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vn

X L NC THI BNH VIN BNG B SINH HC TIP XC HIU KH

TM TT H thng x l nc thi ca Bnh vin a khoa ng Thp c cng sut 250 m3/ngy vi b sinh hc hiu kh Aerotank c ci to thnh b sinh hc tip xc hiu kh Activated Sludge combined with Biological Contactor- ASBC do khng c kh nng x l nc thi t tiu chun, c bit l cc ch tiu tng Nit. Sau khi c ci to, HTXL vi b ASBC th hin hiu qu x l cao hn hn: 87,8% i vi COD, 71,2% i vi tng N, 83,6% i vi tng P, 99,98% i vi Coliforms. Nc thi u ra t tiu chun cho php loi A, TCVN 5945:2005.
T kha: Nc thi bnh vin, B sinh hc hiu kh, B sinh hc tip xc hiu kh, Nit

1. GII THIU Trung bnh, mi ngy, cc bnh vin thi ra 750 l nc thi tnh trn mt ging. Nc thi bnh vin c u ra gm cc vi sinh vt gy bnh, cc loi thuc, cc nguyn t phng x, v cc ha cht c hi khc. Cc cht nhim pht sinh t bnh vin ch yu l cc ha cht cha tr ung th, cht khng sinh, cc hp cht halogen, v phn ln i thng vo h thng x l nc thi ca bnh vin (HTXL NTBV). Cng vi cc cht nhim ny, vi sinh vt gy bnh trong NTBV gy ra nhim nng n cho mi trng t nhin, c bit l cho cc loi sinh vt v ngun tip nhn. Do , vic nghin cu v p dng cc phng php x l nc thi bnh vin mt cch hiu qu, bo m tiu chun trc khi thi ra mi trng l vn ang c quan tm [3]. Thng thng, qu trnh x l sinh hc bc 2 cng vi qu trnh x l bn k kh thng c s dng x l NTBV. Tuy nhin, trong cc khong thi gian hm lng vi sinh vt trong nc thi tng cao (thng l thi k c kh hu nng nh ma h), nc u ra cn phi c kh trng bng cc cht kh trng thch hp nh ClO2. i vi cc bnh vin thi nc ra ngun tip nhn ven bin gn vng nui ng vt nhuyn th, vic kh trng nc thi trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn l yu cu bt buc [4]. Cc yu t thng nh hng n quyt nh thit k HTXL NTBV l: yu cu din tch t, chi ph xy dng, chi ph vn hnh thit b v bo dng my mc. Theo Kumar v cng s, cc qu trnh bn l lng hot tnh truyn thng c s dng thnh cng v rng ri x l nc thi sinh hot khng phi lun lun thch hp vi vic x l NTBV [4]. Trong phm vi hot ng ca Cng ty Cng ngh xanh trong lnh vc x l nc thi, iu ny c kim chng ng vi trng hp ca Bnh vin a khoa ng Thp, khi h thng b sinh hc hiu kh (Aerotank) khng x l trit tng N, tng P, Coliform. kim sot vn trn, chng ti la chn gii php ci to h thng x l vi b sinh hc tip xc hiu kh (ASBC-Activated Sludge combined with Biological Contactor) phng php c chng minh c kh nng loi tr hiu qu cc cht dinh dng nh N v P c trong nc thi [3]. Cc bc ci to h thng x l nc thi bnh vin t b sinh hc hiu kh sang b sinh hc tip xc hiu kh cng vi hiu qu x l ca tng phng n s c cp v tm tt trong bi bo ny.

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2. VT LIU V PHNG PHP 2.1. Vt liu Bn c s dng trong HTXL NTBV c ly t cc b sinh hc hiu kh vn hnh n nh cc HTXL nc thi c tnh cht tng t. Vt liu c dng lm gi th bm dnh c lm bng PVC (Fine Reputation Co. Ltd., Taiwan) vi thng s din tch b mt 110 m2/m3, th tch l rng 99,2%.

Hnh 1: Gi th bm dnh lm bng vt liu PVC Biological Fixed Contact Material

2.2. Phng php 2.2.1. Cng ngh x l Nc thi bnh vin B tip nhn B iu ha My thi kh B Aerotank B lng Chlorine B kh trng Ngun tip nhn B cha bn Chlorine My thi kh Nc thi bnh vin SCR th B tip nhn SCR tinh B iu ha B ASBC B lng B kh trng Ngun tip nhn B cha bn

Hnh 2: S cng ngh x l ca HTXL NTBV trc (tri, Aerotank) v sau khi ci to (phi, ASBC)

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Theo nh gi ca Bnh vin a khoa ng Thp, vi lu lng nc thi 250 m3/ngy, HTXL b sinh hc Aerotank hin hu khng p ng c yu cu x thi t tiu chun loi A, TCVN 5945:2005, c bit l cc ch tiu Tng Pht pho, Tng Nit trong nc u ra vt gp 2 ln tiu chun cho php. Nguyn nhn l do b Aerotank thng thng ch x l c cc hp cht hu c m khng c kh nng x l trit N c trong nc thi. ci thin hiu qu x l ca HTXL nc thi, chng ti a ra phng n ci tin b sinh hc Aerotank thnh b sinh hc tip xc hiu kh ASBC vi gi th l vt liu tip xc PVC. B ASBC l s kt hp gia cng ngh x l bng bn hot tnh v lc bm dnh, c kh nng x l hiu qu cc hp cht hu c v N, P c trong nc thi. ng thi, cc SCR th v tinh cng c lp t ti u vo ca cc b tip nhn v b iu ha tch cht thi rn c trong nc thi, gip nng cao hiu qu x l ca qu trnh sinh hc. 2.2.2. Cc thng s kho st v phng php ly mu tin hnh xc nh hiu qu x l ca tng h thng, cc thng s cn c kho st l: COD, BOD5, tng N, tng P, Coliforms. Vic ly mu c tin hnh nh sau: Bnh thy tinh 500 ml tit trng c dng thu mu nc u vo v u ra ca h thng x l nc thi. Cc mu c ly 2 mu/ln v c tr trong t tr mu trc khi c a i phn tch bi Phng th nghim Cng ngh Mi trng Vin Mi trng & Ti nguyn, i hc quc gia TPHCM. 3. KT QU V BN LUN Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc ca cc mu nc ly ti H thng x l nc thi Bnh vin a khoa ng Thp c trnh by Bng 1.
Bng 1: Tnh cht nc thi u vo v u ra ca 2 HTXL ti Bnh vin a khoa ng Thp. Ngun: Cng ty Cng ngh xanh, 10/11/2008

COD, mg/l u vo u ra ca HTXL Aerotank u ra ca HTXL ASBC Tiu chun loi A, TCVN 5945:2005 345 84 42 50

BOD5, mg/l 240 45 26 30

Tng N, mg/l 49.3 30.6 14.2 15

Tng P, mg/l 5.5 4.7 0.9 4

Coliforms, MPN/100ml 9.3x106 4600 2300 3000

3.1. Hiu qu x l COD Hnh 3 th hin hiu qu x l COD u ra ca 2 HTXL Aerotank v ASBC. Kt qu cho thy HTXL ASBC x l cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi bnh vin hiu qu hn hn so vi HTXL Aerotank (87,8% so vi 75,7%). ng thi, s ci tin HTXL t b Aerotank sang b ASBC gip x l nc thi t tiu chun u ra loi A, TCVN 5945:2005. 3

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Hnh 3: Hiu qu x l COD ca 2 HTXL, % CODb x l=(CODu vo CODu ra)/CODu vo

Kt qu ny c gii thch l do s lp t cc Song chn rc (SCR) trc B tip nhn v B iu ha ca HTXL, gip tng kh nng loi tr COD ca nc thi. Bn cnh , b ASBC c hiu qu x l cao hn hn b Aerotank l do ngoi qu trnh x l bng bn hot tnh (activated sludge) cn ng thi xy ra qu trnh sinh trng bm dnh ca cc vi sinh vt trn lp vt liu gi th (biofilm). 3.2. Hiu qu x l Nit Hnh 4 cho thy kh nng x l Nit trong nc thi ca HTXL b ASBC, hiu qu x l cao gp i HTXL b Aerotank (71,2% so vi 37,9%) v tng Nit trong nc thi u ra t tiu chun loi A 5945:2005.

Hnh 4: Hiu qu x l Nit ca 2 HTXL Aerotank v ASBC

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Hiu qu x l Nit ca HTXL b ASBC cao hn hn so vi HTXL b Aerotank c gii thch l do trong b ASBC c s kt hp ca c hai qu trnh: nitrat ha v kh nitrat ha. Trong b ASBC, cc vi sinh vt sinh sng trn b mt ca vt liu tip xc c kh nng to ra cc bong bn sinh hc cha ng thi c vng hiu kh v vng thiu kh. Theo Van Huyssteen v cng s (1990), s tn ti ca vng hiu kh v vng thiu kh l iu kin thch hp cho cc qu trnh x l Nit trong nc thi. V l do , b ASBC c cho l nguyn nhn chnh gip tng hiu qu x l Nit. Kt qu ny cng ng thi chng t quyt nh thay i cng ngh x l nc thi ca chng ti t HTXL vi b Aerotank sang HTXL vi b ASBC l mt la chn ng n. Cng theo Van Huyssteen v cng s (1990), s kt hp ca hai qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat ha trong vic x l Nit trong nc thi c th c gii thch theo hai c ch sau. u tin, hn hp bn sinh hc v nc thi bnh vin di chuyn ra xa khi h thng sc kh trong b sinh hc theo dng vn chuyn ca cht lng ko theo hm lng oxy ha tan trong nc (DODissolved Oxygen) thp dn, to iu kin thch hp cho cc phn ng xy ra trong mi trng thiu kh. Tip , cc bng bn hot tnh c th cha ng thi hai vng hiu kh v thiu kh do hm lng DO trong nc thi khng th khuch tn vo ton b bng bn [3]. M hnh bng bn hot tnh vi c hai vng hiu kh v thiu kh c m t nh hnh 5. Nitrat sinh ra t qu trnh nitrat ha trong iu kin hiu kh c th khuch tn vo vng thiu kh bn trong cng vi c cht, to iu kin thch hp cho qu trnh kh nitrat ha xy ra trong cng mt bng bn. Vi s kt hp ca qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat ha, nng Nit trong nc thi u vo c x l hiu qu bi b ASBC vi bn hot tnh v mng vi sinh trn vt liu tip xc.

Hnh 5: Hnh biu din ht bn hot tnh vi s kt hp ca vng hiu kh v vng thiu kh

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3.3. Hiu qu x l Pht pho Tng t ch tiu Nit, ch tiu Pht pho c x l rt hiu qu b ASBC v cho hiu qu ln n 83,6%, tha mn tiu chun u ra.

Hnh 5: Hiu qu x l Pht pho ca 2 HTXL Aerotank v ASBC

3.4. Hiu qu x l vi sinh vt (VSV) gy bnh Ch tiu VSV trong nc thi u ra ca bnh vin l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng nht, do NTBV c lng VSV gy bnh ln. Ch tiu VSV c xc nh da trn lng ca VSV ch th Coliform. Hiu qu x l VSV c tnh theo cng thc log: -log(Cn/C0). Kt qu o cho thy HTXL b ASBC cho hiu qu x l VSV cao hn hn so vi HTXL b Aerotank (99,98% so vi 99,95%).

Hnh 6: Hiu qu x l VSV ca 2 HTXL Aerotank v ASBC

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4. KT LUN HTXL NTBV vi b Aerotank sau khi ci to thnh b sinh hc ASBC th hin hiu qu x l cao hn hn tt c cc ch tiu c kho st, c bit l vi ch tiu tng N. Tt c cc ch tiu trong nc thi u ra ca HTXL b ASBC u t tiu chun cho php loi A, TCVN 5945:2005.

THAM KHO
[1] Chitnis, V. et al. Hospital effluent: A source of multiple drug-resistant bacteria. Current Science, Vol. 79, No. 7, 2000. [2] Kumar, B.M. and S. Chaudhari. Evaluation of sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for biological nutrient removal from simulated wastewater containing glucose as carbon source. Wat. Sci. Technol., 48, 2003:73-9. [3] Rezace A. et al. Hospital wastewater treatment using an integrated anaerobic aerobic fixed film bioreactor. American Journal of Environmental Sciences1 (4) 2005: 259-263. [4] Tsai C.T, Lin S.T. Disinfection of hospital waste sludge using hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide. Journal Applied Microbiology 1999: 827-833. [5] Wen, X. et al. Treatment of hospital wastewater using a submerged membrane bioreactor. Process Biochem., 39, 2004: 1427-1431.