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    ejma-standards

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    18 views228 pages

    Ejma Standards

    Uploaded by

    scarab scarab
    ejma-standards

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 228
    ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. SECTION 1 SCOPE, DEFINITIONS, AND NOMENCLATURE LAscoPE ‘The EIMA™ Standards are only intended fo application to metalic bellows expansion joints 1.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS ‘The Expansion Joint Manufacturers Associatia, Ine has adopted the following definitions of Expansion Joint components and related equipment ANGULAR ROTATION ‘The displacement of the longitudinal axis ofthe Expansion Joint from its intial straight fine position into eitcular arc. Angular rotation is occasionally refered to as "roational movement.” ‘This is not torsional rotation which is described further inthis section, AXIAL COMPRESSION ‘The dimensional shortening of an Expansion Joint alongts longitudinal axis. Axial compression has boen referred to as axial movement, averse or compression. ANIAL EXTENSION, ‘The dimensional lengthening ofan Expansion Joint alo its longitudinal axis, Anial extension has boon referred 1 a axial movement, travers, clongation or extension. BELLOWS The flexible clement of an Expansion Joine consisting ofone cr more convolutions and the end tangents with, ’D, $3, with no more than Five plies. CONTROL RODS Devices, usualy inthe form of ods or bars, attached tothe Expansion Joint assembly whose primary function iso distribute the movement between the cvo bellows ofa universal Expansion Sint. Control rods are not designed to restrain bellows pressure thrust. CONVOLUTION “The smallest flexible unit of w bellows. The total mover to the numberof convolution. COVER A device nse tn provide limited praterton af he exteriar surface ofthe hellows of an expansion Joint from foreign objets or mechaneal damage. A cover is sometimes referred to asa shroud, DIRECTIONAL ANCHOR [A directional or sliding anchor is one which is designed fo absor lading in one direction while permitting motion in another, It may be either & main or intermediate anchor, depending upon the pplication involved. When designed for the purpose, a ciectional anchor may also function as 8 pipe alignment guide. [nthe design ofa directional anche, an effort should be made to minimize the fiction betwcen is moving or sliding parts, since this Will reuce the Toad on the piping and ‘equipment and insure proper functioning of the anchor. ent capacity oF a bellows is proportional owing Expansion Joo ManuitrersAnoeition, Ine ht STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. DOUBLE EXPANSION JOINT {A double Expansion Joint consists of two bellows joined by common connector whichis anchored to some rigid part ofthe installation by theans ofa anchor base. The anchor base may be attached tothe common connecior either at instalation oat ime of manufacture. Each bellows ‘cts a a single Expansion Joint and absorb the movement ct the pipe section in which its Inslled independently ofthe other bellows. Dauble Expansion Joints should nat be conse with Universal Expansion Joins EQUALIZING AND REINFORCING RINGS Devices used on some expansion joint fitting snugly in the roots of the convolutions. The primary purpose ofthese devices sto reinfores the bellows against intemal pressure. Equalizing ings are ‘made of east ron, tel, stainless steel or ther suitable alloys an are approximately "T* shaped in ‘ross sceton. Reinforcing or foot rings ae fabricated from ting or solid round bas of carbon Stee, stainless steel oF other suitable alloys EXPANSION JOINTS Any device contaising one or more bellows used w absorb dimensional changes, such as those ‘caused by thermal expansion or contraction ofa pipeline; du or vessel PLANGED ENDS ‘The ends ofan expansion joint equipped with Manges forthe purpose of bolting the expansion joint tothe mating Manges of adjacent equipment o piping (See Section 9.3). GIMBAL EXPANSION JOINT {A gimbal Expansion Joints designed to permit angular rotation in any plane by the use of wo pairs of hinges affixed to a common floating gimbal rng. The gimbal ring, hinges and ps must, ‘he designed to restrain the thrust of the Expansion Joint due o ateral pressure and extraneous forces, where applicable HINGED EXPANSION JOINT ‘A hinged Expansion Joint contains one bellows and is designed to permit angular rotation in one plane only by the use ofa par of pins through hinge plates tached tothe Expansion Joint ends, ‘The hinges and hinge pins must be designed to restrain the trust ofthe Expansion Joint duc to internal pressure and extraneous forces. where applicable. Hinged Expansion Joints should be used {sets of two of three to function propery. IN-LINE PRESSURE BALANCED EXPANSION JOINT An in-line pressure balanced Expansion Joint is designed to absorb axial movement snr lateral ‘deflection while restraining the pressure thnist by means of devices interconnects the line bellows with outboard compensating bellows also subjected t0 ine pressure, Each bellows sets 0.) im ine crep range ~ Moll of Rigity at design tomperature fr material (ps ‘Resultant oa intemal pressure force acting on the bellows and reiforcement (bs) = Pg ~ Hold ine at temperature berncen eels (hous). Moment of nea of rectangular bellows coavo za cross-section (in), 10-9)! epee = nff22—2 5 o.4grw—0.20¥ | foe “U profile i = tarw-020¥ : oR ET enh soe 1, ~ Moment of inertia of pipe cross section (in.*), Ke = Inplane instability facto. = fe ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. K, = lnplane instability factor. ‘ky = Forming method far = | for expanding mandre! or oll forming. 0.6 for hydraulic, elastomeric, or pneumati tube forming Circumferential stress factor. ‘The greater ofthe following but not ess than 1.0 rare = Ee hare and 6, ae bose on axial exension concen wth presse P te 2a-ey+ Ete, here «and, are based on aa corpression onsite with press 24 Shape factor for eross seston (se Table I), | Ho Pe = 27 =A" var y¢n- 0.726) | for etangular bellows 2 7 ‘Overall bellows spring rate (bin). N k, ~ Factor establishing relationship between equivalent ax displacement per convolution due to lateral deflection and the ratio f, (2). actor for determining the moment eton for universal expansion joint with angular rotation about one end _ 0123.+1.958a, 2955958 Factor for determining the moment ad eauivalen axial movement fora uni joint wi angular rotation about one end are rier actor for determining the lateral force fora universal expansion joint with angular ation bout one en K, expansion = o771x1.2876)* 2, Angular rotation intomal pressure effect factor. aC 7 FG, +048 = lite, itG1.55, Acceleration due 1 gravity (32.2 A / see), ‘A factor which considers the stiffening effect of the attachment weld and the end convolution ‘on the pressure capacity ofthe bellows tangent. 4 ike tase k= Tye n= Number of bellows material plies of thickness, ing = Number of equally spaced gussets per tangent cll. “¢-~ Convolution pte the distance between corresponding points of any two adjacent convolutions ina bellows (in) = Moan radius of toroidal bellows convolution (in). ‘na = Mean radius ofhellows convolution (in) 1 = Bellows nomic material thickness of one ply (n.) 1. = Bellows tangent reinforeing collar matral thickness (in. a a+ We 1, ~ Bellows material thickness for one ply, corrected fer thinning during forming (in. le = + For rectangular expansion joint rails v= Velocity of mei flow (fsee.) w = Convolution eight (see Figure 4.19 and $.9) (in), 1 = Applied axial movement in compression or extension (in). c+ are ( 82224) st meri pd agi STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. 1» = Applic lateral deflection (in) ‘at = Bellows beam mode deflection due ro pressure at the center of long span and mid-point of bellows tive length (in. Bellows beam mode defletion due. pressure atthe center of short span and mid-point of bellows five length (in. Applied lateral deflection ina direction parallel with the long side (in). “Applied lateral defletion ina direction parallel with the shor side (in) Inplane instability stress interaction factor. 1423" +(1-25" +454)" Inplane instability stress rato, Ky For bellows fermed from wbes with an inside diameter of D, (0 ~ Applied angular rotation per individual bellows (rains) @, = Angle of rotation for an unestainod centr spoot (radians). 6, ~ Applied angular rotation per individual bellows ina pine parallel with the long side (radians), @,, ~ Maximum angular rotation from straight positon (radians), Applied angular rotation per individual bellows in apne parallel with the shor side (radians). 0, ~ Anglo ofthe veal expansion joint etn with apes to horznl (ds = Ratio of design pressure to critical pressure = PNA foe unrinforced bellows, Tree, PN" Torse PN Tae Poisson's Ratio, {oe reinforced bellows i toroidal bellows, in Manicures Asani, ovo STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. SECTION 2- SELECTION AND APPLICATIONS 21 SELECTION OF EXPANSION JOINTS The first stp inthe seletion of Expansion Joins i to choose tentative locations for the pipe anchors, Any'piping system, regardless oF its complexity, can be divided into @ number of ‘ndividal expanding pipe sections having relatively simple eonfiguation (ic: straight runs,"L" shaped bends, "2" shaped bends and other means), by means of anchors, The numberof pipe anchors selected, as well s their locations wll depend upon the piping configuration, the [amount of expansion which can be accommodated by a single Expansion Toin, the availability ‘of structural members suitable for use as acho, the location of various pipe fing the location of connected equipment, he location of branch connections and other considerations. “The major pieces of connectd equipment such as turbines, pumps, compressors, heat ‘exciangers, reactors, and similar devices can be considered as anchors in most applications. It is usually necessary to supplement these equipment anetor points by locating ational anchors at valves, at changes inte direetion of the pipe at blind ends of pipe and at major brane ‘connections, It is zencrally advisable to start out with the assumption that the use of single and ‘double Expansion Joints i straight axial movement will provide the simplest and most economical layout unless there are obvious advantages tobe gained from another approach After the anehor points have been tentatively located, the resulting pipe configurations should be reviewed to determine whether they conform tothe standard pipe sections shown in Sections 22 and 2.10. Atthis point, consideration shouldbe given to the relative merits of systems utilizing ‘ingle and double Expansion Joins for axial movenent only, as apposed to thoseulizing taniveral,preceer halaneed, hinged snd pimal Fypansins Taint final decision on anchor locations and the types of Expansion Joints wo be used ean only be made afer a comparison of various alternative solutions. Cost the ability vo comply with cyclic life and force requirement, space restrictions, and similar items should be considered ‘The next step iso calculate the actual change in length ofeach leg of each individual pipe section due to temperature changes. The minimum and installation temperatures are assumed to be 70° F unless otherwise specified. An allowance, added by the system designe, should then be included in the actual calculated mavenents to account far the Tolling possiblities: (2) The minimum andi installation temperatures used in the design calulations may Ihave been based on the ertneous assumption thatthe metal temperature of the pipe isthe sme as the ambient temperature () During erection of the piping, it may be necessary to relocate some of the anchor points hecause of constuction problems encountered atthe jb sit. (©) During operation the systom may be subject to a different temperature range than the cdsigner anticipated, particularly during star-up, Refer Appendix J Example 11 fora sample caleultion, soem mone Espunsio Joo Manicures Asscition In MM STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASS 22. SELECTION FOR AXIAL MOVEMENT ONLY (For an explanation of the symbols used in the digrams, refer to Appendix B.) FIGURE2.1 Figure 2.1 tities good practice inthe use of a single Expansion Joint to absorb axial pie line expansion. Note the use of one Expansion Joint between two main anchors (MA), the neariess ofthe Expansion Joiat to an anchor, the closeness of the first alignment guide (GI), the spacing between the first alignment guide and the second alignment guide (G2), and the spacing of intermediate guides (G) slong the balance of the line. See Figures 230 and 231, andor equation ( FIGURE 22 Figure 2.2 typifies good practice inthe use ofa double Expansion Joint wo absorb axial pipe ine ‘expansion. Note the addition of te intermediate anchor (LA) which, in conjunction with the two main anchors, divides the pipe line into individual expanding sections, so that there is only one Expansion Joint between any two anchors. Note als the closeness ofthe ist alignment guide (G1) each Expansion Joint the spacing between the first alignment guide and the second aljgnment gue (G2) the spacing of intermedia guides (G) along the halance of each pipe section. See Figures 2.30 ‘and 231 and/or equation 2-7), © Expansion Join Manaus Assckion fe sow imo rANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC FIGURE23 Figure 2.3 typifies eood practice inthe use of Expansion Joints to absorb axial pipe line expansion in pipe line wth a branch connection. The anchor tthe junction, whieh inthis ease isa tee Isa main Anchor (MA) designed to absorb the thrust from the Expansion Joint in the brane ine. Note the ‘nearness of each Expansion Join toan anchor. the closeness of each first alignment guide (Gi), the spacing between the firs alignment guide andthe second alignment guide (G2) and the spacing of intermediate guides (G) along the balance of each pipe section. See Figures 230 and 2.31 andor ‘equation (2-7), FIGURE 2.4 Figure 2.4 typifies good practice in the use of Expansion Joints to absorb axial pipe line expansion in 8 pipe lise containing a reducer. The anchor atthe reducer is a main anchor (MA) designed to absor> the difference in the truss of the Expansion Joints on each side of the reducer, Note the nearness of| tach Expansion Join to an anchor, te closeness of each frst alignment guide (GI), the spacing betcen the first alignment guide and the second alignment guide (G2) and the spacing of intermediate ‘ides (G) along the balance of each pipe section. See Figures 230 and 231 andlor equation (2-7). ewig ‘pansion Jit Mattar: Asian, Ine STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC, FIGURE 25 Figure 2.5 shows the aplication of single Expansion Joint to a pipe line containing an offset. Fe should be noted that applieations oF this type are not usually recommend and wil perform satisfactorily only within certain limits. As tm Figure 2.1, the line ts provided with main anchors teach end to absorb the pressure, movement loading, anc guide fition, Where the line Contains an offset, this load must first he transmitted though the offset le, resulting in a ‘moment onthe piping. Where the line size is small, the oTset appreciable, or where the pressure and movement Forces are relatively high, thi configuration may result in oversresing, oF Aistortion of the piping and guides. [Note the nearness ofthe Expansion Joint to an anchor (MA). the closeness ofthe fist alignment guide (G1), the spacing between the frst alignment guide andthe second alignment guide (C2) and te spacing of intermedite guides (G) along the balance ofthe live, Guides should be Installed near both ends ofthe offset ey to minimize the effets ofthe bending moment onthe 1 spacing of other guides, se guide chart Figure 2-31, and/or equation (2-7) FIGURE 26 Figure 2.6 pypities good practice inthe use ofa pressure balanced Expansion Join o absorh axial pipeline expansion. Note thatthe Expansion Joint i located ata change indirection of the Piping and tha he elbow and the end oF the pipe Hine are secured by intermediate anchors. Since the pressuce thrusts absorbed by the Expansion Joint itself and only the forces required to deflect the Expansion Join are imposed on the piping, « minimum of guiding is requited Frequently, directional guiding adjacent tothe Expansion Joint, a shown, may suffice. In long small-diameter pipelines, additional guiding may be neces) © Expansion Join Manufactures Association Ie ws. STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCLATION, INC FIGURE 27 Figure 2.7 shows the use of an inne pressure balanced Expansion Joints absorb axial pipe Tine movements in lng, saight piping run. By utilizing this arangement the two anchors shown are relieved of pressure loading and are designed as imermeiat anchors. Since the Piing is rlieved of compressive pressure loading, miniroum of guiding is required, prittatly to direc the thermal expansion ofthe piping ito the Expansion Joints in an aval direction, MACHINE, FIGURE 28 Figure 2.8 ypities good practice inthe use of a pressure balanced Expansion Joint to absorb the thermal expansion of equipment suchas turbines, pumps, compressors, ete. The primary Fiametion ofthe Expansion Joint sto minimize loading upon the equipment casing. Note that only an intermediate abo is required a the ebange of piping direction and that, i the Expansion Soin is located immediately adjacent tothe machin, no guiding is requted. Care should be taken to provide sufficient Mexibaty in both the flow bellows andthe balancing bellows, so that the forces resired to compress the Expansion Joint do not exceed lading limits for the equipment as established by the equipment manufacturer. See Section 26 for further 23. SELECTION FOR LATERAL DEFLECTION, ANGULAR ROTATION AND COMBINED MOVEMENTS ‘The selection and proper application of Expansion Joints for lateral deflection, angular rotation and combined movements, involves the evaluation of a numberof variables. These ean include the piping configuration, the operating conditions, desited yeti life, oud imitations upon piping and equipment, and avaiable supporting structure. In some eases, two or more types of Expansion Joints may be suitable fora particular aplication. The selection then becomes purely ‘an economic one. More frequently one or the other ofthe avilable designs possesses unique ‘characteristics which make it particulaely suitable fora given application ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC 2A APPLICATIONS USING SINGLE EXPANSION JOINTS FIGURE29 ‘The single Expansion Joint is usually considered Fist fr any application because it offers the lowest Expansion Joint cost. Figure 2.9 shows atypical application af a single Expansion Joint absorbing combined axial movement and lateral deflection. The system closely resembles the rangement shown for axial movement only inthe preceding section, ‘The Expansion Joints located at one end ofthe long piping leg with main anchors at each end and guides propery spaced for both movement coctol and protetion ofthe piping against buckling. The anchor atthe left end ofthe line isa diectional main anchor (DMA) which, hile absorbing the main anchor loading inthe diretion ofthe Expaasion Joint axis, permits the thermal expansion ofthe short piping ley to act upon the Expansion Joint as lateral defection [Because the main anchor loading exists only i the piping segment containing the expansion joint the anchor atthe end of the shore ping leg is a intermediate anchor. ~ © Expansion Joint Manicure Assan ww. STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. FIGURE 2.10 Figure 2.10 shows an altemate arrangement in which the Expansion Join is installed in the short leg and the principal expansion is absorbed a lateral deflection. The longer piping le i ‘of compressive pressure loading and requires only an termediate anchor and directional guiding. The function ofthe directional main anchor and the pipe guide may be combined in a single HoT POSITION \coto posmmon FIGURE 2.11 ww ng © Expansion Jit Manufactures As STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. CAERANE™ [cox0 sewn] epg FIGURE 2.12 ‘Figures 2.11 and 212 represent moications of Figure 2.10 in which the main anchors at ether end ofthe Expansion Joint are replaced by tie rks, Where the piping configuration permits, the tse of tie ods adjusted to prevent axial movement frequent! simplifies and reduces the cost of the installation. Bevause ofthese ie rds, the Expansion Joint isnot capable of absorbing any axial movement other than is own thermal expansion. The thermal expansion ofthe piping in the shorter legs, a a result, imposed as deflection othe longer piping leg. Where the longer Piping lg is nor sufficiently flexible and whee the dimension ofthe shorter lg is suitable, ie rods may’ be installed spanning the entre shor eg so that na deflection is imposed on the longer run from this source |Where appreciable amounts of lateral deflection are imposed upon the Expansion Joint, some shortening of dhe Expansion Joint results from the displacement of the ie rs as shawn in Figure 2.11. Care should be taken to insu tat sufficient piping exibility exists to absorb this deflection and that adequate clearances are provide inthe uid to permit deflection ofthe Pipina. The amount ofthis deflection ean be minimized by cold springing the Expansion Join in the lateral dzction as shown in Figure 2.12 ‘The principal restriction upon the use of single Expansion Joints for lateral deflection or ‘combined! axial movement and lateral deflection isthe limited amount of aera deletion whieh such an Expansion Joint can absorb. The allowable lateral defletion i directly proportional to the ratio of convoluted length to diameter which, in tra, is restited by considerations of stability and manufacturing limitations. While eminently suitable for applications such as Figure 2.9 whore the principal movement is axial, the relatively smal available lateral movement severely limits the type of application ilustrated in Figures 2.10, 211 and2.12. Where operating pressures and temperatures ae high, or where availability of suitable structures prechis the use ‘of main anchors and multiple guides, the application shown in Figure 2.9 may not be feasible and another type of Expansion Joint muy result m far more economical instalation. APPLICATIONS USING UNIVERSAL EXPANSION JOINTS, ‘The universal Expansion Joint is particularly well adapted to the absorption of lateral deflection addition, this design may be used to absorb axial movement, angula rotation oF any combination of te dee. A common application ofthe universal Expansion Join is suse a a ied Expansion Joint in a 90 degree piping offset with the ie rods adjusted to prevent extemal axial movement. Two such applisations ae showa in Figures 2.13 and 2.14, © Expansion Jit Manicures seit, ow gore STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. FIGURE 2.13 Figure 2.13 shows ated universal Expansion Joint used to absorb lateral deflection ina single plane "2" bend. Where dimensionally feasible, the Expansion Joint should be designed t il the entire off leg so that its expansion is absorbed within the tie rods as axial movement. The tie ‘od shouldbe extended to the elbow centerline when practical, The thermal movement ofthe horizontal lines i absorbed as lateral defletion by the Expansion Joint Both anchors ae intermediate anchors since the pressure loading is absorbed by the te rods Only directional guiding i required sine the compressive load on the pipe consists only ofthe force necessary to deflect the Expansion Joint. Any thermal expansion ofthe offct leg exteral to he tc rode, such a that ofthe elbows at cither end, muat be absorbed by bonding ofthe horizontal pipe legs. Provision should be made in the design ofthe guides to allow for both this defection and the reduce length ofthe Expansion joint in its deflected postion. In ation, particulary in he case of long universal Expansio Joints under high pressure, additional Allowance may be necessary to compensate for stetching ofthe tie rods under load. The Expansion Joint manufacturer should be consulted for recommended minimum guide clearances. wv ine © Exparsion Jit Manfatrers Asai ne 29 ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC, 7 i SAS Ct F Wm i— « FIGURE 2.14 Figure 2M shows atypical application ofa tied universal Expansion Joint in a thrceplane ‘hon Since the universal Expansion Joint can absorb lateral deflection sn any dtection, the two horizontal piping leas may leat any angle in the horizontal pane Process ves Process vesse. | FIGURE 2.18 In cases where a universal Expansion Joint must absoeb axial movement ater than its own thermal grow2h, i cannot function as tied Expansion Joil and rust be used in combination vwith main anchors absorb pressure lading ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. One such case is shown in Figure 215. The relative eypansion between the two vessels results in both axial movement and lateral deflection onthe Expansion Joint. Both vesels must be ‘designed to absorb main anchor lading. Control rods or pantographic inkages may be used to “istabute the movement berwcen the bellows and conte! their movements. ‘Numerous variations are possible in the design of universal Expansion Joints. Rods, pantographic linkages, sloted hinges or extemal structural members may'be used in a horizontal Installation, for example, where is desirable to support the center pipe section of the Expansion Joint independently ofthe bellows. Ina single plane system, the rods may be replaced by two ‘bars with pinned connections a either end ofthe Expansion Joint. This construction isso ‘commonly sed that it has been given the standard nomenclature of "Swing Expansion Joint, Ia ‘some cases two set of short eontrl rods, each set spanning one ofthe to bellows in the universal Expansion Join are used instead of the overall rods sbown in most ofthe illustrations. ‘This arrangement is frequently used where the Expansion Joint mast absorb axial movement and ‘where te control rods ate used for control and stability and not fo absorption of pressure Toading. This can result when the universal Expansion Joint is very long felation to its, slameter, ora large numberof convolutions ate used at each belloss oF the Expansion Joint, oF on Joint i subject extemal frees FIGURE2.164 FLGURE2.168 may be desirable to ineorporate control devices inthe Expansion Joint to prevent excessive displacement ofthe bellows and the relatively fee pipe section between them. Figures 2.16A and 2.16B show two forms of controls which may’ be used fr this purpose In Figure 2.164. short rods are used spanning each ofthe bellows in the Expansion Join. Stops the rods so that, once the Expansion Joint has reached its rated atral deflection, the stops wil be engages by members rigily fastened tothe pipe portions ofthe Expansion Joint Figure 2.168 shows a similar device adapted to an Expansion Joint with overall ods. ‘The rod stops ar engaged by a plate or hed to the center pipe portion and movement ofthis part beyond its de sign defection is restained. In ordcr to obtain maximum contol from these devices, the stops are usualy oriented to lien the plane of resultant movement of the Expansion Join, affording maximunn leverage as wel as greater sensitivity to small mavement. Devices of 26 STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. this nature are usually furnished by the manuficrurer dependent upon the design characteristics ofthe Expansion Joint. Despite the versaility ofthe universal Expansion Joint, its use is sometimes preluded by the configuration of the piping, the operating conditions or even by manufacturing a transportation limitations. Itmay be undesirable or impossible o fabricate, ship to the jb site a installa universal Expansion Joint which would span the full length ofthe offset where, for example, the length ofthe offset lg in a "2" bend is extremely long. When the Expansion Joint is very longi relation to its diameter, the flexibility of overall rods may reduce the effetiveness ofthe control 0 thatthe, center pipe scion bocomes unstable. Other types of Expansion Joints may offer a ‘more desirable solution when such limits are encountered APPLICATIONS USING PRESSURE BALANCED EXPANSION JOINTS ‘The pressure bulanced Expansion Join is used most frequently in applications similar to those shown forthe single Expansion Joint, but where pressure loading upon piping or equipment is comsidered excessive or objectionable, The major advantage of the pressure balanced desig is its ability to absorb externally imposed axial movement without imposing pressure loading on the system. The farce resulting from the bellows spring rate isnot eliminated. In facts ‘usually inreased over that ofa single Expansion Joint since both the No bellows and the balancing bellows must he compressed or elongated ad the combined axl force sets upon the Piping or equipment. Since the forces to move the bellows ae generally of low order of ‘magnitude, these are usually aot objectionable, except in cases involving extremely ight equipment with close clearance moving parts which might be affected by smal forces, : + = ‘ Se FIGURE 2.17 Figure 2.17 shows atypical application ofa pressure balanced Expansion Joint for combined ‘ial movement and lateral defletion. Both the anchor atthe end ofthe piping run and that on the turbine ae intermediate anchors and only directional guiding is required. By proper design, fhe guide dreetly above the turbine can be made to absorb the axial movement Fores oF the Expansion Joint without imposing these on the turbine. The only free imposed onthe turbine is that whieh i required to deflect the Expansion Joint laterally xgansion Jone Manic Asoc. womans ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC FIGURE 2.18 ‘igure 2.18 shows another turbine application but, inthis ease, the anchor point of the urine is located some distance from the Expansion Join and the expansion of the turbine between is anchor and the Expansion Joint is absorbed as lateral deflection. An intermediate anchor is used atthe centr fiting ofthe Expansion Joint, Since the Expansion Joints located close to the Turbine, guiding between the turbine and Expansion Joint is nt required, FIGURE 2.19 Figure 2.19 shows that a pressure balanced Expansion Joint canbe used at changes indirection other than 99 degrees. In this case, the growth of the longer piping rm is absorbed a axial ‘movement on the Expansion Joint, while the thermal expansion ofthe offet piping run introduces both axial and lateral components or deflection onthe Expansion Join. Only intermediate anchors are required at the ends othe lines and directional guiding is used. The ‘guide onthe offst nan may be used to absorb the axial movement forces ofthe Expansion Join Hf he piping is not sufficintly Sif to transmit his directly to the intermediate anchor ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. il T FIGURE 2.20 igure 2.20 shows a common application for which a pressure balanced Expansion Joint i well suited. Under various process conditions, the vessel and the vertical pipe may expand at different rates. By installing a pressure balanced Expansion Joint as shovn, the diferetial vertical movement is absorbed a axial movement on the Expansion ont andthe thermal ‘expansion from the centerline of the process vessel tothe puping is absorbed as lateral Aefletion. The piping may then be secured by an intermediate anchor at the bottom and furnished with 2 directional suide adjacent tothe Expansion Joint. In many cases, no external structure is availabe tthe upper elevation ofthe process vessel and the guide musi be connected to the vessel itself. Using this arrangement may result in some ‘bending load upon the piping, especially where the vess! i tall and is subject to wind loading deflection or similar effects Where the guide is attached toa rig extemal structure, the Expansion Joint must he designed to absorb wind loading defection, and oer similar loading, as lateal deflection, | \. FIGURE 2.21 ‘Where large amounts of lateral deflection are involved. a pressure balanced universal Expansion Joint must be used, In this design, two bellows are used inthe flow end ofthe Expansion Joint and a single bellows inthe balancing end. Normally, as shown in Figure 221, the balancing 2 © Expansion Join Manicures Asolo, win ong ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. bellows willbe subject only to axial movement ifthe tie rads are properly designed o rotate oF Pivot a their attachment points {In order for a pressure balanced Expansion Joint function properly the pressure thrust, restrained by the te ods mist exceed the axial movement fess of the Expansion Joint. na large diameter, low pressure application, it may'be impossible ro utilize the pressure balanced Expansion Join to eliminate the pressure loading or. t best. the effect may be uncertain, tn such ‘cases, some other Expansion Joint design must be considered. Pressure balanced Expansion Joints are not resommended for use in services where the pressure equalizing connection ‘between the flow bellows and the balancing bellows may become plugged or blocked by the ‘lowing medium or by contaminants. Where flow considerations permit. this problem may be ‘overcome by the use ofa tee a6 a center fitting ofthe Expansion Joint, rather than an elbow. In ‘some cases, the pressure for de balancing end ofthe Expansion Joint has been introduced from a Separate press soure, but thsi eonsidered somewhat hazardous. A control failure or even a slow control response might result in partial or fll pressure loading being imposed upon the piping or equipment, thus overcoming the ital reason for using the pressure balanced Expansion Joint “The pressure balanced Expansion Joint is usd to relieve loads on equipment such as pumps, ‘compressors and turbine. In many cases, te cos of the pressure balanced Expansion Joint will be negligible when compared to the cost of additonal equipment. piping and building space ‘which would he necessary for safe Funetoning ofthe equipment without the Expansion Joint 2.7 APPLICATIONS USING HINGED EXPANSION JOINTS Hinged Expansion Joins are usually used insets of two or thre, to absorb lateral deflection in amie renee citer a lagle Blame ping ween: Each fn ciyiasel pais Joie cy ‘system is restne ted to pore angular rotation by is hinges. Each par of hinged Expansion Soins, separated by a segment of piping, will actin unison to absorb lateral defletion in much the same manner asa swing or universal Expansion Joint in single plane application, Fora sven angular rotation of the individual Expansion Joints, the amount of lateral deflection which § pair of hinged Expansion Joints can absorb is directly proportional w the distance henwoon their hinge pins In order to utilize the Expansion Joints most efficiently, this distance should be made as large as possible. Expansion Join hinges are normally designed to absor the full pressure trust of the Expansion Joint and may be designed to support the weight of piping and equipment, wind lods or silat ‘extemally applied forces. Where such extemal forces are anticipated, their direction and ‘magnitude must be indicated to the Expansion Joint manufacturer so thatthe hinges can be adequately designed 1 withstand these forces vino © Exgansin Join Manufactures Assos, ais ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. FIGURE Figure 2.22 illustrates the use ofa two-hinge system to absorb che major thermal expansions in a single plane "2" bend. Since the pressure thrusts absorbed by the hinges on the Expaason Joins, only intermediate anchors are required at each end of the piping system. The thermal ‘expansion of the ost seetion containing the Expansion Joints must be absorbed by bending of ‘the piping lexs perpendicular to that segment, since the Expansion Joints are restricted to pare angular rotation by their hinges and cannot extend or compress. The amount of bending deflection imposed on cach ofthe two long piping les may be controlled by proper design of twuides and supports. Where one long leg is sufficiently flexible to absorb the full thermal srowth ofthe off leg the other long leg may be controled to permit longitudinal movement ‘only. The planar guides shown atthe ends of the long piping rms ner the elbows ae intended te mainiain the plane ofthe piping system only an! mist allow forthe bending deflections ofthe Jong piping lees. tn calculating guide clearances, consideration shal be given to the Tact tha the thormal expansion ofthe offset piping leg containing the Expansion Joints wil e partially offset by the reduction in length resulting from the displacement of the center pipe section. The later elfec may be neglested only where the distance borcen hinge pis is Very large an the lateral Aisplacement small. This effect can be minimized by cold springing the Expansion Joints SO% ‘ofthe fll rated deflection Because of the ability ofthe hinges to transmit loads, support of «hinged piping system can frequently be simpliied. Assuming that Figure 2.22 isan elevation view and hat the upper piping legis sufficiently exible to absorb the total expansion of the vertical eg, t would be possible to use sliding supports on the lower horizontal run to support its weight and reset to longitudinal movement only. By ulizing the rigidity ofthe hinges, a substantial portion oF the ‘weight ofthe upper horizontal leg may als be carted on these lower supports, It should be noted thatthe sliding supports nearest the vertical leg must be desized to tess the force equied to defect the piping. Spring supports must be used throughout the length ofthe upper horizontal leg where bending occurs. Beyond that point, sliding supports may be used, ne © Expansion Jit Mantioerers Anon, ews. ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. FIGURE 2.23 In locating hinged Expansion Joints for more efficient use it shouldbe note that the hinges rnced not be co-lincar in order to funetion properly. Figure 223 illustrates atworhinge Expansion Joint systom similar to the pressure balanced Expansion Joint application of Figure 2.20, Inthis cas, the Expansion Joins will absorb only the differential vertical growth beeween the vesse and pipe riser Any horizontal movement due piping expansion, vibration and wing Toads will be absorbed by bending of te verieal pipe leg. ® planar gulde miy be installed near the top of the vessel to proteet the hinged Expansion Joins fom wind loads at right angles to the plane of the piping The anchor shown a the bottom ofthe riser i an intermediate anchor only, since the pressure Joa is absorbed by the Expansion Joint hinges. This anchor must be capable of withstanding the forces created by bending ofthe riser. Depending upon the dimensions and weight ofthe piping system, complete support may be obtained from the process vessel and frm the intermediate fnchor. If additional supports are required, spring type supports shouldbe used. The vertical Piping may be cold sprung to reduce bening stresses, utilizing the hinges to withstand the cold spring free. ‘Where the piping in single plane system isnot suficenty exible to absorb the bending deflections involved ina two hinge system, or where the loads resulting fom such bending exceed the allowable limits for connected equipment, a system of three hinged Expansion Joins tay be used. Figure 2.24 illustrates a system of three hinged Expansion Joints ina single plane "Z" bend. The dhermal expansion ofthe ofst piping section is absorbed by the action of Expansion Joins B and C. It is therefore evident that Expansion Joint B must be capable of absorbing the total of the rotations of Expansion Joints Aand C STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC, FIGURE 2.24 Asim the previous cases, the anchors at the ends ofthe piping system are intermesiate anchors only. In this eas, all defletion is absorbed bythe Expansion Joins and negligible pipe bending Joads will be imposed upon these anchors. Where the distance between the anchor atthe left and the fist hinged Expansion Joint Ci laree, a pipe guide shouldbe installed adjacent tothe Expansion Join, as sbown in Figure 224. This pipe guide will minimize bending ofthe pipe section between Expansion Joint Cand the left hand anchor which might otherwise result ftom the moment required to rotate the Expansion Joi. One or more additional guides may be used t9 ‘maintain the plane ofthe piping system and relieve the hinges of bending forces which may be ‘routed by external loads Support ofthe piping system may be accompinhcd in various 495, sling available supporting structures with greatest efficiency. Its essential that spring supports be used to permit free movement of the piping between the Expansion Joists, Figure 2.25 illustrates the principle that systems of hinged Expansion Joins may be used in other than 90° bends. Only intermediate anchors ad planar guides are rire. ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC FIGURE 226 A hinged Expansion Join system may be sed effectively in applications involving movement other than the pure thermal growth of piping. Figure 2.26 illustrates an application combining the thermal expansion of «piping system with the single plane movements ofa piece of omnested equipment. So long as all movement are restricted toa single plane, the behavior of the Expansion Joint system is quite similar to that ofthe system shown in Figure 2.24. An ‘mermeaiate anchor is roquited atone end ofthe piping, while the equipment serves a an termediate anchor atthe opposite end. The displacements ofthe equipment are aided to those ‘ofthe pipin to evaluate the movements of the Expansion Joints Planar guide clearances in the plane ofthe piping must be adequate to allow Tor the equipment movement as well asthe pits Some advantages of hinged Expansion Joints are compact size and stuctural rigidity By the use ‘of these individual units itis frequently possible to compensate forthe thermal expansion of inregular and complex piping configurations which might preclade the use of other types of Expansion Joints. Because ofthe ability ofthe hing structure to transmit loads, piping systems ‘containing hinged Expansion Joints impose minimum forces onthe pipe anchors. Such systems ‘may be supported at virtually any point which does not interfere with the free movement ofthe STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION INC. 2.8. CALCULATION OF ANGULAR ROTATION IN A 3 HINGE PIPING SYSTEM. ‘The application of a3 hinge piping system is deseribed in Section 2.7. This section provides & standard method to calelate the angular movements in each of the three hinge joins. Refer to Appendix J fora sample problem to illustrate the calculations. Diagram the piping system as shown below, Al engths of pipe outside of points A and should be added algebraically to compute the thermal growth from <1~ 4! and C—C* 2 FIGURE 227 GIVEN 4 im he in. 5= invin, o= deg. L in Tabutated values fromTablet ae in a in by ae MOVEMENT CALCULATIONS LUXsIvey = jn, =U,xCOSA)—~ a Ly= (d+ kbp in by =()rib et) = in y=LX8) a in AL) in 200 © Expansion Soi Manufacturers Association. In wears ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. age = er ecyy in [EC] AN EE) | C= 90°— A! = tml) es Ext) x in 48 [uy wey] in pray [we] (aD) eo BC =U 108) i o vcas [engineer Ox sfuroyrisic'y -'B'y ences [THE At =180°—B'-C - CALCULATED ANGULAR MOVEMENTS daeZa'—or dee. 180° EB . deg. Ze-90" < ee A+AC (Check) deg. Refer Appendix J Example 7 fora sample eleulation, mone 1 Eagan Jon Manafctarer Asscin tn STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC 2.9 APPI ATIONS USING GIMBAL EXPANSION JOINTS, FIGURE 228 Just as hinged Expansion Joints may offer great advantages in single plane applications, gimbal Expansion Joinis are designed to offer similar advantages in mult-plane systems. The ability of the gimbal Expansion Joint to absorb angular ration in any plane is most frequent applied by tlilizing to such units to absorb lateral deflection. An application of this type is shown in FFigue 2.28. Since te presure loading Is absorbed hy the pial sructre, intermediate anchors only are required. Planar guides are provided to resect the movement ofeach piping leg. Asin the ease of hinged Expansion Joints, the location of pipe supports simplified by the load carrying ability ofthe gimbal stueture. Since na v0 gimbal system, the growth of the vertical Pipe leg willbe absorbed by bending of the long less. spring supports (SS) may'be required on either or both of these. Guides must be designed to allow forthe thermal expansion ofthe leg ‘containing the Expansion Joints and forte shortening of his lg due to deflection, Where itis impossible oc undesirable forthe piping to absorb the growth ofthe offset leg, 8 system consisting of to gimbal and one hinged Expansion Joint may be used as shown in Figure 229. The gimbal Expansion Joints function sn anison to absorb the combined movements fof the upper and lower legs, while the hinged Expansion Joint andthe upper gimbal Expansion, Joint et in combination o absorb deflection ofthe offset leg. Since the expansion of the offset leg takes place in ane plane only, the use of the simpler hinged Expansion Joints justified. © Expansion J Manufcues Association, le sig ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. FIGURE “The advantages of using gimbal Expansion Joint systems ate similar to those previously mentioned for systems containing hinged Expansion Joints. Greater flexibility of usage is possible since gimbal Expansion Joints are not restricted to single plane systems 2.10 ANCHOR, GUIDE AND SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS 2.10.1 PIPE ANCHORS Its the purpose of any pipe anchor to divide a pipe ine ito individual expanding sections. Since thermal growth cannot be restrined, st then becomes the function of pipe ‘anchors to init and contol the amount of movement which Expansion Joints, located bbetwoen these anchors, must absorb, Major pieces of connected equipment such as turbines, pumps, compressors, heat ‘exchangers, and reactors may function as anchors. The desi of such equipment must ‘nlcinte this loading. Additonal pipe anchors ar usually located at valves, at changes in the direction ofthe pip, at blind ends of pipe, and at major branch connections Expansion Joints must be provided in each ofthe individual pipe sections to provide adequate Mlexbiliy. See Section 2.2 and 23 for typical Expansion Joint applications DO NOT INSTALL MORE THAN ONE "SINGLE" EXPANSION JOINT BETWEEN ‘THE TWO ADIACENT ANCHORS IN ANY STRAIGHT PIPE SECTION. Where «expansion loops are used i the same line with an Expansion Joint, the section of pipe ‘containing the loop must he isolated fom the setion eantaining the Expansion Joint by ‘means of anchors, Pipe anchors, their attachment, and the stuctures to which they are attached must be ‘designed to withstand the forces acting upon them, Methods ate given inthe following ‘ragraphs for determining the major fores to which anchors ae subjected, and its on fhe basis of these major forces that anchor are classified as intermediate or main anchors. The sytem designe aust realize that adaltionalindetrminae frees ean be imposed on both intermediate and main anchors. All component ofthe anebor should be designed to a conservative stess level STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. Determination of the magnitude of the major forces acting on anchors as set forth in the following paragraphs are forces acting aially. Consideration should also be given to possible lateral frees in ariving ata suitable anchor design The difference in cost of an adequately and inadequately designed anchor is nominal at installation. Anchor failure can cause damage whichis far more costly than that ofthe more conservative design, 2.10.1.1 INTERMEDIATE PIPE ANCHORS, ‘An intermediate pipe anchor must be designed to withstand the forces and ‘moments imposed upon it by each of the pipe section to which i i attached, “Those consist of he forces and or momenis required Yo deflet the Expansion Joint or Joints the fll rated movement and the fictional forces due to pipe alignment guides, directional anchors snd supports. Note that a intermediate anchor nt intended to withstand the pressure thrust. This fore is absorbed by other anchors, by devices on the Expansion Joins such a tie ros, swing bas, hinges, gimbals, and other hardware, or asin the ease of double Expansion Join. is balanced by an equal pressure force acting in the opposite direction. Incerain applications, it may he necessary to consider the weight of the pipe Finings nstltion and Mowing medium, as wells various other frces nd ‘moments suchas those resulting from wind loading of bending oF ane oF more pipe cctons. The net loading on the anchor ean be calculated by a summation of the moments about the anchor pont and by the vector addition ofall ores ating ‘upon 2.10..1.1 CALCULATION OF INTERMEDIATE ANCHOR LOADS FOR APPLICATIONS INVOLVING STRAIGHT PIPE SECTIONS ONLY (See Figure 2.2), The force F, required to extend or compress the Expansion Joint it ill ated ‘movement is funetion of each manufacturer's design and is affected! by the material, shape, depth and thickness of the Bellows eonvolutions. This value should be obtained from the manufacture ofthe Expansion Joint under ‘consideration ‘The fictional force F, duet pipe alignment guides isa faction of the design and numberof alignment guides used in cach pipe section and should be obtained from the manufacturer ofthe pipe alignment guides under consideration © Exyonsion Join Manutctrers Asolo, won gm ork ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. Assuming thatthe weight ofthe pipe line and its contens is caried by supports the total foree acting onthe intermediate anchor is then given by the formula Fs = Fort Fy ep Whee: Fay = The force requited to extend or compress the Expansion Joint, located immediately to the right ofthe intermediate anchor in Figure 22 (Ib). Fj ~ The fictional free in the pipe alignment guides installed on the pipe section to the right ofthe intermediate anchor in Figure 22 (bs). Fug = The force requied © extend oF compress the Expansion Joint located immediatly to the left ofthe intermediate anchor in Figure 2.2 (bs), = The frictional free inthe pipe alignment guides installed on the pipe seston to the let of the intermediate anchor in Figure 2.2 Ulbs). {the pipe isthe same diameter on both sides ofthe intermediate anchor, and ifthe guides on both pip sections are similar in numiber and desis, Fan F., will equal o F,, and F, respectively, but opposite in sign. Thus. F, willbe equal to ero, However, itis possile that the pipe line may heat up sradualy from one end, thereby causing one of the pipe sections to expand before the other. Its, therefore, considered goad practice ta design the ‘ntermeate anchor ores the Torees exerted hy ane of the Wo pipe Sections Fut) 2.10,1.12 CALCULATION OF INTERMEDIATE ANCHOR LOADS FOR [APPLICATIONS INVOLVING LATERAL DEFLECTION AND ANGULAR ROTATION] \When lateral deflection and angular rotation are present the loads imposed on an intermediate anchor will vary with each individual aplication, since they are dependent upon the piping configuration, the number and ype of supports, the lengths of the various pipe legs, the types of Expansion Joints used, the ‘weight ofthe pie, fitings, insulation and flossing medium, and the magnitude bf extrancous forces imposed by wing loading, bending ofthe piping, et. [Because ofthe large number of variables involved, it isnot pratial to tstablsh formulas for caleulating the loading a these anchors. Section 4.6 ‘escrbes the methods used in caleulatng the frees and moments requited to ‘move Expansion Joins in lateral deflection or angular rotation and Section 22.1 gives a general description of the forces and moments which will be ‘imposed on the anchors for certain typical Expansion Joint applications. Using this information as a guide, one can calelat the various forces and ‘moments acting on any piping system. regardless ofits complexity. The net load on the anchor can then he calculated by a summation of the moments shout the anchor point and by the vector adition of all forees ating upon it © Expansion Joint Meat Assoiton e STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC 2.10.12 MAIN PIPE ANCHORS. ‘A main anchor is one which is installed a any ofthe following locations in & Ping system containing one or more unrestrained Expansion Joins: (a) ata ‘change i dcection of flow, (b) between two Expansion Joints of dierent size installed in the same straight run, (c) atthe entrance ofa side branch containing an unrestrained Expansion Joint into the main line, (@) where a shut-off or pressure reducing valve is installed ina pipe run between two Expansion Joints, and () at blind end of pipe ‘A min pipe anchor must be designed to withstand the forces and! moments imposed upon it by each ofthe pipe sections to which itis attached. Inthe case of pipe section containing one or more Expansion Joints, these will consist ofthe ful ine dhnust due to pressure and flow. de fore andor moments required to deflect the Expansion Joint or Joints the fll rated movement, andthe frictional forces de (o pipe alignment guides, directional anchors and Supports. In certain applications. it may be necessary to consider the weight ofthe pipe, ftir insulation and flowing medium, as well a various other forces and moments resulting from wind loading, bending of une or more pipe sections. etc. The net Toading onthe anchor ean be calculated by'a summation ofthe moments about the anchor point and by the vector addition ofall fores ating upon i. 2.10.12.1 CALCULATION OF MAIN ANCHOR LOADS FOR APPLICATIONS INVOLVING STRAIGHT PIPE SECTIONS CONTAINING BRANCH LINE (See center anchor in Figure 23) FAP a 02 where FF, = The static thrust due to intemal pressure inthe Expansion Joint, (tbs). ‘The forces F, and F, may be cleulated as outlined before for an imermediate anchor. Then, assuming thatthe weight ofthe pipe ine and its ‘contents is carried by supports: the total force imposed on the main anchor Fv by any one pipe section will be: Engg = B+ Fg B= AP Eg AF @3) “To determine the net load onthe anchor, iis necessary to add vectorial the Forces imposed upon itby each of the thre pipe sections to which = attached, 2.10.12.2 CALCULATION OF MAIN ANCHOR LOADS FOR APPLICATIONS INVOLVING STRAIGHT PIPE SECTIONS CONTAINING EXPANSION JOINTS OF DIFFERENT DIAMETERS (See center anchor in Figure 24) Fy where: Aa), ey) (, = Bellows effective area of large pipe section (in*) 4.,= Bellows effective area of smal pipe setion (in.*) ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. Here again, we must consider the diference in the forces required to extend ‘or compress the Expansion Joints and the difference i the fctional forces {duet pipe alignment guides and suppors, The total free onthe main anchor willbe Fg = Fat Fs +Fe\~ Fa Fes es) = (yA MPF Fo where qi ~ The force required o extend oF compress the Expansion Joint ia the large pipe section (Ibs) ‘The force required to extend or compress the Expansion Joint in ‘he small pipe section (Ibs). Fe) ~ The otional fore in the pipe alignment guides on the large pipe section (Ibs. The frictional force in the pipe alignment guides on the small pipe section (Tbs) 2.10.1.2.3 CALCULATION OF MAIN ANCHOR LOADS FOR APPLICATIONS INVOLVING ANCHORS AT PIPE BENDS AND ELBOWS (See Figure 2.1) Inthe case of an anchor located at a pipe bend or elbow, itis necessary to ouside the Forces imposed by the pipe sections on both sides of the anchor Assuming that cach section contains an Expansion Jong, the lite thrust de 10 pressure (=A, and the forces, F,and F, explained previously. bhocome biaxial components and must beaded veetorialy. In ation, the effect ofthe centrifugal thyust a the elbow, F,, dus to flow must be Pe Fi considered, 4p BE sin (hs:) 26), € 2 6, ~Angle of pipe bend (deste) ‘p=Densty of id (bs in.”) The constant (24) includes a units conversion factor of 12. 2.10.2 PIPE GUIDES AND GUIDING Correct alignment of the adjoining pip is of vital importance inthe proper functioning of ‘an Expansion Join. Although Expansion Joints are designed and buil for long and satisfactory life, maximum service wll be obtained only when the pipeline has the recommended number of guides and i anchored and supported in aceordance with good engineering practice. Proper supporting of the pipeline is required not only to support the live and dead loads imposed on the line but slo to provide support forthe Expansion Joint at each of ts attachments, Pipe guides are necessary to insure proper application of ‘movement tothe Expansion Joint and to prevent buckling of the line. Buckling may be ‘caused by a combination of two conditions: (1) the flexibility of the Expansion Joint. and (2) the internal pressure loading on the pipe which causes ito act like a column loaded by the pressure thrust ofthe Expansion Joint Atypical application for pipe guiding is shown in Figure 21 ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. Applicaton of planar pipe guides is shown in Figures 2.11 through 2.14. These guides allow the piping to deflect in order to compensate forthe change in length of the Expansion Joint in its deflected position, while direting the thermal growth into the Expansion joint, These guides donot restrain the Expansion Joint ends agains rotation jnany plane. This restraint is x erterion for stability of most single and universal tied joins when subject to internal pressure. In gener, the torsional andior bending Aenibilty ofthe atached piping is such thatthe pipe end atached 0 the Expansion Joint will bead or rotate more than 1.5 degrees when subjeted toa force equal 0 10% ofthe {ull pressure end load ofthe bellows applied perpendicular to the pipe centerline in any irection, consideration shouldbe given to the use of further guiding 1o restrain bending ando¢ torsional ration inthe pipe. Proper design of bo pipe alignment guides (G) and planar pipe guides (PG) should contain suficent clearance herwcen the fixed and maving pats othe alignment guide to insure proper guiding without introducing excessive fictional forces. The first Wo alignment guides immediately adjacent 1 each side ofthe Expansion Joint should be circumferential to the pipe. Most commercially available alignment guides are acceptable, though some designs require installation procedures tha, unless followed With extreme care, destroy te intended guiding features ofthe unit. Alignment guides made from roller supports may be used when a minimum of three (3) rollers equally spaced around the citcumference of the pipe ate provided; four (4) rollers at 90° intervals are preferable. Plana pipe suides must be Uesigzned with additional clearance in one iretion to permit the intended lateral defection and bending ofthe pie wo ake place. |A Usbolt pine hanger or single-rller suppor, which oaly supparts the weight ofthe Tine, must not be considered as «substitute for either a proper pine alignment sue oF planar guide. Materials from which pipe alignment guides and planar pipe wes re made must provide strength and rigidity under design operating conditions and be sufficiently resistant to corosion and wear to prevent eventual malfunction of the guid “est data has shown tha the first and second pipe alignment guides neatest the Expansion Joint canbe subjected to lateral forces averaging 7% and as high as 15%, ofthe total free exerted on the main anchor F,,. The lateral force was developed with consideration for the unknowns associated with actual field installation but primarily reflects an accentuation ofthe original allowable pipe bow between supports. Although field bolting of pipe alignment and planar pipe guides vo the rig parts ofthe instalation 's preferable, field welding is acceptable provided inaccuracies or excessive Weld shrinkage do not destroy the effectiveness ofthese guides. Since propery spacsd alignment guides wil be considerably distant from te Expansion Join, tis impeactical to require that the guides all be fied to the same rigid structure, but design ofthe total system must assure that no relative shifting of alignment guides and Expansion Joint will ‘occur from ground settlement or other environmental conditions. Suitable pipe alignment and planar pipe guides may be obtained fom reliable manufacturers ofthis typeof ‘equipment. 1should be noted thatthe effectiveness of pipe alignment and planar pipe tuides can be destroyed by improper installation, Consequently. care mus be taken to insure proper aligament ofthe guide set In aplicaions involving axial movement ‘only. the use of a single pipe alignment guide should be avoided since it may act 8 8 fulerum imposing lateral deflection or angular rouaton on an Expansion Joint. However, in certain applications involving latral deflection or angula rotation a single pipe guide ‘may be adequate, For further information see Section © Eayann Jit Manuicrers Asotin, oni ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. {In locating the pipe alignment guides for applications involving axial movement ony, i is generally recommended thatthe Expansion Joint be located clos to an anchor and that the fst pipe guide be located a maximum distance of four pipe diameters from the end of the bellows. This arrangement will provide proper movement guiding aswell is proper support foreach end of the Expansion Joint. The distance between the first pipe gue nd the second must be a maximum of fourteen (14) pipe diameters. The recommended ‘maximum spacing of intermediate pipe guides along the balance ofa standard weight ‘carbon sec pipe lin is determined from Figure 2.31. For any known pressure and pipe Size, the recommended maximum guide spacing can be determined by using the following procedure: First, locate the specifid pressure P, at the bottom ofthe chart and follow this pressure line verically upward ois intersection with the diagonal line representing the specified pipe size. Nex, move horizonally tothe gue spacing ‘column onthe sie ofthe chart and select the recommended maximum spacing. Asan example, the recommended meximum spacing of intermediate pipe alignment guides ‘along the balance ofa 6 inc pipe line containing an Expansion Joint under a pressure of 122 psig. is 43 fet, The fist guide would be located a maximum distance of fet from ‘he Expansion Joint and the second guide would be located a maximum dstanee of 7 feet from the first puide. See Section 2.3 for recommendasions regarding guiding of pipe lines subjected to lnteral deflection and angular rotation. “Maximum intermediate guide spacing for any pipe material or thickness shall be «calculated using the following formula: en Note: When bellows is compressed in operation, use (+)] fe; when extended, use el. Guide spacing for standard wall earbon ste! pipe may also be calculated in liev oF using Figure 231. Caution: This figure is based on average spring rate and bellows effective area with bellows inside diameters that equal pipe outside diameters. The formula is ‘based on one half the critical length ofa pinned-pinsed Euler column STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC FIGURE 2.30 Note: The recommendations given for pipe anchors and guides represent the minimum requirements for eontrolling pipelines which contain expansion joins and ar intended to proect the expansion joint and pipe system from abuse and failure, However, adtional pe supports are often required between the pipe guides in accordance with accepted Piping practices. 2.10.3 PIPE SUPPORTS A pie support is any device which permits free movement of the piping and caries toll weight of inline equipment such 2s valves, meters, Expansion Joins and the we ‘ofthe contained fluid. Pipe supports cannot be substituted for pie alignment guides or planar pipe guides. Pipe rings, bolt roller suppots, and spring bangers are some examples of conventional pipe support. These devices cannot control the direction of pipe line movement as does a pipe alignment guide or a planar pipe guide. The :ecommendations given previously for pipe anchors and guides represen the minimum equicmets for caw pipe lines comtanins Expansion Joints ad are inetd protect the Expansion Join’ and piping from abuse a possible damage. Additional Pipe supports are usualy required between guides in accordance with standard piping practice. © pasion nt Manuf Associ, I ww ong STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. Recommend imu spacing interme egies fc plications involving ex movement ont of bellows Expansion Jone Vals fed on standard wih carton tea pp eee (2-) La ta es pp Appsle far pipe diameters from the end ol thc bellows andthe second yuide mus be cued whi a dhsiance of Foun pipe my TTT r Tyr ZB = I VAAW \ sity titties tig Py a rE) a0 % FIGURE 2.31 ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. This pave intentionally blank. © Fspuni Joa Manutictrer Assan, a somone ‘STANDARDS OF THE EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC. SECTION 3 SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PIPING SYSTEMS CONTAINING BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINTS, Bellows Expansion Joins are employed in piping systems to absorb differential thermal expansion while containing the system pressure. They are being suecessflly utilize in refineries chemical plants, fossil and nuclear power systems, heating and cooling systems, and eryopenic plants. Typical service ‘onkitions have pressures ranging from fll vacuum to 1000 psig and temperatures from 420 °F to 1800 °F, Such Expansion Joints fall ato th category ofa highly engineered product. The system ‘operating characteristics, the Expansion Joint design and manufacturing quality, and the installation, test fan operating procedures must ll be considered forall Expansion Joint installations Unlike most commoaly used piping components. bellows is constructed of relatively thin gage ‘material in onder to provide the flexibility needed to absorb mechanical and thermal movements expected in service. This requires design, manufacturing quality, hnling, installation and inspection procedures which recognize the unique nature ofthe product. ‘In general, the mos reliable and safe bellows Expansion Joint installations have always involved a high degree of understnding between the user and manufacturer. With his basic concept in mind, this ‘secton was prepared in order to better inform the user of those factors which many years of experience have shown to be essential for the successful installation and performance of piping systems containing bellows Expansion Joints. Additional detailed information can be found in other sections of these Standards 3.1 DE JN SPECIFICATION [A.A design specification shall be prepared for each Expansion Joint application, B. In preparing the Expansion Join design specification i is imperative thatthe system designer ‘completely review the piping system layout, owing medium, pressure, temperature, nd ‘movements. The standard Expansion Join Specification Sheets published in Appendix A can be used as a guide, Paniularaention shall be given to the following items ‘4. The piping system shall be reviewed to determine te location and typeof Expansion Joint mos suitable forthe application. The EJMA Standards provide numerous examples to assist the usr inthis effort The availability of supporting structures for anchoring and ‘guiding ofthe line, and the direction and magnitude of thermal movements © be absorbed will have a definite bearing onthe type and location ofthe Expansion Join. ‘TORSIONAL ROTATION OF THE BELLOWS SHOULD BE AVOIDED. Where torsional rotation cannot be avoided, refer to Section 4.13.4 b.The bellows material shall be specified and must be compatible with the flowing ‘medium, the extemal environment and the operating temperature. Particular ‘consideration shal be given to posible conosion including stess corrosion. The 300 series stainless sees may be subject to chloride on stress eorrosion, High nickel alloys are subject to caustic induced stress corrosion. The presence of sulfur may also be

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