Isomorphisms of Graphs

Faith P. Dofeliz
PhD Sci. Ed. Mathematics
Isomorphism
Example 1. Show that the graphs G= (V, E)
and H= (W, F), displayed, are isomorphic.
Adjacency List Adjacency List
Vertex Adjacent Vertices Vertex Adjacent Vertices
𝑢1 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 𝑣1 𝑣3 , 𝑣4
𝑢2 𝑢1 , 𝑢4 𝑣2 𝑣3 , 𝑢4
𝑢3 𝑢1 , 𝑢4 𝑣3 𝑣2 , 𝑣1
𝑢4 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 𝑣4 𝑣1, 𝑣2
Example 2. A𝑟𝑒 𝐺1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐺2 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 not isomorphic?

Answer: Not isomorphic graphs,

𝐺1 ℎ𝑎𝑠 7 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝐺2 ℎ𝑎𝑠 6 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒𝑠

Solution: Since if
Example 3. Determine whether the graphs
displayed are isomorphic not isomorphic. Degree List (G) Degree List (H)
Vertex Degree Vertex Degree
a 2 a 4
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
d 2 d 2
e 3 e 1
Example 4. A𝑟𝑒 𝐺1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐺2 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑝ℎ𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑟 not Degree List (𝐺1 ) Degree List (𝐺2 )

isomorphic? Vertex Degree Vertex Degree

a 3 g 4
b 2 h 2
c 4 i 4
d 4 j 4
e 4 k 4
f 3 l 2
Solution:

Answer: Not isomorphic graphs, 𝐺1 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 3 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒

𝐺2 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 3.
 Example 5. Determine whether Degree List (G) Adjacent Degree List (G) Adjacent
the graphs shown in the Figure V Degree List V Degree List
are isomorphic or not isomorphic. a 2 b,d s 3 v,w,t
b 3 a,f,c t 2 s,u
c 2 b,d u 2 v,t
d 3 a,h,c v 3 s,z,u
e 2 f,h w 3 s,z,x
f 3 e,b,g x 2 w,y
g 2 f,h y 2 x,z
h 3 d,e,g z 3 v,w,y
❖ To show that a function f from the vertex set of graph G to the vertex set of graph
H is an isomorphism, we need to show that f preserves the presence and absence
of edges.
❖ One helpful way to do this is to use adjacency matrices.
❖ In particular, to show that f is an isomorphism, we can show that the adjacency
matrix of G is the same as the adjacency matrix of H, when rows and columns are
labeled to correspond to the images under f of the vertices in G that are the labels
of these rows and columns in the adjacency matrix of G.

❖ We illustrate how this is done in the next example.

Example 6. Determine whether the graphs 𝐺1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐺2 are
isomorphic or not isomorphic.

Solution:
Using adjacency
matrices
Example 7. Determine whether the graphs G and H are
isomorphic or not isomorphic.
G H
 Thank you!

References:

Johnsonbaugh, R. (2009).Discrete Mathematics (7th Edition)

Rosen, K. (2007). Discrete Mathematics and its application (6th Edition)