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DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL
PHYSICS PROJECT
SESSION: 2022-23
TOPIC: TRANSFORMER
Submitted to Subnitted By
Wn. Chandrakant Panda Prajwal kumar Rgp Pec
Roll no- 2263 Pn
Case : XIT Nese
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CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that Prajwal kumar rai of class
XII M6, DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL has
completed his project file under my
supervision. He has taken proper care and
shown utmost sincerity in completion of this
project.
I certify that his project is upto my
expectations as per the guidelines issued by
CBSE.
MR. Chandrakanta PandaACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher MR. Chandrakanta
panda sir who gave me the golden opportunity
to do this wonderful project on the topic
TRANSFORMERS, while working on this
project I came to know about so many new
things.
Secondly I would also like to thank mu
parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.
Prajwal Kumar Rai
CLASS: XII M6INDEX
**INDRODUCTION
«PRINCIPLE
“CONSTRUCTION
“THEORY AND WORKING
«EFFICIENCY
“ENERGY LOSS
USES
BIBLIOGRAPHYINTRODUCTION
A transformer is one of the most common devices found
in electrical system that links the circuit which are
operating at different voltages. These are commonly
used in applications where there is a need of AC voltage
conversion from one voltage level to another
It is possible either to decrease or increase the voltage
and currents by the use of transformer in AC equipment
or device or load. Various applications use wide variety
of transformers including power, instrumentation and
pulse transformers.
In a broad, transformers are categorized into two types,
namely, electronic transformers and power transformer.
Electronic transformers operation voltages are very low
and are rated at low power levels. These are used in
consumer electronic equipment like televisions, personal
computers, CD/DVD players, and other devices.
The term power transformer is referred to the
transformers with high power and voltage ratings. These
are extensively used in power generation, transmission.
Distribution and utility systems to increase or decrease
the voltage levels. However, the operation involved in
these two types of transformers is same.Principle of
Transformers
A TRANSFORMER is based on the
principle of mutual inductiow, i..,
whenever the amount of magnetic
flux linked with a coil changes, an
EME is induced in the neighboring coil.CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of primary and secondary coils
insulated from each other, wound on a soft iron core.
To minimize eddy current a laminated iron core is
used. The AC input is applied across the primary coil.
The continuously varying magnetic flux in the primary
coil, which in turn produces a varying magnetic flux in
the secondary. Hence, an induced EMF is produced
across the secondary.
Let EP and ES be the induced EMF in the primary and
secondary coils and NP and NS be the number of turns
in the primary and secondary coils respectively. Since
same flux links with the primary and secondary, the
EMF induced per turn of the two coils must be the
same.THEORY & WORKING
The working of the transformer is explained below. The
transformer consists of two separate windings placed
over the laminated silicon steel core.
i Secondary
ay winding
Nptarns ZA Nturns
Prima ti
current Secondary
Js__.current
—*
Primary
L Secondary
voltage
Vs
The winding to which AC supply is connected is called
primary winding and to which load is connected is
called secondary winding as shown in the fig. below. It
works on the alternating current only because an
alternating flux is required for mutual induction
between the two windings.
When the AC supply is given to the primary winding
with a voltage of v1, an alternating flux * sets up in the
core of the transformer, which links with the secondary
winding and as a result of it, an EMF is induced in itcalled Mutually induced EMF. The direction of this
induced EMF is opposite to the applied voltage v1; this
is because of Lenz’s law.
Metal core.
Coil
hh
Bide
Physically, there is no electrical connection between
the two windings, but they are magnetically
connected. Therefore, the electrical power is
transferred from the primary circuit to the secondary
circuit through mutual inductance. The induced EMF in
the primary and secondary coil depends upon the rate
of change of flux linkage i.e., (Nd /dt).
d¢ /dt is the change of flux and is same for both the
primary and secondary coils. The induced EMF in the
primary winding is directly proportional to the number
of turns of primary coil. Similarly, induced EMF in the
secondary coil directly proportional to the number of
turns in the secondary coil.TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY:-
As discussed above, the transformer works on AC
supply, and it cannot work on DC supply. If the rated de
voltage is applied across the primary coil, a constant
magnitude flux will set up in the core of the
transformer and hence there will be no self-induced
emf generation, and as for the linkage of flux with the
secondary coil there must be alternating flux not a
constant flux.According to OHM’s Law:-
PRIMARY CURRENT = DCAPPLIED VOLTAGE
RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY COIL
than the rated full loaded primary coil current. Hence,
as a result, the amount of heat produced will be
greater and therefore eddy current loss will be more.
Because of this, the insulations of the primary coil will
get burnt, and the transformer will be damaged.
TURN RATION:-
It is defined as the ratio of no of turns in the primary
coil to that of the secondary coil.
Turn ratio= N1/N2
If N 2 >N 1 the transformer is called step up
transformer.
If N 2