BJCQFWJI F
QLWJ]\WJI CLI]LWF KL^LEJ]JI
WLQ\GBFK FIMHIL^FJ
IHCHW ?
 ]LI]JI@
^]JIMJW JKWLMF]J^F KBFIFK

Bjtjr Glbjkji`

^lgj`jf
^lgj`jf upjyj
upjyj plifi`
plifi`kjt
kjtji
ji cutu
cutu plbjyji
plbjyjiji
ji djs
djsfbf
fbftjs
tjs klslejt
klslejtji
ji cjkj
cjkj sltfjp
sltfjp
djsfbftjs Klslejtji clbjksjijkji jkrlmftjsf tlrcjsuk kbfifk Qrjtjcj mji kbfifk
utjc
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j. ^t
^tji
jimj
mjrr jkrl
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mftj
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sf mf
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i glrg
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k cjsfi
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djsfbf
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s
plbjyjiji Klslejtji. ^tjimjr jkrlmftjsf kbfifk yji` sjjt fif glrbjku cli`jnu
pjmj
pjmj Qlrjtu
Qlrjturji
rji Clitlr
Clitlrff Klslejt
Klslejtji
ji Ihchr
Ihchr =4 tjeui
tjeui 71:<
71:< tlitji
tlitji`
` Jkrlmf
Jkrlmftjs
tjsff
Qusklscjs,
Qusklscjs, Kbfifk Qrjtjcj,
Qrjtjcj, ]lcpjt Qrjktfk Cjimfrf Mhktlr, Mji ]lcpjt Qrjktfk
Cjim
Cjimfr
frff Mhkt
Mhktlr
lr @f`f
@f`f.. Qlrk
Qlrklc
lcgj
gji`
i`ji
ji sftu
sftujs
jsff mji
mji pl
plcg
cgje
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jruj
uji
i klgf
klgfoj
ojkj
kji
i

plclrfitje climhrhi` mfbjkukjiiyj rlvfsf stjimjr jkrlmftjsf kbfifk.

Jmjpui susuiji stjimjrm jkrlmftjsf kbfifk fif jmjbje slgj`jf glrfkut?
 Gjg F ]jtj Klbhbj Kbfifk (]KK) tlrmfrf mjrf < stjimjr yjftu ? Qli`hr`jifsjsfji
Kbfifk (]KK :), ]jtj Klbhbj ^ucglr Mjyj Cjiusfj (]KK 7), ]jtj Klbhbj Djsfbftjs
mji Klslbjcjtji (]KK >), ]jtj Klbhbj Klroj ^jcj (]KK =) mji ]jtj Klbhbj
Qli`jmuji mji ]fimjk Bjiout (]KK <).
 Gjg
Gjg FF Qlifi
Qlifi`k
`kjt
jtji
ji Cutu
Cutu mji
mji Klsl
Klslbj
bjcjt
cjtji
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Qjsf
sfli
li (Q
(QCK
CKQ)
Q) tl
tlrm
rmfr
frff mjrf
mjrf >
stjimjr yjftu \pjyj Qlifi`kjtji Cutu Klslbjcjtji Qjsfli (QCKQ :, ^jsjrji
Klslbj
Klslbjcjt
cjtji
ji Qjsfli
Qjsfli (QCKQ
(QCKQ 7) mji Qlinl`
Qlinl`jeji
jeji mji Qli`li
Qli`limjb
mjbfji
fji Fidlks
Fidlksff
(QCKQ >)
 Gjg FFF Qliylbli``jrjji Klslejtji Qlrslhrji`ji (QKQ) tlrmfrf mjrf :< stjimjrm
 yjftu Ejk Qjsfli mji Klbujr`j (QKQ :), Qjsfli mji Klbujr`j Mjbjc Qrhsls
Jsueji (QKQ 7), Jksls Qjsfli Kbfifk (QKQ >), Qli`kjofji (QKQ =), Wlinjij mji
Qlcglrfji Jsueji (QKQ <), Qrhchtfd mji Qrlvlitfd (QKQ 4), Qlbjyjiji Qjsfli
Wlsfkh
Wlsfkh ]fi``f
]fi``f mji Qliylm
Qliylmfjji
fjji Qlbjyji
Qlbjyjiji
ji Wls
Wlsfkh
fkh ]fi
]fi``f
``f (QK
(QKQ
Q 0), Qlb
Qlbjyji
jyjiji
ji
Jilstlsf mji Glmje (QKQ 5), Qlbjyjiji @fzf (QKQ 6), Qlcubji`ji mji ]fimjk

:
 

Bjiout
Bjiout Qlrjwjt
Qlrjwjtji
ji (QKQ
(QKQ :1),
:1), Qlbjyji
Qlbjyjiji
ji Wuo
Wuoukj
ukji
i (QKQ
(QKQ ::),
::), Qliylb
Qliylbli`
li``jr
`jrjji
jji
Wlkjc Clmfs (QKQ :7), Qlbjyjiji Bjghrjthrfuc (QKQ :>), Qlbjyjiji Wjmfhbh`f
Mfj`ihstfk (QKQ :=) mji Qlbjyjiji Kldjrcjsfji (QKQ :<)
^lnjrj ucuc stjimjrm jkrlmftjsf kbfifk fif tlbje cli`jkhchmfr rl`ubjsf rl`ubjsf
 yji` mftltjpkji plclrfitje mjbjc plbjyjiji kbfifk gjfk kbfifk prjtjcj cjupui
kbfifk utjcj.

7
 

GJG :
]J]J KLBHBJ KBFIFK (]KK)

@jcgjrji \cuc

Kbfifk clrupjkji djsfbftjs plbjyjiji klslejtji yji`

cli
cliylbli``jr
jrjk
jkji
ji plbjy
jyji
jiji
ji klslejt
jtji
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rhrji
i`ji mli`j
`ji
i
cliylmfjkji plbjyjiji clmfk mjsjr mji/jtju splsfjbfstfk. Qlbjyjiji
klslejtji mf kbfifk mjpjt glrupj plbjyjiji rjwjt ojbji, rjwjt fijp,
mji kl
kl`jw
`jwjtm
jtmjru
jrurjt
rjtji
ji mji plr
plrthb
thbhi`
hi`ji
ji pl
plrsj
rsjbfi
bfiji
ji ihr
ihrcjb
cjb sl
slsuj
sujff
stjimjr.
\ituk mjpjt clcglrfkji plbjyjiji yji` hptfcjb klpjmj pjsfli kbfifk
ejru
ejrus
s cl
clcf
cfbf
bfkf
kf kl
klpl
plcf
cfcp
cpfi
fiji
ji yj
yji`
i` ldlk
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tfd.
d. ^j
^jbj
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e sj
sjtu
tu fi
fimf
mfkj
kjth
thrr
klplcfcpfiji yji` ldlktfd jmjbje jmjiyj klolbjsji plcgj`fji tu`js
mji plrji mjrf cjsfi` - cjsfi` plcji`ku klplitfi`ji mf kbfifk yjftu
plcfbfk
plcfbfk,, pli
pliji``
ji``ui`
ui` ojwj
ojwjg,
g, mji plcg
plcglrf
lrf plb
plbjyji
jyjiji
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tlrtuji`
uji` mjbj
mjbjc
c
slguje tjtj klbhbj kbfifk.
 ]jtj Klbhbj
Klbhbj Kbfifk clcujt ?
 Tfsf cfsf kbfifk
  ]jtj klbhbj
klbhbj mji struktur hr`ji
hr`jifsjsf
fsjsf
 \rjfji tu`js mji dui`sf cjsfi` cjsfi` plcji`ku klplitfi`ji
  ]jtj klbhbj
klbhbj sucglr mjyj cji
cjiusfj
usfj


 ]jtj klbhb
klbhbj
j djsfbftjs mji klslbjcjt
klslbjcjtji
ji
  ]jtj klbhbj
klbhbj pli`jmuji m mji
ji tfimjk bbjiout
jiout
 ]jtj klbhbj kbfifk yji` gjfk jkji cli`ejsf
cli`ejsfbkji
bkji plbjyjiji yji` gjfk
tlrutjcj mjbjc upjyj clifi`kjtkji cutu mji klslbjcjtji pjsfli.

^tjimjr ]KK :

>
 

Qli`hr`jifsjsfji
Qli`hr`jifsjsfji Kbfifk
Mjbjc cli`lcgji tu`js, tji``ui` ojwjg mji wlwliji`, kbfifk plrbu
cliyus
cliyusui
ui pl
pli`
i`hr`
hr`jif
jifsjs
sjsfji
fji yji
yji`
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olbjs.
js. Ql
Qli`
i`hr`
hr`jif
jifsjs
sjsfji
fji Kbfi
Kbfifk
fk
mfslsuj
mfslsujfkji
fkji mli
mli`ji
`ji vfs
vfsf,
f, cfs
cfsff mji tuou
tuouji
ji kbf
kbfifk.
ifk. ^truk
^truktur
tur hr`j
hr`jifs
ifsjsf
jsf
kbfifk
kbfifk mftl
mftltjpk
tjpkji
ji mli
mli`ji
`ji klol
klolbjsj
bjsji
i tu`j
tu`js
s mji tji
tji``ui
``ui`
` ojwj
ojwjg,
g, jbur
klwl
klwlij
iji`
i`ji
ji mj
mji
i kh
khcu
cuif
ifkj
kjsf
sf,, kl
klro
roj
j sj
sjcj
cj,, mj
mji
i kl
kltl
tlrk
rkjf
jftj
tji
i ji
jitj
tjrr
pltu`js.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Kbfifk cliltjpkji Tfsf, cfsf mji tuouji slgj`jf bjimjsji hplrjsfhijb.
Qliltjpji vfsf, cfsf mji tuouji tlrslgut mjpjt mfbjkukji hble plcfbfk
jt
jtju
ju pf
pfej
ejk
k yji
ji`
` cl
clcf
cfbf
bfkf
kf wl
wlwl
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iji
ji`
` sl
slsu
sujf
jf ml
mli
i`j
`ji
i pl
plrj
rjtu
turj
rji
i
plruimji`ji.
plruimji`ji. Kbfifk mjbjc cli
cliojbjikji
ojbjikji tu`
tu`js,
js, tji``
tji``ui`
ui` ojw
ojwjg
jg mji
wlwl
wlwli
iji
ji`
` cl
cliy
iyus
usui
ui st
stru
rukt
ktur
ur hr
hr`j
`jif
ifsj
sjsf
sf yj
yji
i` cl
cli`
i``
`jc
jcgj
gjrk
rkji
ji

clkjifsc
clkjif scll jbu
jburr tu`
tu`js
js mji wlw
wlwli
liji`
ji`.. ^truk
^truktur
tur hr`j
hr`jif
ifsjs
sjsff kb
kbfi
fifk
fk
pjbfi
pjbfi`
` sl
slmf
mfkf
kftt tl
tlrmf
rmfrf
rf mjr
mjrff pl
plcf
cfbfk
bfk,, pl
pliji
iji``
``ui`
ui` ojw
ojwjg
jg mji pl
pltu`
tu`js,
js,
struktur hr`jifsjsf mfbli`kjpf mli`ji urjfji tu`js mji klwliji`ji.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. ]lrslmf
]lrslmfj
j vfsf, cfs
cfsff mji tuo
tuouji
uji kbfifk yji` mf
mftltjpkji
tltjpkji p
pfejk
fejk yji
yji`
`
glrwliji` (M,P)
7. ]lrslmf
]lrslmfj
j struktur hr`jifsjs
hr`jifsjsff kbfifk yji` m
mftltjpkji
ftltjpkji hble p
plojgjt
lojgjt
glrwliji` (M,P)
>. ]lrslmf
]lrslmfj
j urjfji tu`js, tji
tji``ui`
``ui` ojwjg, w
wlwliji
lwliji`
` yji` mftltjpkji
mftltjpkji..

(M,P)

^tjimjr ]KK 7
]jtj Klbhbj ^ucglr Mjyj Cjiusfj
Kbfifk clcfbfkf
clcfbfkf tjtj k
klbhbj
lbhbj ^ucglr Mjyj Cji
Cjiusfj
usfj (^MC) yji` cl
clbfputf
bfputf
plrl
plrlin
inji
jijj
jji,
i, pl
plcl
cltj
tjji
ji kl
klgu
gutu
tue
eji
ji,, pl
plrl
rlkr
krut
utji
ji,, lv
lvjb
jbuj
ujsf
sf mj
mji
i

=
 

pli`lcgji`ji ^ucglr Mjyj Cjiusfj. Klgutueji

clcplrtfcgji`kji oucbje, olifs mji khcpltlisf yji` slsujf mli`ji
klgut
klgutuej
ueji
i mji olif
olifs
s pl
plbjy
bjyjij
jiji
i yj
yji`
i` mfs
mfslm
lmfjk
fjkji
ji kb
kbfi
fifk
fk.. Ol
Olif
ifs
s mji
 oucbje kltlij`jj
kltlij`jji
i pjmj kbfifk prjtjcj mji utjcj mfslsujf
mfslsujfkji
kji
mli`ji jturji plruimji`ji yji` glrbjku.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
 Oucbje mji kujbfdfkjsf kltlij`jji kbfifk mfslsujfkj
mfslsujfkji
i mli`ji ejsfb
jijb
jijbffsfs glgji klroj
roj slrtj
rtj olifs plbjy
bjyji
jiji
ji yji
ji`
` mfslmfjk
jkji
ji..
Qliji``
Qliji``ui`
ui` ojw
ojwjg,
jg, tli
tlij`j
j`j clmf
clmfs,
s, tlij
tlij`j
`j kls
klslejt
lejtji
ji mji tli
tlij`j
j`j ihi
klslejt
jtji
ji ejr
jrus
us clcf
cfbbfkf
fkf khc
hcp
pltli
tlisf slsuj
ujff mli`ji jt
jtur
urj
ji
plru
plruim
imji
ji`j
`ji.
i. Ql
Qlij
iji`
i``u
`ui`
i` ojwj
ojwjg
g kbfi
kbfifk
fk ej
ejru
rus
s cl
clcl
cliu
iuef
ef kr
krft
ftlr
lrfj
fj
slgj`jf glrfkut ?
:. Ql
Qlij
iji`
i``u
`ui`
i` ojwj
ojwjg
g kbfi
kbfifk
fk pr
prjt
jtjc
jcj
j jm
jmjb
jbje
je sl
slhr
hrji
ji`
` mh
mhkt
ktlr
lr,, mh
mhkt
ktlr
lr

bjyjiji prfclr jtju mhktlr `f`f.

7. Qlij
Qliji`
i``ui
`ui`` ojw
ojwjg
jg kbfi
kbfifk
fk utjcj jmjb
jmjbje
je sl
slhrj
hrji`
i` mhktl
mhktlrr sp
spls
lsfjb
fjbfs
fs
jtju mhktlr `f`f splsfjbfs.
>. Qli
Qliji``
ji``ui`
ui` oj
ojwjg
wjg kb
kbfif
fifk
k ejrus cl
clcfbf
cfbfkf
kf ^FQ mf k
kbfi
bfifk
fk tlrs
tlrslgut
lgut m
mji
ji
mjpjt clrji`kjp slgj`jf plcglrf plbjyjiji.
=. Ql
Qlij
iji`
i``u
`ui`
i` ojwj
ojwjg
g ej
ejiy
iyj
j mj
mjpj
pjtt cl
clio
iojm
jmff pl
plij
iji`
i``u
`ui`
i` ojwj
ojwjg
g sj
sjtu
tu
kbfifk.
 Olifs mji oucbje kltlij`
kltlij`jji
jji pjmj kbfifk prjtjcj mji utjcj
mfslsujfkji mli`ji jturji plruimji`ji yji` glrbjku. ^lburue ^MC

kbfifk clcfbfkf dfbl klpl`jwjfji yji` pjbfi` slmfkft tlrmfrf mjrf?

j. Kujb
Kujbfdfk
fdfkjsf,
jsf, pli
plimfm
mfmfkji
fkji,, plb
plbjtfe
jtfeji
ji m
mji
ji kh
khcplt
cpltlis
lisff
g. ^]
^]W
W mj
mji
i ^F
^FQ
Q gj
gj`f
`f ttli
lij`j
j`j kl
klsle
slejtj
jtji
i
n. \rjfji tu`js
m. ^l
^lrt
rtfd
fdfk
fkjt
jt pl
plbj
bjtf
tfej
eji
i
l. Ql
Qlif
ifbj
bjfj
fji
i kf
kfil
ilro
roj
j

<
 

d. \rj
rjffji khc
hcp
pltli
tlisf
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Qlcliueji klgutueji tlij`j mfbjkukji slsujf mli`ji
klgutuej
klgutueji
i bjy
bjyjiji
jiji yji` cli
cli`jnu
`jnu pjmj kltl
kltlituj
ituji
i plrj
plrjturji
turji
plruimji`ji yji` tlbje mftltjpkji (M,P)
7. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj k
klt
ltli
lij`
j`jj
jji
i ml
mli`
i`ji
ji oouc
ucbj
bje
e m
mji
ji ooli
lifs
fs s
sls
lsuj
ujff k
klg
lgut
utue
ueji
ji
bjyjiji (M,P)
>. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj ddfb
fbl
l kl
klpl
pl`j
`jwj
wjfj
fji
i sl
slbu
buru
rue
e^^MC
MC y
yji
ji`
`mmfp
fplr
lrgj
gjej
ejru
ruff sl
slnj
njrj
rj
glrkjbj. (M,P)
=. Kf
Kfil
ilro
roj
j ^M
^MC
C mf
mflv
lvjb
jbuj
ujsf
sf sl
slnj
njrj
rj gl
glrk
rkjb
jbj
j (M
(M,P
,P))

^tjimjr ]KK >

^tjimjr ]KK > ]jtj Klbhbj Djsfbftjs mji Klslbjcjtji

Kbfifk ejrus cliylmfjkji djsfbftjs yji` jcji, glrdui`sf mji suphrtfd 

gj`f
gj `f pj
pjsf
sfli
li,, kl
klbu
bujr
jr`
`j, st
stjd
jd mj
mjii pl
pli`
i`ui
uiou
oui`
i`.. Kb
Kbfi
fifk
fk ou
ou`j
`j ejrus
jrus
cliylmfjk
jkji
ji plrj
rjbbjtji
tji klslejt
jtji
ji slsuj
ujff mli`ji plrj
rjttur
urji
ji
plruimji`-uimji`ji.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Mjbjc upjyj clifi`kjtkji klslbjcjtji mji kljcjiji djsfbftjs cjkj
kbfifk cliyusui cjijolcli rlsfkh djsfbftjs yji` clinjkup?
j. Kl
Klsl
slbj
bjcj
cjtj
tji
i mj
mji
i kl
kljc
jcji
jiji
ji
Klslbjcjtji jmjbje khimfsf djsfbftjs, sjrjij mji prjsjrjij kbfifk

tf
tfmj
mjk
k cl
clif
ifcg
cgub
ubkj
kji
i gj
gjej
ejyj
yj jtju
jtju rlrlsf
sfkh
kh gj
gj`f
`f pj
pjsf
sfli
li,, stjd
stjd mj
mji
i
pli`uioui`. Kljcjiji jmjbje plrbfimui`ji tlrejmjp klefbji`ji,
jinj
jinjcj
cji
i sl
slrt
rtj
j `j
`ji`
i``u
`uji
ji kl
kliy
iyjc
jcji
jiji
ji gj
gj`f
`f pj
pjsf
sfli
li,, stjd
stjd mj
mji
i
pli`
pli`uio
uioui`
ui`.. Kl
Klsl
slbjc
bjcjtj
jtji
i mji kl
kljcj
jcjij
iji
i yji
yji`
` gjf
gjfk
k mf
mfmuk
mukui
ui`
`
mli`
mli`ji
ji cl
clio
ioj`
j`j
j ku
kujb
jbft
ftjs
js bfi`
bfi`ku
kui`
i`ji
ji sl
slpl
plrt
rtff pl
plin
inje
jejy
jyjj
jji,
i,
klblcgjpji, sueu, mji klgfsfi`ji slsujf mli`ji stjimjr.

4
 

g. Gje
Gjeji
ji g
glrgj
lrgjejyj
ejyj mji glrj
glrjnui
nui ((G>)
G>) slrt
slrtj
j bf
bfcgje
cgje G>
Kbfifk
Kbfifk cli
cli``ui
``uijkji
jkji gje
gjeji
ji yji
yji`
` mfk
mfkjtl`
jtl`hrfk
hrfkji
ji slgj
slgj`jf
`jf G> mji
cli`ejs
cli`ejsfbkj
fbkji
i bfcgje G> tl
tlrcjsu
rcjsuk
k bfcgj
bfcgje
e clmfs
clmfs.. Kbf
Kbfifk
ifk ejr
ejrus
us
clcf
cfbbfkf prhs
rhslmur mji sjr
jrji
jij
j mjbj
jbjc pli``ui
uijj
jji
i G> mji
pli`lbhbjji bfcgje G> ou`j prhslmur plinl`jeji mji
pli`urji`ji tfcgubji bfcgje G>, slrtj clcfbfkf klcjcpuji jtju
glklroj sjcj mjbjc clbjkukji pli`lbhbjji bfcgje G>.
n. Ql
Qlij
iji`
i``u
`ubj
bji`
i`ji
ji Gl
Glin
inji
jij
j
Kbfifk
Kbfifk wjof
wjofg
g clcg
clcglrfk
lrfkji
ji upjy
upjyj
j plrb
plrbfim
fimui`j
ui`ji
i klsl
klslbjcj
bjcjtji
tji mji
kljcjiji klpjmj pjsfli, klbujr`j, pli`uioui` mji stjd. \ituk
ft
ftu,
u, kbfi
kbfifk
fk pl
plrb
rbu
u cl
clil
iltj
tjpk
pkji
ji kl
klgf
gfoj
ojkj
kji
i mj
mji
i pr
prhs
hslm
lmur
ur rl
rlsp
sphi
hi
lclr`
lclr`li
lisf
sf mjb
mjbjc
jc cli
cli`e
`ejmj
jmjpf
pf khi
khimf
mfsf
sf gl
glin
inji
jij
j (jb
(jbjc
jc cju
cjupui
pui
glinjij
glinjij ihi jbjc) clinjkup fmlitfdfkjsf rlsfkh, khhrmfijsf rlsphi

mji lvjkujsf.
m. ^fst
^fstlc
lc pr
prht
htlk
lksf
sf kl
klgj
gjkj
kjrj
rji
i
Qlrb
Qlrbfi
fimu
mui`
i`ji
ji tl
tlre
rejm
jmjp
jp dj
djsf
sfbf
bftj
tjs
s mj
mji
i pl
pli
i`e
`eui
uiff mj
mjrf
rf gj
gjej
ejyj
yj
klgjkjrji clrupjkji ejb wjofg yji` ejrus mfbjkukji hble kbfifk
l. Qlrj
rjbbjtji
tji c
cl
lmfs
Mjbjc clcglrfkji plbjyjiji yji` jcji mji glrkujbftjs kbfifk
cliylmfjkji plrjbjtji klslejtji slsujf mli`ji klgutueji mji
mfbjkukji plclbfejrj
rjj
ji slnjrj glrkjbj, kjbfgrjsf mji uof
klslsujfji hble blcgj`j yji` glrwliji`.

d. ^f
^fst
stlc
lc ututfb
fbfftj
tjs
s cl
clbf
bfpu
putf
tf bfst
bfstrf
rfk,
k, jfr
jfr mj
mji
i `js cl
clmf
mfs
s sl
slrt
rtj
j sj
sjrj
rji
ij
sjiftjsf
Kbfifk cliojcfi klglrbji`sui`ji sfstlc utfbftjs yji` vftjb slplrtf
bfst
bfstrf
rfk
k yj
yji`
i` cl
clcj
cjmj
mjf,
f, jfr
jfr ml
mli`
i`ji
ji ku
kuji
jitf
tftj
tjs
s yj
yji`
i` nu
nuku
kup
p mj
mji
i
kujbftjs slsujf stjimjr, mji `js clmfs slbjcj 7= ojc slejrf mji 0
ejrf mjbjc slcfi``u jtju slbjcj ojc hplrjsfhijb.

0
 

`. ^j
^jcp
cpje
je m
mhc
hcls
lstf
tfk
k mj
mji
i jf
jfrr bf
bfcg
cgje
je
Kl`f
Kl`fjtj
jtji
i hpl
hplrjs
rjsfhi
fhijb
jb mji pl
plbjy
bjyjij
jiji
i kl
klsl
slejt
ejtji
ji cl
cli`
i`ejs
ejsfb
fbkji
kji
sjcpje mhclstfk mji jfr bfcgje yji` ejrus mfklbhbj. Kbfifk ejrus
clcf
clcfbf
bfkf
kf pr
prhs
hslm
lmur
ur mj
mji
i sj
sjrj
rjij
ij mj
mjbj
bjc
c cl
clbj
bjku
kukj
kji
i pl
pli`
i`lb
lbhb
hbjj
jji
i
sjcpje
sjcpje mhc
mhcls
lstfk
tfk mji jfr bfcgj
bfcgje.
e. Kbfi
Kbfifk
fk cl
cliy
iylm
lmfjk
fjkji
ji tlc
tlcpj
pjtt
pliyfcpjiji slclitjrj (]Q^) sjcpje mhclstfk slglbuc sjcpje
mfcjidjjtkji/mfmjur ubji` jtju mfguji` kl tlcpjt plcrhslsji
jkefr (]QJ). Kbfifk clcfbfkf fistjbjsf pli`hbjeji jfr bfcgje (FQJB)
jtju glklroj sjcj mjbjc pli`lb
pli`lbhbjji
hbjji jfr bfcgjeiyj.
Kbfif
Kbfifk
k cl
clcli
cliuef
uef pl
plrsy
rsyjrj
jrjtji
tji sl
slsuj
sujff plr
plrjtu
jturji
rji pl
plrui
ruimji
mji`ji
`ji yji
yji`
`
glrbj
glrbjku
ku clb
clbfp
fputf
utf fzfi
fzfi hpl
hplrjs
rjsfhi
fhijb
jb sjr
sjrji
jij
j pl
pli`
i`hbj
hbje
e bf
bfcgj
cgje
e G> (g
(gfb
fbj
j
cli``ui
cli``uijkji
jkji pli
pli`hbj
`hbje
e bfcg
bfcgje
je sli
slimfrf
mfrf)) jtju plro
plrojiof
jiofji
ji klro
klroj
j sjcj
mli`
mli`ji
ji pl
pli
i`l
`lbh
bhbj
bj bfcg
bfcgje
je G> gl
glrf
rfzf
zfi
i, fzfi
zfi tlcp
tlcpjt
jt pl
pliy
iyfc
fcpj
pjij
iji
i

slclitjrj
slclitjr j (]Q
(]Q^)
^) bfc
bfcgje
gje G>, fzfi plcgu
plcguji`j
ji`ji
i jfr bfcg
bfcgje,
je, slrt
slrtj
j fzfi
rjmfhbh`f slsujf kltlituji plruimji`ji.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj g
guk
uktf
tf p
plr
lrfz
fzfi
fiji
ji sl
slsu
sujf
jf k
klt
ltli
litu
tuji
ji y
yji
ji`
`gglr
lrbj
bjku
ku (M
(M))
7. Mf
Mftl
tltj
tjpk
pkji
ji pl
pltu
tu`j
`js
s yj
yji`
i` g
glr
lrtj
tji`
i``u
`ui`
i` oojw
jwjg
jg m
mjb
jbjc
jc ttjt
jtj
j klb
klbhb
hbj
j
djsfbftjs mji kljcjijiiyj (M)
>. Jm
Jmj
j pr
prh`
h`rj
rjc
c cj
cjij
ijol
olcl
cli
i dj
djsf
sfbf
bftj
tjs
s yj
yji`
i` cl
clbf
bfpu
putf
tf j)
j) s
sjc
jcpj
pjff l
l)) ((M)
M)
=. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj mj
mjdt
dtjr
jr fi
fivl
vlit
itjr
jrfs
fs mj
mji
i guk
guktf
tf pl
plcl
clbf
bfej
ejrj
rjji
ji s
sjr
jrji
jij
j yj
yji`
i`
tlrslmfj mf kbfifk (M, H)

<. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj g
guk
uktf
tf p
plb
lbjk
jksj
sjij
ijji
ji p
pli
li`j
`jcj
cjij
iji
i m
mji
ji p
pli
li`j
`jwj
wjsj
sji
i j
jks
ksls
ls
klbujr cjsuk djsyjikls (M,H)
4. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj gu
gukt
ktff pl
pli`
i`lb
lbhb
hbjj
jji
i gj
gjej
eji
i gl
glrg
rgje
jejy
jyj
j mji gl
glrj
rjnu
nui
i (G
(G>)
>)
slrtj bfcgje G> cubjf mjrf fivlitjrfsjsf,
plinl`jeji/pli`urji`ji, plcfbjeji/ plwjmjeji,

5
 

pliyfcpjiji, pli`ji`kutji sjcpjf pli`hbjeji G> mji bfcgje

G> (M,H)
0. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj gu
gukt
ktff pl
pli`
i`lb
lbhb
hbjj
jji
i sj
sjcp
cpje
je mh
mhcl
clst
stfk
fk sl
slrt
rtj
j pl
pli`
i`lb
lbhb
hbjj
jji
i
jfr bfcgje (M,H)
5. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj jbjt
jbjt pl
plcj
cjmj
mjc
c jp
jpff rrfi
fi`j
`ji
immji
ji gu
gukt
ktff p
plc
lclb
lbfe
fejr
jrjj
jji
iJJQJ
QJW.
W.
(M,H)
6. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj pl
plij
ijim
imj
j oojb
jbur
ur mj
mji
i oojb
jbur
ur lv
lvjk
jkuj
ujsf
sf yj
yji`
i` olbj
olbjs
s ((H)
H)..
:1..
:1 ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj gu
gukt
ktff bjr
bjrji
ji`j
`ji
icclr
lrhk
hkhk
hk (M
(M,, H
H).
).
::. ]lrslmfj mjdtjr fivlitjrfs
rfs, guktf plclbfejrjji mji guktf
kjbfgr
kjbfgrjsf
jsf plrjb
plrjbjtj
jtji
i cl
clmf
mfs
s mji gukt fzfi
guktff fzfi Gj
Gjpl
pltl
tli
i uitu
uituk
k yji
yji`
`
clcfbfkf plbjyjiji rjmfhbh`f (M,P,H)

^tjimjr ]KK =

]jtj Klbhbj Klroj sjcj

Kbfifk mjpjt clbjkukji klrojsjcj mli`ji pfejk bjfi uituk clcliuef
klgu
klgutu
tuej
eji
i pl
plbj
bjyj
yjij
iji.
i. Mj
Mjsj
sjrr pl
plbj
bjks
ksji
jijj
jji
i kl
klro
roj
j sj
sjcj
cj tlrs
tlrslg
lgut
ut
mftu
mftuji
ji`k
`kji
ji mj
mjbj
bjc
c gl
glit
ituk
uk mh
mhku
kucl
cli
i kh
khit
itrj
rjk
k yj
yji`
i` sl
slsu
sujf
jf ml
mli`
i`ji
ji
jturji plruimji`ji. Khitrjk mjpjt glrupj khitrjk kbfifs mji khitrjk
cjijolcli.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Mjbjc
Mjbjc upjy
upjyj
j plc
plcliue
liueji
ji plbj
plbjyji
yjiji,
ji, kbfi
kbfifk
fk mjpj
mjpjtt clbj
clbjkukj
kukji
i klro
klroj
j
sjcj sjcj mli`ji clbjkukji khitrjk kbfifs mji khitrjk cjijolcl
cjijolcli.
i.

Khitrjk
Khitrj k kbf
kbfif
ifs
s jmj
jmjbje
bje pl
plroj
rojio
iofji
fji kl
klroj
roj sjc
sjcj
j ji
jitjr
tjrj
j kbf
kbfif
ifk
k mli
mli`ji
`ji
fimfv
fimfvfm
fmu
u st
stjd
jd clclmf
mfs
s mjb
mjbjc
jc glglit
ituk
uk pjk
pjktj
tj fi
fitl`
tl`rft
rftjs.
js. Jtj
Jtjuu ml
mli`
i`ji
ji
djsfbftj
djsfbftjs
s klsle
klslejtji
jtji bjfi
bjfiiyj.
iyj. Khit
Khitrjk
rjk cjijo
cjijolcli
lcli jmj
jmjbje
bje plro
plrojiof
jiofji
ji
klroj sjcj jitjrj kbfifk mli`ji gjmji eukuc mjbjc pliylmfjji jbjt
klslejtji mji plbjyjiji ihi kbfifs. Mhkucli khitrjk slnjrj glrkjbj

6
 

mflvjbujsf hble plcfbfk mji pliji``ui`ojwjg kbfifk mli`ji cli`ukur

plcliueji stjimjr kfilroj yji` mfslpjkjtf.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Jmj mhkucli khitrjk jtju plrojiofji klroj sjcj yji` olbjs (M)
7. Mhkucli
Mhkucli khit
khitrjk
rjk clcfb
clcfbfkf
fkf fimf
fimfkjthr
kjthr kfil
kfilroj
roj pfejk yji
yji`
` clbjkuk
clbjkukji
ji
klrojsjcj (M)
>. Jm
Jmj
j gu
gukt
ktff ch
chif
ifth
thrf
rfi`
i` mj
mji
i lv
lvjb
jbuj
ujsf
sf sl
slrt
rtj
j tf
tfim
imjk
jk bjio
bjiout
ut tlre
tlrejm
jmjp
jp
plcliueji fimfkjthr kfilroj yji` tlrnjituc mf mjbjc khitrjk (M,
H)

:1
 

GJG FF
QLIFI@KJ]JI C\]\ MJI KL^LBJCJ]JI QJ^FLI (QCKQ)

@jcgjrji \cuc
Mjbj
Mjbjc
c cl
clcg
cglr
lrfk
fkji
ji pl
plbj
bjyj
yjij
iji
i mj
mji
i js
jsue
ueji
ji pj
pjmj
mj pj
pjsf
sfli
li,, kb
kbfi
fifk
fk
clbjksji
clbjksjijkji
jkji prh`
prh`rjc
rjc Qli
Qlifi`k
fi`kjtji
jtji Cutu mji Kls
Klslbjc
lbjcjtji
jtji Qjsf
Qjsfli.
li.
Kbfif
Kbfifk
k cli
cliojb
ojbji
jikji
kji prh
prh`rj
`rjc
c pl
plif
ifi`
i`kjt
kjtji
ji cut
cutu
u mji kl
klslb
slbjcj
jcjtji
tji
pjsfl
pjsfli
i sl
slnjr
njrj
j khc
khcprl
prlel
elis
isfd
fd sl
slsuj
sujff ml
mli`
i`ji
ji kl
klgut
gutuej
ueji
i mji tfi
tfi`k
`kjt
jt
khcpblk
khcpblksftj
sftjs
s plb
plbjyji
jyjiji
ji yji` mfg
mfglrfk
lrfkji.
ji. Wuji
Wuji`
` bfi
bfi`kup
`kup Qli
Qlifi`
fi`kjtji
kjtji
Cutu mji Klslbjcjtji Qjsfli pjmj kbfifk jmjbje ?
:. Ql
Qlcfb
cfbfk
fk,, pli
pliji`
ji``ui
`ui`o
`ojwj
jwjg
g mji sl
slbur
burue
ue stjd
stjd mji gj`
gj`fji
fji tlrbf
tlrbfgj
gjtt
mjbjc upjyj plifi`kjtji cutu mji klslbjcjtji pjsfli
7. Jm
Jmj
j pl
plil
iltj
tjpj
pji,
i, pl
pli`
i`uk
ukur
urji,
ji, lv
lvjb
jbuj
ujsf
sf mj
mji
i ji
jijb
jbfs
fsj
j mj
mjrf
rf fi
fimf
mfkj
kjth
thrr

cutu kbfifk
>. Qlbjphrji fis
fisfmli
fmli klslbjcjtji pjsfli
pjsfli cli``uijk
cli``uijkji
ji prhslmur yji`
mftltjpkji
=. Qli`li
Qli`limjbfji
mjbfji mji Qli
Qlinl`jeji
nl`jeji Fidl
Fidlksf
ksf
<. Qlilrjpji ^
^tjimjrm
tjimjrm ^jsjrji K
Klslbjcjtji
lslbjcjtji Q
Qjsfli
jsfli
Kbfifk plrbu clcfbfkf pliji``ui` ojwjg jtju khhrmfijthr cutu mji
klsl
klslbj
bjcj
cjtj
tji
i pj
pjsf
sfli
li yj
yji`
i` gl
glrt
rtji
ji``
``ui
ui`o
`ojw
jwjg
jg mj
mjbj
bjc
c pl
plbj
bjks
ksji
jijj
jji
i
prh`rjc plifi`kjtji cutu mji klslbjcjtji pjsfli mf kbfifk.

^tjimjr QCKQ :
\pjyj Qlifi`kjtji Cutu mji Klslbjcjtji Qjsfli
Mjbjc
Mjbjc rji
rji`kj
`kj cli
clifi
fi`k
`kjtk
jtkji
ji cut
cutu
u mji kl
klsl
slbjc
bjcjtj
jtji
i pjs
pjsfl
fli
i cjk
cjkj
j
kbfifk clcpuiyjf prh`rjc plifi`kjtji cutu mji klslbjcjtji pjsfli
(QCKQ
(QCKQ)) yj
yji`
i` cli
clioji
oji`kj
`kju
u sl
slbur
burue
ue gj`
gj`fji
fji mji sl
slbur
burue
ue tli
tlij`j
j`j yji
yji`
`

::
 

glkl
glklroj
roj mf kbfi
kbfifk
fk.. Ql
Qliji
iji``
``ui`
ui` ojwjg
ojwjg kb
kbfi
fifk
fk cl
cliui
iuiouk
ouk khh
khhrmf
rmfij
ijthr
thr
prh`rjc QCKQ uituk clbjksjijkji prh`rjc QCKQ mf kbfifk
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Kbfifk clcfbfkf upjyj plifi`kjtji cutu mji klslbjcjtji pjsfli yji`

clbfputf?
j. Qli
Qlilitu
lituji
ji mj
mji
i lvj
lvjbujs
bujsff njp
njpjfji
jfji fim
fimfkjt
fkjthr
hr cut
cutu
u kbf
kbfifk
ifk
g. Qlbjp
Qlbjphrj
hrji
i fis
fisfm
fmli
li kl
klsl
slbjc
bjcjtj
jtji
i pjs
pjsfl
fli
i
n. Ql
Qlbjp
bjphrj
hrji
i fimf
fimfkjt
kjthr
hr cut
cutu
ukkbf
bfif
ifk
k
m. Cj
Cjij
ijol
olcl
cli
i rlsf
rlsfkh
kh
Qliji
Qliji``
``ui`
ui` ojwjg
ojwjg kbf
kbfif
ifk
k cl
cliui
iuiouk
ouk sl
slhrj
hrji`
i` jtj
jtju
u blgf
blgfe
e stj
stjdd kb
kbfi
fifk
fk
sl
slgj`
gj`jf
jf pl
pliji
iji``
``ui`
ui` ojw
ojwjg
jg jtj
jtju
u khh
khhrmf
rmfij
ijthr
thr prh
prh`rj
`rjc
c QCKQ yji
yji`
`
glrtji``ui`
glrtji``ui` ojwjg tlrejmjp pliyusuiji, pli`ukurji, lvjbujsf mji
plbjp
plbjphrj
hrji
i fimfk
fimfkjth
jthrr cut
cutu
u kbfi
kbfifk
fk mji fisf
fisfmli
mli kl
klsl
slbjc
bjcjtj
jtji
i pjs
pjsfli
fli..

Qlcfbfk mji pliji``ui` ojwjg kbfifk tlrbfgjt mjbjc Qlifi`kjtji Cutu

mji Kl
Klslb
slbjcj
jcjtji
tji Qjs
Qjsfl
fli
i mf kbfi
kbfifk
fk mji cl clil
ilrfc
rfcj
j bjp
bjphrj
hrji
i njp
njpjfj
jfji
i
fimfkjthr cutu kbfifk mji bjphrji fislmli klslbjcjtji pjsfli.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Qliji``ui` Ojwjg kbfifk cliltjpkji khhrmfijthr jtju
pliji``ui` ojwjg prh`rjc cutu (M)
7. Jmj
Jmj fim
fimfkj
fkjthr
thr c
cutu
utu bbjy
jyjij
jiji
i yj
yji`
i` mf
mfuku
ukur,
r, mf
mflv
lvjbu
jbujsf
jsf,, jij
jijbfs
bfsj
j mji
tfimjk bjiout slrtj mfbjphrkji klpjmj pliji``ui` ojwjg kbfifk mji
plcfbfk (M,P)

>. Fisfm
Fisfmli
li kl
klsl
slbjc
bjcjtj
jtji
i pjs
pjsfl
fli
i mfb
mfbjph
jphrkj
rkji
i mji mfbj
mfbjkuk
kukji
ji fivl
fivlstf
stf`js
`jsff
slsujf mli`ji kltlituji (M,P)

^tjimjr QCKQ 7
Qlilrjpji ^jsjrji Klslbjcjtji Qjsfli

:7
 

Kbfifk clilrjpkji ^jsjrji klslbjcjtji Qjsfli (^KQ) mjbjc plbjyjiji

mji jsueji pjsfli. Qlilrjpji ^KQ clbjb
clbjbuf
uf pli`ukurji
pli`ukurji,, lvjbujsf mji
plbjphrji Fimfkjthr ^KQ.
Cjksum mji ]uouji

^jsjrj
^jsjrji
i Kls
Klslb
lbjcj
jcjtji
tji Qjs
Qjsfl
fli
i clr
clrupj
upjkji
kji gj`
gj`fji
fji utj
utjcj
cj mjr
mjrff upj
upjyj
yj
klslbjcjtji pjsfli.
pjsfli. Qlilrjpji ^KQ mji plbjyjiji mji jsueji pjsfli
mf kbfifk glrtuouji j`jr kbfifk clcplrejtfkji jsplk jsplk strjtl`fs
mjb
jbjc
jc plbjy
jyji
jiji
ji yji
ji`
` gfsj clcl
clg
glrf
rfk
kji pli`jr
jrue
ue klpjm
jmj
j
klslbjcjtji pjsfli. Qlilrjpji ^jsjrji Kls
Klslbjcjtji
lbjcjtji Qjs
Qjsfli
fli mf kb
kbfifk
fifk
slsuj
ujff mli`ji njk
jkup
upji
ji plbjyj
bjyji
iji yji
ji`
` mfbjku
bjkuk
kji slefi``j
pliji``
pliji``ui`
ui` ojwj
ojwjg
g kbf
kbfifk
ifk ejru
ejrus
s cli
cliltjp
ltjpkji
kji plm
plmhcji
hcji plbj
plbjksji
ksjijji
jji
^jsjrji
^jsjrji Kls
Klslbjc
lbjcjtji
jtji Qjs
Qjsfli
fli (^
(^KQ).
KQ). Jmjp
Jmjpui
ui ^jsj
^jsjrji
rji Kls
Klslbjc
lbjcjtji
jtji
Qjsfli mf kbfifk clbfputf ?

:. Fm
Fmli
litf
tfdf
dfkj
kjsf
sf pj
pjsf
sfli
li
Fmlit
Fmlitfdf
fdfkjs
kjsff pjs
pjsfl
fli
i ml
mli`
i`ji
ji gl
glijr
ijr gl
glrtu
rtuou
ouji
ji uit
uituk
uk clc
clcjst
jstfk
fkji
ji
kltlpjtji pjsfli yji` jkji clilrfcj bjyjiji mji cliylbjrjskji
bjyjiji jtju tfimjkji yji` mfgutuekji pjsfli. Fmlitfdfkjsf ejrus
mfbjkuk
mfbjkukji
ji cfif
cfifcjb
cjb cli
cli``ui
``uijkji
jkji muj mjrf lcp
lcpjt
jt fml
fmlitft
itftjs
js yji`
jmj
jmj yj
yjft
ftu?
u? ijc
ijcj
j pjs
pjsfl
fli,
i, ihc
ihchr
hr rlk
rlkjc
jc cl
clmfk
mfk,, tji
tji``
``jb
jb bje
bjefr
fr mji
ihchrr fim
ihch fimuk
uk klp
klplim
limumuk
umukji
ji (IFK
(IFK).
). Fmli
Fmlitfdf
tfdfkjsf
kjsf mfbj
mfbjkukj
kukji
i sltf
sltfjp
jp
jkji
jkji cl
clcg
cglr
lrfk
fkji
ji pl
plbj
bjyj
yjij
iji,
i, pr
prhs
hslm
lmur
ur mfj`
mfj`ih
ihst
stfk
fk,, tfim
tfimjk
jkji
ji,,
plcglrfji hgjt, mji plcglrfji mfft.

7. Qlbjk
Qlbjksji
sjijji
jji Khc
Khcuif
uifkjs
kjsff Ld
Ldlk
lktfd 
tfd 
Khcuifkjsf ldlktfd jmjbje khcuifkjsf yji` tlpjt wjktu, jkurjt,
bli`
bli`kjp
kjp,, tfm
tfmjk
jk clc
clcgfi
gfi`ui
`ui`kj
`kji
i mji mf
mfpje
pjejcf
jcf hbl
hble
e pfe
pfejk
jk yji
yji`
`
clbjkuk
clbjkukji
ji khcu
khcuifk
ifkjsf
jsf mjbj
mjbjc
c upjy
upjyj
j cli
cli`urji
`urji`f
`f klsj
klsjbjej
bjeji
i mji
clifi`kjtkji klslbjcjtji pjsfli. Kbfifk ejrus cliltjpkji mji
clilrjpkji klgfojkji mji prhslmur khcuifkjsf ldlktfd.

:>
 

>. Clif
Clifi`
i`kjt
kjtiy
iyj
j Kl
Kljcj
jcjij
iji
i Hgj
Hgjtt Vji
Vji`
` Ql
Qlrbu
rbu Mfwj
Mfwjsp
spjmj
jmjff (Ef
(Ef`e
`e Jblrt
Jblrt
Clmfnjtfhi)
Qlcg
Qlcglrf
lrfji
ji mji pl
pli`
i``ui
`uijji
jji hgj
hgjtt tlr
tlrutj
utjcj
cj hgj
hgjtt hgj
hgjtt yji
yji`
` pl
plrbu
rbu
mfwj
mfwjsp
spjmj
jmjff (e
(ef`
f`e
e jbl
jblrt)
rt) pjm
pjmj
j pjs
pjsfl
fli
i pl
plrbu
rbu mf
mfklb
klbhbj
hbj ml
mli`j
i`ji
i gjf
gjfk.
k.

Hgjt yji` plrbu mfwjspjmjf jitjrj bjfi hgjt rlsfkh tfi``f, BJ^J mji
lblktrhbft khislitrjt.
=. ]lrb
]lrbjksj
jksjiji
ijiyj
yj prhsls tlp
tlpjt
jt bhkjsf
bhkjsf,, tlpjt prhslm
prhslmur,
ur, mji tlpjt pjsfli
pjsfli
 yji` cliojbjif
cliojbjif tfi
tfimjkji
mjkji mji p
prhslmur.
rhslmur.
^jbje
^jbje bhk
bhkjsf
jsf,, sjb
sjbje
je prh
prhsl
slmur
mur,, mji sjb
sjbje
je pjs
pjsfl
fli
i yji
yji`
` cli
cliojb
ojbjif
jif
tf
tfim
imjk
jkji
ji cl
clru
rupj
pjkj
kji
i kl
kloj
ojmf
mfji
ji yj
yji`
i` gfsj
gfsj tlro
tlrojm
jmff pj
pjmj
mj pr
prhs
hsls
ls
plbjy
plbjyji
jiji
ji pjs
pjsfl
fli
i mf kbf
kbfif
ifk.
k. Kbfi
Kbfifk
fk cli
cliltj
ltjpkj
pkji
i prh
prhslm
slmur
ur yji
yji`
`
slrj
slrj`
`jc ui
uitu
tuk?
k? pl
plcg
cglr
lrfj
fji
i tj
tjim
imj
j mf tlcp
tlcpjt
jt hp
hplr
lrjs
jsf,
f, pr
prhs
hsls
ls
vlrf
vlrfdf
dfkj
kjsf
sf pr
prjh
jhpl
plrj
rjsf
sf mj
mji
i pl
plbj
bjks
ksji
jijj
jji
i ^ur
^ur`fnj
`fnjbb ^jdl
^jdlty
ty Neln
Nelnkbfs
kbfst 
t 

slsujf mli`ji yji` mftltjpkji hble PEH.

<. Qli
Qli`urji
`urji`ji
`ji rrlsfk
lsfkh
h fidl
fidlksf
ksf tl
tlrkjf
rkjftt plbj
plbjyjij
yjiji
i kl
klslej
slejtji
tji
Kbfifk cliltjpkji prhslmur nunf tji`ji mli`ji glrplmhcji pjmj
PEH
PEH yjftu
jftu nu
nunf
nf tj
tji
i`j
`ji
i li
lijc
jc bji
ji`k
`kje
je mj
mji
i < sj
sjjt
jt (c
(chc
hcli
li).
).
Qugbfkjsf slnjrj olbjs bji`kje bji`kje mji sjjt ejrus mfbjkukji
klglrsfeji tji`ji (ejim ey`flil) cliojmf plitfi` gj`f
pli`
pli`uio
uioui`
ui`,, pjs
pjsfl
fli
i mji st
stjd
jd kbf
kbfif
ifk.
k. Qlc
Qlcgl
glrfj
rfji
i pl
plbjt
bjtfe
feji
ji nun
nunff
tji`ji yji` glijr pjmj stjd, pjsfli mji pli`uioui` cliojmf
cliojmf sjbje
sjtu
sjtu prh
prh`rj
`rjc
c kl
klroj
roj mjb
mjbjc
jc up
upjyj
jyj pl
pli`
i`urj
urji`
i`ji
ji rls
rlsfk
fkh
h fidlk
fidlksf
sf mf

kbfifk.
4. Cli
Cli`urji
`urji`f
`f rlsf
rlsfkh
kh n
nlml
lmlrj
rj kj
kjrlij
rlij pjsf
pjsfli
li oojtue
jtue
Klojmfji nlmlrj kjrlij pjsfli ojtue pjmj djsfbftjs klslejtji mjpjt
tlrojmf
tlrojmf pjmj rjwj
rjwjtt ojbji cjup
cjupui
ui rjwjt fij
fijp.
p. Kbfi
Kbfifk
fk clil
cliltjpk
tjpkji
ji
prhslmur uituk cli`urji`f rlsfkh ojtue slbjcj prhsls plbjyjiji
mji jsueji pjsfli.

:=
 

Kbfi
Kbfifk
fk gl
glrtj
rtji`
i``u
`ui`
i` ojwjg
ojwjg uit
uituk
uk cl
cli`
i`fml
fmlit
itfdf
fdfkjs
kjsff djk
djkthr
thr-dj
-djkth
kthrr
rlsfkh ojtue yji` jmj pjmj pjsfli mji clbjkukji lvjbujsf slnjrj
glrk
glrkjb
jbj
j tl
tlre
rejm
jmjp
jp rl
rlsf
sfkh
kh ojtu
ojtue.
e. Kb
Kbfi
fifk
fk mj
mjpj
pjtt cl
cli`
i``u
`uij
ijkj
kji
i
fistruclit mjbjc plinl`jeji mji jsslscli rlsfkh ojtue slplrtf

skjbj Chrsl   ui
uitu
tuk
k pj
pjsf
sfli
li mlw
mlwjs
jsj
j mj
mji
i Eucp
Eucpty
ty Muc
Mucpty 
pty   uituk
pjsfli jijk
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj gu
gukt
ktff fm
fmli
litf
tfdf
dfkj
kjsf
sf pj
pjsf
sfli
li sl
slgl
glbu
buc
c mf
mfbj
bjku
kukj
kji
i pr
prhs
hslm
lmur
ur
mfj`ihst
mfj`ihstfk,
fk, tfim
tfimjkji
jkji,, plc
plcglrf
glrfji
ji hgjt
hgjt,, mji plcg
plcglrfj
lrfji
i mff
mfftt sls
slsujf
ujf
mli`ji klgfojkji mji prhslmur yji` mftltjpkji. (H,P)
7. ]lrslmfj guktf plbjksjijji khcuifkjsf ldlktfd yji`
mfmhkuclitjsfkji mf rlkjc clmfk pjsfli (M)
>. ]lrs
]lrslmf
lmfj
j guktf pl
plbjks
bjksjijji
jijji s
slrje
lrje tl
tlrfcj
rfcj pjs
pjsfli
fli ji
jitjr
tjr sef
sefdt/ui
dt/uift
ft (M)

=. ]lrs
]lrslmf
lmfj
j guktf p
pli`
li`lbhb
lbhbjji
jji kl
kljcji
jcjiji
ji hgj
hgjtt rls
rlsfkh
fkh tf
tfi``
i``ff (H)
<. Ql
Qli
iji
jimj
mjji
ji sfsf
sfsf hp
hplr
lrjs
jsf/
f/tf
tfim
imjk
jkji
ji cl
clmf
mfs
s slslnj
njrj
rj kh
khis
isfs
fstl
tli
i hb
hble
le
plcg
plcglr
lrff pl
plbj
bjyj
yjij
iji
i yj
yji`
i` jk
jkji
ji cl
clbj
bjku
kukj
kji
i tfim
tfimjk
jkji
ji sl
slsu
sujf
jf
klgfojkji
klgfojkji mji prhslmur yji` mftltjpkji yji` mfmhkucli
mfmhkuclitjsfkji
tjsfkji mf
rlkjc clmfk pjsfli (M,P)
4. ]lrslmfj guktf plbjksjijji ^ur`
^ur`fn
fnjb
jb ^j
^jdl
dlty
ty Ne
Neln
lnkb
kbfs
fst 
t   yji`
mfmhkuclitjsfkji mf rlkjc clmfs pjsfli (M,P)
0. Jm
Jmj
j gu
gukt
ktff pl
plil
ilrj
rjpj
pji
i kl
klgl
glrs
rsfe
feji
ji tj
tji`
i`ji
ji sl
slsu
sujf
jf kl
kltl
tlit
ituj
uji
i PE
PEH
H
pjmj stjd (P,^)

5. Jmj clmfj fidhrcjsf plilrjpji klglrsfeji tji`ji slsujf

kltlituji PEH (M,H)
6. ]lrs
]lrslmf
lmfj
j dj
djsfb
sfbftjs
ftjs klg
klglrsf
lrsfeji
eji tji`
tji`ji
ji (H)
:1. Jmj prhslmur yji` mftltjpkji kbf
kbfifk
ifk mjbjc clinl`je pjsfli
pjsfli nlmlrj
kjrlij ojtue (W)

:<
 

::. Jmj guktf fcpblclitjs

fcpblclitjsff bji`kje-bji`
bji`kje-bji`kje
kje plinl`je
plinl`jeji
ji pjsfli ojtue
(M,P,H)

^tjimjr QCKQ >

Qlinl`jeji mji Qli`limjbfji Fidlksf

Kbfif
Kbfifk
k clb
clbjku
jkukji
kji Ql
Qlinl
inl`je
`jeji
ji mji QlQli`
i`li
limjb
mjbfji
fji Fid
Fidlk
lksf
sf (Q
(QQF)
QF).. QQF
mfbjksji
mfbjksjijkji
jkji uitu
uituk
k cli
clinl`
nl`je
je mji clcf
clcfifc
ifcjbkj
jbkji
i tlro
tlrojmfi
jmfiyj
yj fidl
fidlksf
ksf
tl
tlrk
rkjf
jftt ml
mli`
i`ji
ji pl
plbj
bjyj
yjij
iji
i kl
klsl
slej
ejtj
tji.
i. Ql
Qlij
iji`
i``u
`ui`
i` ojwj
ojwjg
g kbfi
kbfifk
fk
cliuiouk
cliuiouk khhrm
khhrmfijt
fijthr
hr jtju pli
pliji``
ji``ui`o
ui`ojwjg
jwjg QQF uitu
uituk
k pli
plilrjp
lrjpji
ji
QQF slsujf mli`ji klgfojkji yji` tlbje mftltjpkji.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Qlinl`jeji
Qlinl`jeji mji Qli`lim
Qli`limjbfji
jbfji Fidlksf clrupjkji djkthr plitfi` mjbjc
climukui` upjyj plifi`kjtji cutu mji klslbjcjtji pjsfli kbfifk.

Qliji``ui` ojwjg kbfifk cliltjpkji plmhcji mji clbjksjijkji QQF

Qliji``ui`
jitjrj bjfi plilrjpji klwjspjmjji fshbjsf yji` clbfputf?
:. Klwjspjm
Klwjspjmjji
jji stjim
stjimjr
jr yji` ttlrmfrf
lrmfrf mjrf
j. Kl
Klgl
glrs
rsfe
feji
ji tj
tji`
i`ji
ji
g. Qli``
``ui
uij
jji JQ
JQM
M
n. Mlkh
Mlkhitjc
itjcfijs
fijsff mji stlr
stlrfbf
fbfsjsf
sjsf plrj
plrjbjtj
bjtji
i pl
plrjwjt
rjwjtji
ji pj
pjsfl
sfli
i
m. Ql
Qli`
i`li
limj
mjbf
bfji
ji bfi
bfi`k
`kui
ui`j
`ji
i
l. Ql
Qli`
i`lb
lbhb
hbjj
jji
i bfcg
bfcgje
je
d. Ql
Qlij
ijtj
tjbj
bjks
ksji
jijj
jji
i bfi
bfili

`. Ql
Qlrbf
rbfim
imui`
ui`ji
ji kl
klsl
slejt
ejtji
ji pl
pltu`
tu`js
js
e. Ql
Qlil
ilcp
cpjt
jtji
ji p
pjs
jsfl
fli
i
f. Ltf
Ltfkj gjtu
tuk
kmmji
ji glrsf
rsfi
 o. Qrjktfk cli
cliyuitfk
yuitfk yji
yji`
` jcji
k. prjkt
prjktfk
fk buc
bucgjb
gjb pu
pui`s
i`sff yji
yji`
` jcji (of
(ofkj
kj jmj m
mff kbf
kbfifk
ifk ut
utjcj)
jcj)
7. Klwjspjm
Klwjspjmjji
jji glrmjsjrk
glrmjsjrkji
ji trjiscfs
trjiscfsff yjftu

:4
 

j. Klw
Klwjspj
jspjmjji
mjji ]rji
]rjiscfs
scfsff Khit
Khitjk
jk
g. Klw
Klwjspj
jspjmjji
mjji ]rji
]rjiscfs
scfsff M
Mrhpb
rhpblt
lt
n. Kl
Klwjs
wjspjm
pjmjji
jji ]rj
]rjis
iscfs
cfsff \mj
\mjrj
rj (jfrghil )

Glglrjpj prh`rjc QQF tlrslgut mjpjt mfojmfkji fimfkjthr cutu kbfifk

 yji` mfukur, mflvjbujs

mflvjbujsff mji mfbjphrkji slnjrj glrkjbj klpjmj plcfbfk
mji pliji``ui`ojwjg kbfifk.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Kbf
Kbfifk
ifk cli
cliltjp
ltjpkji
kji klg
klgfojk
fojkji
ji mji prhs
prhslmur
lmur klwjspj
klwjspjmjji
mjji stjimjr
mji klwjspjmjji trjiscfsf mf Kbfifk (M)
7. ^tjd kbfifk clcje
clcjejcf
jcf klgfojkji mji prhsl
prhslmur
mur klwjspjmjji stjim
stjimjr
jr
mji klwjspjmjji trjiscfsf. (P, ^)
>. Jmj pltu`js yji` khcp
khcpltli
ltli yji` glrtji``ui
glrtji``ui`
` ojwjg clcjitju mji
cli`lvjbujsf fcpblclitjsf QQF mf kbfifk (M,P)
=. ]l
]lrsl
rslmf
mfj
j guk
guktf
tf pl
plbjk
bjksji
sjijji
jji Kl
Klglr
glrsf
sfeji
eji tji
tji`ji
`ji pjm
pjmj
j stjd
stjd kb
kbfi
fifk
fk
slsujf stjimjr QQF (M,H)
<. ]lrslmfj guk
guktf
tf Qli``uij
Qli``uijji
ji JQM slsujf stjim
stjimjr
jr QQF (M,H)
4. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj gu
gukt
ktff pl
plbj
bjks
ksji
jijj
jjji
ji < ku
kuin
inff kl
kljc
jcji
jiji
ji pj
pji`
i`ji
ji (O
(Oj`
j`j
j
Klgl
Klglrsf
rsfeji
eji,, Cl
Clcfs
cfsje
jekji
kji Qji
Qji`ji
`ji Cl
Clitj
itje
e mjr
mjrff Qji
Qji`j
`ji
i Cjt
Cjtji`
ji`,,
Clcjsjk mli`ji glijr, Oj`j Qji`ji Qjmj ^ueu Jcji,
Cli``uijkji Jfr mji Gjeji Gjku yji` Jcji) (M,H)
0. ]lrslmfj guktf plb
plbjksjijji
jksjijji Mlkh
Mlkhitjcfijsf
itjcfijsf mji stlrf
stlrfbfsjsf
bfsjsf plrjbjtji
plrjwjtji pjsfli slsujf stjimjr QQF (M,H)
5. ]lrslmfj guk
guktf
tf Qli`lbhb
Qli`lbhbjji
jji bfcgje sls
slsujf
ujf stjimjr QQF (M,H)
6. ]lrslmfj guktf Qli
Qlijtjbjksjij
jtjbjksjijji
ji bfili slsujf stjim
stjimjr
jr QQF (M,H)
:1. ]lrs
]lrslmfj
lmfj guktf plcl
plclrfks
rfksjji
jji klsl
klslejtj
ejtji
i kjry
kjryjwji
jwji slnjrj glrkjb
glrkjbj
j
(M,H)
::. ]lrslmf
]lrslmfj
j guktf plilrjpji Ltf
Ltfkj
kj gjtuk mji glrsfi (M,H)
:7. ]lrslmf
]lrslmfj
j guktf plbjksjijji Qrjktf
Qrjktfk
k cliyuitfk yji` jcji (M,H
(M,H))

:0
 

:>. ]lrslmf
]lrslmfj
j guktf plbjksjijji Qrjktfk bucgjb pui`
pui`sf
sf yji` jcji (ofkj
jmj mf kbfifk utjcj) (M,H)
:=.. ]l
:= ]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj gu
gukt
ktff tfi
tfimj
mjkb
kbji
jiou
outt ej
ejsf
sfbb ch
chif
ifth
thrf
rfi
i` mj
mji
i lv
lvjb
jbuj
ujsf
sf
plbjksjijji QQF mf kbfifk (M)

:5
 

GJG FFF
QLIVLBLI@@JWJJI KL^LEJ]JI QLWHWJI@JI (QKQ)

@jcgjrji \cuc
Qlbjyjiji yji` mfbjkukji mf kbfifk clbfputf plbjyjiji prlvlitfd,
prhchtfd,
prhchtfd, kurj
kurjtfd
tfd mji rlej
rlejgfbf
gfbftjtf
tjtfd.
d. Qlbj
Qlbjyji
yjiji
ji pjsf
pjsfli
li clcp
clcplrej
lrejtfkj
tfkji
i
ejk pjsfli mji klbujr`j slrtj cutu mji klslbjcjtji pjsfli. Kbfifk
prjtjcj
prjtjcj cli
cliylb
ylbli`
li``jrjk
`jrjkji
ji plb
plbjyji
jyjiji
ji kls
klslejt
lejtji
ji mjsj
mjsjrr slm
slmji`k
ji`kji
ji
kbfifk utjcj
utjcj cliylbl
cliylbli```jrjkji
i```jrjkji plbjyjiji splsfjbf
splsfjbfstfk.
stfk. Qlbjksji
Qlbjksjijji
jji
jsuej
jsueji
i mji pl
plbjy
bjyjij
jiji
i mfbjk
mfbjkukj
ukji
i sl
slnjr
njrj
j tlr
tlrfi
fitl`
tl`rjs
rjsff hbl
hble
e sl
slcuj
cuj
Qrhd
Qrhdls
lsfh
fhij
ijbb Ql
Qlcg
cglr
lrff Js
Jsue
ueji
ji (Q
(QQJ
QJ).
). Js
Jsue
ueji
ji pj
pjsf
sfli
li tlrf
tlrfit
itl`
l`rj
rjsf
sf

clrupjkji
clrupj kji kh
khis
islp
lp pl
plbjy
bjyjij
jiji
i gl
glrdh
rdhkus
kus pjm
pjmjj pjs
pjsfl
fli
i mf
mfbjk
bjksj
sjijk
ijkji
ji
slejrf ejrf mli`ji fcpblclitjsf mjpjt tlrbfejt slgj`jf glrfkut ?
:. Qlbjyji
Qlbjyjiji
ji clcplrejtfkji ejk pjs
pjsfli
fli mji klbujr`j mji climukui
climukui`
`
kltlrbfgjtji pjsfli/klbujr`j mjbjc jsueji pjsfli
7. Mhktlr clbjkukji fitl`rjsf sl
slburue
burue jsueji mjrf Q
QQJ
QJ bjfiiyj
>. Fc
Fcpb
pblc
lcli
litj
tjsf
sf pl
plbj
bjyj
yjij
iji
i tl
tlrf
rfit
itl`
l`rj
rjsf
sf ml
mli`
i`ji
ji jm
jmji
jiyj
yj Qj
Qjim
imuj
uji
i
Qrj
rjk
ktlk
tlk Kb
Kbffifs (QQ
(QQK), Jbur
Jbur Kbfifs, ^QH mji NQQ] (Njt
jtjt
jtji
ji
Qlrklcgji`ji Qjsfli ]lrfitl`rjsf)

^tjimjr QKQ :
Ejk Qjsfli mji Klbujr`j
Qlbjyjiji kbfifk mfmjsjrkji pjmj ifbjf-ifbjf kluifkji pjmj mfrf pjsfli
mji klbujr`jiyj. Mjbjc clcglrfkji jsueji, kbfifk clbfgjtkji pjsfli
mji
mji kl
klbu
bujr
jr`j
`j mj
mjbj
bjc
c cl
cli
ilt
ltuk
ukji
ji kl
klpu
putu
tusj
sji
i kl
klpu
putu
tusj
sji
i mj
mjbj
bjc
c
plcglrfji jsueji. Klrjejsfjji pjsfli cliojmf ejb plitfi` yji` ejrus

:6
 

mf pj
pjej
ejcf
cf hble
hble pl
plij
iji`
i``u
`ui`
i` ojwj
ojwjg
g mj
mji
i sl
slbu
buru
rue
e stjd
stjd.. Qj
Qjsf
sfli
li mj
mji
i
klbuj
klbujr`j
r`j gl
glrej
rejk
k cl
cliy
iyjcp
jcpjfk
jfkji
ji kl
klbue
bueji
ji tli
tlitji
tji`
` pl
plbjy
bjyjij
jiji
i yji
yji`
`
clrlkj tlrfcj. Kbfifk cliylmfjkji clmfj uituk pjsfli, klbujr`j mji
slburue pli``uij bjyjiji yji` fi`fi cliyjcpjfkji klbueji, khidbfk

jtju cjsjbje bjfi mji kbfifk clifimjkbjioutf klbueji jtju plimjpjt

 yji` mfsjcpjfkji.
mfsjcpjfkji.

Cjksum mji ]uouji

Mjbjc
Mjbjc pli
pliylbl
ylbli``
i``jrjji
jrjji plb
plbjyji
jyjiji
ji kbfif
kbfifk
k cli
climuku
mukui`
i` pjsf
pjsfli
li uitu
uituk
k
cli`ltjeuf
cli`ltjeuf ejk mji klwjofg
klwjofgjiiyj.
jiiyj. Kbfifk ejrus clcjs
clcjstfkji
tfkji gje
gjewj
wj
plbjy
plbjyji
jiji
ji yji
yji`
` mfgl
mfglrfk
rfkji
ji gl
glrtj
rtji`
i``u
`ui`
i` ojw
ojwjg
jg mji cl
clim
imuku
ukui`
i` ejk
pjsf
pjsfli
li mj
mji
i kl
klbu
bujr
jr`j
`j sl
slbj
bjcj
cj cl
clio
iojb
jbji
jiff js
jsue
ueji
ji mj
mji
i cl
clcj
cjst
stfk
fkji
ji
tlrpliuefiyj klgutueji pjsfli slnjrj keusus slplrtf pjsfli mli`ji

kltlrg
kltlrgjt
jtjs
jsji
ji,, pj
pjsf
sfli
li bji
bjisfj,
sfj, fg
fgu
u ej
ejcf
cfbb mj
mji
i cl
cliyiyus
usuf
uf.. Kb
Kbfi
fifk
fk
cliylmf
cliy lmfjkji
jkji clmf
clmfj
j uitu
uituk
k pjsf
pjsfli,
li, klbu
klbujr`j
jr`j mji slb
slburue
urue pli
pli``ui
``uijj
bjyjiji yji` fi`fi cliyjcpjfkji klbueji, khidbfk jtju mfblcj bjfi.
Qliy
Qliyjc
jcpj
pjfj
fji
i kl
klbu
buej
eji
i jtju
jtju pl
pli`
i`jm
jmuj
uji
i mj
mjpj
pjtt mfbj
mfbjku
kukj
kji
i ml
mli`
i`ji
ji
glrgj`jf
glrgj`jf njrj slp
slplrtf
lrtf pli
pli`jmuj
`jmuji
i bji`
bji`sui`
sui` klpj
klpjmj
mj pltu
pltu`js
`js,, cli`
cli`fsf
fsf
khtjk sjrji, climjtji`f phohk pli`jmuji, ruji` pli`jmuji jtjupui
glituk bjyjiji klbueji bjfiiyj. Kbfifk clcfbfkf prhsls pliji`jiji
klbu
klbuej
eji
i kl
klbu
buej
eji
i tl
tlrs
rslg
lgut
ut sl
slnj
njrj
rj sfst
sfstlc
lcjt
jtfs
fs mj
mji
i tlrm
tlrmhk
hkuc
ucli
litj
tjsf
sf
sl
slef
efi`
i``j
`j mfpjs
mfpjstfk
tfkji
ji sl
slcuj
cuj kl
klbue
bueji
ji mji pl
pli`
i`jmu
jmuji
ji jkj
jkji
i mf
mftfi
tfimjk
mjk

bjioutf
bjioutf mji mfs
mfsjcpjf
jcpjfkji
kji klp
klpjmj
jmj pjsf
pjsfli
li pli
pliji`j
ji`jiji
iji klb
klbueji
ueji yji`
tlbje mfbjkukji. Qliji`jiji klbueji mfbjkukji glrmjsjrkji prfhrftjs
mjrf ldlk klslbjcjtji pjsfli.

Lblcli Qlifbjfji

71
 

:. ]lrs
]lrslmf
lmfj
j guktf kbf
kbfifk
ifk clis
clishsfj
hsfjbfs
bfsjsfk
jsfkji
ji ejk mji klw
klwjofg
jofgji
ji pjsf
pjsfli.
li.
(M,H)
7. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj gu
gukt
ktff pl
pltu
tu`j
`js
s cl
clio
iolb
lbjs
jskj
kji
i tlit
tlitji
ji`
` ej
ejk
k mj
mji
i kl
klwj
wjof
ofgj
gji
i
pjsfli glslrtj klbujr`jiyj. (M,P)

>. Qjsf
Qjsfli
li cl
cli`l
i`lrtf
rtf mj
mji
i clc
clcjejc
jejcff ejk m
mji
ji klw
klwjofg
jofgjiiy
jiiyj
j (M,P)
=. Jm
Jmj
j pl
plcl
cliu
iue
eji ejk pjpjsf
sfli
li gl
glrk
rklg
lgut
utue
ueji
ji ke
keus
usus
us jtju
jtju mj
mjbj
bjc
c
khimfsf keusus.(P,H)
<. ]lrsl
rslmfj pltu
tu`
`js
js,, clmfj jt
jtju
ju tlc
tlcpjt uitu
tuk
k cliyjc
jcp
pjfk
jfkji
klbueji plbjyjiji gj`f pjsfli jtju klbujr`j (P,H)
4. Jmj tf
tfimjk
imjk bbjiou
jioutt klbue
klbueji
ji hbl
hble
e kbfi
kbfifk
fk mji mf
mfkhcu
khcuifk
ifkjsfk
jsfkji
ji mli`
mli`ji
ji
pjsfli jtju klbujr`j (M,P,H)
0. Jmj mhkuclitjsf pli`jmuji mji tfimjk bjiout yji` tlbje
mfbjkukji (M,P)

^tjimjr QKQ 7
Kbfifk Clbfgjtkji Qjsfli mji Klbujr`j Mjbjc Qrhsls Jsueji
Mjb
jbjc
jc plimuk
ukui
ui`
` plcg
cgl
lrfji
rfji js
jsue
ueji
ji tlrf
tlrfi
itl`rjs
`rjsff cj
cjk
kj QQJ
clbfgjtkji pjsfli mji klbujr`j mjbjc prhsls jsueji pjsfli.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Qjsf
Qjsfli
li mj
mji
i kl
klbu
bujr
jr`j
`j cl
cli`
i`lt
ltje
jeuf
uf mj
mji
i cl
cli
iyl
yltu
tuou
ouff js
jsue
ueji
ji mj
mji
i
plbjyji
plbjyjiji
ji yji
yji`
` clrl
clrlkj
kj tlrf
tlrfcj
cj mf kbfi
kbfifk.
fk. Qlrs
Qlrsltuo
ltuouji
uji keus
keusus
us uit
uituk
uk
tfimjkji clmfk keusus mji rlsfkh tfi``f (fidhrclm 
( fidhrclm   nhislit ).
). Fidhrclm 

nhislit slmfkftiyj clcujt fidhrcjsf mji pliolbjsji? ijcj, tfimjkji,

rlsfkh
rlsfkh tfim
tfimjkji
jkji,, klc
klcui`k
ui`kfiji
fiji khcp
khcpbfk
bfkjsf,
jsf, tfi
tfimjkj
mjkji
i jbtl
jbtlrijt
rijtfvl
fvl mji
ejb-ejb bjfi yji` plrbu mfplrsfjpkji hble pjsfli mji klbujr`j
Qjsfli
Qjsfli mji klb
klbujr`j
ujr`j mfg
mfglrft
lrftjeu
jeu hble QQJ fidh
fidhrcjsf
rcjsf tlitji` rlinjij
jsueji, prhsls jsueji mji klcui`kfiji ejsfb jsueji yji` mfglrfkji.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji

7:
 

:. Jm
Jmj
j guk
uktf
tf plbjk
jks
sji
jijj
jji
i pl
plrs
rsl
ltuouj
uouji
i tfimjk
jkji
ji klmhk
hktl
tlrj
rji
i mji
tlrmhkuclitjsf mf rlkjc clmfk pjsfli (M)
7. Qjs
Qjsfl
fli
i jtj
jtju
u kl
klbuj
bujr`j
r`j cli
cli`l
`ltje
tjeuf
uf rlin
rlinjij
jij jsue
jsueji,
ji, mfj`
mfj`ih
ihstf
stfk
k mji
klcui`kfiji ejsfb jsueji yji` mfglrfkji (M,P)

^tjimjr QKQ >

Qlilrfcjji Qjsfli Kbfifk
Mjbjc Qrhsls plilrfcjji pjsfli, kbfifk clbjkukji plimjdtjrji mji
skrfi
skrfifi
fi`
` . Qli
Qlimjd
mjdtjr
tjrji
ji mji sk
skrfi
rfifi
fi`
` gl
glrtu
rtuouj
ouji
i ui
uituk
tuk cli
cli`l
`ltje
tjeuf
uf
klgutueji pjsfli mji clifbjf klcjcpuji kbfifk mjbjc clcglrfkji
plbjyjiji.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Kbfifk cliltjpkji prhslmur skrfifi`. ^krfifi` glrtuouji ?

j. Cl
Cli`
i`ltj
ltjeu
euff kl
klgut
gutue
ueji
ji pjs
pjsfli
fli..
g. Cli
Cli`ltj
`ltjeuf
euf kklcjc
lcjcpuji
puji k
kbfi
bfifk
fk mjb
mjbjc
jc clc
clcglrf
glrfkji
kji pl
plbjyj
bjyjiji.
iji.
Glrgj`jf clthml skrfifi` mjpjt mftlrjpkji mf kbfifk slsujf klgutueji
jitjrj bjfi skrfifi` nlpjt mli`ji fistruclit slmlrejij, pli`jcjtji
jtju vfsujb, plclrfksjji dfsfk mji cli``uijkji clthml trfjsl pjmj
kbfifk yji` clcfbfkf \@M mji ^MC yji` khcpltli.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Jmj prhslm
prhslmur
ur plimjdtjrji yji
yji`
` mftltjp
mftltjpkji
kji (M)
7. Jmj guktf plbjksji
plbjksjijji
jji plimjdtjrji slsujf rl`
rl`ubjsf
ubjsf yji` mftltjp
mftltjpkji
kji

(P,H)
>. Jmj prhslm
prhslmur
ur skrfifi` y
yji`
ji` mftltj
mftltjpkji
pkji (M)
=. Jm
Jmj
j guk
guktf
tf pl
plbjk
bjksji
sjijji
jji sk
skrfi
rfifi
fi`
` sl
slsuj
sujff rl`
rl`ubj
ubjsf
sf yji
yji`
` mf
mftlt
tltjpk
jpkji
ji
(P,H)

^tjimjr QKQ =

77
 

Qli`kjofji Qjsfli
Qrhsls pli`kjofji mfbjkukji slnjrj khcprlelisfd clinjkup glrgj`jf
klgutueji mji ejrjpji pjsfli mji klbujr`j.
Cjksum mji ]uouji

Qrhsls
Qrhs ls kj
kjof
ofji
ji pjpjsf
sfli
li cl
clililit
ituk
ukjiji ldlk
ldlktf
tfdf
dftj
tjs
s js
jsue
ueji
ji yj
yji`
i` jk
jkji
ji
mfbj
mfbjku
kukj
kji.
i. KlKltf
tfkj
kj pjpjsf
sfli
li mftl
mftlrf
rfcj
cj mf kbfi
kbfifk
fk ui
uitu
tuk
k cl
clcp
cplr
lrhb
hble
le
plbjy
plbjyji
jiji
ji kbfi
kbfifs
fs pl
plrbu
rbu mfbjk
mfbjkukj
ukji
i kjo
kjofji
fji jw
jwjb
jb hbl
hble
e tli
tlij`j
j`j cl
clmf
mfs,
s,
klplrjwjtji/ klgfmjiji mji tlij`j plcglrf jsueji bjfiiyj.
Fsf cfifcjb kjofji jwjb?
j. ^tj
tjtu
tus
s ddfs
fsfk
fk
g. Qsfkh
Qsfkhshs
shsfjb
fjb-s
-spf
pfrft
rftujb
ujb
n. Wfwj
Wfwjyjt
yjt kl
klsl
slejt
ejtji
ji p
pjsf
jsfli
li
m. Wfwj
Wfwjyjt
yjt p
pli
li``
``uij
uijji
ji hg
hgjt
jt

l. ^t
^tjt
jtus
us ``fz
fzff p
pjs
jsfl
fli
i
Kjofji
Kjofji ubji
ubji`` glrf
glrfsfk
sfkji
ji plrkl
plrklcgji
cgji`ji
`ji pjsf
pjsfli
li mji mfl
mflvjbu
vjbujsf
jsf sln
slnjrj
jrj
glrkjbj
glrkjbj mli
mli`ji
`ji cli`
cli``ui
`uijkji
jkji dhrc Njtj
Njtjtji
tji Qlrk
Qlrklcgj
lcgji`ji
i`ji Qjsf
Qjsfli
li
 ]lrfitl`rjsf
 ]lrfitl`rjsf (NQQ])
(NQQ])..
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
ukttf mfbjkukji kjofji pjsfli hble QQJ mjb
:. Jmj guk mjbjc
jc pli
pliltjp
ltjpji
ji
mfj`ihsfs yji` mftuji`kji kl mjbjc rlkjc clmfs. (M,H)
7. Kjof
Kjofji
ji jw
jwjb
jb sl
slkurji
kurji`
` kur
kurji`i
ji`iyj
yj cl
clcujt
cujt mjtj j) sj
sjcpjf
cpjf l) ((M)
M)
>. Kj
Kjof
ofji
ji ub
ubji
ji`
` mfgu
mfgujt
jt mj
mjbj
bjc
c gl
glit
ituk
uk NQ
NQQ]
Q] mj
mji
i tlrm
tlrmhk
hkuc
ucli
litj
tjsf
sf mf

Wlkjc Clmfk (M)

^tjimjr QKQ <

Wlinjij Jsueji mji Qlbjksjijji

7>
 

Qlbjksjijji jsueji slsujf mli`ji rlinjij jsueji. Wlinjij jsueji

cliolbjskji jsueji mji pli`hgjtji/ tfimjkji yji` mfglrfkji klpjmj
slhrji` pjsfli.
Cjksum mji ]uouji

Wlinjij jsueji cliolbjskji jsueji mji pli`hgjtji/ tfimjkji yji`

mfglrfkji klpjmj slhrji` pjsfli. Wlinjij jsueji clcujt sjtu pjklt
tfimjkji yji` mfbjkukji hble mhktlr uituk climukui` mfj`ihsfs yji`
mftl`jkkji clbjbuf pli`kjofji. ]uouji utjcj rlinjij jsueji jmjbje
clcplrhble
clcplrhble ejsfb kbfifs yji` hptfcjb. Wlinjij jsueji tlrmhkuclitjs
tlrmhkuclitjsff
mli`ji
mli`ji gjf
gjfk
k mf rlkjc clmf
clmfs
s pjsfl
pjsfli.
i. Qjsf
Qjsfli
li clcp
clcpuiyj
uiyjff ejk uituk
cli`jcgfb klputusji tlrejmjp jsueji yji` jkji mfplrhble. Qjsfli
glrejk clihbjk jtju cliyltuouf rlinjij jsueji sltlbje climjpjt
pliolbjsji mjrf mhktlr. Qlcglrfji tlrjpf `fzf slsujf mli`ji stjtus `fzf

pjsfli mji khi

pjsfli khisfst
sfstli
li mli
mli`ji
`ji jsue
jsueji
ji kbfi
kbfifs.
fs. Khim
Khimfsf
fsf klsl
klslejtj
ejtji
i mji
prhsl
prhsls
s pl
plcub
cubfe
feji
ji pjs
pjsfl
fli
i cl
clcgu
cgutue
tuekji
kji jsu
jsupji
pji cjk
cjkjij
jijii mji `fzf
`fzf
 yji` clcjmjf, hble kjrlij ftu cjkjiji plrbu mfslmfjk
mfslmfjkji
ji slnjrj
rl
rl`u
`ubj
bjr,
r, sl
slsu
sujf
jf ml
mli`
i`ji
ji rl
rlin
inji
jij
j js
jsue
ueji
ji,, uc
ucur
ur,, gu
gumj
mjyj
yj.. Qj
Qjsf
sfli
li
glrplrji slrtj mjbjc plrlinjijji mji slblksf cjkjiji.
 Qlcl
Qlclsji
sjiji
ji mji pl
plcgl
cglrfj
rfji
i cjk
cjkjij
jiji
i mf
mfbjk
bjkukj
ukji
i sl
slsuj
sujff ml
mli`
i`ji
ji
stjtus `fzf mji klgutueji pjsfli.
 ^ltfjp pjsfli ejrus cli`hisucsf cjkjiji slsujf mli`ji stjimjr
ji`kj klnukupji `fzf.
  ]lrjpf `fzf pjmj pjsfli rjwjt fijp ejrus mfnjtjt mji
mfmhkuclitjsfkji mli`ji gjfk.
 Klbujr`j pjsfli mjpjt glrpjrtfsfpjsf mjbjc cliylmfjkji cjkjiji
gfbj
gfbj sl
slsuj
sujff mji khi
khisf
sfstl
stli
i mli
mli`ji
`ji kjo
kjofj
fji
i kl
klgut
gutuej
ueji
i pjs
pjsfl
fli
i mji
rlinjij
rlinjij jsue
jsueji
ji mli
mli`ji
`ji slp
slpli`
li`ltje
ltjeuji
uji mjrf pltu
pltu`js
`js kls
klslejt
lejtji
ji

7=
 

 yji` glrkhcpltl
glrkhcpltli
i mji mfsfcpji mjbjc khimfsf yji` gjfk uituk
clinl`je khitjcfijsf.

Lblcli Qlifbjfji

:. Jm
Jmj
j guk
guktf
tf rli
rlinji
njij
j jsu
jsueji hble
eji hble QQJ
QQJ mji tlrmhkuclitjsf mf rlkjc
clmfk pjsfli (M)
7. Jmj guktf plbjksj
plbjksjijji
ijji jsueji mji tlrmhkuc
tlrmhkuclitjsf
litjsf mf rlkjc clmfk
pjsfli (M)
>. Jmj guktf rlinjij jsueji mflvjbujsf slnjrj glrkjbj hble plcglrf
jsueji (M)
=. Jsueji `fzf mfbjkuk
mfbjkukji
ji hble pltu`js yji` glrkhcpltli
glrkhcpltli slsujf mli`ji
jturji plruimji`ji.
<. Mfs
Mfstrf
trfgus
gusff mji pl
plcgl
cglrfj
rfji
i cjk
cjkji
jiji
ji mf
mfbjk
bjkukj
ukji
i sl
slsuj
sujff ojm
ojmwjb
wjb mji

plclsjiji mji mf mhkuclitjsfkji. (M,P)

4. Qjsf
Qjsfli
li mji/
mji/jtju
jtju klbujr`
klbujr`j
j mfgl
mfglrf
rf lmuk
lmukjsf
jsf tli
tlitji`
tji` plcgjt
plcgjtjsji
jsji mflt
pjsfli mji kljcjiji jtju klglrsfeji cjkjiji. (M,P)

^tjimjr QKQ 4
Qlbjyjiji Qrhchtfd mji Qrlvlitfd 
Kbfifk
Kbfifk cliy
cliylmf
lmfjkji
jkji plb
plbjyji
jyjiji
ji kls
klslej
lejtji
tji prhch
prhchtfd,
tfd, prlv
prlvlit
litfd,
fd, kurj
kurjtfd 
tfd 
mji rlejgfbftjtfd. Qliylbli``jrjji plbjyjiji prhchtfd mji prlvlitfd mf
kb
kbfi
fifk
fk sl
slsu
sujf
jf ml
mli`
i`ji
ji kl
klgu
gutu
tue
eji pj
pjsf
sfli
li mj
mji
i cj
cjsy
syjr
jrjk
jkjt
jt sl
slrt
rtj
j
climukui` prh`rjc prfhrftjs ijsfhijb cjkj mfbjkukji plcjitjuji
slnjrj glrklsfijcgui`ji.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Kbfif
Kbfifk
k cl
cliy
iylb
lbli
li``j
``jrjk
rjkji
ji pl
plbjy
bjyji
jiji
ji prh
prhcht
chtfd
fd mji prl
prlvl
vlit
itfd
fd sl
slsuj
sujff
mli`ji klgutueji pjsfli mji cjsyjrjkjt slrtj climukui` prh`rjc

7<
 

prfhrftjs
prfhrftjs ijsf
ijsfhijb
hijb slp
slplrtf
lrtf plc
plcglrf
glrfji
ji lmuk
lmukjsf
jsf gjfk sln
slnjrj
jrj bji
bji`sui
`sui`
`
jtjupui cli``uijkji clmfj khcuifkjsf slplrtf gjiilr, bljdbljt mji
cubtf clmfj.
clmfj. Kl`fjtji prhchtfd mji prl
prlvlitfd
vlitfd mfbjkuk
mfbjkukji
ji plc
plcjitjuji
jitjuji
slnjrj klsfijcgui`ji.

Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Jmj plbjyjij
plbjyjiji
i prhchtf
prhchtfdd mji prlvli
prlvlitfd
tfd yji` mfbjku
mfbjkukji
kji sln
slnjrj
jrj glrkjb
glrkjbj
j
(M,P).

7. Jmj guk
guktf
tf pl
plbjk
bjksji
sjijji
jji mji bjp
bjphrj
hrji
i pl
plbjk
bjksji
sjijji
jji prh
prh`rj
`rjc
c prh
prhcht
chtfd 
fd 
mji prlvlitfd (M)

^tjimjr QKQ 0
Qlbjyjiji Qjsfli Wfsfkh ]fi``f mji Qliylmfjji Qlbjyjiji Wfsfkh
]fi``f
Kb
Kbfi
fifk
fk cl
clil
iltj
tjpk
pkji
ji rl
rl`u
`ubj
bjsf
sf pl
plbj
bjyj
yjij
iji
i pj
pjsf
sfli
li rf
rfsf
sfkh
kh tfi`
tfi``f
`f mj
mji
i

pliylmf
pliylmfjji
jji plbj
plbjyjij
yjiji
i rfsfkh tfi
tfi``f
``f glr
glrmjsj
mjsjrkji
rkji Qji
Qjimuji
muji Qrjk
Qrjktfk
tfk
Kbfifs mji plrjturji plruimji`-uimji`ji.

Cjksum mji ]uouji

Kbfifk cliltjpkji rl`ubjsf tlitji` pjsfli rfsfkh tfi``f yji` cjcpu
mfbjyjif. Qlbjyjiji pjsfli rlsfkh tfi``f jitjrj bjfi jitjrj bjfi ?
j. Qjsf
Qjsfli
li lc
lclr`l
lr`lisf
isf
g. Qjsfli mli`ji p
pliyjkft
liyjkft cliubjr
n. Qjsf
Qjsfli
li mfjb
mfjbfsf
fsfs
s
m. Qjsfli mli`ji rf
rfsfkh
sfkh guiue mfrf
l. Qhpubjsf pjs
pjsfli
fli rlitji, bji
bjisfj,
sfj, jijk-jijk mji
mji pjsfli glrfsfkh
glrfsfkh tfimjk
klklrjsji jtju mftlbjitjrkji.
Qlbjyjiji rfsfkh tfi``f jitjrj bjfi ?
j. Qlb
Qlbjyji
jyjiji
ji pjsf
pjsfli
li mli
mli`ji
`ji pli
pliyjkf
yjkftt c
cliub
liubjr.
jr.
g. Qlb
Qlbjyji
jyjiji
ji pjsf
pjsfli
li yji` clil
clilrfcj
rfcj mfjb
mfjbfsf
fsfs.
s.

74
 

n. Ql
Qlbjy
bjyji
jiji
ji pjs
pjsfl
fli
i yji` cl
clil
ilrfc
rfcj
j klch
klchtl
tlrjp
rjpf.
f.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Jmj pl
plbjyj
bjyjiji
iji pj
pjsfl
sfli
i rfsf
rfsfkh
kh tfi
tfi``f
``f p
pjmj
jmj kb
kbfif
fifk
k (M)
7. Jmj gukt
guktff pl
plbjk
bjksji
sjijji
jji plcg
plcglrf
lrfji
ji pl
plbjy
bjyjij
jiji
i pjm
pjmj
j pjs
pjsfl
fli
i rfs
rfsfk
fkh
h

tfi``f mji plbjyjiji rfsfkh tfi``f slsujf ^QH yji` jmj (M, P)

^tjimjr QKQ 5
Qlbjyjiji Jilstlsf mji Glmje
Qlbj
Qlbjyj
yjij
iji
i ji
jils
lstl
tlsf
sf mj
mji
i gl
glmj
mje
e mf
mfbj
bjks
ksji
jijk
jkji
ji sl
slsu
sujf
jf stji
stjimj
mjrr mj
mji
i
plrj
plrjtu
turj
rji
i pl
plru
ruim
imji
ji`-
`-ui
uimj
mji`
i`ji
ji yj
yji`
i` gl
glrb
rbjk
jku,
u, sl
slsu
sujf
jf ml
mli`
i`ji
ji
plrlinjijji mji kjofji slnjrj khcprlelisfd 
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Qlbj
Qlbjyj
yjij
iji
i ji
jils
lstl
tlsf
sf mf kb
kbfi
fifk
fk mf
mfbj
bjks
ksji
jijk
jkji
ji sl
slsu
sujf
jf stji
stjimj
mjrr mj
mji
i

plrjturji plru
plrjturji plruimji
imji`-ui
`-uimji`
mji`ji
ji yji` glrb
glrbjku.
jku. Kbf
Kbfifk
ifk prjt
prjtjcj
jcj eji
ejiyj
yj
clbj
cl bjku
kukj
kji
i ji
jils
lstl
tlsf
sf bhkj
bhkjb,
b, sl
slmj
mji`
i`kj
kji
i ui
uitu
tuk
k kb
kbfi
fifk
fk ut
utjc
jcjj sl
slbj
bjfi
fi
jils
jilstl
tlsf
sf bhkj
bhkjbb mj
mjpj
pjtt cl
clbj
bjku
kukj
kji
i ji
jils
lstl
tlsf
sf sl
slmj
mjsf
sf fi
fitr
trjv
jvli
lij.
j. Mj
Mjbj
bjc
c
clcglrfkji plbjyjiji jilstlsf, kbfifk cliltjpkji prh`rjc cutu mji
klslbjcjtji pjsfli clbfputf?
j. Kjof
Kjofji
ji prj ji
jilst
lstlsf
lsf
g. Qlcjitjuji fitrj jilstlsf
n. Qlc
Qlcjitj
jitjuji
uji pjsk
pjskj
j jilstl
jilstlsf
sf
Qlbjyji
Qlbjyjiji
ji glm
glmje
je mfgl
mfglrfkj
rfkji
i sls
slsujf
ujf mli
mli`ji
`ji plrl
plrlinji
injijji
jji glrm
glrmjsjrk
jsjrkji
ji
ejsfbb kjof
ejsf kjofji
ji mji mfnjtjt mjbjc rlkj
rlkjc
c clmf
clmfs
s pjsf
pjsfli.
li. Kbf
Kbfifk
ifk prjtjcj
ejiyj clbjkukji glmje klnfb (cfihr) tjipj jilstlsf ucuc mji/ jtju
spfijb. Kbfifk utjcj mjpjt clbjkukji tfimjkji glmje klnujbf glmje
 yji` cli``uijk
cli``uijkji
ji jilstls
jilstlsff ucuc mli`ji fiejbjs
fiejbjsf/
f/ spfijb, hplrjsf
slmji` glrfsfkh tfi``f mji hplrjsf glsjr. Mjbjc clcglrfkji plbjyjiji

70
 

glmje
glmje,, kbfi
kbfifk
fk cli
clilt
ltjpk
jpkji
ji prh
prh`rj
`rjc
c cu
cutu
tu mji kl
klsl
slbjc
bjcjtj
jtji
i pjs
pjsfl
fli
i
clbfputf?
j. Kj
Kjof
ofji
ji pr
prj
jgglm
lmje
je
g. Qlij
Qlijim
imjji
jji bh
bhkjs
kjsff hpl
hplrjs
rjsff

n. Ql
Qlbj
bjks
ksji
jijj
jji
i sur`fnjb sjdlty nelnk bfst.
Qlbjyjiji jilstlsf mji glmje mfbjksjijkji pjmj djsfbftjs klslejtji
 yji` clcliuef syjrjt sjbje sjtuiyj jmjbje ruji` glmje yji` slsujf
mli`ji stjimjr.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Kbfi
Kbfifk
fk clil
cliltjp
tjpkji
kji prhs
prhslm
lmur
ur plb
plbjyj
jyjij
iji
i ji
jils
lstl
tlsf
sf mji glm
glmje
je sl
slsuj
sujff
klgutueji. (W)
7. Qlbjy
Qlbjyji
jiji
ji jils
jilstl
tlsf
sf mji glmj
glmje
e mfb
mfbjku
jkukji
kji hbl
hble
e tli
tlij`
j`j
j cl
clmfs
mfs yji
yji`
`
khcpl
khcpltli
tli sl
slsuj
sujff ml
mli`
i`ji
ji plr
plrjtu
jturji
rji pl
plrui
ruimji
mji`ji
`ji yji
yji`
` gl
glrbj
rbjku.
ku.

(M,H,P)
>. Olif
Olifs,
s, mhsf
mhsfs
s mji tlk
tlkif
ifk
k ji
jils
lstls
tlsff mji plc
plcjit
jitjuj
juji
i stjtu
stjtus
s dfs
dfsfh
fhbh`
bh`ff
pjsfl
pjsfli
i sl
slbjc
bjcj
j pl
plcgl
cglrfj
rfji
i ji
jils
lstls
tlsff hbl
hble
e pl
pltu`
tu`js
js mf
mfnjt
njtjt
jt mjb
mjbjc
jc
rlkjc clmfs pjsfli. (M)
=. Jmj
Jmj guk
guktf
tf pl
plbjk
bjksji
sjijji
jji k
kjof
jofji
ji pr
prj
j glm
glmje
je
<. Jmj gukt
guktff p
plbjk
lbjksjij
sjijji
ji k
kjofji
jofji prj j
jils
ilstlsf
tlsf (M)
4. Jmj g
guktf
uktf p
plcji
lcjitjuji
tjuji m
mji
ji lv
lvjbujs
jbujsff pjsk
pjskj
j jil
jilstls
stlsff mji gl
glmje
mje (M
(M))
 
^tjimjr QKQ 6

Qlcubji`ji mji ]fimjk Bjiout Qlrjwjtji

Qlcubji`ji mji tfimjk bjiout pjsfli glrtuouji uituk klbji`sui`ji
bj
bjyj
yjij
iji
i mf
mfpj
pjim
imu
u hble
hble pr
prhs
hslm
lmur
ur yj
yji`
i` gj
gjku
ku mj
mji
i olbj
olbjs.
s. Wu
Wuou
oukj
kji
i
mfbjksji
mfbjksjijkji
jkji jpjg
jpjgfbj
fbj kbfi
kbfifk
fk tfmj
tfmjk
k clcf
clcfbfkf
bfkf khcp
khcpltl
ltlisf
isf pli
pliji`j
ji`jiji
iji
 yji` slsujf
slsujf mli`ji k
klgutueji
lgutueji p
pjsfli.
jsfli.
Cjksum mji ]uouji

75
 

Kbfifk mjpjt clcglrfkji plbjyjiji rjwjt fijp pjbfi` bjcj < (bfcj)
ejrf, jpjgfbj clclrbukji rjwjt fijp blgfe mjrf < ejrf cjkj pjsfli
ejru
ejrus
s sl
slnj
njrj
rj tl
tlrl
rlin
inji
jij
j mf
mfru
ruou
ouk
k kl ru
rucj
cje
e sj
sjkf
kftt sl
slsu
sujf
jf ml
mli`
i`ji
ji
plrjturji plruimji`
plruimji`ji.
ji. Qlcubji`
Qlcubji`ji
ji pjs
pjsfli
fli m
mfbjkukji
fbjkukji glrmjsjrkji

krftlrfj
krftlrfj pub
pubji
ji`` yji
yji`
` mftlt
mftltjpk
jpkji
ji hbl
hble
e pl
pliji
iji``
``ui`
ui` ojw
ojwjg
jg kbf
kbfif
ifk
k mji
mfmh
mfmhku
kucl
clit
itjs
jsfk
fkji
ji pj
pjmj
mj rl rlsu
sucl
cl pjpjsf
sfli
li pu
pubj
bji`
i`.. Fidh
Fidhrc
rcjs
jsff yj
yji`
i`
mfgl
mfglrf
rfkj
kji
i kl
klpj
pjmj
mj pj
pjsf
sfli
li/
/ kl
klbu
bujr
jr`j
`j pj
pjmj
mj sj
sjjt
jt pl
plcu
cubj
bji`
i`ji
ji jtju
jtju
ruoukji
ruoukji mfpl
mfplrbuk
rbukji
ji j`jr pjsf
pjsfli/
li/klb
klbujr`j
ujr`j clc
clcjejc
jejcff tfi
tfimjk
mjk bjio
bjiout
ut
 yji` plrbu
plrbu mfbjkukji ui
uituk
tuk clinjpjf ejsfb pl
plbjyjiji
bjyjiji yji
yji`
` hptfcjb.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Mhkt
Mhktlr
lr clbj
clbjksji
ksjijkji
jkji plc
plcubji
ubji`ji
`ji mji cli
cliyusu
yusui
i rlinj
rlinjij
ij tfim
tfimjk
jk
bji
jioout slsuj
ujff mli`ji rli
rlinji
jij
j yji
ji`
` mfsus
usui
ui mji kr
krfftlrf
tlrfj
j
plcubji`ji. (M)

7. Jmj guk
guktf
tf rfi`
rfi`kjsj
kjsji
i pubji
pubji`
` pjsfl
pjsflii mjbjc rl
rlkjc
kjc clm
clmfs.
fs. (M,H
(M,H,P)
,P)
>. Jmj guk
guktf
tf plcg
plcglrfj
lrfji
i fidhrc
fidhrcjsf
jsf klp
klpjmj
jmj pjsf
pjsfli
li sjjt pu
pubji
bji`` (M,P)

^tjimjr QKQ :1
Qlbjyjiji Wuoukji
Qlbj
Qlbjyj
yjij
iji
i Wu
Wuoouk
ukji
ji mf
mfbj
bjks
ksji
jijk
jkji
ji jp
jpjg
jgfb
fbj
j kb
kbfi
fifk
fk tfmj
tfmjk
k cl
clcf
cfbf
bfkf
kf
khcpltlisf pliji`jiji yji` slsujf mli`ji klgutueji pjsfli.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
 Ofkj klgutueji pjsfli tlrejmjp plbjyjiji tfmjk mjpjt mfpliue
mfpliueff hble
kb
kbfi
fifk
fk,, cj
cjkj
kj pj
pjsf
sfli
li ejr
jrus
us mf ru
ruou
ouk
k kl djsy
djsyji
jikl
kls
s yji
ji`
` cj
cjcp
cpu
u
cliylmfjkji plbjyjiji yji` glrmjsjrkji klgutueji pjsfli mji tlbje
glklroj
glklroj sjc
sjcj
j mli`
mli`ji
ji kbf
kbfifk
ifk.. Qrhs
Qrhsls
ls ruou
ruoukji
kji ejr
ejrus
us mfjt
mfjtur
ur mli`
mli`ji
ji
klgf
klgfoj
ojkj
kji
i mj
mji
i pr
prhs
hslm
lmur
ur sl
slef
efi`
i``j
`j pj
pjsf
sfli
li mf
mfoj
ojcf
cfi
i cl
clcp
cplr
lrhb
hble
le
plbjyjiji yji` mfgutuekji mf tlcpjt ruoukji pjmj sjjt yji` tlpjt.

76
 

Qjsfl
Qjsfli/
i/ kl
klbuj
bujr`j
r`j pjs
pjsfli
fli clc
clcpui
puiyjf
yjf ej
ejk
k uit
uituk
uk clc
clcpl
plrhb
rhble
le
fidhrcjs
fidhrcjsff tlitji
tlitji`
` rlinji
rlinjij
j ruoukji
ruoukji.. \it
\ituk
uk clcjst
clcjstfkji
fkji khi
khitfiu
tfiuftjs
ftjs
plbjyji
plbjyjiji,
ji, fidh
fidhrcjs
rcjsff tlit
tlitji`
ji` khim
khimfsf
fsf pjsf
pjsfli
li (khi
(khimfs
mfsff kbfi
kbfifs
fs pjsf
pjsfli,
li,
prhslmur mji plclrfksjji yji` tlbje mfbjkukji mji klgutueji pjsfli

blgfe bjiout) mftuji`kji mjbjc surjt ruoukji mfkfrfc glrsjcj pjsfli.

Kbfif
Kbfifk
k yji
yji`
` cl
cliyiylb
lbli
li``j
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(jcgubji
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nl)) yji
yji`
` clc
clcli
liuef
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plrsyjrjt
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kltlituji
ituji plruimj
plruimji`ji
i`ji.. Mjbj
Mjbjc
c ejb kbf
kbfifk
ifk glbu
glbuc
c
clcfbfkf jcgubjis,
jcgubjis, mjpjt mfpliue
mfpliueff clbjbuf klroj sjcj mli`ji djsfbftjs
plbjyjiji klslejtji bjfi.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Jmj tjtj njrj m
mji
ji prhslmur ruouk
ruoukji
ji pjsfli (W)
7. Kb
Kbfi
fifk
fk yj
yji`
i` cl
clru
ruou
ouk
k pj
pjsf
sfli
li cl
clcj
cjst
stfk
fkji
ji gj
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ewj
j djsy
djsyji
jikl
kls
s yj
yji`
i`

mftuou mjpjt clcliuef klgutueji pjsfli (M,P).

>. Qj
Qjsf
sfli
li/
/ kl
klbu
bujr
jr`j
`j cl
clcp
cplrlrhb
hble
le fi
fidh
dhrc
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ruou
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kji
i mj
mji
i cl
clcg
cglr
lrff
plrsl
plrsltuo
tuouji
uji ui
uituk
tuk mfbjk
mfbjkukj
ukji
i ruo
ruoukj
ukji
i gl
glrmj
rmjsjr
sjrkji
kji kl
klgut
gutuej
ueji
i
pjsfli (M,P)
=. Jm
Jmj
j sjr
sjrjij
jij trj
trjis
isphr
phrtjs
tjsff ruo
ruoukj
ukji
i yji
yji`
` clc
clcli
liuef
uef sy
syjrj
jrjtt (k
(keus
eusus
us
kbfifk yji` cliylbli``jrjkji plbjyjiji rjwjt fijp) (P,H)
<. Mftjcgje mjdtjr ol
olojrfi`
ojrfi` ruo
ruoukji
ukji

^tjimjr QKQ ::
Qliylbli``jrjji Wlkjc Clmfs
Kbfif
Kbfifk
k clb
clbjku
jkukji
kji pli
pliylb
ylbli
li``
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jrji
i pl
plbjy
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jiji
ji rlk
rlkjc
jc clm
clmfs
fs sl
slsuj
sujff
mli`
mli`ji
ji plrj
plrjtur
turji
ji plru
plruim
imji
ji`
` uim
uimji`
ji`ji.
ji. Wl
Wlkjc
kjc clm
clmfs
fs mf kb
kbfi
fifk
fk
mfplbfejrj mji tlrmhkuclitjsf mli`ji gjfk
Cjksum mji ]uouji

>1
 

Wlkjc
Wlkjc cl
clmfs
mfs jmj
jmjbje
bje glr
glrkjs
kjs yj
yji`
i` gl
glrfs
rfsfkj
fkji
i njt
njtjtj
jtji
i mji mh
mhkuc
kucli
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tlitji
tlitji`
` fm
fmli
litft
tftjs
js pjs
pjsfli
fli,, pl
plclr
clrfks
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jji,, pl
pli`
i`hgj
hgjtji
tji,, tfim
tfimjkj
jkji
i mji
plbjyji
plbjyjiji
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yji`
i` tlb
tlbje
je mfgl
mfglrfkj
rfkji
i klpjm
klpjmj
j pjsfli
pjsfli.. Wlkj
Wlkjc
c clmfs
lblk
lblktr
trhi
hifk
fk jm
jmjb
jbje
je rl
rlkj
kjc
c cl
clmf
mfs
s yj
yji`
i` mf
mfgu
gujt
jt mj
mji
i mfsf
mfsfcp
cpji
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mjbj
bjc
c

glituk
glit lblktrhifk.. Fsf rlkj
uk lblktrhifk rlkjc
c clm
clmfs
fs pjmj kbfifk mfsls
mfslsujfk
ujfkji
ji mli
mli`ji
`ji
plrjturji plruimji`-uimji`ji yjftu ?
:. Fsf rlkjc cl
clmf
mfs
s uit
uituk
uk pjs
pjsfl
fli
i rjw
rjwjt
jt ojb
ojbji
ji pjm
pjmj
j sj
sjrji
rjij
j pl
plbjy
bjyji
jiji
ji
klslejtji slkurji`-kurji`iyj clcujt?
j. Fmli
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tftj
tjs
sppjs
jsfl
fli
i
g. ]j
]ji`
i``j
`jbb mj
mji
i wj
wjkt
ktu
u
n. Ejs
Ejsfb
fb ji
jijci
jcils
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fs, cl
clin
injku
jkup
p sl
slkur
kurji
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`-kurj
urji`
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j kl
klbue
bueji
ji mji
rfwjyjt pliyjkft
m. Ejsf
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plclrfks
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jji dfs
dfsfk
fk mji pli
pliuioj
uioji`
i` clm
clmfk
fk

l. Mf
Mfj`
j`iihs
hsffs
d. Wl
Wlin
inji
jij
j plplij
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tjbj
bjks
ksji
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jji
i
`. Ql
Qli`h
i`hgjt
gjtji
ji mji
mji/jt
/jtju
ju tfi
tfimjk
mjkji
ji
e. Qlbjyjiji bjfi yji` tlbje mfglrfkji pjmj pjsfli
f. \it
\ituk
uk pjsf
pjsfli
li kjs
kjsus
us `f`
`f`ff mfbl
mfbli`k
i`kjpf
jpf ml
mli`j
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hmhith`rj
th`rjc
c kbfi
kbfifk
fk
 o. Qlrsltuouji ttfimjkji
fimjkji g
gfbj
fbj mfplrbuk
mfplrbukji
ji
7. Fsf rlkjc clmf
clmfs
s uit
uituk
uk pjsfli rjwj
rjwjtt fijp mji plrjw
plrjwjtji
jtji sjtu ejrf
clcuj
clcujtt njt
njtjtj
jtji
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mhkucl
ucli
i yji
yji`
` sjc
sjcj
j ml
mli`
i`ji
ji rlk
rlkjc
jc clm
clmfs
fs
rjwjt ojbji mji mftjcgjekji?
j. Njt
Njtjtj
jtji
i hg
hgsl
slrvj
rvjsf
sf k
kbfi
bfifs
fs
g. Ej
Ejsf
sfbb pli
pli`h
`hgj
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tji
i
n. Wf
Wfi`
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kjsj
sji
i pu
pubj
bji`
i`
m. Ijcj mji tjimj tji`ji mhktlr, mhktlr `f`f jtju tlij`j
klslejtji tlrtlitu yji` clcglrfkji plbjyjiji klslejtji.
>. Fsf rlkjc clmfs ui
uituk
tuk plbjyjiji `
`jwjt
jwjt mjrurjt clbfp
clbfputf?
utf?

>:
 

j. Fmli
Fmlitf
tftj
tjs
sppjs
jsfl
fli
i
g. Khimfsf sjjt pjs
pjsfli
fli tfg
tfgj
j mf djsfbftjs plbjyji
plbjyjiji
ji klsl
klslejtji
ejtji
n. Fml
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itftjs
tjs p
pli
li`ji
`jitjr
tjr p
pjsf
jsfli
li
m. ]j
]ji`
i``j
`jbb mj
mji
i wj
wjkt
ktu
u

l. Ej
Ejsf
sfbb ji
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ilsf
sfs
s
d. Ejsf
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plcl
lclrfks
rfksjji
jji dfsf
dfsfk
k mj
mji
ippliui
liuioji`
oji` clmf
clmfk
k
`. Mf
Mfj`
j`i
ihs
hsffs
e. Qli
Qli`hgj
`hgjtji
tji mji/
mji/jtju
jtju tfim
tfimjkji
jkji
f. Wfi`
Wfi`kjsj
kjsji
i khim
khimfsf
fsf pjs
pjsfli
fli s
slgl
lglbuc
buc cli
clifi`
fi``jbk
`jbkji
ji pl
plbjyji
bjyjiji
ji uif
uiftt
`jwjt mjrurjt mji rlinjij tfimjk bjiout
=. Fsf rfi`kjs
rfi`kjsji
ji pubji` slk
slkurji`-kurji`i
urji`-kurji`iyj
yj clcujt?
j. Fmli
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tftj
tjs
sppjs
jsfl
fli
i
g. Mfj`
Mfj`ihsf
ihsfs
s cjsuk mji ffimf
imfkjsf
kjsf pjs
pjsfli
fli mf
mfrjwj
rjwjtt

n. Wf
Wfi`
i`kj
kjsj
sji
i ej
ejsf
sfbb pl
plcl
clrf
rfks
ksjj
jji
i dfsf
dfsfk
k mj
mji
i pl
pliu
iuio
ioji
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`, mfj`
mfj`ih
ihsf
sfs
s
jkefr, pli`hgjtji mji tfimjk bjiout
m. Ijcj mji tjimj tji
tji`ji
`ji mhk
mhktlr
tlr jtju mhktlr `f`
`f`ff yji` clcglrfkji
plbjyjiji klslejtji
Mhktl
Mhktlrr jtj
jtju
u mh
mhktl
ktlrr `f`f
`f`f mjb
mjbjc
jc cli
cliojb
ojbjik
jikji
ji prj
prjktf
ktfk
k kl
klmhk
mhktl
tlrji
rji
wjofg
wjofg clc
clcguj
gujtt rlk
rlkjc
jc clmf
clmfs.
s. ^l
^ltfj
tfjp
p plin
plinjtj
jtjtji
tji kl mjbj
mjbjc
c rlk
rlkjc
jc
clmfs ejrus mfguguef ijcj, wjktu mji tjimj tji`ji mhktlr, mhktlr
`f
`f`f
`f jtj
jtju
u tli
tlij`j
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klsle
slejtj
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i tl
tlrtl
rtlit
itu
u yji
yji`
` clc
clcgl
glrfk
rfkji
ji pl
plbjy
bjyjij
jiji.
i.
Mjbjc ejb tlrojmf klsjbjeji mjbjc clbjkukji plinjtjtji pjmj rlkjc
clmf
clmfs
s mj
mjpj
pjtt mf
mfbj
bjku
kukj
kji
i pl
plcg
cglt
ltub
ubji
ji.. Ql
Qlcg
cglt
ltub
ubji
ji eji
jiyj
yj mj
mjpj
pjtt
mfbjkukji mli`ji njrj plinhrltji tjipj cli`efbji`kji njtjtji yji`
mf
mfgl
gltu
tubk
bkji
ji mj
mji
i mf
mfgu
gugu
guef
ef pj
pjrj
rjdd mh
mhkt
ktlr
lr,, mh
mhkt
ktlr
lr `f`f
`f`f jtju
jtju tli
tlij`
j`j
j
klslejtji tlrtlitu y
yji`
ji` glrs
glrsji`kutji.
ji`kutji. Ldlk hgjt, l
ldlk
dlk sjcpfi
sjcpfi`
` hgjt
mji klojmfj
klojmfji
i jblr`f mfm
mfmhkuc
hkuclitj
litjsfk
sfkji
ji mjbjc rlk
rlkjc
jc clmfs. Mhkt
Mhktlr,
lr,
mhktlr `f`f mji/jtju tlij`j klslejtji tlrtlitu glrtji``ui` ojwjg jtjs

>7
 

njtjtji
njtjtji mji
mji/jtj
/jtju
u mhkucl
mhkucli
i yji` mf
mfgujt
gujt pjm
pjmj
j rlkjc cl
clmfs
mfs.. Kbfi
Kbfifk
fk
cliylmfjkji djsfbftjs yji` mfplrbukji mjbjc rji`kj pliylbli``jrjji
rlkjc clmfs mli`ji clcplrtfcgji`kji klrjejsfjji pjsfli.
Wlkjc
Wlkjc clm
clmfs
fs pjm
pjmj
j kbf
kbfif
ifk
k wj
wjofg
ofg mf
mfsf
sfcpj
cpji
i sl
slkur
kurji
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`-kurj
urji`
i`iy
iyj
j

uituk oji
uituk oji`k
`kj
j wj
wjktu
ktu 7 (m
(muj)
uj) tje
tjeui
ui tlr
tlref
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tui`
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mjrff tji
tji``
``jb
jb tlr
tlrjke
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fr
pjsfli
pjsfli glrh
glrhgjt.
gjt. ^lt
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lbje gjtjs wjkt
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u mfb
mfbjcpj
jcpjuf,
uf, rlkj
rlkjcc clmf
clmfs
s mjpj
mjpjtt
mfcusijekji. Fidhrcjsf tlitji` fmlitftjs, mfj`ihsfs, rfwjyjt pliyjkft,
rfwjy
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jt pl
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litu,,
pltu`js pli`lbhbj mji pli
pliji``ui`
ji``ui` ojwjg kbfifk. Qliolbjsji tlitji` fsf
rlkjc clmfs ejiyj ghble mfbjkukji hble mhktlr jtju mhktlr `f`f yji`
clrjwjt pjsfli mli`ji fzfi tlrtubfs pjsfli jtju glrmjsjrkji plrjturji
plruimji`-uimjij`j
plruimji`-uimjij`ji.
i. Qliji``
Qliji``ui`
ui` ojw
ojwjg
jg kbfi
kbfifk
fk mjpjt cliolbj
cliolbjskji
skji

fsf rlkjc clmfs slnjrj tlrtubfs jtju bji`sui` klpjmj plchehi tjipj
fzfi pjsfli
pjsfli glrmjs
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rji plruim
plruimji`-uimji`
ji`-uimji`ji.
ji. Qliji``
Qliji``ui`
ui`
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glrtji``ui`
` ojwjg jtjs efbji`, rusjk, plcjbsuji
mji/
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pli`
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tfmjk
k gl
glre
rejk
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tlrejmjp rlkjc clmfs.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Jmj gukt
guktff pl
pliyl
iylbli`
bli``jrjj
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i rlk
rlkjc
jc cl
clmfs
mfs ((M)
M)
7. Qli
Qli`lbh
`lbhbjji
bjji Wlkjc
Wlkjc Clmfs mfbjkuk
mfbjkukji
ji hble tlij`j
tlij`j yji`
yji` glrkhcpltl
glrkhcpltli
i
(M)
>. Jm
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j gu
gukt
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c cl
clmf
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mffs
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bli`kj
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p hb
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fhij
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Qlcglrf Jsueji (QQJ) (M)
=. Jm
Jmj
j tjt
tjtj
j nj
njrj
rj pl
pliy
iyfcp
fcpji
jiji,
ji, plcf
plcfio
iojcj
jcji
i mji plc
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jeji
i rlk
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clmfs (W)
<. Jmj guk
guktf
tf kbfi
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clioj`j
j`j klr
klrjejs
jejsfjji
fjji rl
rlkjc
kjc clm
clmfs
fs pjsf
pjsfli
li (M,H)

>>
 

^tjimjr QKQ :7
Qlbjyjiji Bjghrjthrfu
Bjghrjthrfuc
c
Qlbjyjiji
Qlbjyjiji bjghrjthrfuc mfklbhbj slsujf mli`ji klgfojkji mji prhslmur
 yji` mftltjpkji.
mftltjpkji. Kbfifk cliltjpkji olifs
olifs-olifs
-olifs plbjyji
plbjyjiji
ji bjghrjthrfuc

 yji` tlrslmfj
tlrslmfj

Cjksum mji ]uouji

Kbfifk
Kbfifk yji` cli
cliylb
ylbli`
li``jrjk
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ji plbj
plbjyjij
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kji
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plclrfksjji
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uc mf mj
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c kb
kbfi
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tlrslg
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clbj
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i

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u Fitlr
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(QCF)
F) mjb
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g kb
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u
cliltjpkji oji`kj wjktu yji` mfgutuekji uituk clbjphrkji ejsfb
tls bjghrjthrfuc.
bjghrjthrfuc. Ejsfb plclrfks
plclrfksjji
jji yji
yji`
` sl`
sl`lrj
lrj ((ur`lit 
ur`lit ),
), slplrtf mjrf
uift `jwjt mjrurjt mfglrfkji plrejtfji keusus. Wlj`lisfj mji gjeji-
gjej
gjeji
i bj
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fi yj
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i` ej
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sf mj
mji
i mf
mftl
tltj
tjpk
pkji
ji.. ^lc
lcuj
uj
rlj`l
rlj`lis
isfj
fj mfsf
mfsfcpj
cpji
i sl
slsuj
sujff pl
plmhc
mhcji
ji mjr
mjrff prh
prhmus
musli
li jtj
jtju
u fi
fistr
struks
uksff
pliyfcpjiji
pliyfcpjiji yji` jmj pjmj klcjsji. ^lsujf ml
mli`ji
i`ji pl
plrjbjtji
rjbjtji mji
prhslmur yji` mfbjksjijkji mf bjghrjthrfuc, plrbu mftltjpkji rlitji`
ifbjf ihrcjb mji rlitji` ifbjf ruoukji uituk sltfjp plclrfksjji yji`
mfbjksjijkji.

>=
 

 Ofkj plclrfks
plclrfksjji
jji mfbjksji
mfbjksjijkji
jkji hble bjghrjthrfuc mf bujr kbfifk,
cjkj bjphrji ejsfb plclrfksjji ejrus mfbli`kjpf mli`ji rlitji` ifbjf
ihrcjb
ihrcjb mji rlit
rlitji`
ji` ifb
ifbjf
jf ruouk
ruoukji.
ji. Jmj prhs
prhslmur
lmur ruoukji splsfc
splsfcli
li
mji/
mji/ jtj
jtju
u pl
pli`
i``ui
`uij
j bjy
bjyji
jiji,
ji, ofkj
ofkj pl
plcl
clrfk
rfksj
sjji
ji bjghr
bjghrjth
jthrf
rfuc
uc tfmjk
tfmjk

mjpjt mfbjkukji hble kbfifk.

Lblcli Qlifbjfi
:. Jmj plilt
pliltjpji
jpji olif
olifs-ol
s-olifs
ifs plbjy
plbjyjiji
jiji bjgh
bjghrjthr
rjthrfuc
fuc yji` mfsl
mfslmfjk
mfjkji
ji
(W).
7. ]l
]lrm
rmjp
jpjt
jt Qlij
Qliji`
i``u
`ui`
i` Ojwj
Ojwjg
g Bjgh
Bjghrj
rjth
thrf
rfuc
uc slsu
slsujf
jf plru
plruim
imji
ji`-
`-
uimji`ji yji` glrbjku
>. Kb
Kbffifk cl
cli
iltjp
jpk
kji rli
rlitji
tji` ifbjf ihrc
hrcjb uitu
tuk
k sltfjp olifs
plclrfksjji yji` mfslmfjkji (M)
=. Jmj guktf rlj`
rlj`lis
lisfj
fj lsli
lslisfjb
sfjb mji gjej
gjeji
i bjfi tlrsl
tlrslmfj
mfj slsu
slsujf
jf mli`j
mli`ji
i

 olifs plbjyjiji
plbjyjiji yji` mftltjpkji, plbjgl
plbjglbji
bji mji pliyfcpji
pliyfcpjijiiyj
jiiyj (M,
P)
<. Jm
Jmj
j gu
gukt
ktff pl
plbj
bjks
ksji
jijj
jji
i Ql
Qlcj
cjit
itjp
jpji
ji Cu
Cutu
tu Fi
Fitl
tlri
rijb
jb (Q
(QCF
CF)) mj
mji
i
Qlcjitjpji Cutu Lkstlri
Lkstlrijb
jb (QCL) slnjrj g
glrkjbj
lrkjbj (M,H,P
(M,H,P).
).

^tjimjr QKQ :>

Qlbjyjiji Wjmfhbh`f Mfj`ihstfk
Qlbjyjiji
Qlbjyjiji rjmfhbh`f mfj`ihstfk mfslmfjkji uituk clcliuef klgutueji
pjsfli.
pjsfli. Qlbj
Qlbjyjij
yjiji
i rjmf
rjmfhmfj
hmfj`ih
`ihstfk
stfk mfk
mfklbhb
lbhbj
j sls
slsujf
ujf mli
mli`ji
`ji klg
klgfojk
fojkji
ji
mji prhslmur yji` mftltjpkji.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Qlbjyjiji
Qlbjyjiji rjmfhbh`f mfj`ihstfk mf kbfifk mfslsujf
mfslsujfkji
kji mli`ji klgutueji
mji
mji sl
slsu
sujf
jf kl
kljc
jcji
jiji
ji rj
rjmf
mfjs
jsf.
f. Kb
Kbfi
fifk
fk yj
yji`
i` cl
clcf
cfbf
bfkf
kf pl
plbj
bjyj
yjij
iji
i
rjmfhmfj`ihstfk mfpjstfkji clcfbfkf cjijolcli kljcjiji rjmfjsf yji`
clbfputf?

><
 

j. Klpjtue
uej
ji tlrejmjp stjimjr yji` glrbjku mji plrj
rjtturji
plruimji`-uimji`ji
g. Klp
Klpjtue
jtueji
ji tlrejm
tlrejmjp
jp stjim
stjimjr
jr mjrf cjijolc
cjijolcli
li djsfbf
djsfbftjs,
tjs, rjmfj
rjmfjsf
sf mji
prh`rjc plinl`jeji mji pli`limjbfji fidlksf.

n. ]lrs
]lrslmf
lmfj
j JQM slsuj
slsujff plkl
plklrojji
rojji m
mji
ji gjej
gjejyj
yj yji
yji` ` mfejm
mfejmjpf.
jpf.
m. Hrfl
Hrflitjs
itjsff gj`f slcuj stjd plbjy
plbjyjiji
jiji rjmf
rjmfhbh`
hbh`ff tlitji
tlitji`
` prjktfk mji
prhslmur klslbjcjtji.
^lcuj
^lcuj plrj
plrjbjtj
bjtji
i yji` mf`uijk
mf`uijkji
ji uitu
uituk
k plcl
plclrfks
rfksjji
jji rjmf
rjmfhbh`
hbh`ff mji
mfj`ihs
mfj`ihstfk
tfk fclo
fclofi`
fi` mfp
mfplrfk
lrfksj,
sj, mfrj
mfrjwjt
wjt mji mf kjbf
kjbfgrjs
grjsff sln
slnjrj
jrj tlrj
tlrjtur
tur
mji mfslrtjf njtjtji clcjmjf yji` mfplbfejrj mli`ji gjfk clbfputf?
j. \o
\off glr
glrkjb
kjbj
j
g. Fisp
Fisplks
lksff glrkjb
glrkjbj
j
n. Qlc
Qlclbfe
lbfejrjji
jrjji glrk
glrkjbj
jbj

m. Kjbf
Kjbfgrjs
grjsff glrkjb
glrkjbj
j
l. Mhk
Mhkucl
uclit
itjsf
jsf
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. Kbfifk clilrjpk
clilrjpkji
ji prhslmur plbjyjiji rjmfh mfj`
mfj`ihstfk
ihstfk (W)
7. Jm
Jmj
j gu
gukt
ktff pl
plbj
bjyj
yjij
iji
i rj
rjmf
mfhb
hbh`
h`ff sl
slsu
sujf
jf ml
mli`
i`ji
ji pr
prhs
hslm
lmur
ur yj
yji`
i` jm
jmj
j
tlrcjsuk klpjtueji tlrejmjp cjijolcli kljcjiji rjmfjsf (M)

^tjimjr QKQ :=
Qlbjyjiji Kldjrcjsfji
Qlbjyjiji kldjrcjsfji mfklbhbj slsujf mli`ji plrjturji plruimji`-
uimji`ji.
Cjksum mji ]uouji
Mjbjc
Mjbjc cl
clio
iojbj
jbjik
ikji
ji prj
prjktf
ktfk
k kl
kldjr
djrcjs
cjsfji
fji mf kbf
kbfif
ifk,
k, jph
jphtlk
tlklr
lr ejr
ejrus
us
clilrjpkji stjimjr plbjyjiji kldjrcjsfji slefi``j plbjyjiji yji`
mfgl
mfglrf
rfkj
kji
i hp
hptf
tfcj
cjbb mj
mji
i gl
glrc
rcut
utu,
u, cj
cjcp
cpu
u cl
clbf
bfim
imui
ui`f
`f pj
pjsf
sfli
li mj
mji
i

>4
 

cjsyjrjkjt mjrf pli``uijji hgjt yji` tfmjk rjsfhijb mjbjc rji`kj

klslbjcjtji pjsfli (pjtflit sjdlty) , slrtj cliojcfi klpjstfji eukuc
gj`f tlij`j kldjrcjsfji.
Kbfifk clbjksjijkji pli`lbhbjji slmfjji djrcjsf mji jbjt klslejtji

slrtj plbjyjiji djrcjsf kbfifk slsujf stjimjr plbjyjiji kldjrcjsfji.

Kbfifk
Kbfifk sln
slnjrj
jrj glrk
glrkjbj
jbj cfi
cfifcjb
fcjb sjtu kjbf mjbjc sltj
sltjeui
eui clil
cliltjpk
tjpkji
ji
dhrcubjrf
dhrcubjrfuc
uc yji
yji`
` cli`
cli`jnu
jnu pjmj Dhrc
Dhrcubjrf
ubjrfuc
uc Ijsf
Ijsfhijb
hijb.. Qli
Qli`kjo
`kjofji
fji
rlsl
rlslp
p mf
mfbj
bjku
kukj
kji
i hble
hble tl
tlij
ij`j
`j kl
kldj
djrc
rcjs
jsfj
fji,
i, cl
clbf
bfpu
putf
tf pl
pli
i`k
`kjo
jofj
fji
i
jmcfifstrjtfvl, djrcjsltfk mji kbfifs. Qlrlslpji ejiyj mfbjkukji hble
tlij`
tlij`j
j clm
clmfs
fs yjf
yjftu
tu mh
mhktl
ktlr,
r, mh
mhktl
ktlrr `f`f
`f`f mji mhk
mhktlr
tlr sp
spls
lsfjb
fjbfs
fs.. \i
\ituk
tuk
kbfifk
fifk rj
rjw
wjt fijp pli``u
`ui
ijj
jji
i hg
hgjt
jt hble pli``ui
uij
j bjyji
jiji
ji/
/
pli`hgjtji slimfrf gjfk yji` mfgjwj kl kbfifk jtju yji` mfrlslpkji
jtju mfplsji mf kbfifk, mfkltjeuf mji mfnjtjt mjbjc rlkjc clmfs mji

mfbjkukji rlkhisfbfjsf hgjt. Hgjt yji` plrbu mfwjspjmjf jmjbje hgjt

 yji` cli`jimui` rfsfkh yji` clifi`kjt gfbj sjbje cli``uijkji mji
mjp
jpjt
jt cl
cli
ifcgubk
ubkji gje
jej
jyj pjm
jmj
j pj
pjs
sfli
fli. Qliyfcp
cpji
jiji
ji mji
pli`
pli``ui
`uijji
jji hgj
hgjtt ijr
ijrkht
khtfk
fk mji psf
psfkht
khtrhp
rhpfk
fkj
j sl
slsuj
sujff ml
mli`
i`ji
ji jtu
jturji
rji
plruimji`ji.
plruimji`ji. Kbfifk clcplrejtf
clcplrejtfkji
kji pliylmfjji hgjt kljmjji mjrurjt
clm
clmfs slefi``
fi``j
j sjj
jjtt tl
tlro
rojm
jmff kl`jw
jwj
jtmjr
tmjru
urj
rjttji pjs
jsffli nlpjt
climjp
climjpjtk
jtkji
ji jks
jksls
ls tlr
tlrejm
ejmjp
jp hg
hgjt
jt kl
kljmj
jmjji
ji mjr
mjrurj
urjtt cl
clmf
mfs
s sl
slsuj
sujff
plrjturji plruimji`-uimji`ji.
Lblcli Qlifbjfji
:. ]l
]lrsl
rslmfj
mfj guk
guktf
tf pli
pli`lb
`lbhbj
hbjji
ji mji plb
plbjyj
jyjiji
iji sl
slmf
mfjji
jji djr
djrcjs
cjsff GCEQ
mji
mji jbjt
jbjt kl
klsl
slej
ejtj
tji
i hble
hble tl
tlij
ij`j
`j kl
kldj
djrc
rcjs
jsfj
fji
i sl
slsu
sujf
jf ml
mli`
i`ji
ji
plrjturji plruimji`-uimji`ji. (M,H,P)
7. ]l
]lrsl
rslmfj
mfj mjd
mjdtjr
tjr dhr
dhrcub
cubjrf
jrfuc
uc h
hgjt
gjt kbfi
kbfifk
fk ((M)
M)
>. Jmj kl
klgf
gfojk
ojkji
ji mji jt
jtju
ju prh
prhsl
slmur
mur pl
pli`
i`jmj
jmjji
ji hgj
hgjtt sls
slsujf
ujf ml
mli`
i`ji
ji
rl`ubjsf (M)

>0
 

=. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj gu
gukt
ktff mfbj
mfbjku
kukj
kji
i pl
pli`
i`kj
kjof
ofji
ji rl
rlsl
slp
p mj
mji
i pl
plcg
cglr
lrfj
fji
i hg
hgjt
jt
mli`ji glijr pjmj sltfjp plbjyjiji plcglrfji hgjt. (M,H,P)
<. ]l
]lrs
rslm
lmfj
fj gu
gukt
ktff pl
plcg
cglr
lrfj
fji
i fi
fidh
dhrc
rcjs
jsff hg
hgjt
jt mj
mji
i kh
khis
islb
lbfi
fi`
` hb
hble
le
Jphtlklr.(M,H)

4. ]l
]lrsl
rslmfj
mfj guk
guktf
tf rlk
rlkhi
hisf
sfbfj
bfjsf
sf hgj
hgjtt pjmj plb
plbjy
jyjij
jiji
i rjwj
rjwjtt fijp sl
slsuj
sujff
mli`ji plrjturji plruimji`-uimji`ji (M,H,P)
0. ]l
]lrsl
rslmfj
mfj hg
hgjt
jt lcl
lclr`l
r`lis
isff pjmj uif
uift-u
t-uif
iftt mfcji
mfcjij
j mfpl
mfplrbu
rbukji
kji,, mji
mjpj
mjpjtt mf
mfjk
jksl
sls
s ui
uitu
tuk
k cl
clcl
cli
iue
ueff kl
klgu
gutu
tuej
eji
i yji
ji`
` gl
glrs
rsfd
fdjt
jt
lclr`lisf, mfpjitju, mji mf`jitf tlpjt wjktu sltlbje mf`uijkji
jtju gfbj kjmjbujrsj. (M,H,P)
5. ]l
]lrsl
rslmfj
mfj guk
guktf
tf pli
pliyfc
yfcpji
pjiji
ji mji plb
plbjph
jphrji
rji hg
hgjt
jt ijrk
ijrkhtf
htfkj
kj slrt
slrtj
j
psfkhtrhpfkj slsujf mli`ji rl`ubjsf (M,H,P)
6. ]l
]lrsl
rslmfj
mfj gu
guktf
ktf pl
pliy
iyfcp
fcpjij
jiji
i hgjt tl
tlrcj
rcjsuk
suk hg
hgjt
jt ef`
ef`e
e jblr
jblrtt yji`

gjfk, glijr mji jcji slsujf rl`ubjsf (M,H,P)

:1. ]lrslmfj klgfojkji mji jtju prhslmur pliji`jiji hgjt
kjmjbujrsj/ rusjk (M,P)
::.. ]l
:: ]lrm
rmjp
jpjt
jt pl
pli
inj
njtj
tjtj
tji
i mj
mji
i pl
plbj
bjph
phrj
rji
i CL
CL^H
^H/C
/Chi
hift
fthr
hrfi
fi`
` Ld
Ldlk
lk
^jcpfi` Hgjt (M,P)
:7.. Jm
:7 Jmj
j kl
klgf
gfoj
ojkj
kji
i mj
mji
i jtju
jtju pr
prhs
hslm
lmur
ur pl
plcj
cjit
itju
juji
ji mj
mji
i pl
plbj
bjph
phrj
rji
i
clmfnjtfhi
clmfnjtfhi lrrhr (M,P)
:>.. Mjb
:> Mjbjc
jc ejb kbfi
kbfifk
fk tfm
tfmjk
jk clc
clcfbf
fbfkf
kf jph
jphtl
tlklr
klr,, slgj`
slgj`jf
jf pl
pliji
iji``u
``ui`
i`
 ojwjg plbjyjiji kldjrcjsfji
kldjrcjsfji,, jmj guktf gjewj kbfifk ejiyj
cli`
cli`lb
lbhb
hbj
j hg
hgjt
jt mj
mjru
rurj
rjtt cl
clmf
mfs
s sl
slsu
sujf
jf pl
plrj
rjtu
turj
rji
i pl
plru
ruim
imji
ji`-
`-
uimji`ji (M,H,P)

>5
 

>6
 

=1