-and-Leat Diagrams 448. 15.4 Further Examples on Probability 435 16.4 Scatter Diagrams 452 of Single Events 16.5 Histograms for Ungrouped Data 465 Summary 439 16.6 Histograms for Grouped Nata 469 Review Exercise 15 440 Summary 484 Review Exercise 16 485 Averages of Statistical Data 489 17.4 Mean 491 47.2. Median 501 17.3 Mode 506 17.4 Mean, Median and Mode 509 Summary 517 Review Exercise 17 518 Revision Exercise D 524 Problems in Real-World 525 Contexts Practise Now Answers 529 Answers 535EARNING WITH SAN A KAL T EMoxrogp‘Direct Proportion In Singapore, if we borrow books from a pubic library and are late in returning the books, we will be fined 15 cents per day for each overtlue book, Table 1-1 shows the fines for an overdue book, “Fine ( cents) 15 as Fable 1.1 ae daysay 1 aes 1. Ifthe number of days a book is overdue increases, will the fine increase or decrease? 2. If the number of days a book is overdue is doubled, how will the fine change? Hint: Compare the fines when a book is overdue for 3 days and for 6 days. 3. {ithe number of days a book is overdue is tripled, what will happen to the fine? 4. If the numbes of days a book is overdue is halved, how will the fine change? Hint: Compare the fines when a hook is overdue for 10 cays ancl for 5 days. 55. the number of days a book is overdue is recluced to 4 of the original number, swhat will happen to the fine? From the investigation, we notice that as the number oi dys, v5 a book is overchae increases, the fine, y cents, increases proportionally, i.e. if x is doubled, then y will be doubled; if. is tripled, then » will be tripled, Similanly. as the numer of days, 1, a book is overdue decreases, the fine, cents, decreases proportionally, i.e. if x is halved, then y will be halved; 2 if-visrertuced to 4 of tsoriginal value, then y will be reduced te Tofits original value. This relationship is known as direct proportion. We say that the fine, v cents, is clreetly proportional to the number of days,.0, a book js overdue. * — esReal-Life Examples of Quantities in Direct Proportion Work in pairs 1. Give a few more real-life examples of quantities hat are in direct proportion, 2. Explain why they are directly proportional to each other. Complete Table 1.2 Number ] ] ] l. ofdays | s fats | ola]. @ I eo 4 —+ Fine , 5 gees | 78m as | 0 t 1 — i Table 1.2 What can we observe about the rate +? ‘What does - represent? What does the Constant ’15‘ mean in this context? In direct proportion, the rate {is a constant. In this case, © = 15, Let the number of days a book is overdue be 4, y,=45. Then the corresponding fine is Let the number of days a book is overdue he x, = 6. Then the correspon n= : Bois ED wz, 6 fe Book 1, ve ave Fearn that 4 sate cennpaes ter om mre “quantities ur eitforent Reads are equal =2, ie. y is doubled! when 1 is doubled. tn hiccaa, © (oe compares the fine with tbe numb as the two ratios “and “are equal (This can also be obtained by 2 bv sence We bene a , rearranging the equattion corner go ) Aik ns a8, oa So vomparean ol mee das hook ose el 2 to): compan feEXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM 1 Okg of hiscuits cost $27, calculate the cost of 13 ky of Example biscuits. Solution: First, we note that the cost of the biscuits is dlectly proportional tothe mass of the biscuits. Method 1: Unitary Method seo called the Inet nce neti 6 ky of biscuits cost $27 tect Tape its 2 1 ky of biscuits costs 87 13 hy of biscuits cost $27 13. = 858.50. ‘Method 2: Proportion Method Let the cost of 13 kg of biscuits be Sx = $58.50 Altematively, ee) x bie v=Banr = $58.50. ~, 13kg of biscuits cost $58.50. Crouse Va) rss Frorete 1A Questions |-2 San (a) 1150 y of sweets cost $2.10, find the cost of 380 g of sweets, giving your answer correct to the nearest § cents, a 2 (@) FoF piece of metal has a mass of 15 kz, What isthe mass of 3 of the piece of metal? OXFORI @ Chapter 1 veAlgebraic and Graphical Gp Representations of 1 2 Direct Proportion In the example on overdue books in Section 1.1, we have found that = is a constant. If we represent this constant by &, then ® = & or y= ks, where k #0, Hence, we have: | Keys directly proportional to x, then where kis a constant and k #0. Thinking Time > If we substitute & = 0 into y= dx, what can we say about the relationship between ¥ andy? @ r Investigation Graphical Representation of Direct Proportion Consider the example on overdue books in Section 1.1, Table 1,3 shows the fines, cents, for various number of days, x, a book is ove! Mhat does y= 15x mean in this context? tue, where ¥ = 15 or y= 15x Numberofdays(x) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Wo Fine (y cents) 0 15 30 45 6 75 A WS 120. 195 150. Table 1.3 ee...EX Gro tdlVE bk ARNING WITH SANA KALEEM Hine (vcents) I “i t Number PPR ER BT RF stays Fig 1.1 2. What is the shape of the graph? 3. Does the graph pass through the origin? To conclude, we have: If y is directly proportional ws, then the graph ot x against «is a straight line that passes through the origi Thinking Time 1, [fy is directly proportional to. 2. Suppose y is directly proportional to «. Ifwe plot the graph of xagainst x, will we gt a straight line that passes through the origin? Explain your answer, 3. thy is directly proportional (u 4, then the graph of y against x passes through the origin. Hf the graph of y against x does not pass through the origin, is y dircetly proportional to? Explain your answer. directly proportional toy? Explain your answer. 4, As.x increases, y also increases. Can we conclude that y is ¢iecctly proportional to? Explain your answer.RAGLESIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM Wis isdirectly proportional to vand y= 12. when y'=4, tind Fxample 4 @ an equation connecting x ane! y: Gi) the vatue oi y when c= 8, {iid the value of x when ¥ Solution: ~ZW, (Since ¥ is directly proportional tos, Since v diet propria then y =Ax, where & is a corstant. th Sekar 288, here When v=4.y { eenstant ond 60. Gi) Alternatively, When v8, 11s doubles! y= 2 120 1s doubler m4 i) Substitute y= 21 into y= 4: 23x 21 7 aaNet ad ‘Si est 1. Ifyis directly proportional to x andy = 10 when x=2, find Fone IA Quentin 1.7.6 ayiih @)_an equation connecting wand y, Gi) the value of ywhen «= 10, he value of x when y= 60. 2. hy is directly proportional toy and y= 5 when x =2, find the value of y when 4. Given that y is clirectly proportional to.x, copy and complete the table. 4 3 7 Le | fw 7 6 D snes @EXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM The expenses, SE, of a tea party are directly propodional to the number of guests, N. present, When there are 30 guests, resent at the tea party, the expenses incurred art $210, c c Example Find an equation connecting # and N. Calculate the expenses incurred when there are 80 {guests present at the tea party Giiy Draw the graph of E ogainstN. Solution: Since F is directly proportional te N, then # = kN, where & is a.constant ‘When N= 30, £=210, 210 =k x30 (i) When N= 80, 7x80 = 560) N When N=0, & When W=1, Corus “The cost, SC, of transporting goods is directly proportional tothe distance covered. d km. ‘The cost of transporting goods over a clistance of 60 km is S100, (Find an equation connecting C and d. ) Find the cost of transporting, goods over a distance of 45 km. i) I the cost of transporting goods is $120, calculate the distance covered (iv) Draw the graph of C against d. 1), Humeves there eerste propor ashen these hee method's lh fot ave, we need to Tan the flgshrave method te solve thet sce Worked Fannie frereise HA CRastions 1-1EXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM The total monthly charges, SC. for a mobile plan Consist of a fixed! amount of $20 and a variable amount which depends on the usage. For every minute used, $0.20 is, charged (Ifthe duration of usage is 120 minutes, calculate the total monthly charges for the mobile plan, Example 4) 1 the total monthly charges for the mobile plan arc 850, find the duration of usage. Write down a formula connecting C and n, where w is the number of minutes of usage. iv) Dravw the graph of C against n. Is C directly proportional to 1? Use your graph to explain your answer. Solution: (i) Total monthly charges for the mobile plan = $20-+ 120 x $0.20 = S44 Gi) Variable amount = $50 $20 =530 0 Duration of usage = A = 150 minutes Gi) Variabste amount = nx $0.20 $0.20 Total monthly charges aariable amount + fixed amount 2n+20 C=02n +20 When n= 0, C=20, When n= 5, C=21 C is not directly proportional to n bes the origin se the Hine does not pass through Tas Ti The total monthly cost, SC, of running a kindergarten consists of a fixed amount af $8000 ancl 2 variable amount which depends on the enrolment. For every chili enrolled, the monthly cost increases by $41 If the enrolment is 200, find the total monthly cost of running the kindergarten ff) If the total monthly cost of running the kindergarten is $20 580, calculate the number of children enrollee in the kindergasten ) Write down a formula connecting € andl n, where wis the number of children enrolled in the kindergarten iv) Draw the graph of Cagainst 2. ls C directly proportional to n? Use your graph to explain your answer ®w» Since capt be megs Tine aust sat toa a= 9. = When when een 1. Since ji 2 Cnt di thy proponiona Fert LA dQuestions [5-46EXGLY EF 1.108 identical books have a mass of 30 (the mass ef 150 such books, the number of such books that have a mass Find 2, In abooksiore, 60 identical hooks oecupy a lengthy of 15 mona sholt, Fire (the length occupied by $0 such books on a shelf Gi)_the rumber of such books needled to completely occupy a shelf that is 80.em long, 3. lis is directly proportional to y and.'= 45 when 3, find @ an equation connecting vand y, GD the value of. when ¥ Gi) the value of y when © 4. 1 Qis directly proportional to # and Q-=28 when Poa, express Q in terms of P, ) find the value of Qwhen P=, calculate the value of P when Q = [usecase 5, Find the cost of fa) 10 ky of tea leaves when 3 ky of tea leaves: cost $18, {b) akg of sugar when b ky of ugar Cost Se. @ 2 3 ofa piece of metal has.» mass of 7 kx, What is the mass of 3 of the piece of metal? 7. leis directly proportional toy and s = 12 when = 3, find the value ofr wh 8 8.11 Bis directly proportional to 4 and 6 = 3 when A= 18, find the valuc of B when A= 24 9. SIVE.LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM 1A For each of the following, «is directly proportional 4o-¥. Copy and complete the tables, 96 Mn 12, 13, 14, 4) find an equation connecting v and y, 44d) drasy the graph of y against If is directly proportional to y anel 2 = 48 when @_ fine an equation connecting y and =, Gi draw the graph of = against v. The net force, # newtons, needed w push a block along a horizontal surtace is directly proportional to the mass, m kg, of the block, When m = 5, Fea, 40. Find an equation connecting F and a. Gi) Find the value of P when a= 14, fi) Calculate the vahie of ar when Gv) Draw the graph of F against a, 215.6. The pressure, P pascals, of a gas in a container is directly proportional to its temperature, F kelvin, When 7 = 10, = 25. {0 Find an equation connecting P D) Find the value of P when T= 24, Gi) Calculate the value of P when Gv) Drews the graph of P against 7: The amount of voltage, V volts. needert to send a fixed amount of current through a wire, is directly proportional to its resistance, R ohms, When R= 6, V=9, (Fine an equation connecting Vand Find the value of Vwwhen R Calculate the value of Rwhen V= 15. {iv) rane the graph of V against &ar 15. The total monthly meonje, $2. of 2 salesman who sells {yr05 consists of a basic salary ot S600 and 4 Variable amount which depends on the number of tyres he soll, he receives $8. for cach tyre be sells “ W the salesman sells 95 tyres in a particular month, find his total income for that month, Wthesalesman’s monthly income for a particular month is $1680, calculate the nu tyres he sells in that month. Write down a formula connecting D and 1 where 1 is the number of tyres the salesman sells in a month, (iv) Draw the graph of D against n. Is D directly Proportional to 2 Use your graph to explain your answer. 16. Amachine which manufactures ice neeck tobe ran for 10 minutes to warm up beow the production ot ice begins, The mays, in tonnes, of ice proclucert is directly proportional to the number of hours of production, Given that 0 tonnes of ice are procluced when the machine runs for half an hour, find the mass of ice manufactured when the machine runs: for 1.75 hours. Investigation ther Forms of Direct Proportion he variables 1 and y are connected! by the equation y = 3. + Some values of », and the corresponding values af y and Table 1.4 OXFORD, t are given in Table 1.4,EXCLUSIVE, LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM Fig. 1.2 Is v directly proportional to x? Explain your answer, 2, Now; let us plot the graph of y against x. Some values of, and the corresponding values of, and are ‘Table 1.5.En Clad SVL ARNING WITH SANA KALEEM for you. Is y directly proportional to? Explain your answer. rom the investigation, when y »y is not directly proportional to x hecause 77 itis not a constant. However, x is directly proportional to x hecause = 3 is constant, Anoser way tol this tale N= 6 such tbat v= be becomes VEN. fe Za 3 There, 948 x tlre ty propodional eA, OXFORD Shenae Chapter ed aEXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM Example For each of the following equations, state the nvo variables, which are directly proportional to cach other and explain, your answer, fa) v= Su" tb) vee Solution: (a Since y= 50, ie, y= Sis a constant, then y is directly proportional to. (b) Since ¥ = Lis a constant, then 9° ic climetly proportional ta cin For each of the following equations, state the two variabies which are directly sere 1 Questions 4) proportional to each other and explain your answee, @ v=oe yr In Worked Example 4, we have found that the formula connecting C and nis C =0.2n4 20 and that C is not directly proportional ton. However, n is directly proportional to a variable, What is this variable? 2. Inthe equation y= 1 = 41, state the two variables which are directly proportional to each other and explain your answer. Worked A aquation ot Ant Example If y is directly proportional to.’ and y =20 when (find an equation connecting ¥ andl y, @)_ calculate the value of y when 3 ic Gv) draw the graph of v against «° find the values of «when y Neen en ee UEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE EEE&AGLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM (Since v is directly proportional w 4 then Jee", where & isa constant 1 dificult so ase the Unitary whan se dye, Nettie fume aes Wakxe Tiree peng eetion paablewss Hike jye a» 24k kes nyse ) When x =3, 5x¥ 45 When » 125 = Se = 205 Gv) Since » is directly proportional to v, then the gph of y against a! 38 a straight line that passes through the origin. iy As cant e angi, He he ust stat the ogi de When.1=0, y=0. When y= 1 y ca + fy is directly proportional to. and y= 18 when. = 3 Pere Quan 1 MTT @ find an equation connecting and y find the value of y whan x= 5, calculate the values of x when y= 32, draw the graph of y against « + Ihy is directly proportional to x and ved. 21 when v= 2, tind the value of y when + Given that y is dircetly proportional to, where «is a positive reat number, copy and complete the table. 96.25 81 441VE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM at The volume, Vem’, of a solid is directly proportional to Ws e the cube of its radius, rem. When the radius of the sofid is Gem, its volume iy 905 em (Find an equation connecting Vand» () Calculate the volume of the solid when its radias is Wem Solution: (Since Vis directly proportional to then V=4r', where & is a constant When r= 6, \"= 908, 905 =k x6" ss 216 216 di) When r= 10, 905 v= el 4 Lv sais9 2 ne ‘The volume of the solid is 41 Ey Pris “The Length, (em, of a simple penclulum is directly proportional to the square of its fees TE Questions} 10,2 period itime taken to complete one oscillation), Tseconds, A penctulum with a length ‘of 220.5 em has a periox! of 3s. @ Find an equation connecting / and 7 Find the length of a penciulum whieh has a period of 5. i) What is the period of a pendulum which has 4 tength of 0.98 m2CLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM Exercise twa 1. It.vis directly proportional to y* and « = 32 when ind an equation connecting x and y, nd the value of « when v = 6, calculate the value of y when x = 108, (iv) drow the graph of x against 2. Wis directly proportional tow: anc nd an equation connecting w and = ) find the values of z when w calculate the value of w when iv) draw the graph of = against w 3. Itis given that y is directly proportional to. Write down the value of » when ym is the area of a square of length xm, Gi) em" isthe volume of a cube of length xem. isos ua as 4. For cach of the following equations, state the two variables which are directly proportional to each other and explain your answer. @ ) y=3N¥ @ p (© y=Se e is directly proportional to 4° and = = 8 when find the values of : when x= 9. Wg is directly proportional to (p= 1° and q = 20 When p = 3, find the values of p when g = 80. 7.. Given that vis directly proportional tox’, capy and compiete the table x 4 6 Cy [ais | ow OXFORD, 8. Given that the mass, mn g, of a sphere is directly proportional to the cube of its radius, rem, copy and complete the table. o7 [is | 675 it | 9. During a certain period in the lite of an earthworm, its length, L em, is directly: proportional to the square root of N, where N is the number of hours after its bieth. One hour aiter an earthworms born, its length is 2.5 em, (@ Find an equation connecting L and W. Gi) Find the length of an earthworm 4 hours aiter its bieth i) How long will ttake foran toa length of 15 em? ithwworm ‘0 grow 10, Ifyis directly proportional to v° and the difierence in the values of y when w= 1 and x= 3 is % find the value of y when = ROW 11. y is directly proportional to x? and y =a for a particular value of «. Find an expression for y in terms of a, when this value of x is doubled, 12, The braking distance of a vehicle is directly proportional to the square of its speed. When the speed of the vehicle is b mvs, its braking distance is dm. W the speed of the vehicle is increased by 200%, find the percentage increase in its braking distance.EXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SAMA KAI _1 A) inverse Prop rtion Eg Investigation Inverse Proportion Table 1.6 shows the time taken for a car to travel a distance of 120 km at different speeds. Speed (x km/h) lo 20030 40 6120 Time taken (yhours) 12 6 4 3 2 1 QRebeg lee Table 1.6 ‘Pg 1. the speed of the car increases, will the time taken increase or decrease? 2. If the speed of the car is doubled, how will the time taken change? Hint: Compare the time taken when the speeds of the €ar are 20 kav 40 kinsh nd IF the speed of the car is tripled, what will happen to the time taken? 4, If the speed of the car is halved, how will the time taken change? Hint: Compare the time taken when the speed of the ear are 60 knvvh and 30 ki. 1 5. lf the speed of the car is reduced to + of Its original speed, what will happen to the time taken? From the investigation, we notice that as the speed of the car, « kavh, increases, the time taken, hours, decreases proportionally, ie. if. is doubled, then ywill be halved; if vis tripled, then y will he reduced to 4 oF its original value. Similarly, as the speed oF the car, ckaih, decreases, the time taken, » hour, increases ci hated then yl be dle 8 esac oof ws proportionally, original value, then ¥ will be tripled inship is known as inverse proportion. We say that the specc! of the car, km/h, is inversely proportional to the time taken, + hours This relat ‘OXFORDSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM lass re pp; . r| Discussion Real-Life Examples of Quantities Work in pairs. Inverse Propor: 1. Give a few more realtiie examples of qu. os that are in inverse proportion 2. Explain wh ther are inverscly proportional « each other eee 10 Quesbons hin Compiete Table 17. Speed 0 0 w 40 a 420 mm/h) con | Time taken * {y hours) LP 6 4 a 2 1 Product lis 22120 2x H= 120 retest pertain 9 Tab Ww hat can we observe about the product 43? inverse proportion, the product avis a constant. In this case. ay'= 120 + distance travelled, €t the speed of the car he 4, = 20. Then the corresponding time taken is ¥, et the speed of the car he ¥,=40. Then the corresponding time take rom Table 1.7.x, 20 and x.y, = 40 x 3= 126. {= 120 (constant) cartanging, Wp, Werhine laren tht ards sept, 2 ta tr erecta, we hve Seaeey Nene shan gy Hey is inversety proportional to x, then 2 OXFORD.IVE. LEARNING. WITH SANA KALEEM to identical taps ca Fil « teenk in + hours, Calculate the time taken ior 8 such taps to fill the same tank, wea Solution: First, we note that the tine taken to ill the tank is inversely proportional to the number of taps used because as thee number of taps ine reases, the time taken to till the tank decreases, Method 1: Unitary Method zp 10 taps eau fill the tank ind hours. op oho h eee aes 1 tap can fill the tank in (10 x4) hours, roscer fans soquire see ting wal | i B taps can fil the tank in 2% sige taps rerpute bows times DHLHREDA = Ss hours foray ca othe on intteare Method 2: Proportion Method Sy Let the time: taken for # taps to ill the tank be » hours Te is more contusing boo Then y= Wed. ies) =a SA timer pen ppebems ike in Worked Bsa because se need ttc the fonder os aha. lox 8 5 28 taps can fill the tank in 5 hours. tetany Four identical taps can fill a tank in 20 minutes. Find the time taken for 7 sucb laps eer se 1€ Cursinn 259-715 40 fill the same tank.Wont Example S men can paint 2 identical houses in 3 days, Assuming, that all the men work at the same rate, how long will it fake 10; men to paint 8 such houses? Solution: The three variables are ‘number uf men’, ‘number of houses’ and ‘number of days’. First. we keep the aumber of houses constant Number of men Number of houses Number of days 3 2 3 1 $x3 0 ewer men requis moe days 0 2 Sx3_ seas . FTES nore mien require fewer hay Next, we keep the number of men constant Number vf men Number of hauses Number of days 0 2 1s fever houses require Ww ' lower dave. ny 8 26 MOREHOUSE more 2°. 10 men will lake 6 days to paint 8 houses, Cae a) a) 3 men can dig 2 iclentical trenches in S hours. Assuming that all the men works at the same rate, how long will it take $ men to dig 7 such trenches? b) 7 identical taps can fill 3 identical tanks in 45 minutes, Hose long will it take & ‘of the taps to fill one of the tanks? oxrorn SIVE. LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM = When tee sable a invoked ser heep one ttle constant zw The umber of divs ceauivet fo pa thie houses fe angele propemivaa athe andi a mer %&w The number of digs required 1e pai the eees #6 clit thy Droportanal ta the mombus a Frouses shat ace 19 be painted eo Pre Hrcrcne 1a m4T EM EXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KAL Algebraic and Graphical 5 Representations of (4 nverse P DpC On In the investigation on page 19 of Section 1.4. we have found that ay = 120, which is a constant. Ii we represent this constant by &. then ays kor y =4 where k #0. Hence, we have: | tie is inversely proportional wx, then ww = kor y= 4 | + whate & is a constant and #0, | Thinking Time It we substitute & =0 into y= £ | what can we say about the relationship between vane v2 ) E Investigation Graphical Representation of Inverse Proportion Consider the example on the car in Section |.4, Table 1.8 shows the time taken, fferent speccts, x kovih, where y hours, for the car to travel a distance of 120 kn 20 xy= 120 or y= ; e Speed iy 20050) TH) 80 HH HHO THO) 120 __tekmvn) Time taken 26 4a aad 2 aris 1a _whous | I fable 1.8 OxEORD,EX Cadell dalnbntHeanWNGAAMlLTH SANA KALEEM 2. Plot the guiph oF y against.v Time taken (y hours) ime i ae | 10 20 30 40 50 Spee a0 5) to Hho 120 Gym I Fig. 14 3. If the value of vis doubled, how will the value of y change? Mlustrate this with an example hy choosing two appropriate p son the graph you have drawn in Fig. 14, What if we plot the graph of y against 42 How would the graph look ike? Let x {+ Some values of x; and the corresponding values of X and y are given in Table 1.9. Complete the table. Speed | ] | 2030 4 50) 70) 80 99 | 100 | HO 120 hmm 0 | * | | |. | X=t 01 ons on) 0.02 (0017 0014 0013 0011 0.009 0.008 lime taken | fa G hours wile 4 [324] Table 1.9 OXFORD,EXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM 4. Plot the graph of y against x i i 1 12 }—p—b uy 10 + * i 091 v.67 uns a04 005 006 097 0.08 0.09 0.1 Fig. 1.5 5, Describe the graph obtained. What can we say about the relationship between yand x? 6 Although y'is inversely proportional to x, what is the relationship between y and x 7. Write down an equation connecting y and X. What does it tell you about the relationship between y and X? In general, if y is inversely proportional to x, then 2 ayekory= where k isa constant and k #0, the graph of y against “on of equation y=4 ) is a hyperbola(see Fig. 1.4), # the graph of y against Lis a straight line isee Fig. 1.5) 8 Ghapter 1 OXFORDEXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM sp making ‘Thinking YY Time yis inversely proportional tox, is inversely proportional to ¥? Explain your answer. 1 ( ) ¥ Is inversely proportional tov and y= 3 when Example v= 4. find 4 the value of y whens =8, i) an equation conneeting x and v, Gi) the value of v when v =48, Solution: fi) When x= 8,11 is doubled) wz (ii) Since ¥ is inversely proportional to «, Snr imerely ain {then wea oes = Ea ks then =A, where i a constant When v=4.0=3, const and ee aoe Fthanave pang eo ccnyse ace, Ros avenge red 5 ato Piha tha wants tse 1 ro f Ra. fthan ays. Ate 10 mF li he Sm in Fonte Ra rons ‘al e259 in a ill aver catch api me, (Ean coset? This ca varlatin anes Zo prradines. Zena 49-44) 8C) sas a Grech phifeseherGree saan wher ¢=2, find 1. ify is inwe-sely proportional to. and (the value of ywhen v= 8, ) an eejeation connecting.» and (iii) the value of x when y= 10. Hey is iaversely’ proportional to x and y= Yashen «= 2, find the value of y when vek Given that y is inversely proportional to x, copy and complete the table. ox Worked ' Bovle’s Law states that the volume, V dm’, of a fixed Example mass of gas at Constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure, P pascals (Pa). The pressuire of dm! of a gas in an airtight container is 50 Pa. Assuming that the temperature in the container is constant, calculate the volume of the gas when its pressure is 1250 Pa. Solution: Le Vis inversely proportional to B. A. where kis a constant, 0,Vel, +. The volume of the gas is 0.04 dm’ cous al The current, / amperes (A), flowing through a wire is inversely proportional to its resistance, ohms(). Given that the current flaving through a wire with a resistance 0105 Qis 12A, tine the current flowing through the wire when its resistance is 3.0, Gi) the resistance othe wire when the current flowing through iis 8 A. VE LEARNING WITH Spey SALEEM spain WC Quanto 14, 9 va) 4s z=» gn me nea ‘cic deci ean 10 Questions HLXCLUSIVE LEARNING WITH SANA KAL Exercise G 1c = Which of the following quantities are in inverse: proportion? State the assumption macle in each case. (@) The number of penciis Fadvan buys and the total cost of the penci|s. (b) The number of taps filling a tank and the tirse taken to fill the tank. (©) The number of men laying a road and the time taken to finish laying the road. (@)_ The number of cattle to be fed and the amount of foreler, @) The number of cattle to be fed and the time taken to finish a certain amount of the fodder. Eight men can build a briclge in 12 days. Find the time taken for 6 men to build the same bridge. State the assumption made. If. is inversely proportional to rand x = 40 wher ¥=5, find the valucol y when y= 25, )_an equation connecting x and y, i) the value of y when x = 400) 1 Gis inversely proportional to and Q = P=2, (express @ in terms of P, Gi) find! the value of Q when P=5, Gil) calculate the value of P when Q =0.2. fee 35 workers are employed to complete a construction project in 16clays, Before the project stars, the lass ‘of the company is tole that he aceds to complete the project in 14 days, Assunving that all the workers work at the samerate, how many more workers does he need to emplay in order to complete the project on time? OXFORD nn. A consignment of fodder ean fecel 1260 cattle for 30 days. Given that all the cattle consume the fodder at the same rate, find (the number oF cattle an equal consignment of Jodkler can feed for 75 days, ithe number of days an cqwal consignment of folder can last if is used to fecel 1575 cattle. Ata sports camp, there is sufficient food for 72 athletes to last 6 days. If 18 atleies are absent from the camp, how many mare days ean the toad! last for the other athletes? State the assumption made. when Wis inversely proportional tox and = 837, find the value of x when 2 = 70. 1 Bis inversely proportional to A and # = 3.5 when A= 2, find the value of B when A= 14 For each of the following, ris inversely proportional tov, Capy andl complete the tables. a) The frequency, f kiloherty (kH/), of a radio wave is inversely proportional to its wavelength, 4 m. The frequency of a radio wave that has a avavelength of 3000 m is 100 kHy, Finck (the frequency of a radio wave that has a wavelength of 500 m, Gi) the wavelength of @ radio wave that has a frequency of 800 kA, rn)EXGLUSIVE JEANS NING VVILTI sree INE 5s 12. The time, Mhours, n¢ inversely proportional to N, where N is the 20 clays, Assuming that all dhe sheep consume the number of men employed for the job. 3 men «an fodder at the same rate, how many’ consigaments, Complete the job in 8 hours, of foler are nected to toed 580 cheep for at cay st (Find an equation connecting r ancl N. 3) Find the number of hours needed by 6 men 15. Tap A takes 6 minutes to fill a tank and Tap # to complete the job. ; takes 9 minutes to fill the same tank, Pipe © can i) Ifthe jab is to he completed in 3 hour, how empty the tank in 1S minutes, How long will it take to fill up the tank if the pipe is in use when both taps are turned on? many men need to be employed? Ceres 16 13, 12 plassblowers can make 12 identical vases in 9 minutes. Assuming that all the glassblowers work at the same rate, how long will it take 8 giasshlowers to make 32 such vases? ‘A conteactor agrees to lay a road 3000 m long, in 30 days, 50 men are employed andl they work for 8 hours per day. Aiter 20 working days, he finds that only 1200 m of the road is completed. How many more men does he need to employ in orler to finish the project on time if each man now works 1 hours a day? 1 6 Other Forms of Inverse Proportion We have learnt that if y is inversely proportional to x, then xyskory= & ; where ki. constant and #0 wz Similarly, ify is inversely proportional to x, then ay ty a ts . vy 24 becomes where & is a constant and & #0. o recone v= y vie fis acenetant and& 20 Thorton inversely propontenal 1o (6)EKG IVE, LEARNING WITH SANA KALEEM ixample For each oi the following equations, state the two xoriables which are inversely proportional to coch other and explain your answer re 3, veh ‘olutio: ) Since y= 3,, i¢..'y=2 isa constant, then y is inversely proportional to ¢ ) Since y vie JF is a constant then yis inversely propotional to JF. tiene sr each of the following equations, state the two variables which are inversely oerae 1D Quests 80) ‘opuntional 1 cach oticr anel explain your answer. or? =z» Vorked . \ yisimersely proportional to Jandy =6when s=4, PR Sture nes Vi ws xample Ce calculate the value af ywhen «= 16, sete fhe? Hanne find an equation connecting « andy, Cov then ed 8 Hve find the value of x when y = 4. ‘vaat both the positive andl the ee pe ns, we melo ried olution: When x= 16=4 54/16 is 4 (ses ub 4 1 xO vis jhmes oF 6 ey sinersely prapostional toEXCLUSIVE LE NING WITH SANA KALEEM ) Since vis inversely proportional to Ji then y= 7, Where ka constant When = 4,76, my when x=4, Faerie “D Questions 12, 1. yis iversely proportional to. and s te @ ind the value of y when «= 8, Gi) tind an equation connecting vand y, Gi) cakculate the values of x when y 2, lyisinversely proportional to Tand v=25. when x =9, find the value of v when 3. Given that vis inversely proportional to Y%, copy andl complete the table - orWorked Example is added to two identical ilasks, each containing the same: ount of a certain bacteria, The drag is allowed to react with the bacteria for various times in + hours, 1 is found that the amount of bacteria left, « units, is inversely proportional to (= 2) hours. n one ilask, there are 6 a {eit after 5 hours. Calculate the amour in the other flask atier 7 hours. Hs of bacteria of bacteria leit Solutio: Since sis inversely proportional tor then » where & is a constant When 1= 5, 5=6, oe et 625 oak °= 3 =36 The amount of bacteria leit in the oxher i lask after 7 hours is 36 units faa Od The force, F newtons (N), between two particles is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, d m, between them. When the panicles are 2 m apart, the force between them is WN. Find (0 the force between the particles when they are 5 m apart Gi) the distance between the particles when the force between them is 25 N. OXFORD my Prsicy yer se 1 Questa 7-8, 1}Eien Ix is inversely proportional to y'and.s= 50.when 7. y=2, (i) find the value of. when y'=a, find an equation connecting «and Giiycalculate the value of y when x= 3.2 If sis inversely propostional to. (Wand ¢=9 when w=9, @ find an equation connecting w andl =, 8. i find the value of when w= 16, Gii)calculate the value of w when = INTERMEDIATE LEVEL z For each af the following equations, state the two variables which are inversely proportional to wer. each other and explain your a @y-3 ib) ie met 9 s inversely propostional to. JTand z= 5 when 64, find the value of = when x= 216. lig? isinversely proportional to p +3 and g=5 when 1p =2, find the values of q when p= 17. Given that is Inversely proportional to, copy and complete the table so 21 4 c | 8 0.08 | 001 Gnapter 1 10. nh The force of repulsion, Fnewtons (N), between two particles is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, m, between the particles. (i) Write down a formula connecting F and d. ‘When the particles are a certain distance apart, the force of repulsion is 20 N. Find the force when the distance is halved For a fixed volume, the height, 4 em, of a cone is inversely proportional to the square of the base radius, r em, Cone A has a hase radius of 6 em and a height of m. The hase radius of Cone # is 3 emand the height of Cone C is 1.25 em. If all the cones have the same volume, find (the height of Cone B, the base radius of Cone C 7 Berek! IF y is inversely proportional to 2x + 1 and the difference in the values of ywhen x =0.5 and x=2 is 09, find the value of y when x= 0.25. vis inversely proportional to x? and y = b for a particular value of x Find an expression in terms of b for y when this value of x is tripled. ‘The force of attraction between two magnets is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. When the magnets are rem apart, the force of attraction between them is F newtons (N). Ii the distance between the magnets is increased by 400%, the force of attraction between them becomes cf N, Find the value of ¢ OXFORD,