Class Full Name Index Number

4P / 4T

TIMED PRACTICE
Adapted from Bowen Prelims 2022 O
6092 / 02
I believe, therefore I am

CHEMISTRY
Paper 2
Secondary 4 Express
29 Aug 2022 1 hour 45 minutes

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name, class and index number on all the work you hand in.
Write in blue or black ink.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.

Section B
Answer all three questions, the last question is in the form either/or.
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the

end of each question or part question. For Examiner’s Use

A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 20.

Section A / 50
The use of an approved scientific calculator is
B7 / 10
expected, where appropriate.

You are reminded of the need for clear presentation in B8 / 10

your answers.
B9 E / O / 10
DO NOT OPEN THIS PAPER UNTIL YOU ARE
TOLD TO DO SO
Total
80

This document consists of 20 printed pages, including a copy of the Periodic Table.
 2

Section A

Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided.

The total mark for this section is 50.

For
A1 These diagrams show the structures of six different organic substances, A to F. Examiner’s
Use Only

A B

C D

Use the letters A to F to answer the following questions. You may use each letter
once, more than once or not at all.

a) Which substance

i) is an addition polymer?

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

ii) can decolourise bromine readily under room conditions?

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

iii) is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

iv) is produced from the fermentation of glucose?

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

b) State the reagents and conditions required for the conversion of A to B.

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

[Total: 5]
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For
A2 In the stratosphere 30 km above the Earth’s surface, ozone is being made Examiner’s
Use Only
continuously by the following reaction.

O + O2  O3

The free oxygen atoms arise from the splitting of oxygen molecules by ultraviolet light
from the Sun.
O2  2O

a) The temperature of the stratosphere is –50C.

State a typical value for air temperature at sea level.

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

b) The concentration of oxygen molecules in the stratosphere is 1.3 x 10–4 mol/dm3.

Show that the concentration of oxygen at sea level is 8.75 x 10–3 mol/dm3.

(Hint: One mole of air occupies 24 dm3 under the conditions at sea level.)

[2]

c) Using your answers to (a) and (b), suggest how you would expect the rate of
ozone formation at sea level to compare with that at the stratosphere. Explain
your answer using collision theory.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [3]

d) In reality, practically no ozone is formed in the lower atmosphere at sea level.

Suggest a reason for this.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

[Total: 8]
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For
A3 The graph and table below provide information about elements in Period 2 of the Examiner’s
Use Only
Periodic Table.

element electrical conductivity (at room temperature and pressure)

Li good
Be good
B poor
C good
N does not conduct
O does not conduct
F does not conduct
Ne does not conduct

a) How does the data show that the first four elements in Period 2 are solids at
room temperature?

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

b) There are two forms of carbon: diamond and graphite.

Which form of carbon does the data refer to? Explain your answer with reference
to the structure of the substance you have chosen.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [3]
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For
c) Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine are all non-metals. Examiner’s
Use Only

Use your understanding of bonding and structure to account for the difference in
melting point between carbon and the other three elements.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [3]

d) An element in Period 3 of the Periodic Table has the following properties.

melting point electrical conductivity

/ C (at room temperature and pressure)
98 good

Use information from above to suggest an identity for this element.

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

[Total: 8]

A4 The table shows data about three halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

melting boiling point density /

name of halogen
point/C /C g/cm3
–7.2 58.8 3.12
–100.9 –34.7 0.03
113.8 184.5 4.93

a) Complete the table by filling in the names of each halogen. [1]

b) Besides the data provided above, state one other trend in physical property down
the group of halogens.

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
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For
c) Halogens can be involved in the same reaction under certain conditions. Examiner’s
Use Only

When chlorine is bubbled through a solution of iodine in hot aqueous sodium

hydroxide, the two halogens react in the Cl2 : I2 ratio of 7 : 1.

The products of the reaction are a white precipitate X, a solution of sodium

chloride and water.

i) X has the following composition by mass:

Na: 16.9% H: 1.1% I: 46.7% O: 35.3%

Show that the empirical formula of X is Na2H3IO6.

[2]

ii) Hence deduce the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Include
state symbols in your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

iii) What is the oxidation state of iodine in X? ……………………………. [1]

d) Halogens also react with metals to form salts known as halides.

Describe and explain how aqueous sodium chloride and aqueous sodium iodide
can be distinguished using

i) aqueous silver nitrate.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

ii) aqueous bromine.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

[Total: 11]
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For
A5 Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust but is rarely found Examiner’s
Use Only
uncombined in nature. It has a density lower than those of other common metals.

(a) In the early 19th century, a chemist Frederich Wöhler, isolated aluminium metal.
At a high temperature, he reacted potassium, K, with aluminium chloride, AlCl3
to form potassium chloride and aluminium.

i) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

ii) Why was it essential that Wöhler kept water away from his reacting
chemicals?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

iii) Explain why he used the dangerous and expensive potassium to prepare
aluminium, rather than the safer and cheaper copper.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(b) An alternative method of obtaining aluminium is using electrolysis.

The main ore of aluminium is bauxite, which contains aluminium oxide, Al2O3
(m.p. 2072C). Bauxite is first purified to produce aluminium oxide. The
aluminium oxide is then dissolved in molten cryolite, Na3AlF6 (m.p. 950C), to
lower its melting point, before it is electrolysed using the following setup.

i) Given that cryolite consists only of sodium and one other ion, state the
formula of the anion present in cryolite.

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
 8
For
ii) Write a half-equation to show how aluminium is produced at the cathode. Examiner’s
Use Only

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

iii) A gas is produced at the anode. Name the gas and describe a test to
confirm its identity.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

iv) By considering your answer in (iii), suggest why the carbon anodes will
wear away after some time.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

v) Extracting aluminium by electrolysis is exceptionally costly. Suggest two

ways how this is so.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

[Total: 10]

A6 Lead is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Though it has
been long valued for its versatility, it has been banned from many commercial
products because of its toxic properties.

a) Lead forms a variety of different oxides, one of which is lead(IV) oxide, a dark
brown solid that has several important applications in electrochemistry. It reacts
with hydrochloric acid as shown in the equation below.

PbO2(s) + 4HCl(aq)  PbCl2(s) + 2H2O(l) + Cl2(g)

i) Calculate the volume of chlorine gas produced when 71.7 g of lead(IV)

oxide was added to 750 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 HCl.

[3]
 9
For
ii) Explain how lead(IV) oxide behaves as an oxidising agent in the above Examiner’s
Use Only
reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

iii) Suggest why this reaction (between an acid and a base) is not a typical
neutralisation reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

b) In the past, lead was added to petrol to reduce knocking in vehicle engines. The
use of catalytic converters was one of the major contributors to the phasing-in of
unleaded petrol.

The combustion of petrol in cars produces various atmospheric pollutants, of

which nitrogen monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide are two. They can be removed
by passing the exhaust gases through a catalytic converter, which contains a
filter of fine-meshed aluminium alloy coated with a platinum-rhodium mixture.

i) Describe how the oxides of nitrogen are formed in a car engine.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

ii) It was discovered that lead poisons the catalyst in a catalytic converter.

For a car that is fitted with a catalytic converter, suggest how the
composition of exhaust gases will be different if it runs on leaded versus
unleaded petrol. Explain your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

[Total: 8]
 10

Section B
Answer all three questions in this section.
The last question is in the form of an either/or and only one of the alternatives should be
attempted. The total mark for this section is 30.
For
B7 Chemistry of Alcohols Examiner’s
Use Only

Alcohols are organic compounds that contain the hydroxyl (–OH) group.

Types of Alcohols

Alcohols fall into different categories depending on how the hydroxyl (–OH) group is
positioned on the chain of carbon atoms. Depending on the type of alcohol, the
chemical reactions that occur may also be different.

In a primary (1) alcohol, the carbon which carries the –OH group is only attached to
one alkyl group. An alkyl group is a group containing chains of carbon atoms.
Examples include methyl (CH3–) and ethyl (CH3CH2–).

Similarly, in secondary (2) and tertiary (3) alcohols, the carbon atom bonded to the
–OH group is attached directly to two and three alkyl groups respectively.

Examples of such alcohols are shown in Table 7.1 below. The alkyl groups have been
circled for easy reference.

H CH3 H CH3
 

 


CH3CH2  C  H CH3CH  C  CH3  

CH3CH2  C  CH3

OH OH OH

Primary (1) Secondary (2) Tertiary (3)

Table 7.1
Oxidation of alcohols

Alcohols can be oxidised to form different organic compounds. The oxidation product
obtained depends on the type of alcohol used and the strength of the oxidising agent.

Primary (1) alcohols can be oxidised to two different products, as described below.

 Mild Oxidation: Primary alcohols are oxidised to their corresponding

aldehydes.
 Strong Oxidation: Primary alcohols are oxidised to their corresponding
carboxylic acids.
 11

Aldehydes are a homologous series of organic compounds.

Table 7.2 below shows the names, formulae and boiling points of some aldehydes.

name formula boiling point/C

methanal HCHO –19
ethanal CH3CHO 20
propanal C2H5CHO 49
pentanal C4H9CHO 103

Table 7.2

For example, ethanol is a 1 alcohol which undergoes mild oxidation to give ethanal
(an aldehyde). Under conditions of strong oxidation, ethanoic acid (a carboxylic acid)
is obtained instead.

Secondary (2) alcohols are oxidised to compounds known as ketones. A ketone is

an organic compound which contains a carbonyl functional group (a carbon-oxygen
double bond).

In Fig. 7.3 shown below, 2-propanol (a 2 alcohol) is oxidised to form propanone (a

ketone).

Fig 7.3

Tertiary (3) alcohols cannot be oxidised.

a) Complete the table below by identifying the type of alcohol shown.

structure of alcohol type

CH3CHCH2CH2


CH3 OH

CH3CHCH2CHCH3


OH CH3

CH2CHCH2CH2CH3



OH CH3
[2]
 12
For
b) i) Use the information in Table 7.2 to give two pieces of evidence that Examiner’s
Use Only
suggest that the aldehydes are a homologous series.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

ii) State the name and chemical formula of the product formed when
butanol (a primary alcohol) undergoes:

mild oxidation: ……………………………………………………………

strong oxidation: ………………………………………………………… [2]

c) i) With reference to the structures shown, explain how Fig 7.3 shows that the
reaction is an oxidation.

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

ii) Draw the full structural formula of the product obtained when the following
alcohol is oxidised.

CH3CHCH2CH3


OH

[1]

d) A student has two test tubes, one containing a primary alcohol and the other
containing a tertiary alcohol.

Use information from above and your own understanding of alcohol oxidation
reactions to describe a simple chemical test that can be used to distinguish the
two alcohols.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

[Total: 10]
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For
B8 The term heavy water usually refers to a form of water in which the hydrogen atoms Examiner’s

(1H) usually present in water are replaced by deuterium (symbol D or 2H), to form D2O Use Only

(or 2H2O).

The following table shows some physical properties of H2O and D2O.

property H2O D2O

relative molecular mass (Mr)
melting point / C 0.0 3.8
boiling point / C 100.0 101.4
density / g/cm3 1.00 1.11

a) Complete the table by filling in the Mr of H2O and D2O. [1]

b) State the method used to separate a mixture containing ‘ordinary water’, H 2O

and ‘heavy water’, D2O.

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

c) When ordinary water is used as a solvent in electrolysis experiments, it

undergoes self-ionisation as follows:

H2O  H+ + OH–

i) State whether self-ionisation of water is endothermic or exothermic. Explain

your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

ii) Heavy water is also used in electrolysis experiments and it undergoes self-
ionisation in a similar way.

Write the equation to illustrate this.

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

iii) State the products formed at the cathode and anode when a concentrated
solution of sodium chloride, NaCl, dissolved in heavy water, D2O, is
electrolysed using inert electrodes.

cathode: …………………………………………………………………….

anode: ……………………………………………………………………… [2]

 14
For
d) Chemical exchange reactions are used to concentrate deuterium from natural Examiner’s
Use Only
water. An example of such a reaction uses deuterated hydrogen sulfide, HSD,
which reacts with H2O to form D2O.

The reaction proceeds in two steps, with one hydrogen atom in each water
molecule being substituted by a deuterium atom in each step. Step I is shown
below.

Step I: HSD (g) + H2O (l) ⇌ H2S(g) + HOD (l)

i) State what is meant by “⇌” in the equation above and explain what effect
this would have on the amount of liquid HOD obtained.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

ii) HOD is obtained when only one of the hydrogen atoms in H2O is substituted
with deuterium.

How do you think the melting and boiling point of HOD will compare to H2O
and D2O?

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

iii) Write the chemical equation for Step II to show how the second hydrogen
atom is substituted to produce D2O.

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

[Total: 10]
 15

EITHER

B9 Acids can be classified by their acid strength, which is their tendency to dissociate
into ions in aqueous solution. Weak acids are acids which do not dissociate
completely.

a) Hydrocyanic acid is an example of a weak acid. It is formed when hydrogen

cyanide, HCN, an extremely toxic liquid, dissolves in water.

i) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding present in a molecule

of hydrogen cyanide. You only need to show valence electrons in your
answer.

[2]

ii) A student placed 50 cm3 of 0.50 mol/dm3 HCN (aq) in a beaker.

State and explain how the temperature of the solution in the beaker will
change when potassium hydroxide is added.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

iii) When dissolved in water, HCN produces the cyanide ion, which is toxic and
harmful to humans.

Given that the cyanide ion behaves similarly to carbon monoxide when in
the bloodstream, suggest how cyanide poisoning can lead to death.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
 16

b) Phosphoric acid is another example of a weak acid. It is used as a catalyst to

convert ethene to ethanol.

i) State the other conditions required for this reaction to occur.

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

ii) When ethanol reacts with X in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid,
it forms an organic product Y, which has the chemical formula C3H6O2.

ethanol + X  Y (C3H6O2)

Determine the identities of X and Y.

X: ……………………………………………………

Y: …………………………………………………… [2]

iii) Draw the full structural formula of an isomer of Y that can react with metals
and carbonates.

[1]

[Total: 10]
 17

OR

B9 Iron is the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth’s outer and inner
core. Iron alloys are also by far the most common industrial metals, because of their
mechanical properties and low cost.

a) Describe two properties of iron to show that it is a transition metal. Include

relevant examples in your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

b) Iron(II) carbonate has been used as an iron dietary supplement to treat anaemia.
Describe briefly how you would prepare a pure dry sample of iron(II) carbonate.

chemicals used: ……………………………………………………………………….

method: …………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….. [3]

c) Patients with anaemia and iron deficiency are also known to consume vitamin
B5 supplements. Vitamin B5 is also known as pantothenic acid and the structure
is shown below.

hydroxyl CH3 H O H O
 


 






H  O  CH2  C  C  C  N  CH2  CH2  C  O  H

CH3 O  H

i) Pantothenic acid contains the hydroxyl functional group.

On the structure above, circle and label the two other functional [2]
groups present in pantothenic acid.

ii) Effervescence is observed when a magnesium ribbon is placed into a

solution containing pantothenic acid. Describe a test to confirm the identity
of the gas produced.

………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
 18

iii) Pantothenic acid is synthesised from an amino acid –alanine, which has
the structure shown below.

H H H O


 
 


HNC C C OH

H H

-alanine is able to undergo polymerisation. Name the type of

polymerisation and draw a partial structure of the polymer, showing at least
two repeat units.

Type of polymerisation: ……………………………………………………..

Partial structure:

[2]

[Total: 10]

-End of Paper-
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