Faley Glavina Jon S/e Chapter 23: Electric Fiews 640 ABA Properties of Electeic Charges ~Niren moateciais attract/ repel ome another theyare Uecirified » aka hove become electrically charged. “Only 2 types of decttic charges, *VE and -ve ~Electeic Charge is odwons Conserved in oun isotated syStem 1 When you rub objects fugether + they become electrified no Charge is ceeaded! Etecinfied State simply due te transfer of charge from one object to anotrer bs Wegarive charge gained by one moderiak equal fe amt of sve eharge gained by other > glass +sitk = SUK gains e7 s - rubber t far = cubber gains es ~ Electric charge (q) iS quantized meaning st occurs in integer maraples of a fandamentar amt of charge & L Proton charge iS + , Electron charge iS -@ 23.2 Charging Objscd5 by. Induction ~ Electricad cmductecs. are materials in which Some of the es ace free eS , aka not bound f atoms can move theu materiad ~ Electrica insulators are materials wm which al @S are bond t atoms, no free mymt they moderiak san eros = good, conductors, Gloss /rebber / dey, wood = insusater § = Semiconductors- Electrical properties Somenhere in between insulators + Conductors. ex. Silicon, gerenaninn S Their Wectricad properties can Vary greadly by adding amts of certain atoms 40 the materials, = Can charge & cenducter by lar of induction. © ® \nduced ayers =@ ‘=Q + * Of ¥ femora Negative ed redisdcibuie me weutrod seks aan Some eS leave Remaining spheres electrons. Serece. sphere they grand — e- cedlisteib e Protons unchanged f “gro 7 rest 7[tHe Symbot = ndicades ~The rod + sphere don't need to touch for induction am wire is connected to green. reservoir Wke Earth dhat can accept lprovide eS freely w/ negiigible effect om Was Aectricad characteristics, which e's contact occurs in imsubators wm Contras + te conduction “A process Similac to induction jn conductors Yin neutral motecntes, comer of ve chargé coincides w/ center of ve Charge Lin presence of charged object Inese Centers inside cach mw teeut of an inswiador Shif€ shghtty more *¥€ chargt on one side of mofecuse SRewts in = TTS ceadignment of charge within Par OY cnoal Oo * indwidual mokecukes produces layer oo Q watt molecwle of charge an surface of the inSwlacter Men 7 Attraction bi hallow * ware Tinduced charge @ ~ Tas explains why a charged object Con Sefaradion. attract an electricadeg neutear object 23.3 Coulomb's Law - Coulomb's baiance measures etectcic force b/w two charged por ticles Las sprees A and B attcact/repel Cach other, the String is twisted. Since restoring tongue of twisted String 1S % angle they which i rotates, measuring amgie indicates quantitative measure * eectric force b/w spheres negiec ted (growitatimad attraction bly masses) biw Heo measeres an git > Fsectic charge > Fy Fy ~Flectic Force = “etecteostatic force” = “Coulomb force” exists Stotimary charged Particles (Fe? - Point Charge Charged particle of zerv.size. LoEtecticad behavior of 75 ancl P™S modeled well OS point charges. > Kes Coulomb Constant @ = g.agigries MM%o2 Gs ST units) =Coulomb's law =9 2 Can also wrike ke as ket 4 ep where Eg? permitti of tree Space. Coscmitivity ® Ability of a svostance to Store electricar energy in on electcic fietd) 4 E52 8.85424 101? CZvem? - Smoatiest unit of tree energy» €, known im nadure 35 7 charge Ge) or pt charge (re) , magnitude of @= \.co218 10" C - # of evs req'd for LC of charge = Ye = 6.24710" e's = V.60218 x10 71% 4.1094 * 10-3! Pt + LGorig 107% 1.67262 »10°?? neutron Leah as x16-2? = ex. 23.1 9645 Fe geet) F5pdscFe © Fe @ Since force is a vector, cam write Coulomb's law in vector form: Flt ke a ¢ 9 Fe obeys Weyton’s 3 law so Fe -F ~\F gy and qr have same Sign repursive force occurs »-* When Fe is tvt electeic force is repulsive ~ =VR Fe means attractive electric force Ti, and Fy mopposite directions Se Fe iS -ve , indicating attraction. add rere bie you account for opposite cer diam Lero@ ~ yg 2dO-x | 5 f07---0 > Ts ga hs 7c 120 10 oC © t+ Ww x ~ 24x 19°F 0.9 95 we \ ie dis example if qa is moved in y direction twill move back tnd HHiS equatibriver position 4 oScilate about the equilib P* Tepresenting a stable equilibrium. LAF qs > moved wx decom, ex dud qu, Fig will become > Fe3 + gy will not cedyem fo equilld pt % Unstable equitil me3 00%107 ko Fes Tsing a eer oat ai “! 2. Tsin® 4 (Lsine) 4 7 Ke 4 aedevio"® © 23.4 Analysis Medel: Pacticie ina Field (electric) = Graviatinal * Cleetcic forces ace field forces they act they space, no contact req'd to be exertect = 15 source particle estwolishes o field then 2°45 a charged particle interacts w/ field + experiences a force pt in space (due to & Source particte) ~The grvitatinat Add g at 5+ Fo/m , where when acting mm & test particle of mass m is Ea is grovitakionnt Fie acting wm te5t particle 4 it ) P -An electric field Said to exist in eegion Q a of space around a charged object, the OPrecsne Source charge. Presence o elec field con sx ih Sen be detected by placing oo dest choege in the Chaege by go Ged = obsecving electric force om id Wwe will always assume the 454 charg 1S $0 Small that the field of source char seunntfesrted bu its presence~ ~ Sevece charge Q is muck greater in magnitude than fest charge 9, > Electaic Field Vector (E)- The electrit fad due te the source charge at 2 e the locatim of the testchange iS elec force per unit charge, E and Fe not meaning mw %. adways ih Sunt drection (7-9) Lye ig ; 4 iS produced by sturce charge Nor tes4 charge, 451 charge Only Serves as a detector of tne electric field + isn't necessary for fied to exist lmao - For arbitrary dest Charge) placed in, anelectic field , it experiences ecteic force of fezgE JO Eqn for particieinatieid anatysis moder. Ca Note, Similac to Form oceweh kew SO = Since orce erected bygonatest charge qe is! Feeke tH and knowing E+ Ee) then: Eads js the = a \ Jnweese square law. E = ke Trt is electric fietd (created by source charge) 9 Existing ot location of test charge = Since EB and Fe are in Same dicection, electric field detected has dicection —dependeat on Sign of test charge Ls Opposite sgesource > test charges = E directed twd source E dicected away fem source 1 Some sign seurce + test chacges = a us t 4 . . For +ve source charge, & For ~ve source charge, at pt P directed radially Xt et P dicated radially outwacd from 4: inward twa q- upecpositim -At any pt P, totak electric fietd due to a group of source charges is inciple? When yectar sum ef electic fields of ali charges several pt churges ore Fe ke é Bn é prestnk , resultant B - Electric Dipole A te charge q and -ve Chacge “4 Separated by a distance 2a. 1s a good modet for molecuses like HCI (a pocmanent digote). Neutras atoms* metecutes behave as dipvles when placed inanev ternal electric field. eld ato pein PALE 1S vector Stumm f individucd fietds dueMo preb gives tocation ot o Gipokt, jt is seining yoo whet the center of the dipole iS (aka He midpoint blw the two charged particles) geod Go concept “2X: 43.9 p 701 a Fe at FL Ing! Fem Fe=mg ad Lb -~ -Eqimg , qe -& * TAge sc) -@X.23.6 p02 a) 4 ¢ = 2 * won cosy Be = 030 ) oy EF" ke (hp OF Fey 1a e sino) 23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous + = Ofden there ss a continuous distribution of charge rather thana Collection of discrete chorges - 6? be, only gives an proxi motion of elec. fiele = For continuous distribution over a line, Suetace, or thry-cut a vokume , divide the — charge disteibu tion into Small Clements, each “ey in Smotk charge db - Teta Uectric field at nl en ome .) Electric field due to a continuous charge distributions 4? AR se, Se = When charge i5 disdeibdd on a line ,Surkace, or they-tut avolume if’ a s Convenient to ve cor ces ponding Chocge densitySiegen 9\8 HE chacge is nenuniformly distributed over a volume , surface, or line the amounts of charge dq in a smakl themend are: dg p dv » dg = OdA , oF dg Ads. D baes. aL cute Q ex. 23.7 p05 us ‘a w/ tela charge Q uniformly distthated + dé jan eclectic fietd contribution at P, is due to a single segment of charge at top of cing * Con be broken into Ex Cparallel te axis of ring) and dE, (perpendic to axis of cing? *Bic of cing’s Symmetry, the dEs compentnts from entire object will cancel, so we only Neel +o lock at dE, components which ol add bic they're in Same direction. 1% cos = ky cose dy, Cos® = y(@ refers 4 Radius her -.hLUr he yoform 6 , find Eat P. x : % 2 x oy de, = ke BBG cose cos = > ee \ on © A= K : = ke STORK aR dq od S2nRaR . Gene)? Nove this! dar LT RAR © 30, dq = UT SR A Ex= 2moxk Lf Gove) R dR L —— etd ke (ge Grey ee 16 ke (1 - faye) 21d tot). te dake. exp) For lacge values of x Cevaluating electric field ot opt far awny trem disk), X45 C, “> Stuf in brackets reduces ® 1, This means Elke 6 Xe, which 35 only depundent om Surface charge density and permittivity of free space ~1f you (et radius become on infinite plane of charge , 0 x66 C, you agair get Es 2Tk_e 6 ~ 26, which means resulting electere field is independent of the Position measure itat! Ly infinite plane of charge i impossibie bat f yu place a -ve and Ne plane of charge close together, electric field formed is very Close unifirm at pts far from the edges 23.6 Electric Field Lines ~Electeic Fitld Lines 4 us visualize electric fietd patterns. were first indroduced by Faraday. - é is tangent to the electric = Hof Field Lines per unit area propor tina tp magnitude of electec fetd in dat region Since dhe tines point in diff directions at z ected g diff locations, field is nonuniform. -Lines are directed radiatiy outward from inward, for -ve_ a tapt charge in atl directions , firming a sopercod distribution fild line at each pt Abney a surface perpendic P the Lines ys~ Thus, magnitude of E & centred at oa pt charge 1 where or is. radius of & sphere |. cThe Nines must Starton a tve Diva we charge and end om a -ve charge Si Oo te unless there's an excess of one { “A a t type of charge where Some Lines will start/end infinitely awou “No two field lines can Cross. = Number of field lines Start from amy cbject w/atve charge gy is Cq Number of field lines ending Or any ob eet w/a -ve chacge gis Clq-1 Lc is an arbitrary proportiomatity constant, ok Imao. Once C is chosen, # tines is fixed ~ IW a Aworchage syste of charges Q, and @,, ratio of * fines in Contact w/ chacges is ae |e BD -vnee = - LF Fela tines eaving tve > charge equais + held tints ee at-ve Sr A QTY} charge. Whee Q,=-@z it's an electric dipole / f “14 one object has 429 charge and other has -a FSD hae 2 Ff in i + ‘ - , Charge, tid lines will Kave *Vve object fr every 1 bre Heeminacting ot -ve object 23.3% Motion of a Charged Particle in 0 Uniform Etecteic Figioh. rithm a particttel charge q and mass m is placedin elec fietd F leciic free om particle Fe is * Acceleration oF charg é Peace GE Yparticte mane 2 =qFemet | so fa = electric field -ex. 23.10 oo couse a) FCibore rio” "Y200) 24.5) x19!% %r 4.1094 x1073* st_ 1) Fe =k (0.01 g)=ke gt ej - ke Meer (2.26107 Mn | 0.01 < : #6) Femeg? 5.82 2r0t x8.e1= ._ * 10% ae =i oe = ke oe Cas * (09: fe Fahy - sy 42 NCL . skegs (Ge Hs )2100 90) gs ke (s.2axi0" 2 v b) Fe= mae ~ Mee e {Fer? Th 10 10% “Z| nee a os)Oras ayo 2 font c _ 4) at { qeatnnte Fe omg” 9 ~ e€- SS2-2-07% 10% Me : Vy oar? % [4] BH Sen Ey7 0 va, : . ee . ey: SRE = BEY = SKE aserietee ne ve Y r (By 5 yy | oy, 2 th 2x10 2x10 GRO ‘ ee = C3 wt)(2.s5x0%) = 0.0864 w > To 0864 wf x if way x74 2axtat &Jan loAs 8 Chapter 14 :Gauss's Law DW Fiecteic Flux 9325 “For a uniform (magnitude + direction) ebcic fea, the # fet tines penetrating @ plane perpendic to field yields Gait aren = line density . G Nine density X magnitude of E is not = Thus, # tines penetrating such a surface is proportional fo EA (magnitude apropertye® of Feld and area of the surfaue’ tne Feld but ~“Erecdac Flux- The product EA, (CE) in MM, + is proporticaas oropoctional to A do * fletd tines penercating a surface co ye and thefield — - Inv dis pic, # etd lines that ge thea Ais Net wd pattern. same aS # lines that go theu A 3 S thus since Flux must be ake same ac A mater which Surface we use (whereas Ay @ Flux is defined as fe Ecos} = EAs “Tre flux they a surface of fired area A hos max yale, FA, when A is Perpendic to Heid (the plane's normal A is paratiet te field) and zerof ¥ plane hes paroutet to fetid mtn many cases. electric field varies ever a surface ee Oo: EAcose only true for A SMM element of Grea over which “Leld © Constant - ~ Consider a large Surface acta divided into Small elements AR (oragnitude iS 5h of He element w/debired dicection {2 being perpendic to the surface clement ~The fur aru ahs elements Fe a cast = Eye aa ~ FUR Aneu whole area iS Mt of Alyx comtcibutions of all elements , thus closed surface 15 @ surface integras. \ defin dA is partofa = Often interested in. finding fiux thea a closed surface > ene which dividles @ Sesce inte an inside * eutside region So ent cant move b/w regions wie crossing surfaceAR, alweys pomts outward From surface + +% fr a closed @g surface powts in a Singie dieection across Span of whe clesed sucdace oe = At AA, the field tines arapenent of a nectic fiers (08S from aabsde-r in sue norma 40 So UGUPHG >A! 50 fluxis -VE (cosG is -ve) Hee suc face ~Fiuxis tv for AR, where field tines C455 from msde Poutside surface b/c bis acute -Fluxis 0 for AAs bk AAyis geependic te E Since we have a mix of tve and -ve five, the net fluc is proportional te * anes leaving surface minus # lines entering suc face a Lyf more tines leave than tnite, net flux is rve aka net'c thacge SUF more times enter than leave, net flux is -ve within surface ~Con use $ to represent integil over a closed surface, so ner fiux de thru aq clowd surface iS* > be: fE-da= f Enda ® ex. LAN b E2*=0 mee ®e = FA, C0S40 - E Aye 24.2 Gauss's Law 728 = Time to describe relationsivip blw net electeice flux ussian surface) © Chaege enclosed bythe suc face w V thru a closed Sucface Calso called This relationshig iS Gauss’s = The mognitude of Ane © evergwnert on sprece’s surface here is E* SF and fakin /AG A dwected radially outward “+ im See direction L as AR; representing that surface pl. = So for dis SPREE! se, castantevernwhere cn dis surface SARC Goussinn surface w/ + ve pt charge AF Center i. ofan f faa - 2 kaart =trieq and sine Kee? Fre are, O ~@ = dis fan theqn shows net flux thea the spherical surface is propertionad to the charge inside He Surface + independent of cadius!® This makes sense cur * field nes ahout a pt charge 15 Constant for dit£ radii values of a sphere Surrounding the charge, only Hang thet changes is field ting density # The net fur they any cloied surface surrwvading a pt charge q is geen by Ve, + is independent of Shape of thot surface. %* 7 = \f a gt charge is located outside a closed surface , any field line enteving suclace will leave at nother pt # So met flux thea a closed surface that surrounds ne charge is zero # “These two Starred (4) pis are true for a Single pt charge, many pt charges, + a continuous distribution of charge - - We already know (due 4o superposition principe) that an E due to many charges iS sum of € from each charge , oe * féak + f Ente dda ( -Gouss's Law states net five thru any closed surface is ° (a fea’ Sven IMPLRTANICE, LINE, even the Chirge qinmrnat IF net Charge infide gaussian mack LUV. { surface , E reps tohad Clectric field which includes contributions from charges insides o4tSidg Surface! Wow! Amaze! =Doesn? matter whet inside the surface a charge is placed, Still causes Some net flux LY.3 Replication ot Gauss's Law fo Varios Charge Disteibytios 9331 -Gauss's law useful fr determining F shen charge distribution is vee 5 Symmetric . U ~$0, im choosing your surface fake achuantage of the symmetry of charge distribution So E Can be Constant across surface +t removed 3 from Aegan @ - Also chowe Surface so Band dA are parctlet, thes oot pred can be cemoved eS @-¢ possible, also chaste surface wbere BS zero overa portion of that surface @-o- choose Surfare se Zand dk are rero, thusdet prod O“Every pt on yur gaussian surface should Soisty at least one @ of the 4 (O-@) conditions on other side of dis pg. sex. 24.3 p 731 ade: ke Je-ak = Cy Thus, electric field due to LY cf an = 4 Uniformdy charged sphere in the E od distance ‘a r a region externod fe the uniformly from apt charge E (4na*)® €, charged sphere 1S equivalent to Sa EE hut of apt charge located al “CL Center of sehere. Eat prourside unllormly charged Sphece (total charge =@) of cadius “a. bv) > * € Eat ptinsde uniformly charged spect _ where total sphere hag radius a 5) and our pt is radius ~ ere VEO Keon w@®@ center. a wear | - This result, (Els Ke shows EA0 a8 70 vaforonly = Relationship bhw electric field + distance is -« different charged wher you're inside uniformly charged area t when you're Sphece. outside suchan area (or your separation from a pt charge? ‘> when outside sphere, ET EXCONENTIAL! —Ygiteccys = So we get dis graph: oe 7 _ ka = 8 rE & = hp pA ae a rs Hl DIS Soin works assuming our charged cod is of °° lengt th. us It it isn't, you'll @ £ 5 a rye end effects -+ E wouldn't be -- oes 9 uniform theu-out whole lengthhk / 8 -@x. 24.5 9334 a ae a Plane of +e f SA Ee 7 Co bé-dz to No wnt tution to charge * vaifrm 5. . A Sonn coun wens A clan: Sf > é ames of culinder be A veces o fre Leweies! — ve preeptrdic to E, Eis La rafinitely large plane means Areas Cancel here bie SA oF Same at all pts equidistat 6 plane = SA OF our Gaussian the plane Bit Suctace Hat 1S pecpendice E meaning nly A FromZciccles 2Ee Larany distance fiom the plane! on ends counts © = Can't use Gauss’ Law 40 calculate E near am electacdipote , a chargeal disk, or angie nf pt charge ak cack corner 24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilih p?35 ~ Good conductors have e75 not bound to any atom, - free to move theu-out material duh (mao @ “When net motion of chargé within a conductor =O , conductor is in. electrostatic equilib, = Conductors in electro equilib have properties 1 Etectric field 0 everywhere in conductor, whether hollow or solicl au Conductor is isotadeal + carries chowge, charges located at its Surface DYE at pt just outside a charged Conductor is per pendic 4 Conductor's sucface w/ mogatude be where FS surface density at dat pt On ody shaped Conductors, 6 is greatest at locations where rads of curvature of Surface is smoktest -E inside on quill conductor mages sent to be 0 cur if not {tS eS would accelerate (F=9E) such motion would cause net motion of charge which lbreakS our > req'ment for electrostatic equilibl SF property 1 makes Sense - But why is this F-0? Before field is applied 2 conductor {thas onifrn 2 distribution. In my pic, E causes 0S 4 accelerate let, accumulating @ on We surface oF conductor, Fe5UNS im net ve charge or Fig ht surface pis creates a U4 EB thea Surface “which opposes trom erdernod Srurce which onerses in magne orbit eachirg eal by Thus, Eqey=0 inside conductor~Even fer hollow conductor &=0 everywhere within Conductor @ Gncludes within hollow part + parts of conductor) = ‘SE of covity=0 due to electric potential which we'll ok J Cover later ~For remaining pact of hollow conductor (its walls) we can simplify a portion of wall interior fo bea gaussian Surface w/ net Flux 0 (ur ik encloses Q net charge and £4) ah “Mg, Eis 0 fer dis gaussian surface i will be 0 : for alt gaussian surfaces within conductor baka all its imrics! Since net charge fr al volume enclosed by Londutter =O the accvmulade -ve charge from @°s must beat very edge of Ws surface ~Gauss’s law doesn't indicade how dis XS charge ss distributed over its surface, oly dot it's exclusive #2 the surface Use reasoning from example 24.5 49 see thot the nett flux thea each gaussian surface is equak to the flux thea face of Gpussian surface perpendic to é since E in conductor only exists ak US perimeter, total vx they a @ gwen gaussian surface (which extends theu/pist the conductor's outer surface) equals only the flux thes ihe flat face of the 9.5. outsicle the wnductor — A in fEdA is 1 circle insteact of 2 like in ex, 24.5 ! L, so, to solve E, the electric fietd wmmediatel y outsidea charged conductoc * ,: feda = eas & ea E Good eam pie ae for understanding 0 -ex. 24.9 p 737 6 Find E in the cajiens labeted O, @ Gad @. 4 20 charged Conducting shell GE-dA == velurnt ef cae qpussion ca of : T Sprece (nut dismnin fi) 50 Spot efor -2 we Kinww bow much of the @ gpssien chovge e'rt hcking ak. sphere we P47 = Pee within Or - kOe a charged e= Grea? | owhere 64a insulating 7 e ) Velume of whuie choeged sper eee insulating sphere Cat We revrste, geen P ost.© 40 Makes Senst cuz we're inside & whee b>rda conductor! Don't account fr He -20 Charge bie i+ CAUSES ng t Had to account for both within He hulliw conductor shell, Charged objects’ choges - [PEEBLES p 740 464,19. 16,24, 25, 39 b) E48 (os: Va TES) (0s G0 = #3.20 0108, OE ~e {= FA, = (ex Work) ning adh 2 = Somes b) Fewer Fats Sines 100 ve thas endceine Varo & is sve. | - %3\ got q's fad —Faglenation Wes wi plant an per ed ; 80. F should es aoPlant Bo tg Lo = the 2 Hoey a qaussion sphere @ around +h garage. JpPar (198 for pdt) > Leng way, SHORT way 5 ae : - on ) fe-ak = % Fe Sate ZL nl) @ os yy. hee = (40e)" * ? ant sn nee a ® Seetace 49.6 kN é oe + é = Es Ge 2'9.650105 KE} p= ote 47190 © % eo ~ eo fea dberze 32a) X= 30x10 1% te @ - aot ametal rod — z - tome \) 2) 82 oat - ot vig vise \e 9: tte 60% GC Pd bh kt 5) 2° (esos > 2 C noe da &Van 23/16 @ Cropter 25% Electric Potentia£ 25.1 Electeic Potentiat + Potential Diff pt4e Whee & charge g isin an €, ik experiences a force 9f vis” force is conservative ble fortes bly charges by Coulomb's laware always conservative. (pathindependent) : “When E causts this charged particle to move, i+ dots work on the charge Change field Dis work is internal to system! sgstten™ “Convention to let 8 rep the infinitesimar displacement of a pt charge 4 Lens q moves thru Spat, Can take the pathintegcar fF. ~For a charged particle q immecsed ia an @, the work done by F on the q within Ehe charge field system is = . Wine > Ferd = gb-a3 bot product evaluates only He dS comprnend — CCR enm projected alg Et “RECALL: Internal work dont in a system =~ AU=TAK = Wing $0, a5 q is displaced the electric poten tiog energy of 5455 changed by? Can use dis egn——— AU -Wint =-GEdS ~---- ee eee (na integral) 4 E ig AUcdU tol loterate, ds b/e FE isMR/ some StuFF eROM CHAPTER F lot Cengtart over distant b/w SectceFelal EHI PF Ia Work represents a dranster of And B, such -For a finite Aisplacgment of ito ABE | energy Soa system's entrgy may a5 b/w pel _ fea} S appeacin a diff form jie some lates yi eo aalLA | may be waverted to/from potential Ssinee ge conservative, tht line \ energy 8 integral doesn't depend om the > ——~—— 77 path taken from A to B. “For & gives position of the ehacge in the feta, the sys has a potertiag enteqy U relative to dat sys's Grfigueation that's define as U=6 a Seater - Electric Potential (V)-aka “Potential” 15 a physical quantity which results from dividing potention energy by the charge * is in Voits v) dependent Any on source Charge distribution +hasa vaive at “1% weryeh man E. @ wwene Ly Vs Le [PPotentidecharacterstic of the field onty .% sndependen wt} oof a charged particit that may be placed in field cutye! | 4 Potential energy =CharacteristiC of charge-Fieiol sys du They bith have @ecne nethe to interaction blw field* a charged particle within it.Y + Potential is potential energy per charge just as electric field was electric LiFe force per charge. Hm) gud way to think about tt! ede [*S0, potential: veg gust as elec field eek @ “The potential difference AV=Ve-Vq in an electic field is change in @ electric potential energy of Sys when Vis moved APB? Here, AS is displacement b/w A and B not He path q moves along, this is cuz it doesn’ motte what path ¢ takes! ~ Just Tike regular potential energy, only diffs in electric potentia€ are rearing fut 350, we often fake yale Of electric Potential fo =Oatseme convenient pt in an E- -NOTE= Don't confuse potential difference w/ diff im potential energy ! Lb Porential diff b/w A+ & exists only b/c of @ Source charge + muUCH depends on the Source charge Aistribution , EXISTS W/O PRESENCE oF A CHARG! Know ‘Ss For a potential energy 4 Ost must have a sys of 2 charges, dis encegy belongs fo sys + Only changes iF a charge is moved relative fe rest of Sys. “DIS relationship Swilar to tleelric field us electrle force? SE exists solely bie of a source charge while Fe req's 2 2 Chorges (Source charge + Aest charge within Sovrce's field) “VF an external agent moves the charge in the field from APB, W/o Changing the kinetic energy of the charge, i perferms work which changes gorention energy of thes y>. La work done by external agent jn moving charge gq thra an electric field at constant velocity 187 Weg AV , te =This WN’ cutie eqn makes it clear that ants LV2 4% work for Av. Ls 74 T of work must be done t0 move a 1-€ charge then a Py potential differ Av wet=with "Te etectric field is a measure of the cate of change of the respect to 5 electric potential wet position. * Wow! AMAZE! Common energy unit is the electean volt (ev) > The energy a charge- field Sys gins/ LeSeS when a Charge of magnitude € Gean e” or p*) is moved they a potential diffof tv. & 5 apo C-v Lev=1eoro ec To W's.a unit of energy, ot voltare f@ 25.2 Potential Diffin a Uniform Electcic Field p24s ~ The eqns bus-q $8 -d8 and ANe ou hold trvein all E's, whether uniform or var ying bout com be simplified for a uniform fielct. ~The potential diff b/w Trbna B which are separated |} t | d at by distance d + where the displace ment vector F Gewts ABB) is pacaiel to the field lines cre Ve-Va= bv =~ fi E-d? Yy¥ 8 < 8 B “Jp edseost! =- [eds = -€f"as = - Bol ditch dot product J comes cut cur constant cue parallel T terance wu rave i 3 2 a = Thus, for constant 2 w/ & || as = (av=- ed} ang wegative Ea, ES a anien PIvK OO suc (neg Fel KNoWlEDGE %-The -ve indicates E lines always point in direction of wing electric potente @ From dis you con get Au: gave -qEd which Shows whea q is tye, BU is -ve (When sve charge moves indirection OF E, sys loses potential eneegy thus becomes more Stable) 4 This loss in UW means kinetic € is gained, makes sense Caz He sve charge experiences Fe in direttion of E. “© accelerates in dis direction. “>We still get conser vation oF mechanicak energy *) =F ove charge q. is -ve then AU is tve when the charge mows iN divedion OF E = = In dis GL’ dingrons Ais at hignee electric potential 8 than Band C, Band C areat same iv | electric pokentioat Ane = Wen q moves from A toB wheres Smet pay 3 firenttac poraltel to the uniform EU's int Bo Ove -[ E08 = -E- [as = = h e@ reeaved Ot parallel, must constant Keep dot product |for plop Eand $, EF to ents AVES tells us that all pts im a plane perpendic f a uniform E are at tre Some electic potentiot | GS here, each has @ constant electric } 20, so AV20, & constant V when movin an electric Feed. ) potentiak . 77 Ae quipctention sucface is one av which Consists of & continuous sv disteiboution of points having the Ww Lh Some electric potential. 3 d4C equipotential surfaces 7ex. 25.1 750 E= levi 4.04103 Ying a Se tric Potential + Potentio£ Energy Pur to Point Chocae e752 = We already Know an isolated wwe pt chorg? q produces E radially cutward, fo we shovid be able t find the electric Pottatial ot a pt r distance frome gq def hg az 6. OT vs a kya ge A Radial dispiacemert Ged where we can sab Ends Tah PS Has magnitude 4 se Rive fram pt chaye aot prod? FedF =ds cose Bis fe q's pth iS andy cts plaremen So dscost is projetion of dione *, + F 5 team souece Q 40 test component thact. a d5c058 2dr 4 asses Chang? iw | $0, any displacement AS aiony the pote from APB produces a change de potentiag. F's magnitede. Continuing wi our tate? le often define jz Oat ry? By a Ve-Va> - J Pw Po kq ho Xde £— Weonly depend on r NOT 5, so V is 2 ERE = key lies = hy ikpcadent of poth! Means he potentiod diff bry any two pts ka r ma field created by a pt charye depends only on the vadial Co-ords fe and fe~Remembtr path independent = “conservative’ + we just Showed work done vy Redeic force on a charge g iS conservative $0, the eerie Reld of a Axed Source charge q is & conservative field Cany field reloded toa conservative force) ty Q Pee i n = kat v potential ve KS ests The potential energy of dis at pt P due to charge qi pair of chorges is Us KAi9t. Ma ~W there ace multiple pt charges inflvencin Eat apt, the total Lleetig porentiag is Sum of potentials due to the indivictuatl chacges® fv = kee BE 2 Scalar sure’ wat vector! Ug! Ok! eae Conly *ves and -ves matttr). Wf two Separated charges have same Sgn, U iS eve. Hert, tve work must be dont by an external agent on the sys bring the Charges closer ~ Uf two separated charges have diff sign, Wis -ve. Here, ~ve work must be done by an” externa Agent a5 id Competes w/ tne attractive Coulomipic force oS the charges are brought closer. ‘TA force must be applied to prevent ga Cve) fom accelerating twa gy (4ve), “MF sys consists of multiple pt charges, Can sum U's for every pair of chorges tv find total potential of the sys,ev.tor sys of 3 charges = f= ke (Ades ap, ER)3 t By Ts -ex.25.3 9 754 a) ye We ini the Valus dhe Electric Field from tht Electric Potential p #5 5 -Weknow the poitntial diff dV b/w to pts 2 distance ds apactis + AV= -E-dS | soi E has only 1 component Ey then Exdd =Exdx , $0:W . ~ £27 means “tae x component of the electric fied is equal to He @ wve of He derivative of the electric potential wet x”. LOR, an my words, Ane electric field describes te Change in electric potential” 05 you move radially outward from a source charge ! ~TRe slepeof a vs. x graph at a given pt gives magnitude of the electric field ot that pt S For constant V (oka flat slipe) AV=0 , So E iSconstant. This happens wher yu mot dong an equipolential surface. - Some diff equigoeatiad surfaces (-==~-) toe de chacye vet ry 4 a ~For picture ® the E is cadial bie chorge distribution has Spherical Symmetry owe get E av coon @ Uso, Vv (ike £,) 15.0 funciononty ofr + perentiok chang’senly im the radio! direction 25.5 Ersctric Potential Due to Continuous Chacge Distributions p?56 sWe've 5 far looked at electric priemtiak due % small # of charges, what about V duets continuaus distribution of chacge ? a by expressing dg and © im terms of a Single variable by thinking about the geometry of ‘te prob- “To obtain potential fram the electric field: F Stack wh avefPeeas >If Eis known, great! Mrot, you may be abit 4 Sub in Gauss’ (aw fir Fy then follow they w/ evaluating the line inte VI 4 (sie mote FRom A youtvBe vin) bv L “Wn ava f Erde 1 AVay is the potential diff béw pts a and ao > I i (ama) Yo away from a charge. Q ean snore @ -Our integral adds up alt the different * a and br which we eectc “field values we have b/w a and b evaluate the electric field where each E is evaluated at one of He infinitely many di? values b/w a and b “The reason why we putin So much effort in chapter 2% te tind the electric field at a gwen pe. is se wecan mow use that to find VI aus way more Meaning ful t measurabie to us. Ve Q pee Chergtd metal Sphere of = The ceason why potential is censtant O: radius R Within sphere is b/c E within a “\ Conductor is zero! Mis constant V is dependent on Thus potential Difregence within Sphere b aes see bias any two pts within Ve “e , a Sphere 20 8 * There is electric potential within a Conductor, but no potential cifteren blw pts in a conductor, * rar TAA(Now Ack To THE TEXTBOOK) z Tse ark -&. 25.4 p758 te t el all really a) yee (A= 4 =) soy, quid fitvas Tytaa’ @———>« Qxawa ples wy , a Foro a) = eee y R D vere (a7 te) MES “ES me (294 Vw [—Zkaa | NW tek - Oo vs 2492) | teas |, Ss These potentians ace -ve for 7 TAT T | XE , Bic wae ve x direction — Near aega Ifo we ace Closer to the -ve Fame Mer thas $5) [ae EES Lyin part a 0f dis problem we fund +e electric potential was zero For all values of y. Does this men the electric fied is zero at ott points on the y-axis? two! V0 ling y axis only tells us the y-compenent OF the electric field is rere, says nothing about A! ~ ex. 25.5 p 354 de a) vek fda sue of infinitesimal TY J chorgg elements ial vigchucge@ [fF | @ % : tak constant ne matter esha Charge Clement we're tocking AF for His example: wee LQ eth (uae YD kQx ay ay (o b) =k. 25.6 9 154 od vex fae, J ’ dh —>dA= titrdrGud y Q 1.75.7 6 60 | eh ese Vee fae = trig Sub | r gs Ady ~ y+ « wats atsect® pst 1 used “eff Ay Sect@de © — ea) foeceae =InlsecO teenbl ec FL 88? tw) = convert = Sink sees + ane |] tant: &= 2 er] Yen Convert from @>x So Cur bexinds are nicer to evatuate, or Keep Tike dis + evaluate . = x\\ =e fs «if @ jou wouldn't 25.6 Evectic Potential Due toa Charged Conductor p76! We Know fram Chayster 24+ Any net charge of @ sold Conductor in equilibriam FeSides on its surface, de E just outside the @rducter is per pendic fits surkice, + the E within iS 20, Parts of conductor € iy points in gS La 2 es + “Considering two phy on surface of a charged AY, E $ydb Sn Rand B 8 § 5232 Mong a surface perk connecting these pts, ; A §°3 83 E is ee perpendic te the displacement ol5 Sees thos Eub0: aye -[°F-ds 70 pee B = HPV iS constant everguhert ba surface of A charged conductor in eqeaitib a e The conauctors surdiceis on equipetential sorbet! o gs £ DA Since E 15 cece on inttrior, V isconstant Cery rere insole Conducte + is 2D 3% equol to Vat its surface! #28 ~Constant peiential wmns my work is req'd # move a change fom 2 unicorn of a charged conductor 4 its surface when looking at — potential of A pt outside A Charged Conduct Cour treat the conduct AS aA pt Charge Abits center * caiculate Vi usi wheet iS distance from” Conductor's Center to your ptsex, 15.8 Alemagne the Spheres ace very fr eport, d>GrEIG U They waint dd s0 that the fitld of one daesn'+ affect field of | Two Charaey @ i Conducto, Connected \ rave He Hae other, it — Conducting w 5 ak 2 Tae conducting wire ble them ensures both | 8) sA@ntiah ~~ spheres will have same electric potential. BO CU2 Susterais Vo, eae ‘ af lowdst m + This esute 400505 possibig teak hy 5 vB iS greater PORatiak weer o> 7 1 EF Sure cunding He Wyre athe ge Smother sphere Somme V FETT ally indicates thatif rodws of curvature Of, say nO then E902 (think. et) which verifies our Claim in chapt 24 that E is very large at L sharp pts. Her wise me Sphere ~ Consider & coniluctor of Arbitrary shape dhat contains woud comity inside We a -Weatready know E must bhezero side He cavity rity tvtnt charge distribution 18 Romuniforns or if on DoHAtiaL — external E exists froma sourceovbide the conductor winich is - A cavity Surrounted by conducting walls iSa fieid-free region undesirable os long OS AO Charges ort inside the cavity. A conductor Sliced in half se You Gan Fee its comity + aA olds wrt Geng! J Keo ke Ou, cut? Rg = . Ww a 1akiorship! : (Rewblens 6764 relationship a Ke oh i=,Makes sence Hot W 3 Lgained poten of energy (ve 6u)! ered ———— Va bu =gav eGenpl se) =i SBee Wem) Gently Fame Wo lente potential means sys g)al-ou = ak -Ce)v= am (yt yt) rout -e ave Amy,t pow de cuz merdme b) Greater c) Se, . me Ni me &) Spring polentiad, Electric Potentat, %, +» Fs €—-+—> Fe Ne pu ‘*}od Isola te ‘Sem 1 do dis OY sky t= gq feds €) Inet bt? - ry Skye 2g Ex bx 4f tae ¥, |ak : 7 Oks wav. ¥L) io coare, ) [3.84Ciropter 26# Capacitance Dielectrics 2G) DeFinitionef Capacitame 777 ~Capaciters~ Devices that Store electric Charge. “Consider these two conductors, ca\led Plates, that carey equal * ope. Chacges *~ have a AV blw them GS Such a combo of conductors is a capacitor. ~The quantity of charge? Q on a capacitor linearly propor tienad to AV biw the conductors, @ % AV ~The capacitance C of a capacitor is ratio of the charge on either conductor te the OV b/w the conductors Ly > C depends on shape * separation of Conductors ALWAYS tye. B Gttas units of Farad = IF 1G 26.2 Calcviatiny Capacitance p 774% ~AlaMough it's mast commen to have two Conductors, a Single conductor also has Capacitance. Ti Arsingie spheccal charged conductor has Same E Gnes acound it as f there were a Gonaucting , spherical shell of radios Concentic wf it + Carryin equal topposite chacge ~Capacitance of an isolated charged sphere * cs &:Q@ - Ls urer av eH, ke “odius ) Farallel"Plate Capacitors sIndis pic, Surface chacge density on each plate is d?% aM plates are really close tage ther Gwet their width + neight) and zero elsewhere Uniform b/w plates ge. -E blw plats * E=@ 7 A a Qa EA) AVTEd= EA =o. Qe eA- C+ dels us capacitance Tes when parallel plates ace closer fegether * Mes when they hove larger area -€y, 26.1 780 AV= Va -Na ef Edd Qu . , Bes Ped =-2eaf ode Q_ eG, a. E@tet) = -24¢4 w(E) ela eRe _@ | eeee| ke 2A CHV an Stalk) [2% Ine) | woo ex. 26.2 pP8l 6, Mover - foe Be eda @ ed > (4m?) ce 26.3 Combinations of Capacitors 782 = In Circuit diagrams, the ciccuit Symbol fr capacitors is ——Th— ~Copaciters connected in parallel? G Cees Cyt Ca a re cyt] _eavivatent >the Av across C, and a ‘ Ce is th Dill @ dh 2 is the same. Diff Q’s it a AV=AV, = AV RETO Oe “Equivalent capacitance in garallel® Capacitors connected in Series * A FR The avsaceoss Gand Co NOY ace different. Ai st ~ Equivalent capacitance in Secies* oN tite AVzAV. + AV>~& 26.3 6785 ete Crop 4 s oa L Cut 2 8 26.4 Enecqy Stored ~ Since Charged Capacitor 796 tye and -ve Chacges are Separated iN O Capacitor System of conductors , electric potential E iS Stored in the SySten 1 a conductor's plates become Connected by a conductor Ge wire), Charges move b/w the plates until the capacitor is uncharged This discharge often a visible spark! sve plate Fo, When switch isopen, 4 When switch Capacitor remains closes, Capacitor uncharged. Charges up. eco wana opt away sve plate ry Ow Potente so moe Hom wire b pla When Switch closes, battery establishes E within the wire + charges fou, es move from plate to wire, Feaving i+ *vely charged a ~ve charges flow 1 other “capacitor plate, mating it “vely charged & Dis charge separation = potential ener ~ Bodtecy's chemical E has been transfirmed to capacitor’s potential € ~ Energy stored ina charged capacitor is equal to the work cajuired fe move the Capacitors charge @ acrass the potential diff bay its plates ‘SAS more Charge is moved, the AV builds So 1 find this total work done we need to integrate! dW: avdq= dq We Up © tee. pt. Estored in a oa capacitor wef daa = ae Dis eqn xpoties &7 to any capacitor, no matter its geometry!Ug ina Capacitor to be Stored in the can Consider the - We E blew ts plates & Reasonable since EQ on He capacitor “For patler plate capacitors we know AV=Ed and Ge » 50 4 2 = 4 (A)(eay = ade Ad, the oye aca volume occupied by the electric field is energy per Unit volume is * % Since the energy density de Which iS aes Me 5 Ee Ee} We derved this for paraliel- Ad Plate capacitors but astill works Understand. ex. 26.4 p 768 0) Lefs Sidesof Mates AQT“ CME-—GM = Vi (C-C2) \ cud ve Coe Welt plate vebtside of tp a cot bettem cagnciteris—ve. [ — Wee @pociter ig ve Qp= yes Beg = Cer Coy = Vee +Cz) nen Switches clog, Capacitors sk ene Nett, we “ Con + treat share Signy of top capacitor C, Chewing CC . Hrese capucin 4S connected in ce we can't treat His problem as capaciters "parallel ve in parallel, but can[ even if Switches are closeal, b/< Vere is ne battery to apply a e067 055 then. They'll Still ave left plate) cuz bb) Upe Bavits 4Cay,? (C70, )V2 FON t+ SOV? Solveit as an isolated LCet Cav, a Get GG VE Sys. for electei€ valtag 2G charge (Q,=Q,) ave He Same fincad voltage tho Hm, dis means that Up 4 U; . But how? where is this (cGy ye (rts) Me 7a Ge | lost energy? Hr was im EM waves! Thus, this sys a) \ [ transfered out of the system vi elated fir electric charge but nonisolated for energy CO when Switches “are cléed the equal magnitude charges will GIF C=C. at earth abner fence C, and Co have opposite polarities) leaving both uncharged.2G5 Capacitors w/ Dielectrics 240 ~Detectcic- A monconducting rratt Guchoas rubber, giass, wared paper) ~ Porting A dielectric bolw fue paratlek conductor plates ves the AV béw the plates > ave te ~~ Ly Ke dielectric constant of a matt. No units TMCS chacge on He Geacitor isn't changed by adielectric, its Capacitance — must change = @, Be Goce Ss ek “5 Capacitance is Ted by afactor of K when the dielectric completery fills the cegion b/w the plates. ~ Ws, C= KER so a quid way to Tse capacitance of a Parallel plate conducter ‘is to 4 spaces bly plates w/ a dielectric + 40 make plates as close as possible -Dicectric Strength- The max elec. field of the dietecteic > For a fae plate separation d this determines the max voltage hat can be applied +0 a capacitor w/o Causing discharge SIF wis is exceeded, dielectric matl will start to conduct sinsuiating matis have k>1. -SO, dietecteics = 0 Tse capacitance 2) tse max aper ating voltage 3) hen thin are aged way FO make conducting plates Close mio touching “2X. 26.5 p P42@ Chapter 27% Current + Resistance 2Al Electac Current p 80d ~Etecteic current, aka just current, describes cote of flow of charge Scoccents don't just erst within conductors! ie a beam of ein A particle acceteratr is considered current. ~The amt of flow for electric charges moving thru a materiat depends on the materiok selfs the potential difference across it ~ Consider Charges moving perpendicular £0 0 Surface area CA) > DiS area could be the ot le 8 £ i i —v fm oe isthe net 2 CF0SS-SECtion. of a wire QL motion of = Cocrent - Rate at which charge Flows thru this surface. A Charge. Q Tag? SE cha d@ = “BE, amwunt of charge dat a 3 poss Hoey sariace im Wstantaneous Current «5 rT time intervod. @ Unit is ampere (A), AA =1°%s ~The charges particles gpnerating current can be -ve or tv but js convention for direction of current to be direction of fiow of tve charges “MF ends of a conducting wire are connected form a lop, atl pts on Wop have Same electric potential GDis means E20 within + at Surface of conductor E=0 meansng Met transport of charge thea wice ~ T=0 = But, if ends of wire are connected to a battery , pis along loop hove diff potentials! “Battery creates a petentiak diff biw ends of wire =" E exists within wire which ererts Fe on e75 in wiee , Causing then to move. Current! =Moving Charges * "charge carriers” - Consider Current ia a cylindricat Conductor of cross~Sectional area A - Ax iS Aength af @ segment of Conductor whose volume is “> AAx. @ ~ VF wis Chorge carrice density C# charge Carrecs per unit volume) , total Charge in segment is? BQ: (nAoxdg, aan Meaney eherge of 1 carrierVM careiers mot thru wi a velocity Ua , magnitude of displacement @ they experience in x direction 15 AX= vg At 4 So we can ceweite AQ as DO (nAvadt) AQ Avg current in Pa. Tay = NAVE 5, et Line condu ctor. “Drift Speed (ug) ~ Avg speed of charge carriers. -€°S ina conductor having a potential dif will hove Zigzag motion as they move they materia due to Collisions w/ tremetad Gtoms “ala addition 40 tigzag ynotion 9 thal due 40 E dis motion cotled drift velocity (4) - Con think of the atom-e7 collisions a6 3S internal fic tion > deag force ae ~eneegy transferred from @75 to metal atoms in a consiens Tes atom 's vibrationat energy Ting conductor's temp, -ex. 27.1 eBil “Copper wire hos cross-Sec area 3.31410 mB, Carries constant Current loo, whatis itt Speed? Assume Lach Cu Atom contributes 1 €7 tocurrent and density of copper is 8.92 PA m2. Oine 12.2 Resistance p3ll sledefingd ~ ow that we'ce dealing w/ moving charges in a conductor, there isn't electrostatic iment AS CQUILBE Non-rero E means current. = 48 ee Current Density (I) im a conducter is current per unit Oren. 9 depudion Ger a he crass-sectionad = ren we Ve ki Lois eqn onty works if Tis unifirm + if A is area perpé t. Sace Teh to direction of current loesn't include a dA variable, We u& Current density b Show relation Ship bi Tard h&e “Wry Some mats, Current density is proportional to electric field ema tis *mattrials Ly Js SE where Gis a constant of propor tionadity , conduc tivi t JZ Se -Matls dat vbey dis eqn art Said to follow Orem's Low ~ Many matis” atio of current density € Eis ndepensitnt of the E producing the curren SS “olmic” moths, “Ohm's Law isnt a fundamental law of noduce! It's just @ relationship dat evists for some matls <— %\— “Fer O Stament of wie having peientiat (=) x AEC across ik, AVE VQ-Va, which is \ Oe mamiained across wie an Eis & : Produced within wee , 1% $0 is current GoveER so Je 6m Rearrange? Madly Red te have ave 27 : - AV -v @™r- Subin T= %/qt $0, (R= jin eZ ter temps avi(A)E RL a ~ We defing He quantity RSA as resistance of the conductor 15 a catio of porentia diff across conductor to current in the conducter. “Many electric ciecuits use resistors to controt the current in diff parts eSstwity= me — of ciecuit . wot of E cedd -The inverse of conductivity is resistivity (p) > pe € in Dem ¢ roe a io get Lat of Se resistin oF uniform beck of matt of dengih & is RPA ae) = Dis means resistance Of a mateias depends on its geomet Fits bp: > resistivity (hich. is temp-dependent property of 0 mat %) “Good conductors have low resistivity, good insviaters have highresistivit ~ R=FE shows ROK (30 greater length of wire has qreade> resistance and R%* Ya (C50 greater Ceoss-Sectimat area ofwire means der resistance) TCHS marys I NonwoHmic mares Slope = > Non-linear I-ay ® o av ttlakenskip malts L have low resistance for currents in one Hove linear current potential diff dicection + Kgh R for cucrents in Felationship over broad range of applied reverse direction (Av)Z a a) R= e 5 btn] b) rae: INDERSTAND - CX. 27.3 E 2 “Sine Lin RF] Should + Looking @ 2 | eon be interpreted as Length Stoded ‘pert os Os eer of materiat current flows thr ny me ey KOZ + current flows in racic + radially pixie direction here, L radius. Outward de ag= £2 . oat <— Area will be area of cylindeicad Shell perpendic te tHe [de -/2S" + J OR Pred radial current. =F (E) 331932 | if pe) @ APD Model for Electrical Conduction p $16 ~The Drude model is a Structucal model of electrical conduction im metats. ~ Physical Components of dis modet* 5 Regatar accay of atoms of the conductor silts free eS, catied “conduction € 75" - Behaviour of the components ® This property <— * Who ZB, conduction e7S move in random directions thea conductor kinda. Assumes all Like gas molecutes confined in a vessel velocities care + wl E, conduction €°S driF4 wn direction opposite the E -/ avg drift randoenty distributed speed Vg that is << than their avg speed b/w collisions. wer alt possible Ss = lots G = (06% Licections thus * The €°S motion after a Collision is independent of its motion before net motion of OUUSIOn . The x5 energy eS gain feow work done on tem by = charge =0, thus 3S transferedl to odtoms of conductor when they collide (conductor heats up) still in -Wwhen a free e” iS Subected fan E it experiences a net Pree, lectrostahic We acceleration? gg B= me” my % 18 Constant when € is constant, -quilibd, which we'll assume is the case fer dis model.e “MG iS the e 7S imitiad velocity the instant after a collision (which Dis page 15 we define to occur at t=O), the velocity of e” at Avery shoré just restating time tater (which 15 rete before next collision occurs) is? a bunch of ¥, 20, tat = + SE fan ‘ Lhe same relationships SS pat with T, Imago. The ag value of dis is mn T where T is the ¢ avy time interval b/w collisions. a ui acift vet Drift vetecity on ~So, Since avg Te is the dcift velocity, — o coos 4 NG ty VG 04g = Wy af T Liem of ven tities ~The vatue of T depends on size of metal % atoms* *e7s pec unit volume. ne “Subrin our new Va expression to get Tage hi Te, ngité thus since T=%™%, T7 AT current density im terms of Ee microscepic quantities @ = Can SUb-In cur mew T expression to T= 6E to get: b= a = 9 Pp Me = Shows Conductivity and D ng resistivity don't depenal on Strength of & for -AND FINALLY = Conducturs obeying, Ohm's Law. T= Fave where Lary? aug distance b/w collisions (meen free pak’ Vow . 1 ¥ 3 Vaug 7 AG Speed of colliding thingys. Ww, K So these egns for P and behaviour of p wet temp give aw very incorrect value Even though this structrat model {5 Consistent wih Ohm's Law & Vang calculations dene using this model @re about 10* Smatter than acducl values which results in incorrect ERStivity predictions SS These calculations also predict resistivity t vary w/ temp Since Vag varies according to IT" (due 4 ideot gas (aw), @ BUT experimentally 9 vacies linearly w/ T for pure metats. -we call this Above model , which treats free €S like gas molecwles in ideal gos Las, the Classical model for electrical conductiondais but 14 15 really interesting \ dons think we need Fo know + kewl se you should read F anyways F develop it into a quantum mechanical model experimental predictions for resistivity, we must account =To account fee the yncorrect predictions of Classical models we ~To match for the wave-like Properties of these €7S GE layout of atoms in Conductor is regularly spaced (aka periodic? character Makes it possible for them to move he e7 5” wave-like thru conductor + a Collision wlan atom being unlikely - Feeet G $0, for anideatized conductor no Collisions would occur, mean free path would be %, and p=0. ems omly get scattered iF Atomic arrangement is inrequiac (not periodic), which results when there are Structural defects Ampurities Cuhich always exist). AT Low TEMPS = Resistivity of marals dominated by scattering from collisions b/w es and impurities. AT HIGH TEMPS? Resistivity dominated by Scattering from Collisions b/w 07s and conductor atoms which are continously displace aS result of thermal agitation which destroys He perfect Periodicity = Thermal motion of atoms makes structure more irreguiac than the extemic array at rest, thus Ves eS? mean free path - ding T, wv. theg Pp. =These quantum intorporatons into classical model give us p values Hat agree w/ experiment! F ) Power » #20 27.6 Electrical min typical elects circuits, energy Tex is teansferred via electrical ed) decked Erandnaission from source Cie battery) to device Lie lightbulb) fied = Lens get an expression for He cate of dis E transfer 4, ~The connecting wires Of & Ciecurt have Some a fo fe vesistance oy Av 25 ft : “ @ La Wev-out Ciccuit's path, some Eis delivered to the wires * Some to tre resistor (YY) L But uniess otherwise Stated, WE assume resistance of Wires is Se tg anpecster that it's nealiaible.