B SC Text 2 ND Sem 2nd Sem Bca

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B sc text 2 nd sem - 2nd sem bca
English (Bangalore University)
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Generic English
(L2)
II Semester B.Sc/BCA
(Other Courses under the Faculty of Science)
Editor
Dr. ChitraPanikkar
Prasaranga
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
Bengaluru - 560 056

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FOREWORD
Dr.Venugopal K.R
Vice-Chancellor
Bangalore University

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Members of the BOS
Dr.ChitraPanikkar
Professor and Chairperson
Board of Studies in English-UG
Bangalore University, Bengaluru
1. Dr GeethaBhasker (Co-opted Member)

Professor, Department of English,
Bangalore University, Bengaluru
2. Dr. L.N. Seshagiri
Associate Professor,
Department of English,
GFGC, Yediyur, Jayanagar, Bengaluru
3. Dr.Fahmeeda.P
Assistant Professor,
Department of English,
GFGC,Vijayanagara, Bengaluru
4. Dr Shankara Murthy
Assistant Professor, Department of English,
GFGC,Kengeri, Bengaluru
5. Dr. Thammaiah.R.B.
Associate Professor & Head, Dept. of English
Padmashree Institute of Management and Sciences,
Kengeri, Bengaluru
6. Prof. S. Manjunatha,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of English
GFGC, Magadi
7. Prof. S.Kathyayini
Assistant Professor, Dept. of English
Jain College, Bengaluru
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8. Prof. Ramesha S M
Assistant Professor, Dept. of English.
GFGC,Thyamagondlu
9. Prof. Chetana. P
Associate Professor and Head, Dept. of English
Maharani Women Arts, Commerce and Management College Sheshadri Road,
Bengaluru
10. DrShivalingaswamy
Professor and Chairman,
Department of English, Tumkur University
Tumakuru

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Textbook Committee Members
Dr. Thammaiah.R.B.
Chairperson
Padmashree Institute of Management and Sciences,
Kengeri, Bengaluru
1. Prof.Ananda K.D
Govt First Grade College, Ramanagara
2. Prof.Archana.R
St. Francis de Sales College,
Electronics City, Bengaluru
3. Prof. Keerthishree.N
DayanandaSagar Business Academy
KanakapuraRoad,Bengaluru
4. Prof.MediniPrabhu
Surana College, South End Circle
Bengaluru
5. Prof.Kavitha M.S
ASC Degree College,
Rajajinagar, Bengaluru
6. Prof.Kavitha.M
Arunodaya College, Mariyappanapalya
Bengaluru

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PREFACE
Dr. ChitraPanikkar
Editor & Chairperson
Department of English
Bangalore University

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CONTENTS
PART 1 – WORKBOOK
Unit 1: Receptive Skills: Reading Skills and Listening Skills
1. Reading passage to give a Title

2. Reading for Vocabulary building 3 synonyms, homonyms,
homophones, suffixes, prefixes, collocations, often confused
words.
3. Reading passages on Specific fields for Vocabulary building.
4. Barriers for effective listening
5. Types of Listening
6. Techniques to improve listening skills.
7. Listening Activities - listening to pre-recorded audios, movies
and other listening activities.
Unit 2: Productive Skills: Speaking Skills and Writing Skills
8. Reported Speech
9. Dialogue writing
10. Verbal Communication and Non-verbal communication
11. Summarizing
12. Speech Writing
13. Essay Writing

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PART II – COURSEBOOK
CONFLATIONS – II
1. Earth Never dies- NiyiOsundare

2. The Death of a Government Clerk- Anton Chekhov
3. Bonds of Friendship- Craig Burkholder
4. A Corpse in the well- Shankar RamachandraKharat
5. The Refugee- Pearl S.Buck
Please Note: Refer the CONFLATIONS II textbook published by Prasaranga.

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Unit 1
Receptive Skills: Reading Skills and

Listening Skills
Chapter 1
Reading Passage to Give Title

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A common question seen in many competitive exams and entrance tests in the reading
comprehension section is the choice of an appropriate title. Questions that ask you to provide a
title for the passage require you to assume the role of an author and to experience what he or she
may have felt or wanted to convey while writing the passage. In order to do that, you9ll need to
read the passage carefully and pick key words and specific writing styles, only then will you be
able to ascertain whether the author is frustrated, annoyed, perplexed, supportive, etc., and from
that information you9ll be able to quickly predict what the author might say next and what an
appropriate title may be.
For questions that ask you to provide a title of a reading passage, be sure to look at the passage
as a whole. Most importantly, don9t choose an answer just because it reiterates a single fact
explicitly stated in the passage. A title is meant to encompass the entire meaning of a reading
passage, and not just a single point.
5 things to note before choosing TITLE of a passage:
1. If you have been asked to choose or write the 8most appropriate9 title you may consider the
8best9 or 8perfect9 title for the passage. Broadly write few relevant/appropriate titles and then you
can eliminate some options as inappropriate for one reason or another, you could possibly arrive
at the correct answer.
2. Title must not only cover the core idea (the content) of the passage, but should also express the
author9s tone. For example, consider a title that says <The dismal state of Indian hockey=. From
this, you immediately not only realize that the passage will talk about the sport of hockey, but
also know what the author9s feelings or tone would be towards the current state of affairs. This is
due to the usage of the adjective 8dismal9.
3. The title you mark as the correct option should be neither too broad nor too narrow in scope.
Too 8narrow9 titles may focus on only a couple of paragraphs of the passage and not the passage
as a whole.
4. Remember that a title is like a common theme that runs through the passage i.e. it integrates
the various ideas or issues discussed.
5. A title is not a conclusion. This is a mistake that students commonly make. The title is not
meant to reflect the conclusion (inference) rather, a title summarizes the author9s ideas or points
succinctly and must come from what is directly stated in the passage.
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Sample 1:
The New Year is a time for resolutions. Mentally at least, most of us could compile formidable lists of
do's and don9ts. The same old favourites recur year in and year out with monotonous regularity. Past
experience has taught us that certain accomplishments are beyond attainment. If we remain inveterate
smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced to frustration that result from failure. Most of us
fail in our efforts at self improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to
carry them out. We also make the fundamental error of announcing our resolutions to everybody so that
we look even more foolish when we slip back into our old bad ways.
Write a suitable title for the above passage:
Answer: New Year Resolutions
Sample 2:
Opera refers to a dramatic art form, originating in Europe, in which the emotional content is
conveyed to the audience as much through music, both vocal and instrumental, as it is through
the lyrics. By contrast, in musical theater an actor's dramatic performance is primary, and the
music plays a lesser role. The drama in opera is presented using the primary elements of theater
such as scenery, costumes, and acting. However, the words of the opera, or libretto, are sung
rather than spoken. The singers are accompanied by a musical ensemble ranging from a small
instrumental ensemble to a full symphonic orchestra.
Answer: 1.Opera – An art form 2. Opera – A musical drama
Exercise:
Write two titles for all the passages given below:
PASSAGE 1
The Woodstock Music and Art Fair4better known to its participants and to history simply as
<Woodstock=4should have been a colossal failure. Just a month prior to its August 15, 1969
opening, the fair9s organizers were informed by the council of Wallkill, New York, that
permission to hold the festival was withdrawn. Amazingly, not only was a new site found, but
word spread to the public of the fair9s new location. At the new site, fences that were supposed to
facilitate ticket collection never materialized, and all attempts at gathering tickets were
abandoned. Crowd estimates of 30,000 kept rising; by the end of the three days, some estimated
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the crowd at 500,000. Then, on opening night, it began to rain. Off and on, throughout all three
days, huge summer storms rolled over the gathering. In spite of these problems, most people
think of Woodstock not only as a fond memory but as the defining moment for an entire
generation.
PASSAGE 2
Use of electronic mail (e-mail) has been widespread for more than a decade. E-mail simplifies
the flow of ideas, connects people from distant offices, eliminates the need for meetings, and
often boosts productivity. However, e-mail should be carefully managed to avoid unclear and
inappropriate communication. E-mail messages should be concise and limited to one topic.
When complex issues need to be addressed, phone calls are still best.
PASSAGE 3
Mental and physical health professionals may consider referring clients and patients to a music
therapist for a number of reasons. It seems a particularly good choice for the social worker who
is coordinating a client9s case. Music therapists use music to establish a relationship with the
patient and to improve the patient9s health, using highly structured musical interactions. Patients
and therapists may sing, play instruments, dance, compose, or simply listen to music. The course
of training for music therapists is comprehensive. In addition to formal musical and therapy
training, music therapists are taught to discern what kinds of interventions will be most
beneficial for each individual patient. Because each patient is different and has different goals,
the music therapist must be able to understand the patient9s situation and choose the music and
activities that will do the most toward helping the patient achieve his or her goals. The referring
social worker can help this process by clearly communicating each client9s history. Although
patients may develop their musical skills, that is not the main goal of music therapy. Any client
who needs particular work on communication or on academic, emotional, and social skills, and
who is not responding to traditional therapy, is an excellent candidate for music therapy.
PASSAGE 4
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Art refers to a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing
artifacts. These artworks express the author's imaginative or technical skill. Art is intended to be
appreciated for its beauty or emotional power. In their most general form these activities include
the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of the history of art, and the
aesthetic dissemination of art. Art has had a great number of different functions throughout its
history, making its purpose difficult to abstract or quantify to any single concept. This does not
imply that the purpose of Art is "vague", but that it has had many unique, different reasons for
being created.
PASSAGE 5
Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea and stories of them helping drowning
sailors have been common since Roman times. The more we learn about dolphins, the more we
realize that their society is more complex than people previously imagined. They look after other
dolphins when they are ill, care for pregnant mothers and protect the weakest in the community,
as we do. Some scientists have suggested that dolphins have a language but it is much more
probable that they communicate with each other without needing words. Could any of these
mammals be more intelligent than man? Certainly the most common argument in favor of man's
superiority over them that we can kill them more easily than they can kill us is the least
satisfactory. On the contrary, the more we discover about these remarkable creatures, the less we
appear superior when we destroy them.
PASSAGE 6
Erosion of America9s farmland by wind and water has been a problem since settlers first put the
prairies and grasslands under the plow in the nineteenth century. By the 1930s, more than 282
million acres of farmland were damaged by erosion. After 40 years of conservation efforts, soil
erosion has accelerated due to new demands placed on the land by heavy crop production. In the
years ahead, soil erosion and the pollution problems it causes are likely to replace petroleum
scarcity as the nation9s most critical natural resource problem.
PASSAGE 7
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Andrew Fang is a legend in bowling. He was voted Sportsman of the Year in 2000. Andrew is
only 23. He started bowling when he was nine, picking up the sport from his parents... <When I
was just starting out, my family supported me by paying for my training and equipment,= says
the Arts undergraduate whose major is economics. Competition or not, Andrew has no problem
keeping fit. <I like biking. Rain or shine, you9ll find me on my mountain bike cycling for at least
two hours at Bukit Timah, four times a week. It takes my mind off problems and troubles,= says
Andrew. Rest and recreation are as important as exercise.
<I love sleeping,= Andrew says. <When I9m preparing for tournaments, I usually sleep eight to
nine hours a day.= He also likes playing pool, reading a good novel or watching a show with his
friends. When it comes to food, Andrew says he takes everything in moderation and stays away
from fried and fatty food. He takes in more protein than the average person and tries to drink as
much water as he can to prevent dehydration since he cycles so much. Because of his discipline,
Andrew9s working relationship with his coach has been very smooth. Andrew9s priority,
however, is education. <Getting my degree is my biggest wish now. After that, I can concentrate
fully on professional bowling,= Andrew states firmly.
PASSAGE 8
Today9s postal service is more efficient than ever. Mail that once took months to move by horse
and foot now moves around the country in days or hours by truck, train, and plane. If your letter
or package is urgent, the U.S. Postal Service offers Priority Mail and Express Mail services.
Priority Mail is guaranteed to go anywhere in the United States in two days or less. Express Mail
will get your package there overnight.
PASSAGE 9
Critical reading is a demanding process. To read critically, you must slow down your reading
and, with pencil in hand, perform specific operations on the text Markup the text with your
reactions, conclusions, and questions. When you read, become an active participant.
PASSAGE 10
The use of desktop computer equipment and software to create high-quality documents such as
newsletters, business cards, letterhead, and brochures is called Desktop Publishing, or DTP. The
most important part of any DTP project is planning. Before you begin, you should know your
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intended audience, the message you want to communicate, and what form your message will
take.
CHAPTER – 2
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Reading for Vocabulary Building
Vocabulary is key to reading comprehension. Readers cannot understand what they are reading
without knowing what most of the words mean. As we learn to read more advanced texts, we
must learn the meaning of new words that are not part of our oral vocabulary.
The scientific research on vocabulary instruction reveals that most vocabulary is learnt indirectly
and that some vocabulary must be learnt directly. Thus, research supports using a combination of
both indirect and direct approaches. In this chapter we shall focus on various components of
vocabulary like synonyms, antonyms, homophones, suffix etc.
Synonyms:
What are Synonyms?
A synonym is a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in certain
contexts. The adjective form is synonymous. Synonymy is the relationship that exists between
words with closely related meanings. The word comes from the Greek meaning "same name."
angry annoyed connect join definite certain

admit confess complete finish enjoy like
answer reply complex complicated explain clarify
awful terrible cold cool, chilly eager enthusiastic
approximately about cut chop evaluate assess
begin start dangerous unsafe fair impartial
behave act danger harm false untrue
broad wide decide determine famous renowned
A thesaurus is a resource similar to a dictionary that helps writers to search synonyms - as a

device to compose verbose and scintillating text.
Utilizing synonyms is an elegant and frequently applied method to make a text more pleasant
to read. If the same word is used very often in several sentences, it might very well be the
case, that this same word should describe something different in each of the sentences. Since
synonyms are usually nuanced variations with slightly different meanings, their use will
emphasize special characteristics, and thus the text will be more precise.
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Sample 1:
1. One of the missions of the Peace Corps is to help the people of interested countries meet
their need for trained men and women. People who work for the Peace Corps do so
because they want to, but to keep the agency dynamic with fresh ideas, no staff member
can work for the agency for more than five years.
Choose the synonym for the highlighted word:
Dynamic:
a. Livelihood b. abandon c. lively d. effect
The right synonym for the word 8dynamic9 is lively.
Sample 2:
Sharp objects should be disposed of in hard plastic or metal containers with secure lids.
The containers should be clearly marked and be puncturing resistant.
Choose the right synonym for the highlighted word:
Secure:
a. Tight b. liable c. part d. loose
The right synonym for the word 8secure9 is tight.
Exercise 1:
In each of the following sentences replace the underlined word with synonyms given in the
brackets:
1. Windy days are typical of December.

2. Her moods are as changeable as the weather.
3. He tends to be ill-tempered before he has had breakfast.
4. We sailed around the entire boundary of the island.
5. The swindler tried to evade the law.
6. We heard the pots and pans clanking in the kitchen.
7. The defendant was grateful for the judge9s kindness.
8. His character was of the highest merit.
9. A chameleon disguises itself by changing color.
10. A good critic must be a man of great honesty.
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(rattling, churlish, changeable, circumvent, camouflage, typical, circumference, caliber,

clemency, candor)
Exercise 2:
1. This bottle ____________ about a liter of water.

 Comprises
 Consists of
 Contains
 Includes
2. Betty, you promised to help me with my homework, now __________ your promise.
 Execute
 Fulfill
 Realize
 Perform
3. I think you have a good chance of getting your money back, _______ on wood.
 Beat
 Hit
 Knock
 Strike
4. She doesn9t have any __________ of humour.
 Emotion
 Feeling
 Sensation
 Sense
5. He was fired and he couldn9t find another ____________ in his field.
 Job
 Work
 Labor
 Toil
6. She won _____________ in a local chess tournament.
 Award
 Premium
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 Prize
 Reward
Antonyms:
What are antonyms?
An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word. For example, the word
small means of limited size, while big means of large size. Happy, a feeling of gladness, is an
antonym of sad, a feeling of sorrow.
Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs can all have antonyms, though not all do. A word can also
have multiple antonyms. For example, the words fast, quick, speedy, swift, and rapid are all
antonyms of the word slow.
Many antonyms are formed by adding the prefix or suffix. The prefixes mis-, dis-, in-, ir- and
im- and il- are used instead of un- with some words to create antonyms. For example by adding
the prefix dis to the word agree we get the antonym disagree.
Sample 1:
The most important part of any DTP project is planning. Before you begin, you should know
your intended audience, the message you want to communicate, and what form your message
will take.
Write the antonym for the word BEGIN
Answer: End
Write antonym for the word INTENDED using the correct prefix:
Answer: -un is added to the word intended to give the opposite meaning as unintended.
Sample 2:
Reality TV shows will have an adverse effect on traditional dramas and comedies. As reality TV
increases in popularity, network executives will begin canceling more traditional programs and
replacing them with the latest in reality TV.
Give antonyms for the following words:
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1. Traditional 3
2. Comedy 3
3. Increase 3
Answers:
1. Modern/ unconventional
2. Tragedy
3. Decrease
Exercises 1:
More and more office workers telecommute from offices in their own homes. The upside of
telecommuting is both greater productivity and greater flexibility. Telecommuters produce, on
average, 20% more than if they were to work in an office, and their flexible schedule allows
them to balance both their family and work responsibilities.
Give antonyms for the following words:
1. More
2. Flexible
Write antonym for the following words using the correct prefix:
1. Own
2. Allow
3. Balance
4. Responsibility
Exercise 2:
Black-and-white camera film, in the old days of film photography, was very sensitive to blue
light but not to red light. Blue skies would often show very little detail, because the film
couldn9t record all that it was seeing. To compensate, photographers would put a red filter on
the lens, darkening the sky enough that the film could record its fluffy clouds.
Give antonyms for the following words. Prefix can also be used:
1. Old
2. Light
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3. Fluffy
4. Little
5. Often
6. Sensitive
Exercise 3:
One New York publisher has estimated that 50,000 to 60,000 people in the United States
want an anthology that includes the complete works of William Shakespeare. And what
accounts for this renewed interest in Shakespeare? As scholars point out, the psychological
insights he portrays in both male and female characters are amazing even today.
Give antonyms for the following words. Prefix can also be used:
1. Include
2. Complete
3. Interest
4. Scholar
Exercise 4:
Power foods are foods that provide rich levels of nutrients like fibre, potassium and minerals.
With people becoming increasingly health conscious today, a lot of fitness trainers encourage
their clients to include these foods in their daily diet to increase muscle development. There
are various ways of incorporating power foods in your daily diet. Of course, the key to
enjoying power foods is proper preparation of these foods, the use of season-fresh foods, and
identifying your choice of flavour among power foods. Some of the recommended power
food combinations are those that are prepared in our kitchens on a regular basis. Take for
instance, the combination of chickpeas and onions. This combination is a powerful source of
iron which is required by the body to transport oxygen to its various parts. Iron deficiency
can lead to anaemia, fatigue, brain fog and tiredness. A study by the Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry says that sulphur compounds in onion and garlic help in the absorption
of iron and zinc from chickpeas. The combination is a hit with teenagers who need to be
diligent about getting iron in their diet. A quick way to prepare this power food is to make a
chickpea salad with chopped onions, chaat masala and cilantro.
Find words in the above passage with similar meaning for the words:
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1. Many
2. Careful
3. Significant
4. Inspire
Write antonyms for all the above words.
Exercise 5:
A sparrow is a small bird which is found throughout the world. There are many different
species of sparrows. Sparrows are only about four to six inches in length. Many people
appreciate their beautiful song. Sparrows prefer to build their nests in low places-usually on
the ground, clumps of grass, low trees and low bushes. In cities they build their nests in
building nooks or holes. They rarely build their nests in high places. They build their nests
out of twigs, grasses and plant fibres. Their nests are usually small and well-built structures.
Female sparrows lay four to six eggs at a time. The eggs are white with reddish brown spots.
They hatch between eleven to fourteen days. Both the male and female parents care for the
young. Insects are fed to the young after hatching. The large feet of the sparrows are used for
scratching seeds. Adult sparrows mainly eat seeds. Sparrows can be found almost
everywhere, where there are humans. Many people throughout the world enjoy these
delightful birds.
Find words in the passage with opposite meaning to the following words:
1. Often
2. Build
3. Young
4. Found
Homophones and Homonyms
What are Homophones?
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A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning.
The words may be spelt the same, such as rose (flower) and rose (past tense of "rise"), or
differently, such as carat, caret, and carrot, or to, two and too.
Homophones Examples:
1. Altar/ Alter
2. Berth/ Birth
3. Cast/ Caste
4. Days/ Daze
5. Earn/ Urn
Sample Exercise:
Choose the appropriate homophone from the brackets and fill in the blank:
a. I turned ____________ when I dropped the water ___________. (Pail/Pale)

b. Will the teacher give me a special __________ now that I9m on the honor ________?
(role/roll)
Answer: I turned pale when I dropped the water pail.
Will the teacher give me a special role now that I9m on the honor roll?
Exercise 1:
Choose the appropriate homophone from the brackets and fill in the blank:
1. The teacher read the instructions ______________ to the students. (allowed/aloud)

2. The day was warm, so the students ________ their lunch outside.(ate/eight)
3. He's taking a ___________ in marketing. (coarse/course)
4. The stairs __________ in my house. (creak/creek)
5. Your parcel should arrive in three ____________ (days/daze).
6. I had to get up early, so I've been in a __________ all morning. (days/daze)
7. Make your decision based on ___________ (facts/fax).
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8. He released the brake, and the tractor slowly moved ___________ (foreword/forward).
9. The bag is made from _________ fabric.(red/read)
10. The comedian's jokes are so bad that audiences usually ___________ instead of
laugh.(groan/grown)
11. We keep a __________, two cows, and six chickens. (hoarse/horse)
12. You have to repay the __________ by the end of the month.(loan/lone)
13. Training your dog requires a lot of ____________ (patience/patients).
14. My great-grandfather was born during the __________ of Queen Victoria.(rain/reign)
15. Wear leather gloves when pruning the ________ bush. (rose/rows)
What are Homonyms?
The word <homonym= comes from the prefix <homo=, meaning <the same=, and the suffix <-
nym,= means <the name=. Hence, homonyms are words that sound alike and have different
meanings. They either sound the same or are spelt the same, but their meanings are different.
Homonym Examples:
1. Address 3 location/ to speak to

2. Bark 3 the sound of dogs/ tree9s outer layer
3. Band 3 a ring/ a musical group
Sample:
Write two sentences for every word given below with different meanings:
1. Board 3
a. The teacher9s writing on the board is not visible.
b. Board members are waiting in the room for the meeting.
2. Race 3
a. Students are willing to participate in 200 mtr race.
b. There should be no discrimination based on race.
Exercise 2:
Write two sentences for every word given below with different meanings:
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1. Light
2. Sole
3. Mean
4. Right
5. Kind
6. Well
7. Match
8. Express
9. Pound
10. Spring
11. Tender
12. Stalk
13. Rock
14. Ring
15. Drop
16. Ruler
17. Scale
18. Can
19. Watch
20. Foot
Suffix and Prefix:
What is a suffix?
Suffixes are placed at the end of a word in order to alter its meaning or change the classification
of the word.
 We work hard in order to ensure our children9s happiness.
Happiness includes the state of being happy. By adding the suffix -ness, we have changed our
word from an adjective to a noun in order to fit grammatically in the sentence.
Let9s look at an example of a suffix used in a sentence:
 In classroom, students will research on the current elections
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 Suffix = ions is added to elect to change the meaning and mean a process.
Suffix Meaning Examples
-able able to, having the quality of comfortable, portable
-al relating to Annual, comical
-er comparative bigger, stronger
-est superlative strongest, tiniest
-ful full of beautiful, grateful
-ible forming an adjective reversible, terrible
-ily forming an adverb eerily, happily, lazily
-ing denoting an action, a material, or a gerund acting, showing
-less without, not affected by friendless, tireless
-ly forming an adjective clearly, hourly
-ness denoting a state or condition kindness, wilderness
-y full of, denoting a condition, or a diminutive Messy, hearty, tasty
What does prefix mean?

A prefix is a group of letters placed before the root word. For example, the word <unhappy=
consists of the prefix <un-= [which means <not=] combined with the root word <happy=; the word
<unhappy= means <not happy.=
Prefix Meaning Examples
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Prefix Meaning Examples
de- from, down, away, reverse, opposite decode, degrade
dis- not, opposite, reverse, away disagree, disappear
ex- out of, away from, lacking, former exterminate
il- not illegal, illogical
im- not, without impossible, improper
in- not, without inaction, invisible
mis- bad, wrong mislead, misplace
non- not nonfiction, nonsense
pre- before prefix, preview, precaution
pro- for, forward, before Proactive, proclaim
re- again, back react, reappear
un- against, not, opposite undo, unequal, unusual
Let9s try using a prefix in a sentence.
 Craig was dissatisfied with the customer service he received at the store.
 Prefix = dis = negative
Exercise 1:
Use suitable prefix to get the opposite meaning of the words given below:
1. Wrap
2. Comfort
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3. Use
4. Fortune
5. Understand
6. Behave
7. Spell
8. Guide
9. Close
10. Agree
11. Fold
12. Construct
13. Appropriate
14. Healthy
15. Familiar
Exercise 2:
Fill in the blanks with appropriate prefix or suffix to the words in brackets:
1. He is acting in a very ____________ way. (child)

2. She looked ____________. She started to cry. (happy)
3. He passed the exam. He was ____________ for the second time. (success)
4. The team that he supported won the ______________. (champion)
5. I couldn9t find any _____________ in his theory. (weak)
6. He wants to be a ____________ when he grows up. (mathematics)
7. There were only a ____________ of people at the match. (hand)
8. The road was too narrow, so they had to ____________ it. (wide)
9. I think that you should _______________ your decision. (consider)
10. You need a _____________ of motivation, organization and hard work to realize your
dreams.(combine)
Collocations:
A collocation is made up of two or more words that are commonly used together in English.
Think of collocations as words that usually go together. There are different kinds of
collocations in English. Strong collocations are word pairings that are expected to come
together, such as combinations with 'make' and 'do': You make a cup of tea, but you do your
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homework. Collocations are very common in business settings when certain nouns are
routinely combined with certain verbs or adjectives. For example, draw up a contract, set a
price, conduct negotiations, etc.
Some Common Collocations:
Here are a number of common collocations in English:
to make the bed I need to make the bed every day.
to do homework My son does his homework after dinner.
to take risk Some people don't take enough risks in life.
to give advice The teacher gave us some advice on taking tests.
Verb Collocations:
Some of the most common collocations involve verb + noun collocations used
in everyday situations. Here are some examples of the types of verb collocations.
to feel free Please feel free to take a seat and enjoy the show.
to come prepared Make sure to come prepared for the test tomorrow.
to save time You'll save time if you turn off your smart phone and concentrate on the
lesson.
to find a replacement We need to find a replacement for Jim as soon as possible.
to make progress We're making progress on the project at work.

to do the washing up I'll do the washing up and you can put Johnny to bed.
Business Collocations:
Collocations are often used in business and work settings. There are a number of forms including
adjectives, nouns and other verbs that combine with keywords to form business
expressions. Here are some business collocations for specific situations.
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to open an account Would you like to open an account at our bank?

to forgive a debt Do you think the bank would forgive a debt?
to land a deal We landed a deal worth 3 million.
to key in a PIN Just key in your PIN at the ATM and you can make a deposit.
to deposit a check I'd like to deposit this check for 100.
hard-earned money Once you get a job, you'll know what hard-earned money really is.
to close a deal I closed a deal on a new account last week.
to write up a contract Let's write up your contract.
counterfeit money Be on the lookout for counterfeit money in circulation.
Examples of collocations:
 He had intended to take a holiday in New York.

 He wanted to see if he could get a job with us.
 I might take a lesson from you.
 My goals were to go back to school and get a degree.
 I9ll take a look at the website and let you know what I think.
 He was beginning to get angry.
 Can9t you do a favour and leave me alone?
Exercises:
Choose the correct word from the brackets and fill in the blank:
1. The meeting took almost five hours, so it was difficult to _________ (give/pay) attention
all the time.
2. The problem is difficult to __________ (keep/hold) under control.
3. Only 30% of students who ____________ (made/took) the final exam passed it.
4. Accepting gifts from vendors is _______________ (strictly/strongly) forbidden.
5. I think you need to let it go, you should not ____________ (keep/hold) a grudge.
6. After ____________ (careful/cautious) consideration, we decided not to go with it.
7. We are planning to move operations to a ______________ (emerging/developing)
country.
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8. The goal of the campaign is to ____________ (raise/create) awareness about pollution

and overfishing in India.
9. We would like to ______________ (warmly/cordially) invite you to the grand opening.
10. A _________ (vast/big) majority of our employees have a decade9s experience.
Words often confused:
Some words look the same, while others sound the same. Knowing the difference between these
similar words can be very tricky. Here, we have provided some of the most commonly confused
word pairs, with definitions for each and sentences showing them in context.
For example:
Affect vs. Effect
Affect is a verb meaning to influence.
Effect is a noun meaning result.
While the student didn9t see how studying affected his test-taking, the positive effects soon
became clear.
Lie vs. Lay
Lie is a verb meaning to recline or rest on a surface.
Lay is a verb meaning to put or place.
Kim lies down to take a nap every day at 3:30 p.m. Before falling asleep, Kim lays her bracelet
on the table.
Exercise:
Find the meaning of the words given and frame sentence for each word:
1. Accept vs. Except

2. Allusion vs. Illusion
3. Appraise vs. Apprise
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4. Capital vs. Capitol

5. Climactic vs. Climatic
6. Complement vs. Compliment
7. Elicit vs. Illicit
8. Emigrate vs. Immigrate
9. Ensure vs. Insure
10. Farther vs. Further
11. Imitated vs. Intimated
12. Passed vs. Past
13. Lose vs. Loose
14. Breath vs. Breathe
15. Principal vs. Principle
*********************
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Chapter-3
Reading Passages on Specific fields for Vocabulary development
OBJECTIVES:
1. To familiarize students with use of language in specific fields in terms of

jargons/registers.
2. To enable the students to comprehend and analyze the texts on various fields.
Reading Comprehension:
To comprehend means to understand. In any academic curriculum, reading English

comprehension passages is an important topic. As a part of reading comprehension passages, you
need to very carefully go through a given passage, understand its meaning, and notice the
meaning of various contexts in which the sentences appear.
 Comprehension tests your vocabulary, so building a good vocabulary is important to

understand passages.
 You need to develop the ability to identify the meanings of phrases or words by reading
the passage multiple times.
Jargons: Special words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others
to understand
Registers: In linguistics, register is defined as the way a speaker uses language differently in
different circumstances. It is also a variety of language used for a particular purpose or in a
particular communicative situation.
SAMPLE PASSAGES:
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Health Care
America has a highly developed health care system, which is available to all people. Although it
can be very complex and frustrating at times, it has come a long way from the health care
organizations of yesterday. Previously, most health care facilities were a place where the sick
were housed and cared for until death. Physicians rarely practiced in hospitals and only those
who were fortunate could afford proper care at home or in private clinics.
Today the level of healthcare has excelled tremendously. Presently the goal of health care is to
have a continuum of care for the patient; one which is integrated at all levels. Many hospitals
offer a referral service or discharge plan to patients who are being discharged. Plans for the
patient are discussed with a discharge planner. A discharge planner is a person who is trained in
assessing what the patient9s requirements for healthcare will be after discharge from the hospital.
This enables the patients to continue their care at a level which is most appropriate for them.
Items reviewed for discharge planning include but are not limited to therapies, medication needs,
living arrangements and identification of specific goals. A few of the options that are available
for persons being discharged from an acute care hospital can include home health care, assisted
living facilities, long-term care or hospice.
According to Growing Old in America (1996), <Home health care is one of the fastest growing
segments of the healthcare industry. Alternatives for home care can meet both the medical and
non-medical needs of a patient. These services are provided to patients and their families in their
home or place of residence. Home care is a method of delivering nursing care and other therapies
as required by the patient9s needs. Numerous alternatives are available for persons seeking health
care at home. With transportable technologies such as durable medical equipment, oxygen
supply and intravenous fluids, there are countless possibilities for treatment within the home
setting. As stated in The Continuum of Long-Term Care, <Home health programmes range from
formal organizations providing skilled nursing care to relatively informal networks that arrange
to housekeeping for friends.= This has allowed for home care to quickly become an essential
component of the health care delivery system in the United States.
In a home health care situation, the primary caregiver is usually not the physician. The physician
is communicated with by phone and with documentation from the caregivers. The primary
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caregivers are usually the nurses and other team members who are involved directly with the
patient9s care. But, the original order to begin home care must be initiated by the physician if
skilled care is to be obtained. According to the 1995 Guide to Health Insurance for People with
Medicare, <Medicare pays the frill cost of medically necessary home health visits by a Medicare-
approved home health agency.= This coverage must meet specific criteria, but it can be a relief to
family members to know that their loved ones can be taken care of at home without worrying
about the expenses.
Comprehension Questions:
1. What is the goal of health care service in the present time?

Ans: Presently the goal of health care is to have a continuum of care for the patient;
one which integrated at all levels.
2. Who is a discharge Planner?
Ans: A discharge planner is a person who is trained in assessing what are the patient9s
requirements for healthcare after discharge from the hospital.
3. ___________is a home providing care for the sick or temporarily ill.
Ans: Hospice
4. What do you mean by 8home care9 according to the passage?
Home care is a method of delivering nursing care and other therapies as required by the
patient9s needs.
5. Mention the transportable technologies in the field of health care.
Durable medical equipment, oxygen supply and intravenous fluids etc
Soft Power
As we look forward to the bright future awaiting us, we must determine where our strengths lie.
Much of the conventional analyses of India's position in the world rely on the all-too familiar
indices of GDP, impressive economic growth rates and our military prowess. But if there is one
attribute of independent India to which we have not yet paid much attention is its 'soft power'
The notion of soft-power is relatively new. It was coined by Harvard's Joseph Nye to describe
the extraordinary strengths of the United States that went well beyond the American military and
economic dominance. The fact is that the U.S. is home to Boeing, Microsoft, Apple, Intel, MTV,
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Hollywood, Disneyland, Kodak and so on - in short, most of the major products that dominate
daily life around the globe. This has ensured the maximization of the soft power of the US - that
is, the ability to attract and persuade others to adopt America's agenda, rather than relying purely
on the coercive hard power of military force. Thus, this soft power is undoubtedly more
important than the hard power.
For India, it means paying attention to the aspects and products of our society that the world
would find attractive - not in order to directly persuade others to support us but to enhance our
country's standing in their eyes. Bollywood is doing a great deal in this direction by bringing
entertainment home to people (the diaspora) in the U.S. and elsewhere. Indian classical music
and dance have the same effect. So does the work of our fashion designers, chefs and cricketers.
1. What are the indices that determine the economic growth of a country?
Ans: India's position in the world relies on the all-too familiar indices of GDP,
impressive economic growth rates and our military prowess.
2. There is one attribute of independent India to which we have not yet paid much attention
is ____________ .
Ans: Soft power
3. Who coined the term 8Soft Power9?
Ans: The term 8Soft Power9 was coined by Harvard's Joseph Nye.
4. Mention two products of US which dominated daily life around the globe.
Ans: The US products that dominated daily life around the globe are Boeing, Microsoft,
Apple, Intel, MTV, Hollywood, Disneyland, Kodak and so on
5. Pick out the word from the passage which means 8the movement of people from any
nation or group away from their own country9.
Ans: Diaspora
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Passages to Comprehend (Vocabulary used in specific fields)
Read the passages carefully and answer the questions:
Sportsmanship
Sportsmanship can be conceptualized as an enduring and relatively stable characteristic or

disposition such that individuals differ in the way they are generally expected to behave in sports
situations. In general, sportsmanship refers to virtues such as fairness, self-control, courage, and
persistence, and has been associated with interpersonal concepts of treating others and being
treated fairly, maintaining self-control if dealing with others, and respect for both authority and
opponents. Sportsmanship is also looked at as being the way one reacts to a sport/game/player.
The four elements of sportsmanship are often shown being good form, the will to win, equity and
fairness. All four elements are critical and a balance must be found among all four for true
sportsmanship to be illustrated. These elements may also cause conflict, as a person may desire
to win more than play in equity and fairness and thus resulting in a clash within the aspects of
sportsmanship. This will cause problems as the person believes they are being a good sportsman,
but they are defeating the purpose of this idea as they are ignoring two key components of being
sportsman like. When athletes become too self-centered, the idea of sportsmanship is dismissed.
Today's sporting culture, in particular the base of elite sport, places great importance on the idea
of competition and winning and thus sportsmanship takes a back seat as a result. In most, if not
all sports, sportsmen at the elite level make the standards on sportsmanship and no matter
whether they like it or not, they are seen as leaders and role models in society.
Since every sport is rule driven, the most common offence of bad sportsmanship is the act of
cheating or breaking the rules to gain an unfair advantage. A competitor who exhibits poor
sportsmanship after losing a game or contest is often called a "sore loser", while a competitor
who exhibits poor sportsmanship after winning is typically called a "bad winner". Sore loser
behavior includes blaming others for the loss, not accepting responsibility for personal actions
that contributed to the defeat, reacting to the loss in an immature or improper fashion, making
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excuses for the defeat, and citing unfavorable conditions or other petty issues as reasons for the
defeat. A bad winner acts in a shallow fashion after his or her victory, such as by gloating about
his or her win, rubbing the win in the face(s) of the opponent(s), and lowering the
opponent(s)'s self-esteem by constantly reminding the opponent(s) of "poor" performance in
comparison (even if the opponent(s) competed well). Not showing respect to the other team is
considered to being a bad sportsman and could lead to demoralizing effects; as Leslie Howe
describes: "If a pitcher in baseball decides to pitch not to his maximum ability suggest that the
batter is not at an adequate level, [it] could lead to the batter to have low self-confidence or
worth.
1. Mention one of the virtues of sportsmanship.

2. What are the four elements of sportsmanship?
3. Why does sportsmanship take back seat sometimes?
4. Who is a 8sore loser9?
5. Mention one of the traits of a bad winner.
Artificial intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated

by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and other animals. In
computer science AI research is defined as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that
perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving
its goals. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics
"cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and
"problem solving".
The scope of AI is disputed: as machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered as
requiring "intelligence" are often removed from the definition, a phenomenon known as the AI
effect, leading to the quip, "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet." For instance, optical character
recognition is frequently excluded from "artificial intelligence", having become a routine
technology. Capabilities generally classified as AI as of 2017 include successfully understanding
human speech, competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go),
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autonomous cars, intelligent routing in content delivery network and military simulations.
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and in the years since has
experienced several waves of optimism, followed by disappointment and the loss of funding
(known as an "AI winter"), followed by new approaches, success and renewed funding. For most
of its history, AI research has been divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with
each other. These sub-fields are based on technical considerations, such as particular goals (e.g.
"robotics" or "machine learning"), the use of particular tools ("logic" or artificial neural
networks), or deep philosophical differences. Subfields have also been based on social factors
(particular institutions or the work of particular researchers).
The traditional problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation,
planning, learning, natural language processing, perception and the ability to move and
manipulate objects. General intelligence is among the field's long-term goals. Approaches
include statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional symbolic AI. Many tools
are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, artificial neural
networks, and methods based on statistics, probability and economics. The AI field draws upon
computer science, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy and many others.
1. What do you mean by Artificial Intelligence?

2. What are the two cognitive functions that machine can perform?
3. Which is the technology excluded from Artificial Intelligence?
4. The subfields of Artificial Intelligence are based on________________
5. Mention two tools that are used in Artificial Intelligence.
Endangered species
Endangered species are the most dangerous species, which is the second most serious
conservation status in the International Union (IUCN) Red Data Book to preserve the nature of
wildlife. Any wildlife species has been classified as endangered if any of the following criteria
has been met, then the population size is less than 250 mature members; Population reduction in
the rate of 70% in the last 10 years; The probability of extinction in the wild is 20% over the next
20 years; The high risk of extinction in the wild is facing. Species are considered as building
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blocks of biodiversity, however, due to the unprecedented proportion of the threat due to
urbanization, pollution and other anthropogenic interventions, biodiversity is shrinking.
Today, due to extinction of species, there is danger to the biodiversity of the world. There are 35
hotspots worldwide, 43% are locally as birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians. There are three
such centers of attraction in India- Eastern Himalayas, Indo-Burma and Western Ghats. These
areas also support numerous wildlife populations. However, due to human encroachment, many
of these wildlife sanctuaries are threatened.
IUNC has prepared a list called 'Red Data Book' 'Lal' is a symbol of danger that these species
currently experience. IUCN has defined different categories or levels in which different species
have been placed in the list. Classification is a thing of extinction, extinct in the wild, severely
endangered, endangered, and weak, in danger and at least a matter of concern.
IUNC classifies the species under different categories under the following categories:
Extinct species are species which their last member has died, thus leaving no living person to
reproduce.
The highest risk category specified for severely endangered wild species. This means that the
number of species has decreased or there will be a reduction of 80% within three generations.
Endangered species are populations of organisms that are at risk of extinction because they are
either very few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or rehearsal parameters.
There are weak species which are likely to be in danger, as long as there is no possibility of
improving its existence and reproduction in the circumstances. Extinct species are kept in
captivity by the living members or are known largely as a natural population outside its historic
boundary due to habitat loss in the wild. The threatened species are species that can be
threatened with extinction in the near future. The least concern species do not qualify for any
other category to pay attention to them. Lack of data species is species which show that there is
insufficient information to directly or indirectly evaluate the risk of extinction tax on the basis of
its distribution and / or population status.
1. Mention a criterion to consider the species as endangered.

2. Species are considered as building blocks of_______________ .
3. What is the major threat to the wildlife?
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4. What does the 8Red Data Book9 consist of?

5. What are 8threatened species9?
Comparing Technologies
Comparisons of technology are often difficult to make, not only because of the rapid pace of
improvements but also because of the many new applications that are available as time
progresses. If we were to consider the contemporary graphing calculator and the calculation
capacities of computing machines from fifty years ago, there would be astounding improvements
between these two devices. However, the improvements are not reduced merely to speed
improvements. A graphing calculator also has numerous output capacities that far exceed those
available much older computers, none of which had the ability to represent their output in any
manner even closely resembling that of contemporary devices. Merely consider the display
capacities of such a device. These enable users to input many new kinds of information, enabling
design engineers to design new hardware functions to match the new means of collecting user
input.
The situation is even more obvious when one considers the numerous functions performed by a
modern <smartphone.= These devices are equipped with panoply of features. With all of these
new functions come many new types of computational capabilities as well. In order to process
images quickly, specialized hardware must be designed and software written for it in order to
ensure that there are few issues with the phone9s operation. Indeed, the whole <real time= nature
of telecommunications has exerted numerous pressures on the designers of computing devices.
Layers of complexity, at all levels of production and development, are required to ensure that the
phone can function in a synchronous manner. Gone are the days of asynchronous processing,
when the computer user entered data into a mainframe, only to wait for a period of time before
the processing results were provided. Today, even the smallest of digital devices must provide
seamless service for users. The effects of this requirement are almost beyond number.
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1. Why are the comparisons of technology often difficult?

2. What is the special feature of graphing calculator?
3. Pick out the word from the passage which means wide range or collection of things
which are impressive.
4. Why is specialized hardware required for smartphones?
5. What do designers of computing device ensure?
Legal System
In many countries the legal systems are very complex. This is because they have been developed
over very long times. Every time that a new case is decided it can have an effect on future cases.
This means that the people who work in legal situations have to be clever. They have to know
and understand all the rules and precedents. A precedent is when a previous decision will have
an effect on future cases as it was related to an important point.
There are many people who work with the law, such as solicitors or judges. A solicitor is a
lawyer who spends most of their time advising their clients and preparing legal documents, such
as wills or contracts for buying and selling houses. They need to be very careful and make sure
that all the details are correct; otherwise their clients might lose a lot of money.
A barrister is a type of lawyer who works in court rooms. They will either work for the
prosecution or defense sides. If they are a prosecution lawyer, they are trying to prove that the
defendant (the person on trial) committed a crime. They have to present evidence to show that
the defendant is guilty. If they are a defense lawyer, then they work for the defendant and have to
show that the evidence presented is not enough to prove that their client is guilty and he should
be judged to be not guilty. Then there are judges and magistrates. A magistrate will hear trials
about less serious crimes, while a judge9s will be about more serious crimes. These are the
people who have to decide what punishment will be given to someone who is guilty. The
punishments could range from a small fine up to a long prison sentence, and even a death
sentence in some countries. The trial happens in the judge9s courtroom, so the judge is
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responsible for making sure the trial is run fairly and follows the law. If a lawyer believes that a
trial was not fair or there was a mistake in the law, they can ask for a new trial that will generally
be hear by an appeal court where an appeal judge will be in charge. Often appeal judges will be
the most experienced judges in a country, so they know a lot about the law and how to apply it.
1. Mention the common reason for complexity of legal systems in many countries.
2. What do you mean by 8Precedent9?
3. What is the common function of a solicitor?
4. Barristers will either work for the __________ or_____________
5. Pick out the word from the passage which means a formal examination of evidence by a
judge.
Tourism
As we all know, India is one of the world's most famous countries for its unique tourist and
tourist destinations. Tourism in all countries plays a big role in the economic growth and
development of a country. If we see tourism in India, it is India's second largest source of income
through the foreign currencies of foreign tourists. A large percentage of people's lives East based
solely on tourism itself because the tourism industry in India has employed a large number of
people in the category, skilled and unskilled. Tourism in any country promotes its national
integration and international fraternity.
Our country is naturally and culturally endowed with many beautiful and attractive places that
have fascinated people around the world. Our country is one of the rich countries with legacies,
historical monuments, forts, beaches, religious places, mountain resorts, etc. attracting tourists
from around the world. India is known for its unity in diversity that enriches it with people from
many cultures, traditions and religions which is the big reason for good tourism here. Because of
being rich with people from many religions and languages, our country is full of diversity in
handicrafts, folk dances, fairs, festivals, music, ballet, clothing, eating habits, lifestyle,
languages, etc. which gives rise to the will or the desire in the hearts of the people of the world to
see India.
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Nowadays, tourism in India is strongly promoted by tourism ministries thanks to the help of
many Bollywood actors at international and national level. All measures to promote tourism and
the circulation of tourists in the country are recommended by the Tourism Advisory Council.
Indian tourism is strongly affected by terrorism, insecurity and pollution in the country; however,
the sincere efforts of the Government of India are continuing to develop the Indian tourism
industry. It is one of the most dynamic industries and plays a big role in the economic
development of the country. Our country is a popular country for tourist destinations throughout
Asia where a large crowd of people come every year despite many problems. Our country is
naturally limited in its four sides (one by the Himalayas, and three other sides by the Arabian
Sea, Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean) offering wide range of sightings.
Variety of interesting activities such as water sports, sailing, scuba diving, rafting, skiing,
mountaineering, barges, winter sports, etc. promote tourism in India. In order to encourage
people, a tourism campaign named "Incredible India" was launched by the Indian Tourism
Development Corporation (ITDC) in 2005. The tourist spots in India have also been divided into
sections like spiritual tourism, ecotourism, spa tourism, "and" adventure tourism "to encourage
tourism and better growth in India.
1. Tourism in any country promotes its _______________and _______________.
2. Mention two fascinating aspects of India which attract tourists.
3. What are the factors that affect tourism in India?
4. ____________is the term which focuses on socially responsible travel, personal growth,
and environmental sustainability.
5. What is the name of tourism campaign in India?
Jean Piaget and Constructivism
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Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher. Originally
trained as a botanist, he developed one of the most important theories of cognitive development
in the field of developmental psychology. He was born in the French-speaking part of
Switzerland. The son of a university professor, Jean was an intellectually precocious child who
was interested in the natural world and the subject of biology. Piaget was growing up during a
time when Sigmund Freud9s theory and practice of psychoanalysis was developing and
becoming popular, which also influenced his interests.
After graduating from his university studies, Piaget moved to Paris and taught at a school
directed by Alfred Binet, who developed standardized intelligence tests still used today. As he
helped to score Binet9s tests, Piaget noticed patterns of consistent errors made by younger
children but not by older children and adults. He formed a hypothesis that young children
thought differently than adults. This was the germ of what would eventually become his theory
of progressive, distinct stages of cognitive development that people go through universally as
they grow.
Piaget went from France back to Switzerland in 1921, where he directed the Rousseau Institute
in Geneva. When he and his wife had three children of their own, he studied their behavior and
learning from their births and through their childhoods. He used the techniques of direct
observation and the case study, a method of developing an in-depth, multidimensional profile of
each individual child. Piaget described children as <little scientists= who learned through
exploring, interacting with, and acting upon their environments.
Piaget proposed in his theory that in learning, just as in biology, humans adapt to their
environments through processes of assimilation and accommodation. He proposed that babies
form mental constructs to represent their world, which he called schemata. An infant assimilates
new information by fitting it into an existing schema. When it will not fit, the child
accommodates to it by modifying an existing schema or forming a new one. Because of his
emphasis on children9s roles in actively constructing their own knowledge of reality, Piaget has
been called a great pioneer of constructivism, the theory that people build knowledge based on
interactions between their thoughts and experiences.
1. What was the contribution of Piaget in the field of Developmental Psychology?
2. What techniques did Piaget use to develop his theory?
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3. Humans adapt to their environments through processes of _________and________

4. What is Schemata according to Piaget?
5. Pick out one word substitute from the passage for a person who develops or be the first to
use or apply (a new method, area of knowledge, or activity)
Fashion and the world of cinema

The relationship between the world of fashion and the world of cinema is complex and
intertwined. Film allows us the opportunity to escape for a few hours into lives that are not our
own4lives that may be, in fact, quite different from our own. In a similar vein, fashion gives us
the opportunity to re-invent ourselves by constructing our external appearance to accommodate
the shift in self-image. These shifts in image often reflect the icons we admire in the movies.
Perhaps we cannot become them, but we can become like them. One way in which we do this by
following their lead: by adopting the distinctive fashion styles associated with them. Sometimes,
this can be something simple, such as buying a new pair of designer jeans. At other times, this
can mean embracing a culture that may be foreign to us. This is how Hindi styles have begun to
take hold in mainstream fashion.
Film clearly has a symbiotic relationship with fashion. What is shown on the silver screen often
makes its way into our own lives on some level. There are a number of dynamics at work here.
As Entwistle has asserted, 8dress is tied up to social life in more than one way: it is produced out
of economic, political, technological conditions as well as conditions shaped by social., cultural,
aesthetic ideas9 (2000:111).
The link between cinema and mainstream fashion is easily apparent. What is seen on the silver
screen by movie viewers one day will often end up being a popular commodity the next. Movies
provide an outlet for viewers4a chance to step out of their own lives and into the lives of
other4usually glamorous4people. Fashion does this in a similar way, allowing its adherents the
freedom to 8re-invent9 themselves. Often, the selves they try to emulate are those of the icons
they admire in film; therefore, it seems natural that they emulate the style of dress of those they
consider role models. As Joanne Entwistle has so aptly stated it, 8fashion opens up possibilities
for framing the self, however temporarily9 (2000:139).
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The establishment of the Indian cinema also proved to be the strongest influence on the fashion
in the decade. Due to the western influence, the use of angarkhas, choghas and jamas diminished
considerably by this time, although the ceremonial pagri, safa and topi were widespread as ever.
1. What opportunity does fashion offer to us?
2. Mention the ways which we follow the Fashion Icons.
3. Pick out the word from passage which means sharing a close physical association or bond
between organisms.
4. What do movies provide for its viewers?
5. What are the attires replaced by Western culture?
Online Shopping
Despit e the global slowdown, the online shopping in India has increased. The
growing pace of online buying is because of t he attractive discounted prices of fered
and the abilit y of the customers to research and compare the prices across several
outlets. The average frequency of online purchases in India grew up to 2.9 in the
fourth quarter of 2008 from 2.6 during the same quarter in 2007, as reported by the
survey of Master Card Worldwide. "The economic meltdown has not affected our
business," said the CEO of an e-commerce portal which specializes in personalized
gift ing and merchandise space in India. He said: "Our business has increased up to
five t imes this year despite the economic recession. Current ly, we possess a
database of 25000 designs posted by a thousand designers so that the users can
create their own merchandise by select ing the designs sitt ing at home." The CEO
also said that wit h the rise in bandwidth penetration in India and the increasing
awareness of internet among people, the online shoppers sense the convenience to
click on the products they want to purchase. Holding onto a similar convict ion, the
CEO of another Company said, "Wit h the conve nience of online buying, customers
can save their time and money to move across mult iple outlets for a product."
The online shoppers also plan their shopping in advance and conduct research on
their planned purchases. It becomes easier for the customers to decide the price at
which t hey want the products. Sharing views on this point, the Manager of the e-
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commerce portal says, "Through the online shopping, customers can attain the
object ive of value for money during t hese tough times." Today, India is the on ly
country where the 18 to 29 years age group has the highest average spend on online
shopping. In India, the popular online purchases include t he home appliances and
the electronic gadgets like cell phones, camera, and laptops and so on. According to
the survey, the e-purchasing of electronic products has gone up by 51%. So to drive
these online shoppers,e-commerce portals are adopting a networking cult ure by
incorporating social networking feature in their websites. So, that people can
discuss wit h their friends and relat ives before buying the part icular product. There
are more startups, who are innovat ing their products to combat slowdown.
1. Why has online shopping tremendously increased in India?

2. Pick out the expression from the passage used to indicate slowdown in economic growth.
3. Wit h the convenience of online buying, customers can ____________ and
_________ to move across mult iple outlets for a product.
4. Mention the popular online purchases in India.
5. What do e-commerce portals adopt to increase their marketing?
***********
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Chapter 4
Barriers to Effective listening
In previous semester we have studied, what is listening, differences between listening and
Hearing, Types of Listening and the activities to inculcate and enhance good listening skills. In
this chapter we are going to understand the barriers to effective listening skills.
Author Joseph DeVito has divided the listening skills into five stages:
The barriers of effective listening are present at every stage. At receiving stage, insignificant
noise can distort the incoming message. At interpretation or understanding stage, abstract or
complex ideas are making it difficult to comprehend. At the recalling stage, the challenges in
concentration or natural limits to memory can interfere with remembering. At evaluative stage
prejudices or personal biases can block the versatility in communication. At responding stage,
hesitation, linguistic ability or paraphrasing skills can lead to misunderstanding.
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Barriers to effective listening:
1) Environmental Barriers
A noisy environment can interfere with the ability to concentrate and focus on the incoming
information making it difficult to process. Similarly, the lighting, temperature, seating
arrangements, the nature of the surroundings can be a discomforting and distracting factor in
effective listening process. In the interactive communication process the ability to see and hear a
person increases the possibility of processing the information effectively unlike in one-way
communication.
2) Technological Barriers
Technology can be a bane when it comes to concentrated listening. Electronic gadgets and
devices like cell phones, tabs, smart watches and various apps are the never-ending challenges
for a good listener. In the office environment the employees are hooked to the social media and
online apps during meetings and conferences, showcase the low level of efficiency and
productivity, making it one of the major barriers in effective listening skills. To overcome such
barrier, listener needs to restrict the usage of technology in the day today life.
3) Physiological Barriers
It emanates from our physical body like; illness, injuries, dehydration, tiredness or bodily stress.
Ailments such as cold, cough, headache, broken hand or leg can impact our listening ability as
our mind and body are inseparable. The pain can impair the ability to focus. Hence, physical
health also becomes the crucial factor for effective listening. We can9t be our best at all the time
but having good health on crucial days may enhance the outcome of listening.
4) Cognitive or psychological Barriers

Listener9s ability to cognitively process different things while receiving a message like
multitasking, daydreaming, and glazing over or drifting off; creates the gap into listening. The
fact that human has ability to process more than one thing at a time offers some advantages and
disadvantages. But unless we understand how the cognitive capacities and our personal
preferences affect our listening, we are going to experience more barriers than the benefits.
5) Prejudices and Mind set
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When we engage in prejudiced listening, we are usually trying to preserve our ways of thinking
and avoid being convinced of something different. This type of prejudice is a barrier to effective
listening, because when we prejudge a person, we usually stop listening actively.
Prejudices also exhibit our mind sets. Prejudices those are based on person9s identity, such as
race, gender, age, occupation or appearance may lead us to assume what speaker will speak,
essentially closing down the listening process. Keeping an open mind and engaging in perceptive
evaluation can help to be more competent listener.
6) Lack of Listening preparation

Though Listening is the fundamental level of the language acquisition process, we never receive
training in listening. The popular notion goes with listening as an innate ability which a language
user acquires over a period of time. Hence, competent listening is very difficult and enhancing
listening skills takes concentrated efforts. Our society values speaking more than listening.
Although listening competence plays a crucial part in social interaction, listening doesn9t get
same kind of praise, attention, instruction or credibility as speaking.
7) Bad Message or Speaker

Sometimes the trouble of non-listening originates in the speaker. It can be poor orating skills; in
terms of verbal fillers, monotonous voice, distracting movements or dishevelled appearance,
message construction, language usage, use of abstract concepts and jargons can lead to listening
incompetence.
8) Bad Listening Practices

The Physical barriers or cognitive and perceptual limitations are hard to control. But the
conscious listening practices can help to control the bad listening habits like interrupting,
eavesdropping, aggressive listening, narcissistic listening, distorted listening, pseudo listening.
Interrupting- It can be intentional or unintentional; in both cases the listening activity gets
disturbed. Intentional interruptions are not always a negative response to the speaker; it can be
due to over excitement or to show the support. Sometimes we may interrupt out of necessity. All
these interruptions are not called as barriers unless they disturb the essence of the subject.
Eavesdropping- It is a planned attempt to secretly listen to the conversation which is not meant
for you. There is difference between overhearing and eavesdropping. In former case the
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conversations heard at a public discourse whereas in latter it is trespassing a personal space. This
results into misunderstanding and communication gap.
Aggressive Listening- In this listening practice listeners are participating to attack whatever the
speaker is speaking. Aggressive listeners like to ambush speakers in order to criticise the idea,
personality or characteristics.
Narcissistic Listening- It is a self-centred listening behaviour. Narcissistic listeners redirect the

focus of the conversation to them by interrupting or changing the topic.
Distorted Listening- It occurs in many ways. Sometimes we get the order of information wrong
making the listener9s mind to recount the presupposed things. For example, if we forget to
mention the order of turn correctly (Left, right, left or right etc.) it will result in chaos and end up
in casual listening. Rationalisation can also be considered as distorted listening, where we adapt
or edit the information.
Pseudo Listening- It is also known as 8Fake Listening9. Pseudo-listening is behaving as if you

are paying attention to the speaker when you are actually not. Outwardly attentive responses are
part of good listening environment but using this politeness strategy, pseudo listener is engaging
in bad listening behaviour.
Classroom Exercises: Discuss
1. Our mind plays with our attention. We may try to focus on the activity, but it keeps
drifting away. What makes your mind wander? How would you control it and involve
into concentrated efforts?
2.Bad speakers and messages are a common barrier to effective listening. Describe a time
recently when your ability to listen was impaired by the poor delivery and/or content of
another person.
3.Of the bad listening practices listed which one do you encounter the most? Why do you
think you use this one more than the others? What can you do to help prevent or lessen
this barrier?
Questions:
Answer the following questions in two to three sentences:
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1. Mention any two listening barriers.

2. Name any two bad listening practices.
3. What are the first two stages of listening?
4. What is aggressive Listening?
5. Explain cognitive barriers in two to four sentences.
6. How can technology act as barrier of listening?
7. What is pseudo listening?
*************
Chapter 5
Types of Listening
While understanding the difference between Hearing and Listening we have seen two major
types of Listening; Discriminative and Comprehensive.
In this chapter we will have an elaborative understanding of these types and also discuss the
collection of types and differences one can notice in the listening activity.
1) Discriminative Listening:
This type of listening identifies the variation in tones and sounds. It interprets the verbal cues to
understand what the speaker is truly saying. The nuances in their voice help to distinguish what
emotions they are going through. Discriminative listening is a basic type of listening skill
developed quite early in life, where different sounds of the words are recognised without
understanding their meaning. For example, if a person speaks in a foreign language that you have
difficulty understanding, you can use discriminative listening skills to comprehend what is going
on to some extent, based on their tone, mannerisms or body language.
2) Comprehensive Listening:
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After identifying the differences among the sounds, the next step is to comprehend the meaning
out of them. To comprehend the meaning first we need to have a grasp on vocabulary and the
awareness about the rules of grammar to understand what others are saying. Same is true for
visual components of communication and understanding of body language. Comprehensive
listening is also known as content listening, informative listening and full listening.
3) Critical Listening:
An important element of critical listening is to have an open mind without any preconceived
ideas. Critical listening is listening to scrutinise or analyse the idea being expressed. It can be
judgemental and evaluates the depth of knowledge and the trustworthiness of the speaker. This
type of speaking helps to broaden your knowledge and improve your interpersonal skills. It
involves active listening which enables professionals to conduct brainstorming sessions, debates
strategies and develop innovative solutions. This type of listening is helpful for problem solving
and decision-making process.
4) Evaluative Listening:
Evaluative listening normally overlaps with critical listening. We seek to assess the truth of what
is being said. We tend to judge speakers on what they say about our values, assessing them as
good or bad, worthy or unworthy. Evaluative listening is common for persuasive speeches or
when the persistent effort is made to influence the mind-set. Like discriminative, in evaluative
listening, listener discriminates the subtleties of language and try to comprehend the inner
meaning of what is said. It is also called as judgemental and interpretive listening.
5) Biased Listening:
Biased listening happens only when person listens what they want to listen, misinterpreting what
the other person actually is saying. This listening is based on stereotypes and other biases that the
listener possesses. Biased listening is evaluative in nature.
6) Appreciative Listening:
Looking for ways to accept and appreciate the other person through what they say and seeking
opportunity to praise. For example, when we listen to good music or poetry or the speeches by
great leaders or may be a walk in the woods and listening to the nature, we enjoy and try to
appreciate it rather than critically analysing or evaluating it. If a friend or a co-worker is giving a
presentation, you can use eye contact and nod to show that you are listening intently.
7) Sympathetic Listening:
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In sympathetic listening we try to associate with speaker and show the concern in the way we
pay attention or our gestures of association like sorrow and joy.
8) Empathetic Listening:
Empathetic listening skills require excellent discrimination and close attention to nuances of
emotional signals. It is a way of listening for emotional support and improves mutual trust and
understanding. Listening with empathy means you place yourself at speaker9s situation. When
we are being truly empathetic, we actually feel what speaker is feeling. Major quality of
empathetic listening is to give support and encouragement. This type of listening helps to learn
about person9s perspective regardless of how different it is from your own. For example,
counsellors or therapist uses the empathetic listening skills during therapy sessions.
9) Dialogic Listening:
The word 8Dialogue9 means 8Through Words9 in Greek; 8dia9 means 8through9 and 8logos9
means 8words9. It is also called as relational listening. Learning through conversation and engage
into exchange of ideas and information in which we actively seek to learn more about a person9s
thinking. Here listener continuously interacts and seeks clarification.
10) Therapeutic Listening:

In therapeutic listening, the listener has a purpose of not only empathizing with the speaker but
also to use this deep connection in order to help the speaker understand, change or develop in
some way. This not only happens when you go to see a therapist but also in many social
situations, where friends and family seek to both diagnose problems from listening and also to
help the speaker cure themselves, perhaps by some cathartic process. This also happens in work
situations, where managers, HR people, trainers and coaches seek to help employees learn and
develop.
11) Relationship Listening:

Sometimes the most important factor in listening is in order to develop or sustain a relationship.
This is why when we talk to our loved ones and attend closely to what they have to say, when
the same words from someone else would seem to be rather boring. Relationship listening is
also important in areas such as negotiation and sales, where it is helpful if the other person likes
you and trusts you.
Questions:
1. Evaluative listening is also called as ___________ listening and ___________listening.

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2. Mention any 4 types of listening.

3. What is relationship listening?
4. What is biased listening?
5. Who can use critical thinking?
6. Mention the difference between discriminative listening and comprehensive listening.
***********
Chapter-6
Techniques to Improve Listening Skills
Objectives:
1. To train the students as an active listener to understand the speaker's point of view and to
respond appropriately with empathy.
2. Effective listening skills are required for the listeners to ask questions to the speaker so
that they understand what is said.
Listening requires conscious effort. It is an active process. There are four methods that enhance
one9s listening. They are preparation, controlling distractions, withholding evaluation and taking
notes.
1. Preparation
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The best way to speak or send effective message starts by receiving messages. One should
concentrate first on participatory or active listening. This skill improves with not only practice
but by shifting his/her consciousness from him/her to what the other person is communicating
now. One can try the following techniques, when talking to one or two persons.
 Concentrate on other people while they are speaking

 Have eye contact
 Do not turn away your body from other person or keep scanning the background
 Lean forward slightly
 Note other person9s body language
 Respond to what other person says
 Do not counter a question with another question or shift the topic suddenly, but do not
ask about what has been said to learn more about the other point of view
 Occasionally rephrase what the other person has said and ask if your understanding is
correct
These are the steps for preparing oneself to listen to a message. Going for challenging
listening situations can be a practice for listening. A discussion on topics with friends,
attending lectures on complex themes and watching documentaries on television are
some of the examples. Regular exercises of like these can prepare one to listen better.
Knowledge about the topic in advance can make one to think about it. One can go to the
class with the prior knowledge of the topic. For example, if the lecture is on Rain forest
research centers, one can consider questions like these in advance: What are rain forest
research centers? What are the purposes of these centers? Where are they set up? With
answers for such questions, one can build a positive situation for listening.
In the formal situations like class room or workshops, the listener should observe the
speaker. One should listen to discern the organization of the presentation, should watch
the body language and gestures. One should note down the mistakes of the speaker
which helps the listener to think about how these mistakes can be avoided if he/she gives
a presentation.
2. Controlling Distractions
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There exist a lot of barriers to effective listening. The listener9s attentions to any personal
inconveniences or to the trivial happenings around are the hindrances to his/ her active listening.
They are called distractions.
3. Withholding Evaluation
We cannot let our evaluation of the topic come to the front before listening to the entire lecture.
One danger within the evaluation stage of listening is to focus our evaluative lenses more on the
speaker than the message. This can quickly become a barrier to effective listening if we begin to
prejudge a speaker based on his or her identity or characteristics rather than on the content of his
or her message. In order to truly listen we should withhold our evaluation of the message until
our objective of comprehending it is complete. In order to do this, we should keep two things in
mind.
1. We should not dismiss the topic as 8uninteresting9 until we have heard all that the
speaker has to say. Some topics sound interesting at first, but if looked at closely
enough they become fascinating. We should also remember that the things of our
interest may not emerge until the speaker is well into the presentation.
2. We should not criticize the speaker9s presentation style or physical appearance.
(verbal & nonverbal aspects)
4. Note-Taking
Taking effective notes while listening to the lectures, conferences, seminars and workshops, is an
essential skill to test one9s listening skills. Good note-taking allows a permanent record of key
information that one can integrate with his/her own writing, and use for later reference. Taking
reliable, accurate notes also reduces the risk of plagiarism. It helps one to distinguish where
his/her ideas are from and how and what he/she thinks about those ideas.
 Don9t try to write down everything what is being said
Be selective4you don9t have to transcribe the entire lecture. Note taking while listening
involves recognizing key concepts and identifying and selecting what is relevant. Listen for the
overall argument and note the main points and key information.
Answer the following in one or two sentences:
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1. Write any two steps to be followed while preparing oneself to listen.

2. How does our body language influence listening skill?
3. What do you mean by withholding evaluation?
4. What is the benefit of good note taking skill?
************
Chapter 7
Listening to Pre-recorded Audios, Movies, and other Listening Activities
Last semester we have studied 8how to listen9, 8what to listen9, 8tips for good listening9 and
8listening barriers9. We had involved ourselves in some classroom listening activities. In this
session we are going to listen to different audio-videos as part of classroom activity and try to
apply the listening skills we have learnt so far.
While listening to Pre-recorded audios, observe the following:
 Identify and note down specific expressions or jargons in the language.

 Understand the intonation pattern and pronunciation
 The significance of the content.
 Agreement or disagreement about topic
 Who are the target audience?
 Summarisation of the text/story/movie/song/lecture/reading/etc.
 Analyse the Language
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 Focusing on linguistic features

 Solving comprehension problems on specific text
Exercise: 1
Listen to the speech by President Abraham Lincoln9s Gettysburg Address delivered on 19th
1863. Ask students to glance through the script while listening.
Link for the Speech Audio: Abraham Lincoln 3 Gettysburg Address 3 American Rhetoric
Gettysburg Address
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation,
conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated can long endure.
We met on a great battlefield of that war.
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave
their lives that that nation might live.
It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.
The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power
to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work
which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.It is rather for us to be here
dedicated to the great task remaining before us 3
that from these 60 honoured dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave
the last full measure of devotion 3
that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain;
that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom;
and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.
For Listening skill development students can visit following links:
 Steeve Jobs 3One of the Greatest Speeches Ever | Steve Jobs 3 YouTube
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 Dr.ShashiTharoor9s Interview on the book 8Inglorious Empire 3 What the British did to
India9 ShashiTharoor on what the British did to India | Antidote Festival at Sydney Opera
House 3 YouTube
Exercise-2
Listen to the poetry By Maya Angelo: https://youtu.be/qviM_GnJbOM8Still I Rise9 by Maya

Angelou (Live performance)
Still I Rise
Maya Angelou 3 1928-2014
You may write me down in history

with your bitter, twisted lies,
You may trod me in the very dirt
But still, like dust, I9ll rise.
Does my sassiness upset you?

Why are you beset with gloom?
9Cause I walk like I9ve got oil wells
Pumping in my living room.
Just like moons and like suns,
With the certainty of tides,
Just like hopes springing high,
Still I9ll rise.
Did you want to see me broken?

Bowed head and lowered eyes?
Shoulders falling down like teardrops,
Weakened by my soulful cries?
Does my haughtiness offend you?

Don9t you take it awful hard
9Cause I laugh like I9ve got gold mines
Diggin9 in my own backyard.
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You may shoot me with your words,

You may cut me with your eyes,
You may kill me with your hatefulness,
But still, like air, I9ll rise.
Does my sexiness upset you?

Does it come as a surprise
That I dance like I9ve got diamonds
At the meeting of my thighs?
Out of the huts of history9s shame

I rise
Up from a past that9s rooted in pain
I rise
I9m a black ocean, leaping and wide,
Welling and swelling I bear in the tide.
Leaving behind nights of terror and fear

I rise
Into a daybreak that9s wondrously clear
I rise
Bringing the gifts that my ancestors gave,
I am the dream and the hope of the slave.
I rise
I rise
I rise.
Exercise -3
Listen to Audio books Aesop9s fables. : 1,000 Free Audio Books: Download Great Books for
Free | Open Culture
https://www.openculture.com/freeaudiobook
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Exercise-4
List of few Movies to improve English Listening Skills
 Forest Gump (1994)

 The King9s Speech (2010)
 Toy Story (1995)
Note to teachers: More pre-recorded audio can be explored for classroom activity.
************
Unit 2:
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Productive Skills: Speaking Skills and

Writing Skills
Chapter - 8
Reported Speech
In our everyday life, we describe an event or action; give an account of what we have heard,
seen, done or studied. To do this we either use Direct speech or Indirect (Reported) speech.
When we quote the exact words spoken by the speakers, we use Direct Speech.
Example: Raju said, <I am going to college today=.
Speaker reporting verbwords spoken by the speaker
The words spoken by speaker are put in inverted commas, in direct speech.
On the other hand, when we report without using the exact words of the speaker, we use Indirect
Speech also called Reported Speech.
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Example :Raju said that he was going to college that day.
Speaker reporting verb dependent noun clause
In reported speech, words used by the speaker undergo certain changes so that it becomes a
dependent noun clause.
Note
 The spoken part of direct speech is usually one of the following sentences:
Statement
Question
Command or request
Exclamation or wishes
But the spoken part becomes a statement when reported, no matter what sentence it
previously was.
 The reporting verb indicates the kind of sentence that is being reported.
Points to remember while changing direct speech to reported speech:
 Identify what kind of sentence is being reported.

 Remove the inverted commas and link the speaker and words spoken.
 Use relevant reporting verb based on the reported sentence.
 Pronouns used as first and second person gets changed into third person.
 If the person addressed in direct speech is reporting about what he/she has spoken, then
the pronoun is changed to the first person.
 The present tense changes into the past tense and the past tense changes into past perfect
when the reporting verb is in past tense.
Some changes in tense are as follows:
1. do/does did
2. am/is was
3. are doing were doing
4. Did had done
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5. has/have done had done

6. was/were doing had been doing
7. have/has been doing had been doing
8. will do would do
9. will be doing would be doing
10. shall should
11. May might
12. Can could
13. will have to would have to
14. have been able to had been able to
15. don9t have to didn9t have to
Changes in the adverbs of time are given below:
1 Yesterday previous day/the day before

2 Today that day/the same day
3 Tomorrow the day after/the following day
4 the day before yesterday two days before
5 last week the week before/the previous week
6 Now then/immediately
7 the day after tomorrow in two days time
8 next week the week after/the following week
9 Ago Before
Some Exceptions
 The tenses may not change if the statement is still true or a universal truth.
Example 1:
Direct: Ganga said, <The sun rises in the east=.
Indirect: Ganga said that the sun rises in the east.
Example 2:
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Direct: The manager said, <The policy is not to hold customers liable=.
Indirect: The manager said that their policy is not to hold customers liable.
 If the reporting verb is in the Present Tense, the tense of the Direct Speech do not change
Example 1:
Direct: Raju says, <I am unable to do it now=.
Indirect: Raju says that he is unable to do it now.
Example 2:
Direct: Megha says, <I shall come home tomorrow=.
Indirect: Megha says that she shall come home tomorrow.
Reporting statements
When reporting statements, the comma and quotation marks are replaced by relative pronoun
8that9 and relevant reporting verb is used to indicate the tone of the statement. Few reporting
verbs for statements are: informed, declared, announced, said, told etc.,
Example 1:
Direct: Ritwick said to me, <I am going to London next week=.
Indirect: Ritwick informed me that he was going to London the following week.
Example 2:
Direct: The principal said, <The colleges will be closed tomorrow=.
Indirect: The principal announced that the college would be closed the next day.
Reporting questions
The interrogative form is replaced by the non-interrogative form and the question mark is
omitted. When there is no 8wh9 question then the reported speech begins with whether or if.
Few reported verbs for interrogative sentences are asked, enquired, questioned, interrogated etc.,.
Examples 1:
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Direct: Rakesh said, <Where is the class?=
Indirect: Rakesh enquired where the class was.
Example 2:
Direct: Suma said, <Are you the owner of the car?=
Indirect: Suma asked if/whether he was the owner of the car.
Reporting Imperatives:
While reporting commands or requests, infinitive form is used instead of imperative. Few
reporting verbs for imperative sentences are requested, ordered, pleaded, commanded etc.,.
Example 1:
Direct: The convict said, <Let me go=.
Indirect: The convict pleaded to let go.
Example 2:
Direct: The teacher said, <Keep quiet=.
Indirect: The teacher ordered to keep quiet.
Reporting exclamations and wishes:
When exclamatory sentences are reported, they become assertive sentences. Few reporting verbs
for exclamatory sentences are exclaimed, wished, applauded, wondered etc.,
Example 1:
Direct: He said, <What a beautiful place!=
Indirect: He exclaimed that it was a beautiful place.
Example 2:
Direct: Ritu said, <Wow, what a great man!=
Indirect: Ritu remarked that he was a great man.
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Reporting mixed type:
Sometimes, we may have to report Direct speech consisting of statements, questions, commands
in succession. Then more than one reporting verb will be necessary. Each sentence must be
introduced by an appropriate verb.
Examples:
a. <What are you going to do with the tinder-box?= asked the soldier. <That9s no business of
yours=, said the witch; <You9ve got your money; give me the tinder-box=.
The soldier asked the witch what she was going to do with tinder-box. She replied that was no
business of his. Since he had got his money, she demanded that he should give her the tinder
box.
b.<How very well you speak Hindi!= Murali said. <I ought to know it=, Banu modestly said. <I
learnt it in school, and moreover my mother is from Delhi.=
Murali remarked that Banu spoke Hindi very well. Banu modestly said that she ought to know it
as she had learnt it in school and moreover her mother was from Delhi.
c. He said, <Has your father been taken seriously ill. I understand he had a mild heart attack. I
hope he will soon be home, none the worse for the attack=.
He asked me if my father had been taken seriously ill. He understood that he had a mild heart
attack and hoped that my father would soon be home, none the worse for the attack.
Exercises:
1. Change the sentences into reported speech by using appropriate reporting verbs:
a. The old man said, <You must wake up early in the morning=.
b. He said to Prem, <My child is alone at home today=.
c. <Let us plan the vacation next week=, said Priya.
d. My mom said, <Where are you?=
e. The principal said, <Do not use the mobile phone in classrooms=.
f. Ranga said, <Be careful while trekking=.
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g. Keerthi said, <I am going out of Bangalore next week=.

h. She said, <Do you want this book?=
i. <Hurry up=, the teacher told students.
j. The coach said, <How disappointing! They lost the match again=.
k. The diplomat said, <This is the most beautiful palace I have ever visited!=
l. They said, <Why has the train not yet reached!=
m. Peter said, <Please do not disturb me=.
n. <How kind of you!=, the beggar said.
o. Hritik said, <Nupur, are you coming to the movie?=
2. Change the following to reported speech:
a. The beggar said, <I have been hungry for so many days. Will some kind-hearted man take
pity on me and provide me with one square meal? I shall bless such a man.=
b. The shopkeeper said, <Look here, sir. We sell articles of the best quality at the cheapest
rates. Did we not state all facts about our goods even in our pamphlets?=
c. <When Dr. Chanda came, Bepin Babu said, <I9m fine. It all came back as soon as I got
off the train at Ranchi.=
<A unique case,= said Dr. Chanda. <I shall certainly write about it in a medical journal.=
d. Ranjan said, <There are three reasons why I am not admitting my child to that school. In
the first place, the school is far away from where we live. Yes, the school does have a
bus, but can you imagine a child of 5 having to spend nearly an hour to reach school?=
e. Residents called the police, who took the pair to headquarters. <There were bullet holes
above, bullet holes down and bullet holes all over the hallway=, said one of the
detectives. The other detective said, <The two men lived in flats opposite each other and
began quarreling in the hallway=.
*************
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Chapter - 9
DialogueWriting
Objectives:
 To hone the writing skills of second language English learners.

 To enable students to identify various unique ways a conversation can take place and
influence them to be better speakers.
Dialogue is basically a conversation between two or more people. Sometimes it is an internal

dialogue/ self-talking, known as a monologue. Dialogue writing is an important discourse for
second language learners of English to gain command over the language. Since, dialogue writing
is in conversational style, it helps the writers to overcome the rigid, bookish language and
acquire naturalness and ease while using the language.
In dialogue writing, the writer has to imagine being all the characters in conversation. He/she
has to put himself/herself into the shoe of each character therefore one has to be open to all
possible opinions and arguments. This would influence the way one perceives the situation,
when faced in real time conditions, besides it helps the writer to be better decision maker.
To write a good dialogue
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 Understand the context/situation of the conversation.

 Brainstorm all possible opinions or arguments that can take place between the characters.
 Arrange these ideas in a logical order.
 The dialogue should be conversational, spontaneous and impromptu.
 To make the dialogue lively, elements of surprise, irritation, pleasure etc., may be
introduced.
 The conversation may also be in the form of questions from one speaker and answered by
another speaker.
 The conversation should lead to a definite conclusion.
 Keep the conversation as realistic as possible.
Examples
1. A conversation between two friends planning their weekend vacation

Sanjay: Hello Raghu, what are your plans for the weekend?
Raghu: Hi, not really planned anything.
Sanjay: Is it! Then, why don9t we go out for a short vacation this weekend?
Raghu: That9s great! But, where to?
Sanjay: I know a homestay in Coorg, housed in a very exotic location, maybe, we can go there.
Raghu: Sounds exciting. Ok then, will meet at your place on Friday evening. We can go in my
car.
Sanjay: Done. Make sure to pack your hiking shoes along.
Raghu: Of course. Catch you up on Friday. Bye!
Sanjay: Bye!!
2. Conversation between two classmates over the phone about exam preparation
Ritu: Hi Sona, hope I9m not disturbing you.
Sona: Hey Ritu, not at all. I was taking some time off from my studies.
Ritu: Good, how is your preparation for the exams going on?
Sona: It9s going on well. How about you?
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Ritu: Not that good.

Sona: Why? What9s the problem?
Ritu: Actually, I am unable to understand few concepts in Physics. Can you help me with that?
Sona: Ya sure, not an issue. Why don9t you come home tomorrow evening? We both can study
together.
Ritu: Thanks Sona. You are a darling.
Sona: No problem. So, see you tomorrow then?
Ritu: Yes. Will meet you tomorrow. Bye!!
Sona: Bye Ritu.
3. Two students9 conversation immediately after coming out of the examination hall.
Nanda: Hello, Ganga! How was your examination?
Ganga: Oh! Not so well.
Nanda: Strange!
Ganga: Why strange?
Nanda: You are such a brilliant student. Moreover, you had studied well.
Ganga: Unfortunately, that didn9t help.

Nanda: Why, what happened?
Ganga: I actually forgot to attempt questions from the last main.
Nanda: That9s very sad.
Ganga: Anyways forget it. How was your paper?
Nanda: It went well.
Ganga: Let9s worry about the next exam. I don9t want to mess that.
Nanda: True. Best wishes to you then.
Ganga : Thanks, same to you . Bye!!
Nanda : Bye!!
Exercises:
A. Develop a dialogue between:
1. An interviewer and an interviewee.
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2. Two friends who have met after 10 years.
3. The bank manager and a customer who wants to stop the payment of a cheque he has issued to
someone.
4. Father and son about course selection after PU.
5. A doctor and his patient
B. Complete the dialogues given below by filling in the blanks:
1. A police inspector meets a manager to enquire about a clerk in the manager9s office.
Inspector: Good Morning Mr. Mehra.
Manager: ____________________________________________________?
Inspector: Is there one Mr. Ramprakash working in your office?
Manager: ____________________________________________________.
Inspector: Have you had any complaints about him?
Manager: ____________________________________________________.
Inspector: Off late, have you noticed any change in him?
Manager: ______________________________________________________.
Inspector: Could I talk to him?
Manager: _______________________________________________________?
Inspector: I have received some complaints against him. He has been accused of cheating
someone.
Manager: ____________________________________________________.
Inspector: Ya sure, I will find out.
2. Conversation between a cab driver and a passenger
Cab driver: Hello sir, Where do you want me to drop you?

Passenger: ___________________________________________.
Cab driver: Shall I put your luggage in the trunk, Sir?
Passenger:________________________________________________.
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Cab Driver: About 30 minutes, if take this route. Are you in a hurry?
Passenger: ____________________________________________.
Cab driver: Don9t worry, Sir. I can take the flyover, we will reach quickly.
Passenger: ______________________________________________?
Cab driver: No Sir, the traffic would be less at this time of the day.
Passenger: _______________________________________________?
Cab driver: We will reach before the train arrives.
Passenger:_________________________________________________.
3. A conversation between a student and a teacher
Teacher: _________________________________________________?
Student: I am really sorry. I missed the bus.
Teacher : __________________________________________________.
Student : The alarm didn9t ring and I over slept.

Teacher : __________________________________________________.
Student: I couldn9t find any .
Teacher: __________________________________________________.
Student: Sorry again mam. I won9t be late again.
4. A mechanic and a car owner
Mechanic: How can I help you, Sir?
Car owner: _________________________________________.

Mechanic: The engine has some _________________________.
Car owner: ___________________________________________.
Mechanic: It may take a couple of days to repair it.
Car owner: ____________________________________?
Mechanic: I can try but can9t guarantee anything.
Car owner: Ok then, I will leave the car. ________________.
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Mechanic: ___________________________________.
5. A customer visits a showroom to buy a washing machine
Sales person: ________________________________________________?
Customer: I want to buy a washing machine. Can you help me?

Sales person: _______________________________________________.
Customer: Is it good? I am actually looking for the latest model.
Sales person: ___________________________________________________.
Customer: What is the cost of it?
Sales person: ___________________________________________________.
Customer: Do you have any offers on this model?
Sales person: ___________________________________________________.
Customer: When can the delivery be expected if I book it now?
Sales person: ___________________________________________________.
Customer: How about the demo and installation?
Sales person: ___________________________________________________.
Customer: Ok then. Where should I make the payment?

Sales person: ____________________________________________________.
C. Develop dialogues for the given narrative:
1. Once upon a time a poor woman was walking from one village to another carrying a
bundle on her head. Unable to lift it easily, she rested every now and then. A horseman
passed by. The woman requested him to carry the bundle on horseback till the next
village. He refused and said that she would walk slowly and he would be delayed. The
old woman requested again. Looking at her condition, he finally agreed.
2. An old man came to the farm; the owner of the farm needed a person exactly like him.
His arrival to the farm improved the income but made the farmer lethargic. His wife
found all this strange. She informed this to the old man and requested him to leave the
farm.
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3. One day a wolf was drinking at a stream. He saw a lamb that was farther down. The wolf
made up his mind to eat the lamb. He ran up to the lamb and started a fight over the
muddy water. He said that the lamb had made the water muddy. The lamb replied that he
did not understand how that can be, since the water was running from the wolf to him and
not from him to the wolf.
***********
Chapter-10
Verbal Communication and Non Verbal Communication
Verbal communication:
It is the most clear and known mode of communication. Furthermore, a powerful tool
amongmany communication tool box. In precise, verbal communication is the sharing of
information between two or more individuals or a group of people with words either written or
spoken. In Verbal communication, the presence of both the parties are not required at same the
place or time.
Types of Verbal communication:

There are two types of verbal communication:
1. Oral communication.
2. Written communication.
1. Oral communication:
This implies communication through mouth. Be it face to face conversation or telephonic
conversation, meetings, speeches, lectures, presentations and discussions are considered as oral
communication.
Advantages of oral communication:
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 It is less time consuming, more direct, simple and the least expensive.
 It is more communicative, interactive and effective.
 It provides an immediate feedback.
 More personal and can be informal.
 Helps to foster better rapport with co-workers and friends.
 Since every information cannot be written down, majority of the information conveyed
by means oforal instructions, mutual discussions and telephonic conversations.
Disadvantages of Oral communication:

 Verbal talks may often be distorted if there is some cause of indifference between
thereceiver and the sender.
 Sometimes due to physical or mental barriers communication is incomplete.
 Not convenient for long messages.
 Spontaneous responses may not be carefully thought.
 The spoken words can be more easily misunderstood than the written words, even
forgotten unless it9s recorded.
 There is no consideration of legal worth evidence.
2. Written communication:
Written Communication means conveying message through the written symbols, sending of
messages like circulars, manuals, reports, memos, bulletins in writing. Letters, E-mails, manuals
are forms of written communication.
Advantages of written communication:
 Easy to preserve as permanent and legal records.
 Longevity and used as a reference.
 Easy to verify and make it effective.
Disadvantages of written communication:

 Expensive and time consuming.
 Cannot be comprehended by illiterates.
 Delayed response results in delayed decision making.
 Difficult to interpret jargon and vocabulary as language is sometimes complex.
 Difficult to maintain secrecy.
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Non-verbal communication:
A message can be sometimes expressed without the help of words. Nonverbalcommunication is
the process of communicating without the use of any spoken or written words. There are various
forms of nonverbal communication. Some are kinesics, haptic, vocalic. It takes place through
non verbal human responses like facial expressions, gestures, touch,eye contact, space or
closeness. Nonverbal communication is also known as <silent language.= It also involves the use
of clues of para linguistics i.e., vocal characteristics like pitch, speed, tone and volume. Addition
to these clothes and colours communicate in creating impressions.
Kinesics:
Kinesics is the technical term for body language. It is the interpretation of body language such as
facial expressions and gestures or, more formally, non-verbal behavior related to movement,
either of any part of the body or thebody as a whole.Every body movement conveys certain
meanings like feelings, emotions and attitudes.
 Gestures:
Gestures are the movements of hands, face or other parts of the body in a way that conveys
meaning , either in conjunction with verbal communication such as frowning while saying harsh
words against someone, or in isolation such as smiling at a stranger to express pleasure at ones
presence. Drumming of the finger on the table or a continual tapping of the feet on the floor
signals impatience.
 Body movement
Body movement is the voluntary or involuntary movement of parts of the body such as hands,
feet, legs, and shoulders, which may either reinforce or contradict what is communicated
verbally. Shoulder shrug conveys messages like 8don9t know9, 8don9t care9 depending on the
situation. Thumbs up is used as sign for boosting up one9s confidence, also as dominant
aggressive attitude.
 Posture
The way you sit, stand, slump or slouch indicates your status, sex, self-image, attitude and
emotional state. Sitting with your head in your hands often indicates that you are feeling low. A
slouching body posture may indicate submissive attitude or fatigue.
 Facial expression
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This refers to a certain movement or condition of the facial muscles that facilitate the nonverbal
communication of some thought, emotion or behaviour. It is the main channel to understand
intensity of human feelings. Happiness through smile, a face devoid of smile expresses sadness;
wider open eye indicates surprise or interest, anger maybe expressed by steady eyes, narrowing
eyes and grimacing mouth indicates disgust, whereas trembling and wider eyes express fear.
 Eye Contact
It is a natural and important aspect of effective communication. Eye contact indicates degree of
attention or interest, regulates interaction, communicates emotion, and defines power and status.
Even your look towards person invites to communicate with you. Lowering eyes usually is a sign
of submission. In case of shyness, dishonesty, less attention or politeness there will be less eye
contact. To express arrogance, dominance or lack of respect, in general there is too much of eye
contact.
Haptic:
It is the nonverbal communication which happens via the sense of touch. This includes
handshakes, holding hands, kissing, back slap, giving high-five, shoulder pat, brushing arm, etc.
The sense of touch allows one to experience different sensations such as: pleasure, pain, heat, or
cold. The sense of touch is the fundamental component of haptic communication for
interpersonal relationship. Touch can be categorized in many terms such as positive, playful,
control, ritualistic, task-related or unintentional.
Proxemics:
It is the study of human use of space and its effects. It involves the distance between ourselves
and others when having a conversation. The amount of space we leave between the other person
and ourselves can signalour level of trust or relationship with that person. This is the unspoken
rules depending on how close we perceive the relationships to be or based on the setting, such as
work or school. We may determine these signals either consciously or subconsciously.
 Proxemics communicates levels of intimacy with those near or around us.
 A person can signal to someone else that they don't feel very safe around them by
standing further away.
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 We signal to a comfortable partner that we want affection by standing closer.
 The distance people place between themselves and others can vary greatly by culture.
The space between people can be defined by four proxemic zones:
 Public: Over 12 ft. away - Delivering a lecture or speech.

 Social: 4-12 ft. away - Addressing a customer/employee at a store.
 Personal: 1-4 ft. away - Conversing with a friend/family member or about to shake hands
with a colleague.
 Intimate: Less than 1 ft. away or touching - Reserved only for people we are intimately
close with, such as romantic partners.
Clues of Para Linguistics:
This is a nonverbal dimension of speech. It has to do with the manner in which you say
something rather than what you say.
 Rate: Speed at which you speak. A well-paced, varied message suggests enthusiasm, self-
assurance and awareness of audience.
 Volume: Loudness or quietness of vocal speech. Confidence, assertiveness and boldness are
reflected in volume of speech.
 Pitch: the highness or lowness of vocal tone. Voice, pitch determine whether making a
statement or asking a question or expressing concern or conviction. Also express emotional
state like annoyance, patience and anger.
Dress and Colour:
Clothing and appearance are used to determine status, credibility and situations of formal and
informal. Colour choice influence on thoughts, memories and stimulates the senses. So, each
colour carries a message. Such as, white indicates peace and red as provocative and high energy.
Examples: Traffic signal lights, black for mourning and protesting, green for vegetarian and
herbal products etc.
Advantages of Non-verbal communication:
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1. Easy presentation: Information can be easily presented in non-verbal communicationthrough

using visuals, audio-visuals and silent means of non-verbal communication.
2. Substituting: Non-verbal message may substitute for the verbal message especially if it is
blocked by noise, interruption, long distance etc. For example; gestures-finger onlips toindicate
to remain silent, facial expression or a nod instead of an yes.
3. Helpfull to illiterate people: This type of communication use gestures, facial expressions, eye
contact, proximity, touch etc. So, it is very helpful to illiterate people.
4. Aid to differently abled /physically impaired people: Non-verbal cues of communication
greatly help physically impaired people especially deaf. Deaf people exchange messages through
themovements of hands, fingers, eyeball etc.
5. Attractive presentation: Non-verbal communication can be effective with attractive visuals,
pictures, graphs, signs etc.
6. Quick expression of message: Non-verbal cues of communication like sign and symbolcan
also communicate some messages very quickly than written or oral messages.
7. Saves time: The message of non-verbal communication reaches thereceiver very fast. For this
reason it saves valuable time of thecommunicator.
Disadvantages of Non-Verbal Communication:
1. Vague and imprecise: Non-verbal communication is quite vague and imprecise, since there is
no use of words or language.
2. Long conversations are not possible: In non-verbal communication, long conversationand
necessary explanations are not possible. No party can discuss the nuances ofthe messages.
3. Difficult to understand: Non Verbal communication requires a lot of repetition since it uses
gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, touch etc. It may appear difficult to people due to
multiple interpretation.
4. Expensive: In some cases non-verbal communication involves huge cost. For example,
neonsign, power point presentation, cinema etc are very much costly compared to otherformsof
communication.
5. Distortion of information: Since it uses gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, sign,
sound, para language etc. for communicating with others, there is a great possibility in distortion
of information in non-verbal communication.
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Answer the following questions in one or two sentences:

1. Name any two differences between oral and written communication?
2. Define proxemics.
3. Name any two written communication forms.
4. Kinesics is __________ form of communication.
5. Give any two examples for positive postures in communication.
6. Define 8paralinguistic clues9 in nonverbal communication.
7. Give any two advantages of oral communication.
8. Give any two examples for dress or colour as indicators of nonverbal communication
************
Chapter 11
Summarizing
Summarizing helps students learn to determine essential ideas and consolidate important details.
It helps the reader to get a quick understanding of an article or passage. Students can learn the
technique of taking out the most important ideas from a text. They also learn to ignore irrelevant
information that is present in the text, and with these skills they are capable of integrating the
central ideas in a meaningful way from any theory or conceptual write-up.
What is Summary?
Summary is a shortened version of a passage written in one9s own words. A summary always
covers the essential points of the original passage. It presents large chunks of information in
short, cohesive sentences. The length of the summary can be a maximum of one-third length of
the original passage. It should not exceed this limit.
A Summary can be used:

* To sum up information.
* To present information concisely
* To state the main and essential points without any detailed explanation.
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* To refer to a body of work.

* To give examples of several points of view on one subject.
Guidelines for summarizing a passage:

* Read and reread the passage.
* Make a note of key words, main points or arguments and topic sentences.
* Form a brief outline of the passage.
* Use the outline to form a summary of the passage.
* Use your own language to convey the ideas.
* Use some key words in the summary and accordingly give a title for the summary.
* Write in simple and understandable English.
* The summary must be objective and written in third person.
* Illustrations, examples, quotations etc., can be omitted.
* Replace long phrases with single words and use participle clauses instead of full clauses.
* Write a rough draft, edit and adjust the length.
* Follow the original organization of the passage and avoid your own opinion and give credit to
the source.
* Compare the summary to the original passage for accuracy.
* Check the draft for spelling mistakes, punctuation and grammatical errors.
* Form a fair draft of the summary
Exercise:
Read the text about 8Fishing in India9 followed by the summary of the text:
Sample 1
FISHING IN INDIA
The subcontinent of India includes an incredible range of geographic features, and the fish
species found here do not disappoint in their size or variety.The choice of venues is already
good, but, since fishing as a sport for locals is relatively new, we can expect this to get even
better as the years roll on.The best fishing is almost always found in remote spots and is
therefore easily combined with other activities such as trekking or observing wildlife. One issue
to note: several of the species used to be found as much larger specimens. That should be a
warning against over-fishing. The species concerned are slow-growing and obviously no adults
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are actually surviving long enough to reach the size that attracts special attention. We support a
Catch and Release policy whether or not one is imposed by local authorities. We hope all anglers
will support us in this.The mightiest fighting fish found in fresh water is the Golden Mahseer.
Though it is not the largest fish in India, it has a reputation for surprising anglers; more than one
has been grateful for their ghillie's hand to stop a headlong plunge after a huge tug on the line.
Also known as the Putitor, Yellow-fin, Common Himalayan or Copper Mahseer, as well as a
host of other names, these fish inhabit streams, rivers and lakes along the Himalayan range as
well as on the Deccan Plateau. They prefer deep pools in fast flowing water with a rocky bed.
The largest Golden Mahseer on record was 2.75 metres in length and weighed 54 kilograms.
That's a mighty size for any fish and, given that these are powerful fighters that must have been
an epic battle.
Summary:
There are many different large fish available for fresh water anglers in India and the sport of
fishing is improving here all the time. There is one problem, however, and that is, that fish are no
longer living long enough to grow to large sizes, so we have a policy of releasing all the fish that
are caught.
The mightiest fighting fish to be found is the Golden Mahseer, which is also known by other
names locally, can be found in streams, rivers and lakes in the Himalayas. The largest one found
was 2.75 meters long and weighed 54 kilograms.
Sample 2
Write the summary of the following passage:
This century is the age of Science. We cannot imagine our lives sans Science. Science has
become a part and parcel of our lives. Science has become a symbol of progress. The progress is
in the field of medicine, education, industry, etc., and we enjoy the comforts of science in all
fields. Science has developed an effective transport and communication system. Buses, cars,
trains, planes have made transportation easy and comfortable, safe and fast. Man has even landed
on the moon with the help of technology.
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In the field of medicine, science has worked wonders. Almost all kinds of diseases are entirely
cured by modern drugs and medicines. Medicine has reduced pain and suffering. Electricity is
another important scientific invention. The comforts of our life like electric lamps, refrigerators,
fans, grinders, washing machines, etc. are all run by electricity.
Scientific methods of cultivation have solved the flood problem. The pests destroying the crops
are killed immediately by pesticides. Poultry and sericulture are also improved. Thus science is
helpful in all walks of life and makes our life comfortable and happy.
Summary:
In the present times, one cannot imagine their lives without science. Science has made a mark
able space in fields like medicine, education, industry. It has also helped in developing easy and
fast mode of transportation like buses, cars, trains, planes. One enjoys the comfort of science in
every aspect of life. Science has also helped the field of medicine to flourish. Almost all kinds of
diseases can be cured by advance medicines and drugs reducing the pain and suffering.
Electricity is another field which has been benefited by science. All the machinery inventions
like refrigerators, fans etc are run by electricity. Scientific methods are also used in the field of
agriculture and poultry.
Exercise:
Summarize the following passages:
PASSAGE 1
In the middle of Katraj Snake Park, MrKhaire, the director of the park, and his team look after a
host of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes which live in specially dug pits. The aim of the park
is to educate visitors about snakes. MrKhaire's interest in snakes began during the monsoon of
1969 when he saved the life of a poisonous snake in a holiday camp he was managing at the
time. He later released the snake safely into the wild. Khaire then bought a book about snakes
and began to study. He rescued snakes which were in danger of being beaten to death and
released them. As a result, he realized that 85% of snakes are not poisonous. They are largely
harmless and generally only bite when provoked or threatened. Khairer realized that he had
found his mission in life: to educate people about snakes. To reinforce this idea, MrKhaire
carried out a stunt. This involved spending 72 hours in aglass enclosure with 72 poisonous
snakes. He was hoping to clear up misconceptions about snakes. His experiment attracted a lot of
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attention and created awareness about these reptiles.Following this, he approached the authorities
for a pace in which to create a snake park. Here snakes could be kept to educate the public and
rescued snakes could find shelter. Four snake pits were dug and an exhibition hall was built. The
park was opened in 1986 and since then MrKhaire and his team of volunteers have been looking
after the snakes. They maintain the park, give lectures, create exhibitions and conduct research
about snakes. They also identify rare types of snake and study their breeding patterns. Although
the initial objectives of the snake park were to rescue, release, breed and create awareness about
snakes, the team also nurse and release other lost and injured animals and birds. All can find a
shelter there and become part of the snake park family until fully recovered. An orphanage was
created in order to nurse these extra creatures back to health. The snake park team is always
busy. Zoos with reptile problems often contact the park for information and people who have
spotted a snake near their homes call the snake park frequently for help!
PASSAGE 2
Vivekananda was known as Narendranath Datta on 12 January 1863. He was an Indian Hindu
monk and chief disciple of the nineteenth-century saint Ramakrishna. His father, Vishwanath
Datta, was a successful attorney, and his mother, Bhuvaneshwari Devi, was endowed with deep
devotion, strong character and other qualities. With his knowledge and efforts, he proved to be a
key figure in introducing the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and yoga to the Western world.
Swami Vivekananda9s inspiring personality was well-known, both in India and America in the
late 19th and early 20th century.
A talented boy, Narendra excelled in music, gymnastics and studies. By the time he graduated
from Calcutta University, he had acquired a vast knowledge of different subjects, especially
Western philosophy and history. Born with a yogic temperament, he used to practice meditation
from his boyhood days. In his early youth, he was entangled with doubts about the existence of
God. This made him meet Sri Ramakrishna, who was staying at the Kali Temple in
Dakshineshwar. Apart from removing doubts from the mind of Narendra, Sri Ramakrishna won
him over and thus began a guru-disciple relationship between them.
After a few years, two events caused Narendra considerable distress: one was the passing away
of his father and the other was when Sri Ramakrishna gave up his mortal body. After this, in
1887 he took the formal vows of sannyasa, thereby assuming a new name. Narendra now
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became Swami Vivekananda. Soon, Vivekananda heard the inner call for a greater mission in his
life. His master taught him that service to men was the most effective worship of God. He
realised the importance of Sri Ramakrishna9s message and decided to spread it to the modern
world and to India in particular.
Narendra travelled extensively in India, acquainting himself with diverse religious traditions and
social patterns. During his travels, he was deeply moved to see the terrible poverty and
backwardness of the masses. He was the first religious leader in India to understand and openly
declare that the real cause of India9s downfall was the neglect of the masses.
PASSAGE 3
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.Most

people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover
without requiring special treatment. However, some will become seriously ill and require
medical attention. Older people and those with underlying medical conditions like cardiovascular
disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.
Anyone can get sick with COVID-19 and become seriously ill or die at any age.
The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the disease
and how the virus spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by staying at least 1 metre
apart from others, wearing a properly fitted mask, and washing your hands or using an alcohol-
based rub frequently. Get vaccinated when it9s your turn and follow local guidance. The virus
can spread from an infected person9s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough,
sneeze, speak, sing or breathe. These particles range from larger respiratory droplets to smaller
aerosols. It is important to practice respiratory etiquette, for example by coughing into a flexed
elbow, and to stay home and self-isolate until you recover if you feel unwell.
The risks of getting COVID-19 are higher in crowded and inadequately ventilated spaces where
infected people spend long periods of time together in close proximity.
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Outbreaks have been reported in places where people have gather, often in crowded indoor
settings and where they talk loudly, shout, breathe heavily or sing such as restaurants, choir
practices, fitness classes, nightclubs, offices and places of worship.
************
Chapter - 12
Speech Writing
Speech writing is a way of sharing your thoughts with an audience through words. A good
speech is well-timed, informative and thought provoking. There are three general purposes that
all speeches fall into: to inform, to persuade and to entertain.
Format of Speech Writing:
* Introduction: Greet the audience, tell them about yourself and further introduce the topic.
* Body: Present the topic in an elaborate way, explaining its key features, pros and cons.
* Conclusion: Summary of the speech, wrap up the topic and leave your audience with a
compelling reminder to think about.
Speech is intended for:
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• Cultural /social events

• Informative - to pass on some information
• Entertainment - stand-up comedy
To deliver a good speech it requires prior preparation as follows:

• Know the purpose - Educate, inspire, argue - your goals will result appropriately.
• Keep the language simple
• Structure the speech properly
• Cite a quotation correctly
• Collect information about whom /what you are speaking.
• Use active voice.
• Prepare the speech without errors.
Welcome Speech: A welcome speech is a short expression of words which is delivered at the
starting of any event, meeting, gathering, celebration or program. It is a statement which includes
greeting to all the audience, special guests, participants, delegates or whoever is present for the
occasion. Optimistic words that cast an encouraging feedback from the audience is the main
expectation from a good welcome speech.
 Welcome speech should contain brief introduction of the chief guest, his work,
achievements and contribution.
 Convey gratitude towards the guest for taking time and being present.
 Should conclude with welcoming everyone present for the event as per the hierarchy and
protocol.
Expressions used for welcoming:

• I am extremely proud to welcome
• I am overwhelmed to get this opportunity to welcome
• I feel proud and honored to welcome
• With immense affection and admiration I welcome
• I am immensely pleased to welcome.
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Example of welcome speech:
A warm welcome to everyone to this programme.

I am XXX from first year XXX. With immense affection and admiration I welcome you all on
this auspicious occasion of <Literary Club Inauguration=.
Today we have Mr. _____________ as our chief guest. It is an honour for me to welcome
Mr.__________ on behalf of _____________college. He is an accomplished writer & with
several published well-known works. His books motivate all of us to dream big & achieve. The
literary work by him has ignited the fire among all of us.
Besides being a writer, he is a well-known social worker who loves to serve society. He is a
person who provides free education to a lot of underprivileged children. His love for nature &
greenery is well known to all of us as he organizes plantation drive every year in the city.
It is a pleasure for all of us to have such a great personality among us. We all are keen to hear
from you sir about your journey, knowledge & success mantras. Thank you for taking out time
for all of us from your busy schedule to share your thoughts with us. Once again, I welcome you
to the function, sir.
With immense affection and admiration I welcome all the invitees who made efforts to join us
today I am extremely happy to welcome all the teaching and non-teaching staff present here
today.
Finally, I welcome all the friends present here to make this event huge success.
Welcome one and all.
Inaugural speech:
Inaugural speech is made at an inauguration of any cultural or social event. It could also be done
for the opening ceremony of any new office store or a company.
Inaugural address should contain the following:
• Inspirational thoughts
• Motivation for the betterment of the individual and institution
• Some examples of great minds who made the nation proud
Good morning/afternoon/evening to everyone present here, it is my greatest honour and privilege

to give the inaugural address today on your official opening of this school/college. I am
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particularly happy to be with young minds which will be a value addition to the future of our
country and have the great responsibility in your hands. You have to make up your mind to give
the best to your great nation. Many great minds have treaded this path to take our country to
greater heights. As your learning begins you will discover that the knowledge to acquire is vast.
There is a well-equipped house of knowledge which will enable you acquire day after day. By
the time you leave this temple of learning, you will be equipped for your bright future. Have the
perseverance and determination to unleash the potential in you. The inspiring lessons that your
teachers will provide will let you off as a holistic person, to face many challenges in your future
life. Make use of this opportunity through your hard work, which will never let you down. 8Time
and tide waits for no man9 so grab the chance and unleash your potential to make your parents,
your institution and your nation proud. Go for higher education with higher purpose. Wishing
you all the best for your new beginning. I thank you for giving me this golden opportunity to
spend some valuable time with you. Wishing you the best of luck.
Vote of Thanks: A vote of thanks is a well-prepared speech given formally and publicly to
thank the host, the organizer and other participants for their presence and contribution to an
event.
It is very important that you do not miss out to include any of the esteemed guests, the host and
the dignitaries in your speech. Make sure that you do not write long unwinding sentences. Keep
it short and simple.
Expressions of gratitude:
• I am extremely proud to propose the vote of thanks
• I am overwhelmed to present the vote of thanks
• I feel proud and honour to present the vote of thanks
• With immense affection and admiration I thank
• It is my pride and privilege to thank.
Example:
A warm and graceful morning to all.
On behalf of all students and staff, I am glad to be standing here to propose my vote of thanks on
this auspicious occasion of ____________. First and foremost, I would like to thank our Chief
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Guest, ___________ for accepting our invitation and being here with us today. Your thoughts
have truly inspired us.
I extend my sincere thanks to our Principal ___________ who provided all the support for us to
make this event happen. Your thoughtful words have enlightened us.
Our teachers always put in a lot of effort and love to make each one of us a good student and a
wonderful human being, thank you dear teachers and my fellow students who have made this day
possible.
I would also like to thank each and every one of you for being here and making this day a
wonderful and memorable one.
Thank you once again.
Farewell Speech:
A farewell speech is a professional gesture you may deliver to your colleagues if and when
you9re leaving the workplace. You might also give a farewell speech when you are retiring,
leaving your organization. Individuals sometimes give farewell speeches in their offices on their
last day with the company or at official leaving parties or ceremonies
Example: Farewell Speech for a Colleague
Good morning to one and all present here. Today we all have gathered here to bid farewell to one
of our best colleagues, ____________. It is so difficult to let go of a person who has done so
much for the company and __________ is that person. He has filled this place with joy in this
company for 5 years and throughout all those years he has never let the organization down. He is
known for his professionalism and hard work and has set a benchmark.
Whatever the task was, __________ did it effortlessly. You are always creative when it comes to
ideas and how to execute them and because of that many projects which were under you have
been successful and many people have learnt from it.
In addition to your professionalism, you have a set of personality traits that many wish to have.
You are a talented and honest person who is always productive and can be trusted to get the job
done. I am sure seeing your work at the company many of your colleagues will get inspired.
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To conclude, I would like to say that it is sad to see you leave but the moments we all shared and
the memories we made with you will always be remembered. On behalf of everyone, I wish you
good luck with your new job. I am sure that you will find your new workplace pleasant and will
surely reach greater heights. Thank you for your stay at the company.
Exercises:
1) Inauguration of Sports Association is to be held in your college. Draft a welcome speech.
2) Imagine your college invites Sudha Murthy to preside over the 8Women9s Day9 celebration.
Draft a Vote of thanks for this occasion.
3) You have cleared IAS Exam. You have been invited as a guest to inaugurate the new MBA
department and give the inaugural address to the students. Write an inaugural speech.
4) Write a farewell speech for a colleague who is retiring from the job.
***********
Chapter-13
Essay Writing
Essay writing is a literary composition on any subject. This written composition comprises
writer9s subjective ideas or opinions on the topic. It also gives objective information on any
selected subject. The essays can be narrative or descriptive in style.
Characteristics of Essay writing:
A good essay contains the following characteristics:
1. Unity/ Cohesion: All paragraphs need to relate to the central idea. Need to be in orderly
manner of one subject.
2. Order: Chronological order of time, spatial arrangements of paragraphs from top to bottom,
emphatic order proceed from least important to most important.
3. Brevity: Concisely written and not too long.
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4. Style: Simple, direct and clear. Avoid canned expressions, obscure jargons which serve no
purpose.
5. Personal touch: Writing should have individuality with some personal touch of the writer.
Types of Essay writing:

The essays are categorized under four main groups like:
1. Narrative Essays
2. Descriptive Essays
3. Expository Essays
4. Argumentative Essays
1. Narrative Essay: A narrative essay details a story. This is about a real life experience with a
set of characters, location and a plot.
2. Descriptive Essay: It paints a picture with words. Here writer could describe a place, person,
object and even a memory of a special significance using colourful words and sensory details.
3. Expository Essay: Writer defines a topic with the help of facts, statistics and examples.
Expository essays compare, contrast and show cause and effects.
4. Argumentative Essay: In an argumentative essay you will be attempting to convince your
reader about an opinion or point of view. This is similar to persuasive essay.
Format of Essay writing:
The very basic format for an essay consistsof five paragraphs may extend to more paragraphs as
needed. These paragraphs can be classified into 3 sections.
1. Introduction
2. Body
3. Conclusion
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 Introduction: This is the opening part of the essay. It provides a brief overview and a
preface of what the topic is all about. It is usually short but has to be interesting as it is a
road map to the full length of essay. Hence, this paragraph needs to act as attention grabber.
 Body: This is where the writer places his/her arguments and supporting statements for the
topic. It can contain two to three paragraphs or depending on the length and scope of the
subject. To connect the supporting paragraphs, the writer needs to use special transition
words. Each paragraph of the essay contains topic sentence, detail sentence which tells more
about the topic and concluding or transitional sentence which wrap up what is already said
and make readers get ready for the next paragraphs.
 Conclusion: The summary writing of the whole essay is contained in the conclusion. It is a
short recap of the main point presented in the essay. It has two parts. i.e., summary
statement which restates and reinforces the main idea. The clincher is a final thought which
creates a lasting impression on the reader.
Essay-1
Health and Healing At your fingertips

(An Argumentative Essay)
Throw out the bottles and boxes of drugs in your house. A new theory suggests that medicine
could be bad for your health, which should at least come as good news to people who cannot
afford to buy expensive medicine. However, it is a blow to medicine industry, and an even
bigger blow to our confidence in the progress of science. This new theory argues that healing is
at our fingertips: we can be healthy by doing reiki on a regular basis.
Supporters of medical treatment argue that medicine should be trusted since it is effective and
scientifically proven. They say that there is no need for spiritual methods and scientifically
proven. They say that there is no need for spiritual methods such as Reiki, Yoga and Tai Chi.
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These waste our time, something which is quite precious in our material world. There is
medicine that can kill our pain, x-rays that show us our fractured bones or MIR that scans our
brain for tumours. We must admit that these methods are very effective in the examples that they
provide. However, there are some <every day complains= such as back pain, headaches,
insomnia, which are treated currently with medicine. When you have a headache, you take an
Aspirin, or Vermidon, when you cannot sleep; you take Xanax without thinking of the side
effects of these. When you use these pills for a long period, you become addicted to them; you
cannot sleep without them. We pay huge amounts of money and become addicted instead of
getting better. How about a safer and more economical way of healing? When doing Reiki to
yourself, you do not need anything except your energy so it is very economical. As for its
history, it was discovered in Japan in the early 1900s and its popularity has spread particularly
throughout America and Western Europe. In quantum physics, energy is recognized as the
fundamental substance of which the universe is composed. Reiki depends on the energy within
our bodies. It is a simple and effective way of resorting the energy flow. There are no side effects
and it is scientifically explained.
Essay-2
The Thunderstorm
(Descriptive Essay)
I watched a thunderstorm, far out over the sea. It began quietly, and with nothings visible except
tall dark clouds and a rolling tide. There was just a soft murmur of thunder as I watched the
horizon from my balcony. Over the next few minutes, the clouds closed and reflected lightning
set the rippling ocean aglow.
The thunderheads had covered up the sun, shadowing the vista. It was peaceful for along time.
I was looking up when the first clear thunderbolt struck. It blazed against the sky and sea; I could
see its shape in perfect reverse colors when I blinked. More followed.The thunder rumbled and
stuttered as if it could hardly keep up. There were openings in the cloud now, as if the sky were
torn, and spots of brilliant blue shone above the shadowed sea.
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I looked down then, watching the waves. Every bolt was answered by a moment of
spreading light on the surface. The waves were getting rough, rising high and crashing
hard enough that I could hear them.
Then came the rain. It came all at once and in sheets, soaking the sand, filling the sea. It was so
dense I could only see the lightning as flashes of light. It came down so hard
the thunder was drowned. Everything was rhythmic light and shadow, noise andsilence, blending
into a single experience of all five senses.
In an instant it stopped. The storm broke. The clouds came apart like curtains. Therain still fell,
but softly now. It was as if there had never been a storm at all, except for a single signature. A
rainbow, almost violently bright, spread above and across thea single signature. A rainbow,
almost violently bright, spread above and across thewater. I could see the horizon again.
Essay-3
My First Foreign Friend
(Narrative Essay.)
My first foreign friend broke my heart. However, before I could have a foreign friend, I needed
totravel aboard first. I have always wanted to go abroad and make friends around the world. Last
winter, I was able to study abroad for four weeks in Toronto. While I was studying in Toronto, I
met a Canadiangirl named Jem. She told me that she wanted to make Japanese friends, so I was
happy to talk to her. I was also happy to talk to her because she is so beautiful. Jem is half white
and half Filipino, and I hadnever seen anyone like her before. It is safe to say that I fell in love
with her at first sight, but noteverything is meant to be.
In the beginning of our friendship, I was able to meet Jem often because we were
languageexchange partners. Jem helped me study English, and I helped her study Japanese.
Gradually we became more and friendlier, so I invited her to go out to eat dinner with me. We
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went to a restaurant with herfriends who also study Japanese. I talked a lot with her and her
friends in English, and we ate katsudon. It is very delicious. Having dinner together made me
very happy, and I think that my language skillimproved.
One day, I went to watch an American football game with my Kwansei Gakuin friends. At the
game, I saw Jem with another student. I said hello, and I asked about her friend. She said <He is
myboyfriend.= That is, she had a boyfriend. I was surprised, and I was disappointed in love.
Furthermore, her boyfriend was also Japanese and was studying abroad like me. I was sad
because of that unbelievablefact. At that moment, I thought that my experience in other country
was sad.
At last, the day I went back to Japan, I heard from Jem by email. In her email, she wrote,
<thankyou for being my friend. I want to meet you and speak in Japanese when I go to Japan this
summer.99 Heremail really made me smile. I forgot about my feelings at the football game and
remembered all the greattimes I had in Toronto. Overall, I learned that life is made up of good
and bad memories, but it is mostimportant to remember the good ones.
Essay-4
Education
(Expository Essay)
To begin with, while traditional education considers the main value of educational process to be
the knowledge transferred to the student, Botkin9s innovative education presents the knowledge
as a means rather than an end, at the same time orienting at the development of the student9s
personality through knowledge. It is less concerned with controlling the educational process,
trying to create circumstances in which the student would establish his or her own goals and
achieve them, while transforming his or her own self and self-regulating the studying process.
Traditional education represents in itself more or less stable structure, without undergoing
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dramatic differences in the course of years. The accumulation of knowledge goes on, of course,
but only in the subjects where it is impossible to avoid, for example, history and literature, which
are being expanded all the time. Curriculum for exact sciences, like physics or mathematics may
not change for decades. Botkin offers another decision, which presupposes that educational
system is dynamic, ever-changing structure that is being regrouped and renewed constantly, with
new programs and educational disciplines appearing all the time. As opposed to reproductive
nature of traditional education (the student perceives information and reproduces it), innovative
education is supposed to be only and specifically creative process. It should teach students to
create text irrespectively of its subject, understand information even if it has never been
perceived by the student yet, and solve any problems by means of independent thinking rather
than applying preexisting, memorized solutions. It also cancels the long-lasting tradition of
relationship <teacher-student= as <superior-inferior=, making both the teacher and the student
equal participants of educational process, who work on one and the same task in cooperation,
rather than submission. Any kind of outside control is supposed to be harmful for the process
and, therefore, abolished, with its place taken by self-control, mutual control and coordination.
Of course, the self-sufficient system of education based on equality of teacher and student may
look really alluring, but all the same, it is more of a utopia than reality. Botkin idealizes children
and thinks that it is possible to create such system; reality would most likely say <no=.
Essay-5
Frustration at the Airport

(Descriptive Essay)
I had never been more anxious in my life. I had just spent the last three endless hours trying to
get to the airport so that I could travel home. Now, as I watched the bus driver set my luggage on
the airport sidewalk, I realized that my frustration had only just begun.
This was my first visit to the international terminal of the airport, and nothing was familiar. I
could not make sense of any of the signs. Where was the check-in counter? Where should I take
my luggage? I had no idea where the immigration line was. I began to panic. What time was it?
Where was my plane? I had to find help because I could not be late!
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I tried to ask a passing businessman for help, but my words all came out wrong. He just scowled
and walked away. What had happened? I had been in this country for a whole semester, and I
could not even remember how to ask for directions. This was awful! Another bus arrived at the
terminal, and the passengers came out carrying all sorts of luggage. Here was my chance! I could
follow them to the right place, and I would not have to say a word.
I dragged my enormous suitcase behind me and followed the group. We finally reached the
elevators. Oh, no! They all fit in it, but there was not enough room for me. I watched in despair
as the elevator doors closed. I had no idea what to do next. I got on the elevator when it returned
and gazed at all the buttons. Which one could it be? I pressed button 3. The elevator slowly
climbed up to the third floor and jerked to a stop. A high, squeaking noise announced the
opening of the doors, and I looked around timidly.
Tears formed in my eyes as I saw the deserted lobby and realized that I would miss my plane.
Just then an elderly airport employee shuffled around the corner. He saw that I was lost and
asked if he could help. He gave me his handkerchief to dry my eyes as I related my predicament.
He smiled kindly, and led me down a long hallway. We walked up some stairs, turned a corner,
and, at last, there was customs! He led me past all the lines of people and pushed my luggage to
the inspection counter.
When I turned to thank him for all his help, he was gone. I will never know that kind man9s
name, but I will always remember his unexpected courtesy. He helped me when I needed it the
most. I can only hope that one day I will be able to do the same for another traveler who is
suffering through a terrible journey
Exercise:
1. Living a day without my smartphone
2. The best gift I have ever received in my life
3. Impact of internet on society
4. The dying habit of reading newspaper
5. An event that changed your life
6. Drug addiction
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7. Knowledge is Power
8. Online schooling
9. OTT 3 an emerging entertainment platform
10. Selfie 3 An addiction
*************
Model Question Paper

II Semester – B.Sc/BCA
Max Marks: 60
Section 3 A
Workbook - 40 marks
I. Summarize the passage in 75-100 words and give a suitable title:
5 marks
Many people who are looking to get a pet dog get a puppy. There are many reasons why people
get puppies. After all, puppies are cute, friendly, and playful. But even though puppies make
good pets, there are good reasons why you should consider getting an adult dog instead. When
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you get a puppy, you have to teach it how to behave. You have to make sure that the puppy is
housebroken so that it does not go to the bathroom inside the house. You have to teach the puppy
not to jump up on your guests or chew on your shoes. You have to train the puppy to walk on a
leash. This is a lot of work. On the other hand, when you get an adult dog, there is a good chance
that it will already know how to do all of the previously mentioned things. Many adult dogs have
already been housebroken. Many adult dogs will not jump on or chew things that you do not
want them to jump on or chew. Many adult dogs will be able to walk on a leash without pulling
you to the other side of the street. Puppies also have a lot of energy and want to play all of the
time. This can be fun, but you might not want to play as much as your puppy does. Puppies will
not always sleep throughout the night or let you relax as you watch television. On the other hand,
most adult dogs will wait on you to play. What is more, they will sleep when you are sleeping
and are happy to watch television on the couch right beside you. There is one last reason why
you should get an adult dog instead of a puppy. When most people go to the pound to get a dog,
they get a puppy. This means that many adult dogs spend a lot of time in the pound, and some
never find good homes. So if you are looking to get a dog for a pet, you should think about
getting an adult dog. They are good pets who need good homes.
II. Do as directed:
1. Xandersol, a new, potentially lethal drug, is being blamed for numerous illnesses and the
deaths of six Anchors9 town residents. According to water and sewer authority officials,
the drug has somehow found its way into the city water system, resulting in the
contamination of household drinking water for thousands of local residents.
a. Find a word in the above passage which means 8deadly9.1 mark
b. Write antonym for the word 8numerous9.1 mark
2. Add appropriate prefix or suffix to the following words: 2 marks
a. Musical
b. Examination
3. Choose the appropriate word/phrase from brackets: 4 marks
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a. Students wear torn ____________ to college. (genes/jeans)

b. The prisoner was hanged for ______________ murder.
(committing/doing)
c. He offered a kind ______________ to the chef of the restaurant.
(compliment/complement)
d. We started to investigate the ____________ of this civilization.
(root/route)
III. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions given below: 1x5=5
Remote sensing and GIS are promising tools for handling spatial and temporal data and help in
integrating them for successful planning of natural resources. It is the science of measuring the
earth using sensors mounted on high-flying aircrafts or satellites. These sensors collect data in
the form of images and provide insights for manipulating, analyzing and visualizing those
images. Since natural resources are not uniformly distributed and are spatially varied, it is
challenging to capture the correct picture. Management of natural resources calls for scientific
tools for timely and accurate dissemination of information. In natural resource management,
remote sensing and GIS are mainly used in the mapping process. These techniques are useful in
management of land, soil, coastal, watershed, urban and many more.
In India, the agriculture sector alone sustains the livelihood of around 50 percent of the
population. Therefore, increase in crop productivity has been a major concern. Since, the scope
for increasing area under agriculture is limited, advanced crop production forecasting is required
for better policymaking. Indian Space Research Agency (ISRO) and Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR) successful Experiment-Agricultural Resource Inventory and
Survey Experiment (ARISE) used aerial color photographs to estimate crop acreage in many
states of India. Other Important uses of remote sensing include crop identification, stress
detection, and crop yield modeling, drought monitoring, land degradation mapping and more.
Urbanization is important and inevitable for development, but its proper planning and
management is crucial for sustenance. One of the important features of GIS is multilayered
mapping. This kind of mapping helps municipal corporations, town planning boards to build
cities that are better organized. The information systems with socio-economic data overlaid upon
satellite data makes urban planning cost-effective and accurate.
Coastal ecosystems have high ecological significance. GIS and remote sensing data are used to
study coastal ecosystem and marine living resources which include habitats like mangroves,
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lOMoARcPSD|16756507
coral reefs and more. Apart from this, suspended shoreline dynamics can be studied and climatic
changes leading to cyclone and sea level rise may be of special interest too. Geospatial data is
effective in the analysis and determination of factors that affect the utilization of these resources.
The technologies provide a platform through which we can generate information that can be used
to make sound decisions for sustainable development of the natural resources of India.
Questions:
1. What is remote sensing?

2. In what way remote sensing and GIS are helpful in 8natural resource management?
3. What is the necessity of advanced crop production forecasting?
4. Mention one of the important features of GIS.
5. Pick out the word from the passage which means 8able to be maintained at a certain rate
or level.9
IV. Answer any three of the following questions in a sentence or two: 2x3=6
1. What is aggressive listening?
2. Define nonverbal communication.
3. Write any two barriers to listening.
4. Mention the benefits of note taking.
5. Define discriminative listening.
V. Change the following paragraph to reported speech: 3 marks
<We must have some place to work. After a long wait we have got something to do,= said Gulam
Azad. <My hands are full of orders. My unit9s turnover could cross Rs 40 lakh mark,= replied
Nazir Ahmad.
VI. 3 marks
1. You have invited Mr.AnilKumble for annual sports meet in your college. Prepare a
welcome speech for this occasion.
OR
2. Prepare a speech to thank Ms.Anitha Nair who inaugurated the 8Literary Club9 in your
college.
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VII. Write an essay on any one of the following topics: 5 marks
a. Use of technology for education during Pandemic

b. Organic Farming 3 a way to healthy life
c. Social Responsibility in youth
VIII. Write a dialogue between an interviewer and a writer about the release of the recent
book. 5 marks
OR
Complete the given dialogue by filling the blanks:
Reporter: Congratulations on your achievement. Who is your inspiration?
Athlete: ___________________________________________________.
Reporter: How is your preparation for the national games going on?
Athlete: ____________________________________________________.
Reporter: Can we expect the same performance in those games too?
Athlete: __________________________________________________.
Reporter: ____________________________________________________?
Athlete: No, I9m not changing my coach.
Reporter: Best wishes for your upcoming games and thank you for your time.
Athlete: _______________________________________________________.
SECTION 3 B
Coursebook - 20 marks
IX. Answer any five of the following questions in one or two sentences: 2x5=10
1. Mention the effect of 8acid rainfall9 in the poem 8Earth Never Dies9.
2. Who did Ivan sneeze on in the story, 8The Death of the Government Clerk9?
3. In the poem 8Bonds of Friendship9 the poet describes the friend9s heart as _________ and
_________.
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4. Why did the constable yell at Anna, in the story 8The Corpse in the Well9?
5. What made the refugees leave their village in the story, 8The Refugee9?
6. How bright will the westering sun be in the poem 8Earth Never Dies9?
7. Why did the speaker in the poem 8Bonds of Friendship9 recall his friendship during the
8darkest hour9?
X. Answer any two of the following questions in a paragraph: 5x2=10

1. Comment on the embarrassment faced by Ivan in the story 8The Death of a Government
Clerk9.
2. The story 8A Corpse in the Well9 criticizes the attitude of society towards Mahar
community. Explain.
3. Describe the plight of the refugees as narrated in the story 8The Refugee9.
4. 8The rapid industrialization has brought us to the brink of the world9. Substantiate this
statement with reference to the poem 8Earth Never Dies9.
*********
107

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B sc text 2 nd sem - 2nd sem bca

English (Bangalore University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

(Other Courses under the Faculty of Science)

Bengaluru - 560 056

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Members of the BOS

1. Dr GeethaBhasker (Co-opted Member)

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Textbook Committee Members

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Unit 1: Receptive Skills: Reading Skills and Listening Skills

1. Reading passage to give a Title

Unit 2: Productive Skills: Speaking Skills and Writing Skills

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1. Earth Never dies- NiyiOsundare

Please Note: Refer the CONFLATIONS II textbook published by Prasaranga.

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Receptive Skills: Reading Skills and

Reading Passage to Give Title

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5 things to note before choosing TITLE of a passage:

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Write a suitable title for the above passage:

Answer: New Year Resolutions

Answer: 1.Opera – An art form 2. Opera – A musical drama

Write two titles for all the passages given below:

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Reading for Vocabulary Building

What are Synonyms?

angry annoyed connect join definite certain

A thesaurus is a resource similar to a dictionary that helps writers to search synonyms - as a

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The right synonym for the word 8dynamic9 is lively.

Choose the right synonym for the highlighted word:

a. Tight b. liable c. part d. loose

The right synonym for the word 8secure9 is tight.

1. Windy days are typical of December.

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(rattling, churlish, changeable, circumvent, camouflage, typical, circumference, caliber,

1. This bottle ____________ about a liter of water.

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What are antonyms?

Write the antonym for the word BEGIN

Give antonyms for the following words:

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Give antonyms for the following words:

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Write antonyms for all the above words.

Homophones and Homonyms

What are Homophones?

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a. I turned ____________ when I dropped the water ___________. (Pail/Pale)

a. I turned __ when I dropped the water _. (Pail/Pale)