onal HyproLocy INTRODUCTION Hydrology is the science that deals with the occurrence, movement and circulation of water. It is a highly interdisciplinary science which draws, for ils investigation, many principles fram other sciences like Fluid mechanics, geology, geohydrology, hydrageology, hydrometeoralogy, limnology (science of lakes), cryology (science of snow and ice), ecology etc. Water exists in three forms, namely, gaseous, liquid and solid forms. Itis kept in circulation by the energy provided by the sun, The group of various arcs such as precipitation, runoff, interception, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration etc., which represent different paths through which the water in nature circulates is called the hydrologic cycle. The gaseous envelope around the globe earth is divided into number of layers such as troposphere, stratosphere, chemasphere, ionosphere etc. In the troposphere, the temperature decreases with altitude while in the stratosphere it more or less remains constant with elevation. All the atmospheric activities are confined to troposphere. The main constituents of the atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen and the inert gases. The variable constituents are carbon dioxide, ozone and water vapour. The atmosphere always contains water vapour. The partial pressure exerted by water vapour is called the vapour pressure denoted by ¢. The maximum amount of vapour that can be accommodated by the atmosphere depends on the temperature. When atmosphere possesses the maximum: vapour that it can hold, then it is said to be saturated. The partial pressure exerted by water vapour at saturated condition is called the saturation vapour pressure denoted by ¢,. The ratioof ~ is called the relative humidity. The relative humidity can be measured by psycheometer 1 and hygrograph. 191‘The solar energy is measured in calories per square cm one cal/‘cm* is called one langley. It can be measured by Pyrheliograph which is also known as Pyranameter, The temperature are measured by thermometers. The continuous recording of temperature is done by thermograph. Avast and deep bady of air which acquired homogeneous temperature and humidity characteristics at any elevation is called air mass. The region between two distinct air masses is called air front. A disturbance created at the air front develops into cyclone leading to cyclonic precipitation. In cyclones af northern hemisphere the pressure is low at the centre and wind blows spirally inward in counter clockwise direction and in clockwise direction in Southern hemisphere. The high pressure areas covering large areas where wind blows spirally outward are called anti-cyclones, For the formation of precipitation, availability of sufficient moisture, its cooling to saturation condition, condensation and the growth of droplets are the basic conditions required. Ifthe cooling occurs as the air mass is lifted up a slope, the resulting precipitation is called orographic. As the air mass yields rainfall on the windward side, the rainfall on the leeward side is negligible or scanty. Such a region is called rain shadow region. If the cooling cecurs due to lifting of air by heating at the earth surface and results in precipitation then it is called convective precipitation. The growth of droplets is hastened by the presence of condensation nuclei. Dry ice and silver iodide are sprayed into clouds to act as condensation nuclei and hasten the formation of precipitation. Such a process is called cloud seeding ar artificial rain making. ‘The various forms of precipitation are drizzle, glaze, rain, sleet, snow, hail, dew etc. ‘The precipitation is measured by rain gauges. They are of two types: ordinary rain gauges and recording rain gauges. ‘Symons rain gauge with a receiving area of 127 mm diameter is the most commonly used. ordinary rain gauge in India. Tipping bucket type, weighing type, float type (or syphon type) are the recording, gauges. ‘They usually have the receiving area of 203 mm. They give the record of cumulative depth of rainfall against time which is nothing but a rainfall mass curve. The rate at which the depth of rainfall is accumulating is called the rainfall intensity expressed in mm/h, Itcan be computed only from the recurd obtained from recording gauges. A graph showing variation of rainfall intensity against time is called rainfall hyetograph Rainfall can also be measured by radar. The rainfall intensity depends on the intensity of the echoes. Rain gauges should be located on plain ground well-protected from the gusty winds. The nearest objective should be at least at a distance of twice its height. As per ISI recommendations there should be one gauge for 320 km? in plain areas and one gauge per 130 km’ in hilly areas. Intensity duration analysis of storms indicate that as the duration of storm increases the intensity decreases. Isohyets are the lines drawn on a map which connect all the points receiving equal depth of rainfall.The average depth of rainfall is determined by any of the three methods. Arithmetic mean, Thiessen polygan and Isohyetal. The isohyetal method gives the most accurate value. In the arithmetic mean method the average rainfall P is given by pa Pith tt Py a where P,P, ... 2, are the rainfall recorded at the m gauges respectively which lie within the area. In Thiessen polygon method, the average rainfall depth is given by AVP) + AGP) +t ADB, P z oft where A,, Ay)... are the areas of the polygons around rain gauge stations and A © (Ay + Ay + + A,) is the total area. at An. fe are called the Thiessen weights of the corresponding gauges. The depth-area-duration analysis show that the average depth of rainfall decreases as the area increases. The double mass curve is a graph drawn between the cumulative annual rainfall at any station against the cumulative average annual rainfall of certain number of nearby rain gauge stations. This curve is used to check the consistency (and to correct if found necessary) of the record at any suspected gauge. The height of water surface in the river above an arbitrary datum is called the stage, The variation of stage with time is called the stage hydrograph. The graph showing the variation of discharge with time is called the discharge hydrograph or simply the hydrograph. The discharge hydrograph is obtained from stage hydrogeaph through the stage-discharge relationship, which is also known as the rating curve, The discharge in the stream is measured by first finding the average velocity and then multiplying itwith the area of flow. The velocity itself is measured by the current meter. The velocity of flow is directly proportional to the speed N of the current meter in revolutions per second, That is, V =a + 6N, where a and b are the constants of the meter, The velocity acmas any vertical approximately varies as parabola, with the maximum velocity occurring at or near the free surface, In the single point method the velocity measured at 0.6 depth from the free surface is taken as theaverage velocity, Whereas in two pointmethad, the arithmetic mean of the velocities measured at 0.2 depth and 0.8 depth from the free surface is taken as the average velocity. The discharge is expressed in m*/'s, The larger units of volume are hectare-metre, million m°, comecday, cumec-month ete, The relevant conversions are: one hectare-metre = 10000 m3; one million m= 100 ha-m, one cumec-day = 86400 m3 = 8.64 ha-m and one cumec month = 2592000 m3 = 259.2 ha-m etc. The graph showing the cumulative volume of water against time is called a flow mass curve or simply a mass curve. Mass curve can be very conveniently used to find the storage capacity of a reservoir to meet a given uniform demand. The graph showing the discharge in the stream against the percentage time such discharge is equalled of exceed is called a flow duration curve. tis mainly used in hydropower studies fo ascertain the firm power and secondary power available at a given site.Infiltration is the process by which water enters the surface strata of the earth. The maximum rate at which a given soil absorbs water is called its infiltration capacity and is denoted by f The infiltration capacity depends on many factors such as depth of surface detention, initial soil moisture, compaction, surface vegetation, temperature etc, Infiltration capacity decreases continuously within the storm and it is well-described by the Horton's equation fafee Un fde™ where f,and fare the Initial and minimum infiltration rates and k is a constant. Infiltration is generally measured by double ring infiltrometers. But the actual infiltration during a storm may or may not be equal to the infiltration capacity depending on whether the rainfall intensity is more than the infiltration capacity or not. However, for many design purposes the average infiltration indices such a8 ¢-index and ta-index are sufficient. @-index is defined as the average rainfall intensity above which the rainfall volume equals the observed run-off volume. -index is a refined version of Q-index, The depression storage is excluded while computing it. Therefore, it will be always less than $-index. Evaporation in the process by which water from liquid or solid state passes into the vapour state and is diffused into atmosphere. Dalton has first shown that evaporation is proportional to the vapour pressure deficit. This is known as the Dalton’s law and is written as E = cle, ~¢). ‘The value of the proportionality constant c depends on the other factors affecting the evaporation such as radiation, temperature, wind, atmospheric pressure, quality of water, size of water body, nature of evaporating surface ete. Itis observed that the salinity in water decreases the evaporation rate, Evaporation is estimated using empirical equations and itis measured using the evaporation pans (also called evaporimeters). ‘The thre types of evaporation pans are land pan (or surface pan), floating pan and sunken pan. Because of exposure conditions, the evaporation from a pan is always more than that from an adjacent large water body like a lake or reservoir. The ratio af lake evaporation to the pan evaporation is called the pan co-efficient. Obviously, pan co-efficient is always less than unity. The sunken pan has the largest pan co-efficient. Evaporation from water bodies can be reduced by applying certain chemical compounds which form a layer of one molecule thickness at the surface, The commonly used chemical is cetyl alcohol. ‘Transpiration is the process by which water vapour eseapes from the living plant, principally through the leaves and enters the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration is the sum of water used by plants in a given area in transpiration and the water evaporated from the adjacent soil in the area. It is approximately taken as the consumptive use. Lysimeter is the instrament used to measure the evapotranspiration. There are some empirical equations to estimate the evapotranspiration fram meteorological data.‘The water available below the surface of earth is called the ground water. It has been an important water resource through the ages. Geological formations which contain ground water and at the same time which are sufficiently permeable to transmit and yield water in usable quantities are called aquifers. An aquifer is called unconfined if it contains the water table in it. An aquifer which is sandwiched between two relatively impervious layers is called a confined aquifer. A formation which may contain water, but cannot transmit water because of its poor permeability is called an aquiclude. If the confining layer is sufficiently permeable to transmit water vertically but not permeable enough to transport water laterally, it is called an aquitard. If one of the confining layers is an aquitard then the aquifer is known as a leak aquifer (semi-confined aquifer). A geological formation which does net contain ground water is called an aquituge. ‘The surface obtained by connecting the equilibrium water levels in tubes or piezometers is called the piezometric surtace. The piezometric surface of a confined aquifer is above the upper confining layer. Ha well penetrates into the confined aquifer, water in the well rises to the piezometric level If the piezometric surface at the place of the well is above the ground level, it will yield a flowing well. A well penetrating into an unconfined aquifer is called the water table well When the water table intersects the stream, the aquifer contributes run-off to the stream and such a stream is called an effluent stream. When the water table is below the bed of the stream, water flows from the stream to the aquifer: Such a stream is called an “influent stream”. Darcy postulated that the velocity through the aquifers being very small, is directly proportion ah Ka Kis called the co-efficient of permeability or the hydraulic conductivity. The product of K and the thickness of the aquifer Bis called the transmissibility (or transmissivity) and is denoted by T. That is, T = KB. Specific yield of an aquifer is the ratio of the water which will drain freely from a saturated formation to the total volume of the formation. Storage co-efficient is defined as the volume of water that an aquifer releases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of aquifer per unit drop of water table or piezometric surtace. to the hydraulic gradient. Darcy's law is written as ¥'= K S~, where the constant of proportionality For uncuntined aquifers the storage co-efficient and the specific yield are same. The steady state yield from a tube-well in an unconfined aquifer is given as nk(h? —A3) oewhere , and it, are the water levels in the two observation wells located at the radial distances r, and r, from the main well. ee pa The piekd eancatso bewrtnentas ty = SS) ? in(Rii) where hand r,, are the water level in the well and radius of the well, M is the thickness of the aquifer and Ris the radius of influence. The radius of influence is the distance from the main well where the cone of depression just commences or where the drawdown is zero. ‘The yield from the confined aquifer is given as = 2aKBUh - Ih) ge 2nT(H — hh} In (rit) In (Riu) ‘The steady state yield equation was first developed by Dupuit and modified later by Thiem. In open wells the diameter is very lange. The specific yield or the specific capacity of an open well is the ratio of K/A, where A is the area of the well, From the recuperation test we can obtain the specific capacity Aaa hy where | is the time required for the water level to recupe from fr, fo ty. The precipitation falling on the earth’s surface becomes surface run-off after meeting the infiltration. The infiltrated water may become ground water after deep percolation or it may percolate laterally which is known as subsurface run-off. The subsurface run-off which reaches the streams rather quickly is called prompt subsurface run-off. ‘The surface run off plus the prompt subsurface run-off is called the direct run-off. When water table rises, it may contribute run-off to the stream which is known as ground water run-off, ‘The sum of ground water run-off and the delayed subsurface run-off is called base flow. ‘The sum of direct run-off and base flow constitute the total run-all. However, some investigators treat the total run-off as consisting of surface run-off and ground water run-off only. Out of total precipitation, that portion which produces the direct run-off is called the rainfall excess or preci Unit hydrograph, which was conceived first by Sherman, relates the rainfall excess and the direct run-off [including its time distribution) produced by it. Therefore, the first step in the derivation of unit hydrograph is to separate the base flow from total cun-vlf. Unit hydrograph is defined as the direct run-off hydrograph produced by 1 cm of rainfall excess uniformly distributed over the entire basin area and also uniformly distributed over a specified period of time known as the unit duration,Unit hydrograph is based on the principle of linearity and principle of linearity and principle superposition, Ifa D-hr unit hydrograph is available, unit hydrographs with other durations such as 2D, 3D etc, can be obtained easily from the principle of superposition. As the duration of unit hydrograph increases, the base period also increases and consequently the peak ordinate decreases, From a given unit hydrograph, if other unit hydrographs whose durations are not integral multiples of the original duration are required, they can be obtained using the S-curve hydrograph. A S-curve hydrograph is a hydrograph of direct run-off resulting from a rainfall excess of constant intensity occurring fara very long period. The name is derived from the deformed $-shape. It attains an equilibrium ordinate at the end of the base period of the unit hydrograph from which itis derived. It is nothing but the summation of the given unity hydrograph. Unit hydrograph may be used to predict the direct run-off of any storm with any intensity provided the duration of the storm is same as the duration of unit hystrograph. The word “Unit” in the unit hydrograph is meant to denote the unit duration, though it is sometimes wrongly interpreted to denote unit depth of run-off. When the duration of unit hydregraph approaches zero, it becomes instantaneous unit hydmgraph. There may be basins which do nothave rainfall and run-off records to derive unit hydragraph and yet unit hydrograph may be required forsuch basins for flood estimation etc. In such cases the synthetic unit hydrographs are developed. Synthetic unit hydrograph isnot a-unit hydrograph derived from the rainfall run-off records of the basin but itis derived from the unit hydrographs available for the nearby basins. Itis derived from the relationships established between the unit hydrograph parameters and the basin parameters as proposed by Snyder. t, aC 3 oe fy CALE) and Ds Sr CA 1 e 5 To3e3 a4 In the above equations f, is the basin lag which is the time difference between the peak of the hydrograph and the centroid of the rainfall, Lis the length of main stream, L, is the distance between basin outlet and a pointon the stream which is nearest to the centroid of the basin, Dis the standard duration, Q,, is the peak ordinate, A is the basin area, T is the base period, and C, and C, are the empirical constants, The factors affecting, run-off may be grouped under two heads. The climatic factors which include: type of precipitation, intensity of rainfall, duration of rainfall, areal distribution of rainfall, direction of storm movement, antecedent precipitation etc. The plysiagraphic fitctors ane Land use, type of soil, area of the basin, shape of the basin, elevation, slope, orientation, type of drainage network, inclirect drainage, artificial drainage ete,According to principle of time invariance, the base periods of all the direct run-off hydrographs produced by storm of same duration will also be same. According to principle of linearity, the ordinates of the direct run-off hydrographs of common base period will be proportional to the volumes of run off represented by them. Flood routing may be defined as the procedure whereby the shape of a flood hydrograph at a particalar location on the stream is determined from the known or assumed flood hydrograph at some other location upstream, Flood routing is based on the continuity equation and another equation which relates storage to outflow /inflow. In the case of channels Muskingum method is used. According to this method, the outflow is given as Qe Ch + Cf, +0, O.5At— Ke _ RQ x)4+05 at where C)= Ka. +05 At Kand x are the storage constants of the reach, and Af is the routing interval. The constants ¢, ¢, and C, are called the routing constants. It can be easily verified that they add up to unity. In the case of reservoir routing 1G, Pul’s method is commonly used. Since the processes like rainfall and run-off are essentially random in mature, their future occurrence can be best predicted by analysing the data collected on them in the past. Let X be the random variable denoting the event such as the annual peak discharge. Then its value observed for n years in the past 1), 2. ...1, is known as its sample. The statistics of this sample like mean, and standard deviation are computed from the following equations: yy 1 ee aH Standards deviation, §, = iG Ear Mean, i= The co-efficient of variation is defined as the ratio of standard deviation to the mean. The observed values of annual floods are arranged in the descending order of magnitude. ‘Then ranks are assigned starting with 1 for the highest flood, 2 for the next highest and so-on, and a for the least. If we consider a flood with a rank am, it has been equalled or exceeded mm years. out of 1 years. So on the average such flood can be expected to accur once in" years, This is what is om Known as iis return period of the recurrence Interval. T== California formula att = Weibul’s formulare 2-1 Hazen’s formula Agraph plotted between the flood magnitude against its retum period is called the probability plotting. This many be used to obtain the flood magnitude for any given return period or the return period of any given flond peak by interpolation and extrapolation, Results from such interpolation or extrapolation would be in error since the analysis does not consider the theoretical probability distributions of the variable, The theoretical distribution widely used to fit the flood data is the Gumbel’s extreme value distribution. Log-Pearson Type Ill distribution is popular in United States. According to Gumbel's distribution, the cumulative probability of occurrence of any flood with magnitude x is given by P= 1— ; a where y is called the reduced variate y = a(x —x,). The parameters a and x can be obtained from the sample data. From the interpretation of probability, ¢7 year flood may occur in any year witha probability 1 1 of -F- The probability that the stracture does not fail in any year is, therefore, [: = 7h Assuming that annual flood events are independent, the probability that the structure will not fail in the next Hence, the probability that the structure may fail in any one of the next N years, which is We nothing but the risk in the design, is equal to (1 - *] 5 When soil is moved from its present location erosion is said tp have occurred. The soil particles. which are detached and mowed are called sediments. Normal erosion is mainly due to natural processes like rainfall, wind etc. and is very slow, Acceleraled erosion is human induced (deforestation, forest fires, ele.) and is very fast. The factors affecting erosion are rainfall regime, vegetal cover, soil type, land slope and land use. Erosion is more in intense storms since the size of the rain drop and velocity of the rain drop are more. Vegetal cover reduces erosion. Cohesive soil resists splash erosion more than the cohesionless soil. Erosion is more on steep soils. Proper soil conservation methods such a5 contour bunding will reduce erosion. Rill is a very small stream. Rill erosion is the removal of soil by small concentration of flowing water.Gully erosion is the removal of soil from rivulets which are formed due to sufficient accumulation of averland flow on slope grounds. Sheet erosion is the wearing away of a thin layer of soil on the land surface, especially between rills, mainly by overland flow Channel erosion refers to the erosion occurring in the stream channels in the form of stream, bank erosion or streambed degradation, Gross erosion is the summation of erosion from all sources within the catchment area. Sediment transport refers to the mechanism by which sediment is moved downstream by flowing water. ‘Sediment carried by water in suspension is known as suspended load, Sediment carried by water by rolling orsliding along the river bottom isalled bed load and by bouncing along the bed is known as saltation, Minute particles of colloidal sizes which always remain in suspension arecalled wash load. The bottom shear stress ¢, also known as tractive stress developed in the flow is responsible for bed load. For wide channels it is given by += WS, where y = Specific weight of water, d = Depth of flaw and $, = Slope of the channel. When +, exceeds the threshold or critical tractive stress ¢, the particles an the bed begin to move, The bed load is given by if a ep tte “th in which q, is in kg‘s/ metre width of channel and C, is an empirical constant. The amount of sediment eroded and removed from the sources is known as gross sediment production, This is usually expressed in tons / ke? year, Sediment yield refers to the actual delivery of eroded soil particles toa given downstream point. It is usually expressed as tons / years. Sediment delivery ratio is defined as the ratio of sediment yield to the gross sediment Production. It varies from 0 te 1, Since the eroded particles may be deposited before they reach the downstream point sediment yield ¢ gross sediment production, When the sediment laden water enters the reservoir sediment deposition takes place. If the inflowing sediment laden water is denser than the surface water in the reservoir, it moves slowly below the surface in the form of a density current (or turbidity current), The five sediments which are deposited near the dam and the density currents carrying, sediments may be flushed out by opening the scour shuices of the dam. The trap efficiency of the reservoir is defined as the ratio of the sediment trapped to the incoming sedimentand is expressed in per cent, It is a funetion of the ratio of the reservoir capacity to mean annual run off volume. Trap efficiency will be less for reservoirs with small capacity- inflow ratio,3. 10. 1. Il. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS The science with deals with occurrence, movement and circulation of water is called (a) hydrogeology O (h) geohydrology Q fc) hydrology D (id hydrography. a Limnology is the science which deals with (a) surface streams 1 {b) takes A ic) glaciers O(a) snow and ice, o Hydrometeorology is the scence which deals with fa) water in the atmosphere O (6) water below of surface of the carth o (c) water in the surface streams (i) water in oceans, o Relative humidity of the atmosphere is defined as the ratio of (0) actual vapour pressure to the vapour pressure at 0°%C 0 (h) actual vapour pressure to the atmospheric pressure a fc) weight of water to the weight of air o (d) actual vapour pressure fe the saturation vapour pressure, o A pressure of one millibar is equal to (a) 100. N/m? © (b) 1000 N/m? A fc) 10000 N/m? (100000 Mm? o A pressure of 1 N/m? is equal to (a) 0.1 millibar © fh) O01 millibar 5 fe) (U0 millibar O(a) 1 millibar. a ‘The ratio of the radiation reflected back to the radiation received by the surface is called its (a) radiation coefficient Oh) Plank’s constant a fe) albedo Dd) Bowen's ratio. o In which of the following does the temperature remain constant with elevation {a} troposphere OP) mesosphere o éc) ionosphere Dd) stratosphere, o Langley is the unit which measures (2) infiltration O [b) permissibility B {c) radiation 6 (a) albedo. o Isobar is a line which joins points of equal {a) rainfall depth Oth) temperature o fc) umidity O (d) atmospheric pressure. o In cyclones af Northern hemisphere wind blows a) clockwise inward 1 {b) anti-clockwise inward o {c) dockwise outward 0 @) anti-clockwise outward, oIn anti-cyelones of Northern hemisphere wind blows (a) clockwise inward 1 (bj anti-clockwise inward. (c) clockwise outward ‘The instrument used to measure the wind velocity in the atmosphere is (a) current meter O (bh) atmometer (2) pyranometer 0 (dj anemometer. In the following, identify the one which is different from the rest (a) cain O (0) drizzle Ce) bail O id) fog. Rain shadow region is formed on the (a) windward side of mountain when rain yie ing, mass passes over it (0) Leeward side-of mountain when cain yielding air mass passes aver it (c) Plains when rain yielding air mass passes aver it {d) none of the above. ‘The albedo of solid surface is in the range (a) 0.95 to 1 OF (hy 0.5 000.75 (cd 1.1 to 3 DB (d) 0.002 to 0.01. The albedo of the water surface is nearer to (a) oS O (hy 09s (e1 0.25 DB (ozs. Which is the odd one in the following? (a) snow OF (hy sleee (el eain DB (dy hail. ‘The convective precipitation is caused when (a) vertical instability of moist air is produced by surface heating, (h) the disturbance on the air front develops intu cyclone (c) the colder air rises into warm air (d) all of the above. Rain shadow region in India is found (a) tu the west of western ghats OF (8) to the west uf eastern phats (c] to the south of Himalayas D(a) tu the east of western ghats. ‘The cyclonic precipitation is caused due to (a) disturbance caused on the frontal surface between cold and warm air masses {) the thermal convective currents (c] the orographic cooling when air mass is lifted up a slope {d] none of the above. ‘The instrument used to measure the humidity of the atmosphere continuously with time called (a) Barograph O (i) Thermograph (e) Hygrograph: DF fd) Thermo-hygrograph. oo goo00 oo oa oo o o o o is o o27, 2. 31, ‘The instrument which records the variation of temperature with time is called. (a) Barograph O (8) Thermograph o (e) Hygrograph Bf) Thermo-hygrograph, o The instrument which records the variation of both temperature and humidity wit called (a) Barograph O (h) Thermograph o (c) Hygeugraph D1 (d) Thermo-hygrograph o Pyranometer is the instrument which measures (a) the duration of sunshine OF (h) radiation ao (e) evaporation DB fd) none of the above. o Rainfall hyetograph shows the variation of (a) cumulative rainfall with inn a (i) cainfall intensity with time o (c) eainfall depth ever an area o (d) sainfall intensity with the cumulative rainfall. o Fainfall mass curve shows the variation of (a) rainfall intensity with time O (bj rainfall intensity with cumulative rainfall o (c) eainfall excess with time © (d) cumulative rainfall with time. o ‘The diameter of the receiving area of Syphon type recording raingauge is equal to (a) 127 mom O (by 300 mm, o (e) 205 mm DB (dy 500 mum. o ‘The diameter of the receiving area of Symons ordinary rain gauge is equal to (a) 127 om OD (300 rom o (61 203 mm O () 500 mm, o In selecting a site for a rain gauge the nearest object should be at a minimum distance of (a) twice its height 1 (li) three times its height o (e) eqqual te its heigit DB (dj anywhere. o Double mass curve technique is used (a) to prepare rainfall hyetegraph from rainfall mass curve o (0) to check the consistency of record at a suspected rain gauge station o (ch to derive the hydrogeaph o (d) te derive the Scurve hydrograph. o ‘The maximum rainfall intensity at a given location (a) increases with increase in-churation of rainfall oO (8) decreases with increase in duration of rainfall Oo (c) is independent of the ducation of rainfall o (di difficult to presict. o33, The most accurate method of finding the average depth of rainfall over an area is (a) Thiessen polygon method 1 (bj fsohyetal method o {c) Arithmetic mean method 0 id Any of the above. o 34. The Thiessen polygonal areas of the four rain gauge stations A, B,C and D in a catchment are 75, 125, 151) and 150 km? respectively: If the average depth of rainfall for the catchment is given as 5. cm and the rainfall recorded at 8, C and D are S.cm, 4.cm and 5 cm. What is the rainfall at A? (a) Ben O (tem o fe) bom O oem. ao 35. A major river basin is divided into four sub-basin with areas of 900), 700, 1000 and 1400 km? respectively. If the average annual rainfalls on the sub-basins are 100, 80, 100 and 110 cm respectively what is the rainfall for the basin as a whole? fa) B5em O (i 95 em o fe) 100m O 15cm. ao 36. Four rain-gauge stations A, 8, C and 1 in a catchment area have recorded 21), 25, 22 and 15cm respectively, If their Thiessen weights are 0.3, 0.4, 0.1 and 0.2, What is the average depth of rainfall on the catchment? (a) 212em O (2226n o fe) W2em O 1926, ao 37, Fora given storm the average depth of rainfall over an area (a) inerenses with increase in area OF (i) decreases with increase in area o fe) has no relation with area O (d) none of the above, o 38. An isohyet is a line joining points of (a) eqjual rainfall intensity C1 (ti) equal rainfall depth o fe) equal evaporation D1 (a) equal humidity. o 39. The chart removed from a recording type raingauge gives (a) the rainfall mass curve 1 (0) to rainfall hyetrograph o {c) the isohyetal map 1D id) the double mass curve. o 40. As per Indian standards how many raingauges should be installed in a catchment with an area of 1000 km? lying in plains? fa) 6 O (ya o te)2 OD ws o 41. Intensity of rainfall means (a) total rainfall during a storm 1 (hj rainfall per unit area o (c) the rate at which the rainfall depth is accumulating o (d) volume of rain water per unit area. o 42. The typical characteristic of convective showers is that they are of (a) high intensity and long duration —-(O_ (i) high intensity and short duration o (e) low intensity and long duration OF (@) low intensity and short duration. oa7. The double mass curve is prepared by plotting (a) cumulative annual rainfall at.a station against cumulative annual rainfall ata neighbouring station o (b) cumulative annual rainfall at.a station against time In years o (ec) comulative annual rainfall at a station against the cumulative average annual rainfallota certain number of neighbouring stations, o {d) the annual rainfall of this year against the annual rainfall of previews year o In which of the following the water equivalent would be minimum (a) fresh powder snow D () vingin snow o (c} coarse snow OO (if) granular ice. o In which of the following the water equivalent would be maximum. {a} fresh powder snow (6) virgin snow o (e} coarse snow O (d) packed snow. o The snow fall is generally measured in terms of (a) weight of snow per unit area CO (b) equivalent depth of water o (e) depth of snow fallen OD (d) any of the above: o In radar measurement of rainfall, the energy of echo waves depends upon (a) the solar radiation 0 (b) wind velocity o (c) the size of the drop O {d) the inclination of rainfall. o Thiessen polygon method is used (a) to determine the parameters of the aquifer o hi to locate the depth of water table o (c) to compute the average depth of rainfall o (id) to drive the ordinates of unit hydrograph. o The precipitation formation is hastened by sending (a) dey ice into clouds O (h) silver iodide into clouds o (c} both (a) and (2) 0 (d) none of the above, o In the two point method of finding the average velocity using the current water across & vertical in a open channel, the velocities are measured below the free surface at (a) 0.25 and 0.75 depths OF (®) 0.20 and 0.80 depths o (ec) 0.40 and 0.6 depths OB (i) 0.15 and 0.45 depths. oO In the single point method of finding the average velocity using the current meter across a vertical in a open channel, the velocity is measured below the free surface at fa} O.8depth Oth) 07 depth o (c} 0.6. depth O fd) 0.5 depth. oO In Nis the speed of the current meter in revolutions per second, the velocity measured by it is proportional to ay NUE Oo mae o one ON, o61. The rating curve of a stream gauging station given the variation of (a) discharge in the stream with the variation of (0) discharge (c) discharge {a} discharge in the stream with the welocity of flow. ‘The crest gauge is used to record the stream with the stage the stream with water surface slope (a) the lowest stage in the river OO (b) the average stage in the river (ec) the peak stage in the river OD id) nome of the above. ‘The stage in the river is defined as (a) the elevation of Water surface With reference to an arbitrary datum. (B) the average depth of flow in the stream (c) the radius of a semi-circle whose area is equal to the area of flow (d) none of the above. A hydrograph is the graph drawn between (a) discharge in the river and the stage im the river (0) discharge and time (e) stage and tire: 4d] none of the above. One cumee-day is equal to (a) B.bd hectare metres C1 (ii) 86.4 hectare metres (c] Béd hectare metres D1 id) 086d hectare metres. One hectare-metre is equal to (a) 10000 om? O (6) 1000.m2 (e) 1000000 m* O éd) 100900 m*, Flow mass curve is the graph drawn between (a) the rate of flaw and time (b) cumulative volume of flow and time (c) the cumulative discharge and time (dj cumulative volume of flow and the discharge. Flow mass curve is used (a) to determine the storage capacity of the reservair to meet a given uniform demand, (0) to check the consistency of the flow record at a given site (¢] to derive the unit hydrograph (d) to develop synthetic unit hydrngeaph, Flow duration curve is the graph drawn between (a) the discharge and tiene (8) the discharge and the percentage of time such discharge is exceeded (c) cumulative rate of flow and time (dj cumulative volume of flow and time Oo gooo00 o opooo0 ooo0o og oo opooo opo000 ogoooaThe concept of unit hydrograph was first introduced by (a) Dalton 1 (b) Sherman o fe} Darcy: OD () Gumbel o The word ‘unit’ in the unit hydrograph denotes la) the unit depth of runoff 1 (6) unit duration of the storm o (c) unit base period of thehydregraph =O (i) arbitrary. o ‘The unit hydrograph is the graphical relation between (a) total rainfall and the total runoff (b) total rainfall and the direct runaié (c) effective rainfall and the total runoff td} elective rainfall and the direct runoff. o The peak ordinate of a 4t unit hydrograph of a basin is 270 m/s. Then, the peak ordinate of a8 h unit hydrograph of same will be basin (ay equal to 270 nfs {fy tess than 270 m/s o (c) mome than 270 o/s CO (ed) difficult to tell, o The base period of a 6h unit hydrograph of a basin is 84 h. Then, the base period of a 12h unit hydrograph of the same basin will be lay 0h O (sth o (ep 72h O (df) loth. o A storm with a uniform intensity occurring over a basin for a period of 6 h produced an effective rainfall of 15 cm and the peak discharge in the corresponding direct runoff hydrograph is 930 m!/s. Over the same basin, if another storm of same duration but with an effective rainfall of 7.5 cm occurs what is the peak ordinate of the direct rainfall hydrograph boa produced by it (a) 930 m/s O fb) 186)m'/s o fe) 2790 fs, Od) 465 mis, Oo The concentration time of the basin is (a) the time between the centre of the rainfall and the peak discharge o {b) the base period of the hydrograph a (c) the time taken by the water particle at the remotest point of the basin to reach the basin outlet a (d) the duration of raintall. o Direct runoff is the sum of {a} the surface runoff and the base flaw a |W) the base flow and the geound water runotf o () the delayed subsurface runoff and deep pescolation o (d) the surfaces runoff and the prompt sub-surface runoff, oa ™ ms The base flow is la) the difference between total runoff and direct runoff (h) the sum of surace runoff and delayed sub-surface runoff (e) the difference between prompt sub-surface runoff and delayed sub-surface runoff fd) none of the above. The S-curve hydrograph is (a) the summation of the unity hydrograph Uh) the summation of the total runoff bydrogeaph (e} the summation of the rainfall hyetograph Ad} none of the above, The S-curve hydrograph is used (a) toestimate the peak flood from a basin due to a given store oooao bpooo a {h) to comvert the unit hydrograph of given duration ina unit hydrograph of any other duration (c} to develop synthetic unit bydeogeaph {d) to estimate the infiltration losses. The lag time of the basin is lu) the time between the centroid of rainfall diagram and the peak ordinate of the hydrograph (H) the time between the beginning and ending of direct nenoff (e) the time between the beginning and ending of effective rainfall {d) the time taken for the remotest particle to reach the basin outlet. Synthetic unit hydrograph of a basin is the unit hydrograph derived from (a) the available rainfall and runoff records of the basin (h) the rainfall and runoff records of the nearby basins (e} the arbitrary fixation of its shape id} nome of the above. In the synthetic unit hydrograph proposed by Snyder the peak ordinate is given in terms basin ares A and basin lag #,, as yA fa) Q= aA o mo-— ty ty Ga? Cop G ._— o Fi SER (Q,= =F Q,=— The basin lag of Snyders synthetic unit hydrograph is given by 03 a (a) t= Catt O mt,=c, (4) fen t= C feb Oo o oa ‘The base period of the Snyders synthetic unit hydrograph is given by t (a) T=1+3t, Oo mreied o wy T=303.6 BD a@Teise Oo ‘The 4 h unit hydeograph of a basin can be approximated as a triangle with base period of 48 hand a peak ordinate of 200 m‘/s. The area of the basin would be (a) 1728 km? O (hy 3456 km? Oo (c) 864 km? OD (df 5184 km? o Ifthe duration of a unit hydrograph approaches zero, the resulting unit hydrogeaph is known as {a) S-curve hydrograph 1 (8) synthetic unit hydrograph o {c) constant unit hydrograph O Gd) instantaneous unit hydrograph. o According to the principle of linearity of unity hydrograph theory (is bi peri of ml rat! eogtaphe protic by sop of she darlin il ati be same (0) the ordinates of the direct runott hydrographs of a. common base period are directly room to the volume of run-off represented by each hydragraph (c) the base periods of direct runoif hydragraph is proportional tothe depth of direct runoff = (di) the base period of direct runnit hydrograph is proportional to the duration of effective rainfall. o Unit hydrograph method is generally used to estimate the peak fload when the catchment area does not exceed (a) 1000 kin? 1 (hy 1500 ken? o (c) S000 km? (dy 10000 keen? Infiltration capacity of the suil is defined as (a) the depth of water aboorbed by the soil during the storm (b) the maximum rate at which the soil absorbs water (c) the average rainfall intensity during the storm (d) the rate at which the runoff is generated. ‘The infiltration capacity of the given soil (a) increases with increase in the initial soil motsture (0) decreases with increase in the initial soil moisture (c) 5 independent of the initial soil moisture (d) difficult to tell. All other factors remaining same, the infiltration capacity in winter (a) is less than that in summer C1 (hy is more than that in summer (c) bs same as that in summer Do (dd) is difficult to tell = oooo obooa oo87. lin the standard notation, the Horton’s infiltration equation is given by (arms ei —fe™ O tiff fet o (fa. +0h+ fet O Wh faf+ch—fyet o The observed runoff during.a 6 h storm with a uniform intensity of 15 mm/h over a basin of area 3X) km? is 21.6 million mv’. The average infiltration rate during the storm Is (4) 3mm/h O ih 6mm/h o (c) 12 mm/h D @) 18 mm/h. o A 6h storm with hourly intensities of 7, 18, 25, 12, 10 and 3 mm/h produced a runoff of 33 mm. Then the ¢-index is (a) 7 mm/h O thi 3mm/h og (ec) min/h D th smm/h. o dindex is defined as (a) the difference between maximum and minimum infiltration capacities a (h) difference between the total rainfall and total runoff divided by the duration of the storm =O (c) the eainfall intensity abowe which the rainfall volume equals the observed runoff volume =O (d) minimum infiltration rate during the storm. o Winder will be always (a) equal to -index 1 {h) more than ¢index o (e) besa than ¢-anclex D1 Gd) difficult te tell. o According to Dalton’s law evaporation is directly proportional to (a) the vapour pressure gradient a (b) the difference between saturation vapour pressure at 100°C and the actual vapour pressure 0 (c) the difference between the actual vapour pressure and the saturation vapour pressure at QCD (i) the difference between the saturation vapour pressure at given temperature and the saturation vapour pressure at (°C. o The saturation deficit of the atmosphere is the difference between (a) e, at given temperature and c Othe, at 100? and ¢, at OF o (ele, at given temperature and¢,at °C OF d) eane ¢, at (AC. o where ¢_is the saturation vapour pressure and ¢ is the actual vapour pressure. ‘The pan co-efficient is defined as the (a) ratio of lake evaporation to pan evaporation (b) catio of pan evaporation to the lake evaporation (c) product of pan evaporation and lake evaporation (dj difference between pan and lake evaporation. The pan evaporation is (a) always less than lake evapor: oooo0o ian (bi) always more than lake evaporation (c) always equal to the lake evaporation oooag {d) sometimes less and sometimes more than lake evaporation.8. 100, 11. 02, 103, Which of the following has the largest pan co-efficient? An aquifer is a geological formation which (a) does not contain water (bh) contains water but does not transmit (e} contains water and abso transmits water 4d) ts an oul crop ozzing out water. Which one of the following formations does not contain ground water? fa) aquifer Oh) aquifuge (e} aquitard Dd) aquiclude In the case of a flowing well, the plezometric surface is (a) below the ground level (b) above the ground level {c) between ground level and the water surface in the welll id) below the water surface in the well. In the case of a water table well, the piezometric surface (a) is above the ground level (hy) is below the water level in the well {c} coincides with water level in the well (d) 8 between the water level in the well and ground level, o o o o a a) Land pan 1 (bj suken pan (e} Soating pan Dif) surface pan. The chemical compound which is generally used to reduce the evaporation from water bodies is la) D7 O Wy alum (ec) cetyl aleohal O id) potassium dichromate. ‘The salinity in water (a) reduces the evaporation 1 {h) does not affect evaporation {e) increases the evaporation O id) difficult to say. Lysimeter is the instrument used to measure (a) evaporation CO (b) transpiration (e} infiltration Did) evapetranspi ‘The abscissa in a psychrometric chart is {a) relative humidity OF (8) dry bulb temperature (e) Wet bulls temperature Did) wet bulls depression. |. The evaporation through plants and from the surrounding soil together is called (a) hydeation 0 (h) vapourisation {e} transpiration D1 id) evapotranspiration. ooaa o 0.0 oo0o00 oooa104. 105. 106, 107. 110. 11. 112, Darcy's law for ground water motion states that the velocity (a) is proportional to hydraulic gradient o (0) is proportional ty the square of hydraulic gradient o (c) is inversely proportional to hydraulic gradient o (dis proportional to the Ingarithm of hydraulic gractient. o An influent stream is one which (a) contributes runoff to the ground water a (i) derives runoff from ground water o (¢) nvither contributes nor derives runoff from ground water o (d) flows only below the ground. o In the above question which is an effluent stream, Specific yield of an aquifer is defined as the ratio of the (a) volume of pore space to the total volume of sel, a (0) volume of water freely drained from a saturated snil to the volume of soil o (c) volume of water retained when a saturated suil is freely drained ty the velume of soil o (4) volume of prove space to volume of soil grains. o ‘The steady discharge from a well in an unconfined aquifer is given by the equation (ay = BAU = tb) O w= Seth ted o in 4 | In [ a) * kn] In trig) be try/iy) hes KUNE — ig) O ae ay A where i and f, are the water levels in the two observation wells at radial distances of r, and 1, Kis the permeability of the aquifer and Bis the thickness of the aquifer. Which of the equations in the above problem gives the discharge from a confined aquifer under steady state conditions? The equation for steady state yield from a tube-well first developed by (a) Darey O (h) Dupuit o (c) Jaca D1 td) Chow o Another name for an unconfined aquifer is (a) beak aquifer OO () perched aquifer o (c) artesian aquifer Did) water table aquifer. o Radius of influence is the horizontal distance between (a) the centre of the well and a point on the cone af depression of maximum deawidewn (i) the centre of the Well and a point on the cone of depression of zero drawdown (c) the centre of the and the outer edge ef the well (d) the centre of the Well and the first observation well. oo00o00113. m4. 115, 114. 117. 118. 119. ‘The transmissivity of the aquifer is defined as the product of (a) radius of well and radius of influence (0) thickness of aquifer and redits-nt influence (ch radius of the well and the permeability of the aquifer (di) permeability of the aquifer and 1 Specific capacity of an open well is the ratio of (a) area of the well to the permeability of the aquifer (i!) permeability uf the ayuifer bo the area af the well (e) area of the well to steady state drawdown (d) permeability of the aquifer to steady state drawdown, hickness of the aquifer. ooo0 booo In the recuperation test of an open well if T is the time for recuperation of water level from fh, ta Jr, then the specific capacity of the open well is given by 2000 2503 (4) A ogy fe o 1 38 tog Tog, li, Deh Rita et ra re Wi @Sa0T ‘The difference between the maximum and minimum values of a sample is called its (a) standard deviation 1 (h) median Bid) mode. sed standard deviation of a sample data is given by B ihs= Xs, a The co-efficient of variation is defined as the ratio of (a) standand deviation to skewness co-efficient (b) mean to standard deviation: (c} standand deviation to mean (d) square of standard deviation to mean, booo If wris the rank of a flood in m years record the Weibul’s formula for camputing the retam period is (aT == O thr —% (r= OD wits134. The Hazen’s formula for computing the return period is a 2n T=2 0 Ht ie i a am=1 The California formula for return period is r-4 Oo mre Wee Ora ntl ()T= O @T wel ‘The most commonly used formula for computing return period is (a) California O {b) Hazen’s fc} Wertual’s O td) Beard’s. . The mest commonly used probability distribution to fit the flood data is (a) Normal di tion 0 (b) Gumbel’s distribution (c) Logenormal distribution OD (¢) Log-Pearson distribution. A flood with a retum period of 100 years is the flood which occurs (a) every 100th year {h) the maximum observed flood in the past 100 years. (e] once in every 100 years on the average 4d) only after 10 years in the immediate future. og booo A spillway is designed for T year flood and has an estimated useful life period of N years ‘Then the probability that it will not fail in the next N) years is given by eae iy 1 o mi-(t-4] (ep be oO me, The Ryve's formula for maximum flood from a catchment of area A is given by (a) Q=ca28 0 mjg-caz ce) Q= CAU? 0 moQ-ca¥ Which is the Dicken’s formula for flood peak in the above problem. oO Oo a In problem 125, what is the probability that the T year ood may occur in any one of the next N years. The probability thal a T year flood occurs in any year is wt a w(t} (c) tog | Dine131. 137, In the channel routing by the Muskingum method, the values of the routing constants cj, and ¢, are -0.2 and 0.5 respectively. The value of the third routing constant c, is a) 05 O m-012 o fe) 5 O war o Which of the following is not one of the physiographic factors affecting the runoff from a basin? (a) sizeof the basin 1 () slope of the main stream o (¢] antecedent precipitation OD () drainage net work. o The relationship between the reduced variate y and the return period T is given by 1 (a) lore o ory deet amas, o T T The most commonly used method for reservoir routing is (a) Muskingum method 0 (h) Snyders method o (c) Chow's method O (d) Pul’s method. o The place whieh records highest annual rainfall in India {a} Trivandrum 1 {b) Bombay o (e} Chirrapunji OD (a) Goa o Enveloping curve is a method (a) to determine the peak flood (6) to determine the infiltration capacity o (c) to-estimate the interception 0 {d) to route the flood through a reservoir. o The average atmospheric pressure expressed in millibars is (a) 113 O tt) 101.3 o ic) 113 O (d) 10130, o The average atmospheric pressure expressed in dynes/cm? is (a) 100 O (bh) 1000 o (cl D(a 10°. o Relative humidity may be defined as the ratio of (a) the actual vapour pressure to the saturation vapour pressure o (b) the saturation vapour pressure to the actual vapour pressure o (c) the vapour pressure deficit to the saturation vapour pressure o {d) the saturation vapour pressure to the vapour pressure deficit. o Isobyets are (a) Lines joining points of equal raintall intensity o (b) lines joining points of equal storm duration o (c} lines joining points of equal relative humidity o 4d) lines joining points of equal rainfall depth. o141. 145. 147, The moisture useful for plant growth is (a) capillary water D {h) gravity water fe) hygroscopic water D (id) all the above. Darcy's law gives the velocity of flow in ta) openchannels 5 (tb) pipes (c) porgus medium O {d) pumps. Which of the following cannot be used as a humidity measuring device? (a) Hydrometer O (b) Dry and wet bulb themometers {e) Phychrometer D id) Hygrometer. o o ‘The number of rain gauges required ina given area toestimate the average depth of rainfall with a given accuracy (a) is more if the rainfall is nan-unifurmly distributed (b) is bess af the reintall is non-unitormly distributed fe) és mum if the rainfall is uniformly distributed (d) is independent of the varial The site selected for measurement of snowfall should be (a) horizontal {b) open to snowfall and in isolation {c) sheltered against winds and drifting snow (d) all the above. ‘The ordinate of the instantaneous unit hydrograph is proportional to (a) the ordinate of S-curve hydrograph {()) the shope of S-curve hydmograph (c) inwerse of the ondinate of S-curve hydrograplh (d) inverse of the slope nf §-curve hydrogeaph. S-curve hydrograph derived its name because (a) it has the deformed S-shape C1 (h) itis propused by Snyder {c) it gives the storage of runoff D fd) none of the above. S-curve hydrograph can be used only (a) to obtain unit hydrograph of longer duration fram unit hydrograph of shorter duration (b) to obtain unit hydrograph of shorter duration from unit hydrograph of longer duration {e) to obtain unit hydrograph of any duration from unit hydrograph of any given duration (d) to obtain a synthetic unit hydeograph. ooOo00 ooogd boog o o o o AS-curve hydrograph is derived from a D-hour unit hydrograph of a basin with a drainage area of A sq km. The equilibrium discharge ordinate in the S-curve is given by Baa, 278A fa) 7 miss Oo th =a ms () 4 mis (ay SBA nye, D Dp‘The ordinate of a direct runoff hydrograph are measured at A f-hour intervals and summed up as EQ. Thearea of the catchment is A sq km. ‘Then the depth of runoff in cm isgiven by (ay O38.8050 Oo qy Mear80 4 A A 036A (086A Ss to) RAED Bay SEATS B The trap efficiency of a reservoir is a function of (a) age of the reservoir (hy the reservoir capacity o (c] total inflow 1 dd) (reservoir capacity /total inflow, o ‘The standard time at which the daily rainfall is recorded im India is (a) 7.30.A.M. O th) 8.30 AM. o (c) 9.30 A.M. O td) 530 P.M. o A spillway is designed for a 5 year flood, What is the probability that the design flood occurs at least ance in the next 5 years? (a) 02 0 wos o (cy DeFz, 0 os. o The two parameters sufficient to describe the symunetrical normal distribution are (a) mean and standard deviation O {h) mean and range o (c) range and variance O (d) mean and kurtosis co-efficient. o Ifthe permeability of a porous medium is not same in all the directions then it is known as (a) thixotrople 1 (hy isentropic o (c) ksotropic D 4d) anisotropic. o Which of the following is preferred for measuring the velocity of flow ina natural stream? (a) Pitot tube OD (6) Hot-wire anemometer o (c} Current meter Od) Rod float. Bo The theory of infiltration was enunciated by (a) Sherman O i) Dalton Oo {c) Dancy 0 id) Horton. o Rainfall simulators are used for the determination of (a) rainfall Oth) interception o (c] evaporation 1 éd) infilwation. o To which category does the Symon’s rain gauge belong? (a) tipping-bucket D1 (8) ordinary rain gauge o (c) syphon Df weighing. a ‘The type of recording rain gauge used in India is (a) weighing type OF (h) float type o (c) tipping-bucket type 1 dd) nme of the abowe, Oo‘161. . The Thiessen weights of the fourinfluencing rain gauge stations of a catchment area are 0.1, 01.2, 0.3and 0.4. If the rainfalls recorded at these gauges are 40, 30, 20) and 1 mm respectively what is the average depth of rainfall over the basin? (a) 20 mm O (i) 30mm o (c) 40 mum O 10mm. o ‘The isohyets drawn fora storm yielded the following lata: dsobivet fet mere 45-55 | 55-65 e575 73-85 ‘Area between isobyets fie kro? 100 | 00 300 400 ‘The average depth of rainfall is equal to (a) 50 mm O (hy emm o (c) 70 mm O (a mm. o Itis predicted that a storm yielding a maximum daily rainfall of 20cm has a return period of 5 years. Then the place will receive a maximum daily rainfall of 20) ¢m (a) one in every five years 1 (on the averageonce in 5 years o (c) four times in every five years, D1 {d) none of the abowe, o ‘The depth of flow in a stream ata vertical is 10 m. The velocities measured at 2 m and 8 m depth are 0.6.m/s and 0.4 m/s respectively, What is the average velocity for the vertical? (a) 1 m/s O (hy 0.25 m/s o (cy 05 m/s DO 075 m/s. o . The water balance equation for a catchment area in terms of rainfall (P), runoff (R), evaporation (E) and storage (5) is written as (a) R=P-E=As O (Ww R=P+E2as o (c) R=E-P2as DO Wd P=E-R2a5, o In the Muskingum channel routing equation, the sum of the three routing constants C,, C, and C, should be equal to (a) 1/3 O (2/3 o (a BD ia o ‘The units of the constant K in the Muskingum storage equation are (a) m/s O (hy mtys o (ey br O (dm o ‘The units of the constant x in the Muskingum storage equation are (a) m O (t)m/s o (cl més D (dj no units. o For channel routing, the Muskingum storage equation is given by (a) Kx + (1 — 201 D (h &eQ + (1 -a)1 o (c) Ks + (1-01 OD i Ais! + (1 + xiQ). o169. 170, 171. 17 173, 174. 175, 176. 177, 178. ‘The ratio of the total number of streams draining the basin to the basin area is known as a) drainage density 1 (b) stream density a (e} drainage efficiency O (all the above. o ‘The ratio af the total lengths of the streams draining the basin to the basin area is known as la) drainage density 1 (b) stream density o (e} drainage efficiency OD {d) stream efficiency. a IFA and L denote the area of the basin and the length of the main stream, the form factor of the basin is given by ia) 4 o mA o Lc L L as nwa a Astorm produced an intensity of 30 mm/hr for a period of 6 howes. Tf the area of the basin is 800 km? and average infiltration rate is 5 mm,/hour, what is the volume of runoff produced by the storm in hectare-metres? (a) E2000 O ih) 120 o (ey 12 OD @i2 o 1LM.D, stand for (a) Indian Mining Department (fy Indian Mineral Deposits 5 {c) India Meteorological Department (i) International Monetary Debt. o ‘The strange’s table gives the relationship between. (a) temperature and evaporation D (f) rainfall and infiltration o (c} rainfall and runoff (i) runoff and area of the basin, a ‘The responsibility of gauging the major rivers in the country lies with (a) central ground water board a 4h) central water commission Qo (c} central board of irrigation and power a 4d) central water agency, Q Removal of soil particles from the present location is known as (a) sedimentation C1 (fh) saltation o (c) erosion O (d) excavation. a Ifd and v are the diameter and velocity of rain drop, then the erosive power of the rain drop is proportional to fay ee O (ha ao (hee 0 wae o Removal of soil by small concentration of flowing water is known as (a) eill erosion 1 () gully erosion o (c) shoet erosion Di) channel erosion o179, ‘180, 1481, 182, 133, TH, ‘185. 186, ‘187, 188. Removal of soil from rivulets which are formed due to sufficient accumulation of overland flow on sloped grounds is known as to) rill erosion Cl (b) gully erosion o (¢) sheet erosion © id) channel erosion, o Wearing away of a thin layer of soil on the land surface, especially between rills mainly by overland flow is known as (a) rill erosion Ob) gully erosion o (e) sheet erosion (channel erosion, o Erosion occurring in the stream channels in the form of stream bank erosion and stream bed degradation is known as (2) rill erosion O () gully erosion o fe) sheet erosion O (@) channel erusion. o ‘Sail particles detatched from the present location are called (a) gravel O [b) sediments o fe) sand 0 (id) tone of the above. o ‘Sediment carried by flowing water in suspension is known as fa) suspended load 0 (b) bed Inad o fe) saltation OB (id) wash load. o Sediment carried by water by rolling and sliding along the stream bottom is known as (a) suspended load OF {b) bed boadt oO fc) saltation D (@ wash load, o Sediment carried by water by bouncing along the stream bed is known as (a) suspended load O (b) bed load o fe) saltation OD (if) wash load. o Minute particles of colloidal sizes which always remain in suspension in water and carried by water are called to) suspended load OO () bed loud o (c) saltation Dd) wash lod. o If y is the specific weight of water, d is the depth of flow and S, is the bed slope of the channel, then the tractive stress t, developed in water at the bottom of the channel is given by 0) = 1S) Dh) ty= 4S a fc) = 15, OD fd ty=1/d5,. o If 7, is the critical tractive stress, the bed Inad q, per metre width of the stream is given by (C, isan empirical constant) (a) 8-6,“ fito=3) O )4,=6, Bey-t9 5 o te) a8 tgm1. 195. The ratio of the sediment deposited in the reservoir to the incoming sediment is called fa) Sediment efficiency of the reservoir 1 (b) Trap efficiency of the reservoir o {c) Erosion efficiency of the catchment =O (d) None of the above. o Thesediment laden water with higher density than the surface water in the reservoir flowing underneath the surface water is called (a) Baldy current OO (fi) Sediment current o fe) Density current D1 dj Flush current. o The trap efficiency of a reservoir is a function of (a) ratin of reservoir storage capacity to mean annual runoff volume {(b) ratio of reservoir storage capacity to the square root of the mean annual runoff volume fe) ratio of reservoir storage capacity to the square of the mean annual runoff volume npoogd (d) ratio of reservoir storage capacity to the logarithm of the mean annual runoff volume. ‘The trap efficiency of a reservoir, after commissioning will (u) increase with time (th) decewase with time opoaga (c) increase initially for some time and decrease Later (d) decrease initially for some time and increase Later. o If the initial specific weight of sediments depositing in a reservair is y,, the specific weight after # years is ¥. and K is the consolidation coefficient, then fa) = 7%, + K loge O Wyant kee o yen Kit DW y=1+K ae. o The annual flood peak of a stream is estimated to have 50 years and 200 years flood of 2400 m?/s and 3060 m3/s. The 1001 years flood of this stream will be close to (a) 2730 m/s OF (b) 2000 m4 5 o fc) 3500 m/s D (4) 4000 m/s. o Evaporation may also be viewed as fa) convection OF (bi) indirect radiation o {c) indirect cooling, O (d) indirect sublimation. o The idea of the synthetic unit hydrograph was first introduced by fo) Sherman O (h) Darcey o {c) Dalton O (dj Snyder. o Distribution geaph shows the variation of fa) discharge against time Q {b) the percentage of runoff volume overa time interval against time o {c) cumulative infiltration depth with time oO (@) cumulative rainfall depth with time, o When the temperature is equal to dew point temperature, the existing vapour pressure of the air cand the saturation vapour pressure e, are related asfajece, O (ese, o fe) aoe, OD (desd5e, o 199, In reservoir routing discharge is expressed in m'/sand the time is measured in hours. Then the storage in the reservoir, for the purpose of constructing storage-discharge curve shall be expressed in fa) OD (t) cumee-daya o fe) cumec-hours O (dj million m’ o 200, If the annual withdrawl of water from a groundwater basin exceeds the average annual recharge, then (a) owerdratt is said to occur O (hy) inferior recharge is said to occur o {c) basin is said to give higher yield Bd) none of the above. o ANSWERS Objective Type Questions Lie 2 tb) 3 ta} a ty 5. (a) 6. (b) 7 te) Bid) ic) TO, (it) ‘U1. fa) 12 (a) 13.) 14. 15. (al 16. fe) 17. (b) 18. fe) 19. ta} 20. ti) 21 tal 22. (c) 23. (b) 2. (it) 25. (Ph 26. (Ph 27.) 28 (ce) 29, (a) 30, (a) 31. (Ph 32, (Fh 33, (PI 34. (0) 38 te) 36, (2) 37. tb) 38. ib) 3. ia) 4. ic) aL fe) 42. (b) 43. ic) 44. (a) 45 il) 46. (b) 47. (c) 48. ic) 49 ic) 50. (PD 51. tc) 52. it) 33. (b) 34. [c) 55. (u) 56. (iH) 57.) 58. (a) 59. (0) 60. (2) 6L (bh 62, (bh 63. (bh oA. (at) 65. (b) ‘66. (a) 87. (aly 68. (ch 6. (i) 70. (a) TL fa) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (6) 75. (bh) 76. (a) TF e) 78. (a) 79. dy a0. (b) aL (e) 82. (2) 83. (6) 8a. (a) 85, (a) ‘86, (a) 87, (ath BB, (c) 89. (c) ‘90. (a) 1 (a) 92, (a) 93. (bi 94. (6) 95. [c) ‘96. (2) 97. (aly 9B. (i) 90. (ul) WO. (c) WO. (6) 02. (6) 103. (c} WA. (al) 105. (al) We. (6) ‘We. (6) ‘We. (a) 109. (F1 110. (+1 111. (a) 112. (@) 113. fa) 114. (f) 115. (a) 116. (c) 117. (b TB. fe) 119. [at 120. (6) 21 (al 122 (c) 123, (b1 124. (¢) 125. (a) 126. (a) 127, (b) 128, (by 129 (ay 130, (if) 13, (c) 132, (2) 133. (ul) 134. (6) 135. (a) 136. (e) 137, td) 138. (2) 135. Ui) ‘M0. (ay ML (ey 142. (a) 143. (a) M44. (il) 145. (bh 146. (a) 147. (c} 148. (bi) 148. (a) 150. jul) 151. (b) 152. (c} 153, (a) 154. (i) 155, fc) 156. (i)157. (il) 163. (ch 165. (8) 175. (Hi) 181, (a) 187. (ch 193, (a 19% (c) 158. (hi 164. (0) 170. (a) 176. (c) 182. (b) 186. (0) 194. (a) 200, (ai. 15%. (ti) 165. (c) a1. (6) 177. (ty) 183. (a) 189. (1) 195, (c) 160. (a) 166. (c} 172. (a) 178. (a) a4. (6) 190, (c) 196. i) VOL (ec) 167. uly 173, (r) 175. (b) 185. (¢) 191, fal ‘197. (b 162. (b) 168. (a) 174. ie) 180. (e} 1186. (a) 192. (iF) 198. (b} cod