DBM10013

CHAPTER 5 :VECTOR AND SCALAR

 CONCEPT MAP

VECTOR AND SCALAR

DEFINITION OF
VECTOR

MAGNITUDE UNIT
VECTOR

OPERATIONS OF VECTOR

DOT CROSS
PRODUCT PRODUCT

AREA OF PARALLELOGRAM
 5.1 DEFINITION OF VECTOR
• VECTOR NOTATION – A, 𝐴, Ā
• VECTOR REPRESENTATION – Drawn as arrow – arrow has magnitude (how long it is).
– arrow have direction (direction in which it points).
– arrow should be labelled to show which vectors they represent.
• EQUALITY OF VECTOR – Vector have a SAME magnitude and direction.

• NEGATIVE VECTOR – Vector have a same magnitude but OPPOSITE direction.

 • MAGNITUDE OF VECTOR
– The length of the vector.
– The notation for absolute value, Notation is |𝐴|.
– If A = xi + yj, magnitude of vector, |𝐴| = (𝑥)2 +(𝑦)2

• UNIT VECTOR – Directional vector that has the same direction as that
vector.
𝐴
𝐴 =
𝐴
 5.2 OPERATIONS OF VECTOR
ADDITION AND SUBSTRACTION OF VECTORS
 2 methods used:
1. Parallelogram Method
2. Triangle Construction Method

1. Parallelogram Method.
The resultant vector:
 determined by completing a parallelogram
 represented by the diagonal of parallelogram of
which the vectors from 2 adjacent sides
 Example : 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝑃

= 𝑂𝐵 + 𝐵𝑃
=u+v
2. Triangle Construction Method.

 this method can be used to determine the resultant

of 2 non-parallel vectors.
 The resultant vector of vector u and v can be
obtained by joining the initial point of the vector u to
the terminal point of vector v
 Example : 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝑃
=u+v
EXAMPLE 1:
Given vector a = 10i - 6j and b = 5i + 6j, find the vector
a – b and hence, find a unit vector in direction of a - b
Solution:
Given a = 10i – 6j and b = 5i + 6j

a - b = (10i – 6j) – (5i + 6j)

= 5i – 12j
Unit vector in the directional of
vector,
𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
= (5)2 +(−12)2
= 169
= 13 5 12
a–b= 𝑖 − 𝑗
13 13
 EXAMPLE 2:
Given A (-5,12) is a point in a Cartesian plane, express
the vector 𝑂𝐴 in terms of 𝑖 and 𝑗. Find the unit vector in
the direction of 𝑂𝐴
Solution:
Given A = (-5,12), then 𝑂𝐴 = -5i + 12j

𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
= (−5)2 +(12)2
= 169
= 13 units
5 12
Unit vector in the directional of 𝑂𝐴 = - 𝑖 + 𝑗
13 13
 EXAMPLE 3:
Write down the position vectors of points A = (2,3) and B
= (-2,6) in component form. Hence, find the vector 𝐴𝐵
and 𝐴𝐵
Solution:
Given A = (2,3) and B = (-2,6)
then 𝑂𝐴 = 2i + 3j and 𝑂𝐵 = -2i + 6j

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑂 + 𝑂𝐵
𝑂𝐴 = - 𝐴𝑂 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
= (-2i – 3j) + (-2i + 6j) = (−4)2 +(3)2
= -4i + 3j = 25
=5
EXAMPLE 4:
Find 𝑢 + 𝑣 if 𝑢 = (3,4) and 𝑣 = (5,-1) using triangle
construction method.
Solution:
Vector addition: Vector subtraction:
𝑣 𝑢
𝑣
𝑢

𝑢 + 𝑣 = (3,4) + (5,-1)
= (8,3) 𝑢 - 𝑣 = 𝑢 + (- 𝑣)
= (3,4) + (-5,1)
= (-2,5)
EXERCISE:
1. Given 𝑟 = 2i – 3j and 𝑝 = i – 2j, find each of the
following.
a) 4𝑟 - 2𝑝
b) 3𝑝 - 3𝑟

Ans: a) 6i – 8j b) -3i + 3j
 3 2 −3
2. Given a = 7
,b= −4
and c = −4
, find each of the
following.
a) 2a
b) b + c
c) a – b
d) 2a + 3b

Ans: a) 6i + 14j b) -i -8j c) i + 11j d) 12i + 2j

3. A is the point (2,3) and B is the point (5,-1). Find the
vectors 𝐴𝐵 and

Ans: 3i - 4j, 0.6i – 0.8j

 5.3 SCALAR (DOT) PRODUCT OF 2 VECTORS
• DOT PRODUCT – Combination of 2 vectors to get a number.
A · B = 𝑎1 · 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 · 𝑏2

• PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT

TIPS:
• u·v=v·u
• u · v = 0 when u and v are perpendicular If I, j and k are unit vectors in directions of x, y and
• 0·a=0 z axes:

• 𝑣2=v·v i·j=0 i·k=0 j·k=0

• a (u · v) = (a u) · v(a u + bv) i·i=1 j·j=1 k·k=1
• w = (au) · w + (bv) · w

• ANGLE BETWEEN 2 VECTOR

𝐴 ∙𝐵
cos ∅ =
𝐴 𝐵
EXAMPLE 5:
If a = 4i + 9j and b = 3i + 2j, find:
a) a · b
b) b · a
c) a · a
d) b · b
Solution:
TIPS:
a) a · b = (4i + 9j) · (3i + 2j)
= 12i2 + 18j2 If I, j and k are unit vectors in directions of x, y and
z axes:
= 12(1) + 18(1)
= 30 i·j=0 i·k=0 j·k=0
i·i=1 j·j=1 k·k=1
Solution:
b) b · a = (3i + 2j)· (4i + 9j)
= 12i2 + 18j2
= 12(1) + 18(1)
= 30
c) a · a = (4i + 9j) · (4i + 9j)
= 16i2 + 81j2
= 16(1) + 81(1)
= 97
d) b · b = (3i + 2j)· (3i + 2j)
= 9i2 + 4j2
= 9(1) + 4(1)
= 13
 EXAMPLE 6:
Points A, B and C have coordinates (3,2,1), (5,4,2) and
(-4,2,1) respectively. Find the scalar product of 𝐴𝐵 and
𝐴𝐶
Solution:
Given 𝑂𝐴 = 3i + 2j + k
𝑂𝐵 = 5i + 4j + 2k
𝑂𝐶 = -4i + 2j + k

𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑂 + 𝑂𝐵 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝑂 + 𝑂𝐶

𝑂𝐴 = - 𝐴𝑂 𝑂𝐴 = - 𝐴𝑂

= (-3i - 2j - k) + (5i + 4j + 2k) = (-3i - 2j - k) + (-4i + 2j + k)

= 2i + 2j + k = -7i
𝐴𝐵 · 𝐴𝐶 = (2i + 2j + k) · (-7i)
= -14i2
= -14(1)
= -14
EXAMPLE 7:
Given that 2 vectors u=3i + j – 2k and v = i – 4j +mk. If u
and v are perpendicular, calculate the value of m.
Solution:
(3i + j – 2k) · (i - 4j + mk) = 0 u·v=0
*when u and v are
3i2 - 4j2 – 2mk2 = 0 perpendicular
3(1) - 4(1) – 2m(1) = 0
-1 – 2m = 0
– 2m = 1
1
m=-
2
EXAMPLE 8:
Find the angle between vector A = 2i + 3j + 4k and
vector B = i – 2j + 3k.
𝐴 ∙𝐵
Solution: cos 𝛳 =
𝐴 𝐵

A · B = (2i + 3j + 4k) · (i - 2j + 3k) |𝐴| = (𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 +(𝑧)2

= 2i2 - 6j2 + 12k2
= 2(1) - 6(1) + 12(1)
=8

𝐴 = 22 + 32 + 42 𝐵 = 12 + (−2)2 + 32
= 4 + 9 + 16 = 1+4+9
= 29 = 14
 𝐴 ·𝐵
cos 𝛳 =
𝐴 𝐵
8
=
29 14
= 0.397
𝛳 = cos -1 (0.397)
= 66.61 ͦ
EXERCISE:

1. Calculate the dot product of (2i + 3k) and (7i + 2j +

4k)
2. If p = 4i + 3j + 2k and q = 2i – j + 11k, find

a) p·q
b) q·p
c) p·p
d) q·q
3. Given that A = (1,2) and B = (3,4). Find the angle
between A and B.
4. Find the angle between the vectors v = 2i + 6j and w
= -9i + 3j
 5.4 VECTOR (CROSS) PRODUCT OF 2 VECTORS

• CROSS PRODUCT – Combination of 2 vectors to get a number.

A = a1 i + a 2 j + a 3 k 𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
B = b1 i + b2 j + b 3 k A x B = 𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3
Can be written as: 𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3

𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2
• PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT =i -j +k
𝑏2 𝑏3 𝑏1 𝑏3 𝑏1 𝑏2
• uxv=vxu
• u x v = 0, then u and v are parallel = (a2b3 – a3b2)i - (a1b3 – a3b1)j + (a1b2 – a2b1)i
• u x (v + w) = u x v + u x w
• mu x v = (u x v) = u x (mv)
• u x (v x w) = (u · w)v – (u · v)w
• u · (v x w) = (u x v) · w
 EXAMPLE 9:
P and Q are 2 vectors such that P = 3i + 5j + k and Q = i + 2j - 3k,
determine P x Q
Solution:
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
PxQ= 3 5 1
1 2 −3
5 1 3 1 3 5
=i -j +k
2 −3 1 −3 1 2
= (-15 – 2)i – (-9 – 1)j + (6 – 5)k
= -17i + 10j + k
 EXAMPLE 10:
Given that 𝑂𝐴 = i - 2j - 3k, 𝑂𝐵 = 2i - 3j + 2k and 𝑂𝐶 = 4i + 2j – k. Find
𝑂𝐴 x (𝑂𝐵 x 𝑂𝐶).
Solution:
 EXAMPLE 11:
Given that the 2 vectors u = 3i + j - 2k and v = 9i + 3j - 6k. Show that
u and v are parallel
Solution:
 EXERCISE:

1. Compute 𝑢 x 𝑣 for the vectors 𝑢 = (1,2,3) and 𝑣 = (-1,1,2)

2. Calculate the cross product between 𝑎 = 3i - 3j + k and 𝑏 =
4i + 9j + 2k
Given that 𝑂𝑃 = (3,4,5), 𝑂𝑄 = (-2,3,1) and 𝑂𝑅 = (4,3,-2). Determine
𝑂𝑃 x (𝑂𝑄 x 𝑂𝑅) and (𝑂𝑃 x 𝑂𝑄) x 𝑂𝑅.
 5.5 AREA OF PARALLELOGRAM
• The magnitude of the cross product of 2 vectors = area of parallelogram
• Area Of Parallelogram

A
𝑢
𝑣 C
B
A= 𝑢x𝑣

• The A magnitude of the product u x v = area of parallelogram spanned by u and v when

placed tail=to-tail
• Vector product to compute the area of triangle formed by 3 points A, B and C in space
• Area Of Triangle

A
𝑢
𝑣 C
B 𝟏
A= 𝒖𝐱𝒗
𝟐
 EXAMPLE 12:
A triangle has vertices K = (2,3,1), L = (4,-1,0)and M = (0,2,-1). Find
area for a triangle of KLM.
Solution:
EXAMPLE 13:
A plane contains A = (1,2,-4), B = (0,8,5)and C = (3,-6,4). Find area
of parallelogram and area of triangle ABC.
Solution:
 EXERCISE:
1. Find the area of parallelogram constructed by vectors A =
(1,2), B = (-3,4)and C = (2,4).
2. Calculate the area of parallelogram constructed by vectors
a = (3,-3,1), and b = (4,9,2).
3. Calculate the area of triangle whose vertices are the points
A = (1,1,3), B = (2,-1-5) and C = (-3,3,1).