Active Science

Revision Guide
11 Force and Motion

11.1 Motion
(Book 2B, pp. 198–212)

A. What does distance travelled in a second mean?

 Dividing the (1) by the

(2) gives its (3) .

Mathematically,
distance
speed=
time

For example, Jenny runs 400 m in 50 s.

The speed of Jenny = (4) m s−1.

 The higher the speed of an object, the (5) (faster/slower) the

object moves. When an object X has a higher speed than another object Y, it
means:

1. X travels a (6) (longer/shorter) distance than Y within the

same time, or

2. X takes (7) (more/less) time than Y to travel the same

distance.

 Metres per second is a common unit of speed (symbol: (8) ).

Another common unit of speed is kilometres per hour (symbol:

(9) ).

 When an object moves at changing speeds, dividing its distance travelled by the
entire period of travelling time gives its (10) speed.

speed 速率

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B. What is a distance–time graph?

 A (11) records the distance travelled by an object

at different instants.

Fig. a Fig. b Fig. c

1. When an object moves at a constant speed, its distance–time graph is

a (12) (Fig. (13) ).

2. When an object moves at changing speeds, its distance–time graph could be

a (14) (Fig. (15) ) or consists of

(16) of different steepness (Fig.

(17) ).

3. The faster an object, the (18) (steeper/flatter) its

distance–time graph.

4. When the distance–time graph of an object is horizontal at a certain time

interval, the object stays (19) during that time interval.

 Note the following when plotting a distance–time graph:

1. (20) is the independent variable so it should be labelled

on the horizontal axis of the graph.

(21) is the dependent variable so it should be labelled on

the vertical axis of the graph.

2. After marking the data points, draw a (22)

on the graph.

distance–time graph
距離—時間關係線圖

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Revision Guide (Ch. 11)

 When an object stays (23) or moves at a

(24) speed in the same direction, it is in uniform motion.

 When an object changes its speed or direction of motion, it is in

(25) motion.

uniform motion 勻速運動

non-uniform motion
非勻速運動

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Revision Guide (Ch. 11)

11.2 Force
(Book 2B, pp. 213–227)

A. What are the effects of forces?

 A force can change the (26) (e.g. start/stop/speed up/slow

down), the (27) of motion and the (28) of

an object.

 The size of forces is measured in (29) (symbol:

(30) ).

 Forces can be measured by a (31) . It has a

(32) inside.

 Before using a spring balance, make sure that you have adjusted the pointer of a
spring balance to (33) .

B. Do objects experience forces by direct contact only?

 Forces that act with direct contact on objects are known as

(34) forces. Examples include

(35) and (36) .

 Forces that act without direct contact on objects are known as

(37) forces. Examples include

(38) and (39) .

C. What happens when more than one force acts on an object?

 When the forces acting on an object are balanced, the object stays

(40) or moves at a (41) speed in the

(42) direction, i.e. the object is in (43)

motion. force 力

newton 牛頓

spring balance 彈簧秤

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 When the forces acting on an object are (44) , the object

speeds up, slows down or changes its direction of motion, i.e. the object is in
(45) motion.

D. How to represent forces in a diagram?

 We can draw a (46) to show all the forces acting

on an object.

 Note the following when drawing a free body diagram:

1. Sketch only the target object and ignore the others.

2. Draw arrows with labels to represent the forces. The direction of arrows
indicates the direction of the forces.

free body diagram

隔離體圖

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11.3 Gravity and weight

(Book 2B, pp. 228–236)

A. What is the force that causes objects to fall?

 The (47) causes objects to fall.

 The force of gravity acting on objects from the Earth always points towards
(48) , no matter how they move.

 The force of gravity is (49) . That means two objects exert a

force of gravity on each other. The two forces are in (50)

directions and have the (51) size.

 The force of gravity is (52) . That means any object

with (53) exerts a force of gravity to each other.

 The force of gravity experienced by objects increases with their

(54) .

C. How are weight and mass related?

 The (55) of an object measures the amount of matter it

contains. Its unit is (56) (symbol: (57) ).

 The (58) of an object measures the force of gravity acting on

the object. Its unit is (59) (symbol: (60) ).

 The (61) of an object depends on its location while the

(62) does not.

 (extension) The weight of an object is (63) to its

mass. For example, if the mass of an object is doubled, its weight is

(64) .
force of gravity
重力（或引力）

mass 質量

weight 重量

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11.4 Friction and air resistance

(Book 2B, pp. 237–249)

A. What is friction?

 When an object (65) , or (66) to slide on a

surface, it experiences (67) which opposes its sliding motion,

or its tendency of motion.

 When an object slides on a surface, the friction acting on it points from the
(68) between the object and the surface.

 Friction between two surfaces can be reduced by

1. adding a (69) to the surfaces (e.g. the

(70) parts of machines or the hinge of windows).

2. using (71) (e.g. air soccers or

(72) ).

3. using (73) (e.g. (74)

machines, fidget spinners or turntables in restaurants).

 Friction can also be useful. Examples include (75)

and (76) .

friction 摩擦力

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B. What is air resistance?

 When an object moves, it experiences a resistive force from air to oppose its
motion. The resistive force is called (77) .

 The faster an object, the (78) (larger/smaller) the air resistance

acting on it.

 Air resistance on an object can be reduced by

1. (79) (increasing/reducing) the area of the object facing

the direction of motion.

2. designing the object with a (80) shape.

 Air resistance can also be useful. An example is skydive landings (opening

(81) to slow down and land safely).

air resistance 空氣阻力

streamlined shape 流線形

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11.5 Action and reaction

(Book 2B, pp. 250–259)

A. What is special about an action and a reaction?

 For every action there is a reaction. They always occur in (82) .

We call the pair of forces the (83) .

 Properties of an action and its reaction:

1. They have the (84) size.

2. They act on (85) objects.

3. They act in (86) directions.

4. They act at the (87) time.

B. How can we identify an action–reaction pair?

 We need to identify the two objects that exert a force on each other.

force on the force on the car

ground by the car by the ground

action 作用力

reaction 反作用力
action–reaction pair
作用力反作用力對

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Case study: Space flight (extension)

(Book 2B, pp. 260–264)

 Compare the launch of a water rocket with a real rocket.

Water rocket Real rocket

Step 1 A water rocket exerts a force A rocket exerts a force

downwards (action) on the water (88) (action)

inside so the water is ejected on a large amount of hot gas,

from the water rocket. which is produced by burning the

fuel inside the rocket, so the hot

gas is ejected from the rocket.

Step 2 At the same time, the ejected At the same time, the ejected hot

water exerts a force upwards gas exerts a force

(reaction) on the water rocket. (89)
(reaction) on the rocket.

Step 3 The force from the water The force from the hot gas

(pointing upwards) is larger than (pointing upwards) is

the weight of the water rocket (90) than the

(pointing downwards) so the weight of the rocket (pointing
water rocket rises. downwards) so the rocket rises.

 The rocket has a (91) shape to reduce its air resistance when

it launches. The rocket is then detached from the spacecraft after going into
space.

 When the spacecraft orbits around the Earth in space, it still experiences the
(92) from the Earth.

 There is no (93) in space so no air resistance acts on the

spacecraft. It is in frictionless motion.

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 Objects experience (94) in space. Under this condition, they

can float freely and appear to be (95) .

 When the re-entry capsule of the spacecraft returns to the Earth, it experiences

air resistance so its shell becomes very hot. To prevent the re-entry capsule from
disintegrating（解體）, the re-entry capsule is covered with

(96) materials.

 The re-entry capsule opens a (97) when it falls to about 8 km

above the ground in order to land safely.

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Revision Guide (Ch. 11)

Answers
11.1
1 distance travelled 2 travelling time 3 speed 4 400/50 = 8
−1
5 faster 6 longer 7 less 8 ms
−1
9 km h 10 average 11 distance–time graph 12 straight line
13 a 14 curve 15 b 16 line segments
17 c 18 steeper 19 at rest 20 Time
21 Distance 22 best-fit line 23 at rest 24 constant
25 non-uniform

11.2
26 speed 27 direction 28 shape 29 newtons
30 N 31 spring balance 32 spring 33 zero
34 contact 35 pushing forces/pulling 36 pushing forces/pulling 37 non-contact
forces/friction/air forces/friction/air
resistance (any other resistance (any other
reasonable answers) reasonable answers)
38 forces of gravity/forces 39 forces of gravity/forces 40 at rest 41 constant
between two magnets between two magnets
(any other reasonable (any other reasonable
answers) answers)
42 same 43 uniform 44 unbalanced 45 non-uniform
46 free body diagram

11.3
47 force of gravity 48 the Earth’s centre 49 mutual 50 opposite
51 same 52 universal 53 mass 54 mass
55 mass 56 kilograms (or grams) 57 kg (or g) 58 weight
59 newton 60 N 61 weight 62 mass
63 directly proportional 64 doubled

11.4
65 slides 66 tends 67 friction 68 contact surface
69 lubricant 70 movable 71 air cushions 72 maglev trains
73 rollers 74 conveyor roller 75 holding a bottle/picking 76 holding a bottle/picking
up food/turning a door up food/turning a door
knob (any other knob (any other
reasonable answers) reasonable answers)
77 air resistance 78 larger 79 reducing 80 streamlined
81 parachutes

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11.5
82 pairs 83 action–reaction pair 84 same 85 different
86 opposite 87 same 88 downwards 89 upwards
90 larger 91 streamlined 92 force of gravity 93 air
94 microgravity 95 weightless 96 heat insulating 97 parachute

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