What is encoding?

Encoding is the process of hearing a sound and being able to write a symbol to represent that sound.
Decoding is the opposite: it involves seeing a written symbol and being able to say what sound it represents.
For example: if a child hears the sound /t/ and then writes the letter 't', this means they are able to encode this sound.

How children are taught to encode sounds

By the end of Reception, children are expected to be able to write each letter of the alphabet and know what sound each one represents. They are also
expected to be able to write one grapheme (written symbol) for each of the 44 phonemes (individual sounds).

Encoding also involves hearing a whole word and then being able to write the whole word with the correct spelling.
What is encoding?

Encoding is the process of hearing a sound and being able to write a symbol to represent that sound.
Decoding is the opposite: it involves seeing a written symbol and being able to say what sound it represents.
For example: if a child hears the sound /t/ and then writes the letter 't', this means they are able to encode this sound.
 English-Language Spelling Pattern Generalizations

Your 'at-home' phonics support kit

Step-by-step phonics programme


 Your guide to phonics
 Worksheets & games
Download FREE resources today
How children are taught to encode sounds

By the end of Reception, children are expected to be able to write each letter of the alphabet and know what sound each one represents. They are also
expected to be able to write one grapheme (written symbol) for each of the 44 phonemes (individual sounds).

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 English-Language Spelling Pattern Generalizations

Encoding also involves hearing a whole word and then being able to write the whole word with the correct spelling.

What is encoding?

Encoding is the process of hearing a sound and being able to write a symbol to represent that sound.
Decoding is the opposite: it involves seeing a written symbol and being able to say what sound it represents.
For example: if a child hears the sound /t/ and then writes the letter 't', this means they are able to encode this sound.

The Children's Learning Institute of the University of Texas Health Science Center c2010 University of Texas System and Texas Education Agency 3
 English-Language Spelling Pattern Generalizations

Your 'at-home' phonics support kit

Step-by-step phonics programme


 Your guide to phonics
 Worksheets & games
Download FREE resources today
How children are taught to encode sounds

By the end of Reception, children are expected to be able to write each letter of the alphabet and know what sound each one represents. They are also
expected to be able to write one grapheme (written symbol) for each of the 44 phonemes (individual sounds).

Encoding also involves hearing a whole word and then being able to write the whole word with the correct spelling.

The Children's Learning Institute of the University of Texas Health Science Center c2010 University of Texas System and Texas Education Agency 4
 English-Language Spelling Pattern Generalizations
Consonant cluster

A consonant cluster in a word is a group of consonants with no vowels between them. The longest possible cluster in English is three consonant sounds
at the start, such as 'splash', and four at the end, as in 'twelfths'.

Example
The tongue twister 'The sixth twisty crisp' has several consonant clusters in it, making it difficult to pronounce.

In the classroom
Consonant clusters cause problems for learners whose first language does not allow so many consonants together without intervening vowel sounds.
Examples of this are Spanish and Arabic.

Further links:

Consonant clusters in phonics can appear at the start of a word, for example:

 /s/ /t/in stay

 /f/ /r/in friend

 /c/ /r/in croak

Or at the end of a word:

 /s/ /k/in task

 /s/ /t/in fast

 /n/ /t/in went

 /n/ /d/in sound

 Here are some of the most common two and three-letter clusters, as well as some example words:
 Two-letter clusters:

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 English-Language Spelling Pattern Generalizations
Two-letter blends Examples

bl Blue, blob, bloom

cl Climb, cling, clean

fl Flu, flood, fly

gl Glue, glass,

pl Play, place, plan

sl Slot, slide, sly

br bread, break, brain

cr crumb, cream, crab

dr dream, dry, drop

fr friend, fry, frost

gr grow, grain, green

pr pray, price, print

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 English-Language Spelling Pattern Generalizations

tr tray, try, trust

sc scan, scrap, scoop

sk skip, skin, sky

sm smart, smug, smear

sn snake, sneak, snout

sp span, spend, sponge

st stay, star, store

sw sweet, swim, swung

tw twist, twig, twelve

 Three-letter clusters:

Three-letter
Examples
blends

shr shrink, shred, shrew

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 English-Language Spelling Pattern Generalizations

spl splash, splat, split

squ squash, squid, square

str street, strong, straight

thr throw, three, thrill

 What is the difference between

Blends & Consonant Clusters
@ Phonics

Consonant clusters or blends, are the names given to two or three consonants that appear together in a word.

Vowel Clusters

Explanation:

Vowel clusters occur in words with adjoining vowels. These vowel combinations are associated with specific sounds. For example, the "ee" spelling
denotes a long "e" sound, as in "queen." When the two vowels work together to make a single sound, as in queen, this is often called a vowel digraph.

hope this helps :)

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 English-Language Spelling Pattern Generalizations

Read more on Brainly.in - https://brainly.in/question/26856440#readmore

There are four main kinds of word formation: prefixes, suffixes, conversion and compounds.

Oct 26, 2022

Word formation

What is Word Formation?

The English language is known for its wonderful quality of the way in which words and sentences are formed and used. Formation of new words from an
existing root word by adding a syllable or another word is the general process; however, there are multiple ways in which it can be done.

Types of Word Formation with Examples

Formation of words is classified into four types based on how the process of formation is carried out. They are:

 By adding prefixes
 By adding suffixes
 Converting from one word class to another
 Forming compound words
Let us look at each type of word formation in detail.

Adding Prefixes
The term ‘prefix’ refers to one or more alphabets added to the stem of a word, mostly to make it negative. The most commonly used prefixes include ‘in-’, ‘un-’,
‘dis-’, ‘im-’, ‘ir-’, etc. Look at the examples given below for a clearer understanding of how prefixes are used to form new words.

Examples of Word Formation by the Addition of Prefixes

 Discipline – indiscipline
 Just – unjust
 Tidy – untidy
 Respect – disrespect
 Understand – misunderstand
 Comfortable – uncomfortable

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 Comfort – discomfort
 Responsible – irresponsible
 Honest – dishonest
 Happy – unhappy
 Polite – impolite
 Experience – inexperience
 Practical – impractical
 Important – unimportant
 Legal – illegal
 Ethical – unethical
 Potent – impotent

Adding Suffixes
A suffix is a short syllable added at the end of a base word. Addition of suffixes usually changes the word class of the particular word. The most common
suffixes include ‘-ment’, ‘-ness’, ‘-ity’, ‘-ous’, ‘-tion’, ‘-sion’, ‘-al’, ‘-able’, ‘-ible’, ‘-ive’, ‘-ly’, ‘-ate’, ‘-er’, ‘-or’, etc. Check out the following examples to see how suffixes are
added.

Examples of Word Formation by the Addition of Suffixes

 Comprehend (verb) – comprehension (noun) – comprehensible (adjective)
 Inform (verb) – information (noun) – informative (adjective)
 Invest (verb) – Investment (noun) – Investor (noun)
 Write (verb) – writer (noun)
 Authorise (verb) – authorisation (noun)
 Move (verb) – movement (noun)
 Add (verb) – addition (noun)
 Happy (adjective) – happiness (noun)
 Conserve (verb) – conservation (noun)
 Wide (Adjective) – widen (verb)
 Manage (verb) – manageable (adjective) – manager (noun)
 Courage (noun) – courageous (adjective)
 Brave (adjective) – bravery (noun)
 Profit (noun) – profitable (adjective)
 Quick (adjective) – quickly (adverb)

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 Happy (adjective) – happily (adverb)
 Sad (adjective) – sadness (noun)

Conversion
The process of conversion focuses solely on changing the word class of the particular word. If you have noticed, you would have seen how some nouns are
used to perform the role of a verb or an adjective acting like a noun just by the addition of another word or slightly altering the spelling of the actual word.

Examples of Word Formation by Conversion

 The rich should help the poor.
Adjectives such as ‘rich’ and ‘poor’ are used as nouns by using it with an article ‘the’.

 Everyone is talented.
‘Talented’ – a past participle is used as an adjective in the above sentence. The word is formed by adding a suffix ‘ed’ to the end of the noun ‘talent’.

 There will definitely be a lot of ups and downs in life.

Prepositions ‘up’ and ‘down’ are used as nouns by adding ‘s’ to the end of it.

 He texted me about the meeting only at the last minute.

The noun ‘text’ used to refer to a text message sent on a phone is used as a verb in the sentence by adding an ‘ed’ to the end of the word.

 The financial aid had to be approved before we could make a decision.

The noun ‘finance’ is used as an adjective by adding ‘ial’ to the end of it and the verb ‘decide’ is used as a noun by removing ‘de’ and adding ‘sion’ to the word.

Forming Compound Words

Compound words are formed by combining one part of speech with another to form a specific word class. There are many ways in which compound words are
formed. Verbs are combined with adjectives to form compound verbs, a present participle is combined with a noun to form a compound noun, two nouns are
combined to form a compound noun, an adjective and a noun is combined to form a compound noun, an adverb is combined with a noun to form a compound
noun, an adjective is combined with a past participle to form a compound adjective and so on. Take a look at the following examples and go through the
articles on compound nouns, compound words and compound adjectives to understand how they work.

Examples of Word Formation by Compounding

 Over (adverb) + load (noun) – Overload
 White (adjective) + wash (verb) – Whitewash
 Black (adjective) + board (noun ) – Blackboard
 Cup (noun) + board (noun) – Cupboard
 Short (adjective) + hand (noun) – Shorthand
 Swimming (present participle) + pool (noun) – Swimming pool

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 Three (adjective) + legged (past participle) – Three-legged
 Break (verb) + Down (preposition) – Breakdown
 Up (preposition) + town (noun) – Uptown
 Copy (verb) + writer (noun) – Copywriter
 Sun (noun) + rise (verb) – Sunrise
 Count (verb) + down (preposition) – Countdown
 Flash (verb) + mob (noun) – Flash mob
 Master (noun) + piece (noun) – Masterpiece
 Round (adjective) + table (noun) – Round-table

Rules to be Followed When Forming Words

Formation of words can be a very interesting exercise but you have to be really careful when you are adding inflections or affixes. There are a few things you
will need to bear in mind when you are forming words. Take a look at the following points to learn what they are.

 Before making any change to the stem of the word, try to analyse what is the kind of meaning you want the word to convey and what role the word will
have to play in the sentence.
 In most cases the beginning of the base word remains the same. Only when prefixes are added, the word has a syllable added to the beginning of it.
Notice that even in this case, the word is retained as such.
 When suffixes are added, there are many instances where you will have to remove the last one or more alphabets of the word and add the suffix.
However, there are words like ‘movement’ where the suffix is just added without any change in the spelling of the base word.
 Here is one way to easily know which suffix has to be added to form a particular word class – most often, nouns end in ‘er’, ‘or’, ‘ist’, ‘ian’, ‘ion’, ‘ment’,
‘ness’, and ‘ity’; verbs end in ‘ise’, ‘ate’ and ‘en’; adjectives end in ‘able’, ‘ible’, ‘ive’, ‘ic’, ‘ed’, ‘ing’ and ‘al’; and adverbs normally end in ‘ly’.
 When words are formed by conversion, be very careful. Make sure you know what you are converting them accurately and using them in the sentence
properly.
 When forming compound words, see to it that you hyphenate it if necessary, use the right combination of words and not just mix and match any word.
 Changing from one tense to another also can also be considered a type of word formation as the word is inflected to indicate the twelve
different tenses in the English language.
 Forming degrees of comparison can also be put under word formation. In this case, the comparative and superlative degrees are formed by adding ‘er’
and ‘est’ to the end of the adjective. The comparative and superlative degrees of polysyllabic words are formed by using ‘more’ and ‘most’ respectively
along with the adjective.

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Test Your Understanding of Word Formation

Exercise 1 – Add Prefixes and Suffixes

Add prefixes and suffixes to the following words.

1. Passion____

2. Remember____

3. ____conscious

4. Sense____

5. ____acceptable

6. Entertain____

7. ____representation

8. Neat____

9. Invent____

10. ____interpret

Answers for Exercise 1

1. Passionate

2. Remembrance

3. Unconscious/Subconscious

4. Sensible/Senseless

5. Unacceptable

6. Entertainment

7. Misrepresentation

8. Neatly/Neatness

9. Invention

10. Misinterpret

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Exercise 2 – Conversion of Words
Go through the following words and convert them as directed.

1. Money (convert into adjective)

2. Brave (convert into noun)

3. Clean (convert into noun)

4. Prayer (convert into adjective)

5. Resemblance (convert into verb)

6. Slow (convert into adverb)

7. Treat (convert into noun)

8. Confession (convert into verb)

9. Vary (convert into adjective)

10. Beauty (convert into verb)

Answers for Exercise 2

1. Monetary

2. Bravery

3. Cleanliness

4. Prayerful

5. Resemble

6. Slowly

7. Treatment

8. Confess

9. Various/variable

10. Beautify

Exercise 3 – Form Compound Words

Go through the words in the box given below and use them to form ten compound words.

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 English-Language Spelling Pattern Generalizations
up, table, spend, load, green, machine, case,
make, estimate, over, self

1. _______ confident

2. Washing _______

3. Time _______

4. Under _______

5. _______sufficient

6. Up_______

7. _______set

8. Suit_______

9. _______over

10. _______thrift

Answers for Exercise 3

1. Overconfident

2. Washing machine

3.Timetable

4. Underestimate

5. Self-sufficient

6. Upload

7. Upset

8. Suitcase

9. Makeover

10. Spendthrift

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Frequently Asked Questions on Word Formation in English

What is word formation?

Word formation is the process by which new words are formed by adding an affix, another word or converting from one word class to another by removing and
adding alphabets.

What are the four types of word formation?

The four types of word formation include:

 Addition of prefix
 Addition of suffix
 Conversion from one word class to another
 Forming compound words

Give some examples of word formation.

Here are some examples of the various types of word formation for your reference:

 Practical – impractical (prefix)

 Purpose – purposeful (suffix)
 Silent – silence (conversion)
 Dining + room – Dining room (compound word)
 Small – smaller – smallest (degrees of comparison)

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