CNC Programming Guide TURNING

CNC Programming Guide
TURNING
Forew ord
The purpose of this guide is to help faculty teach CNC programming without tears. Most books
currently available on CNC programming are not only inadequate, but also specif ic to certain CNC
control systems and aimed at the professionals in industry. Such manuals only have very basic
explanations on various codes, without adequate pictures and program examples. Therefore, they do
not help in teaching the fundamentals of CNC programming.
My company Cadem strongly believes in doing its best to bridge the gap between education and
industry, and consistently works on a lot of initiatives to achieve this. This handbook and the
attendant material is one such initiative, to provide a clear set of training material to teach CNC
programming effectively. This handbook comes free of cost to you. You can print and use it, or freely
distribute soft copies.
I t is part of a package of free CNC Learning Kit CD-ROM that includes the following for both CNC
milling and turning:
- Programming guide CNC turning and milling.

- Set of sample CNC programs.
- Set of tool path simulations, corresponding to the sample programs.
- Demo versions of NCyclo multimedia software to teach CNC technology.
- Teacher and Student handbooks for lab. Exercises.
I hope you enjoy teaching or learning using the Free CNC Learning Kit as much as I enjoyed making
it.
G.V.Dasarathi
Director, CADEM
10 December 2012
Bangalore
CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 1 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

Table of Contents
Program format .......................................................................................................... 3
Coordinate system ..................................................................................................... 4
Axes convention..................................................................................................... 4
Absolute, incremental coordinates ......................................................................... 5
Basic motion commands ............................................................................................ 6
G00 - Rapid traverse.............................................................................................. 6
G01 - Linear interpolation....................................................................................... 7
G02 / G03 - Circular interpolation .......................................................................... 8
G32 – Threading motion ...................................................................................... 10
G04 – Dwell ......................................................................................................... 12
F, S, T commands .................................................................................................... 13
Feedrate............................................................................................................... 13
Spindle rotation .................................................................................................... 13
Tool change.......................................................................................................... 14
Program structure..................................................................................................... 15
Tool radius compensation (TNRC) ........................................................................... 18
Necessity of TNRC............................................................................................... 18
Compensation commands ................................................................................... 20
Subprograms............................................................................................................ 22
Canned Cycles – single cut...................................................................................... 25
Turning cycle - G90.............................................................................................. 25
Facing cycle - G94 ............................................................................................... 28
Threading cycle - G92.......................................................................................... 32
Canned Cycles – multiple cut................................................................................... 34
Turning cycle – G71 ............................................................................................. 34
Facing cycle G72 ................................................................................................. 37
Pattern repeat cycle G73 ..................................................................................... 40
Finish turning cycle G70....................................................................................... 42
Axial drilling / grooving cycle - G74 ...................................................................... 44
Radial drilling / grooving cycle - G75.................................................................... 46
Threading cycle - G76.......................................................................................... 49
Typical G and M codes............................................................................................ 51
Full sample program................................................................................................. 53
Drawing to machined part - steps............................................................................. 56

Pr ogr a m for m a t
Program form at s and com m ands explained in t his chapt er relat e t o t he Fanuc 0iT
cont roller.
A CNC program consist s of a num ber of lines, called blocks. Each block cont ains a
num ber of com m ands.
Block for m a t
G01 X100.0 Z50.0 F0.2 is a block. I t t ells t he t ool t o m ove along a st raight line t o
X100.0 Z50.0 at a feed rat e of 0.2 m m / revolut ion.
A block consist s of a set of words. Each word is a com m and. E.g., X100.0 is a word.
A word consist s of an alphabet called t he address, followed by a num ber. I n X100.0, X is
an address.
Ot her t han coordinat es, t he m ost com m only used words in a program are t he G- codes
and M- codes.
G codes m ost ly involve t ool m ot ion com m ands like rapid m ot ion, feed m ot ion, circular
m ot ion, dwell, and canned cycle codes.
M codes m ost ly involve m achine act ions like spindle on / off, t ool change and coolant on
/ off.
Com m on a ddr e sse s

N Block num ber - specifies t he st art of t he block
G Preparat ory funct ions
M Miscellaneous funct ions
X X- axis coordinat e
Z Z- axis coordinat e
I X- axis locat ion of arc cent er
K Z- axis locat ion of arc cent er
R Radius of arc
S Spindle speed or Cut t ing speed
F Feed rat e
T Tool num ber

Coor din a t e syst e m
Ax e s con ve n t ion
The Z axis is along t he spindle, while t he X axis is perpendicular t o it . The program zero
is t he int ersect ion of t hese axes. All coordinat es in a program are referenced from t his
point .
Axes on a lat he
Z is along t he part axis and X is norm al t o it .

Absolu t e , in cr e m e n t a l coor din a t e s
I n Absolut e program m ing t he end point of a m ot ion is program m ed wit h reference t o t he
program zero point . Coordinat es are specified as X,Z. X coordinat e is t he diam et er of t he
part .
I n I ncrem ent al program m ing t he end point is specified wit h reference t o t he current t ool
posit ion. Coordinat es are specified as U,W. U is t he increm ent al diam et er of t he part .
Ex a m ple
Absolut e t raverse from P1 t o P2, t hen t o P3

X20.0 Z- 10.0
X40.0 Z- 15.0
I ncrem ent al t raverse from P1 t o P2, t hen t o P3

U0.0 W- 10.0
U20.0 W- 5.0
I ncrem ent al m ode program m ing is seldom used.
Not e: All exam ples in t his chapt er are in absolut e m ode.

Ba sic m ot ion com m a n ds
G0 0 - Ra pid t r a ve r se
When t he t ool is m oving t o a posit ion preparat ory t o execut ing a cut t ing m ot ion or when
it is m oving t o t he t ool change posit ion, t he m ot ion is a essent ially a wast e of t im e and is
execut ed as fast as possible. The m ot ion is called Rapid t raverse. The t im e t aken t o
execut e a rapid m ot ion is also called t he Air cut t im e.
Typical rapid t raverse rat es are 20 t o 40 m / m in., but can be as high as 80 m / m in.
For m a t
G00 X_ Z_
X, Z are t he dest inat ion coordinat es
Ex a m ple
Rapid m ot ion t o P1
G00 X20.0 Z0.0

G0 1 - Lin e a r in t e r pola t ion
The t ool m oves along a st raight line in one or t wo axis sim ult aneously at a program m ed
linear speed, t he feed rat e.
For m a t
G01 X__ Z__ F__
F is t he feed rat e, t he speed of t he linear m ot ion
Ex a m ple
Linear m ot ion from P1 t o P2, t hen t o P3

G01 X20.0 Z- 10.0 F0.2
X40.0 Z- 15.0
G01 need not be repeat ed in t he second line because it is a 'm odal com m and' – it st ays
act ive t ill it is changed by a different m ot ion com m and.

G0 2 / G0 3 - Cir cu la r in t e r pola t ion
Mot ion along a circular arc at a program m ed linear speed, t he feed rat e. G02 m oves
along a Clockwise ( CW) arc, G03 m oves along a Count erclockwise ( CCW) arc.
An arc can be program m ed using it s radius or t he coordinat es of it s cent er point .
For m a t
Using arc radius:

G02/ 03 X__ Z__ R__ F__
R is t he radius
F is t he feed rat e
Using arc cent er coordinat es:

G02/ 03 X__ Z__ I __ K__ F__
I and K are t he relat ive dist ance from t he arc st art point t o t he arc cent er
I = X coord. of st art point - X coord. of cent er
K = Z coord. of st art point - Z coord. of cent er
I and K m ust be writ t en wit h t heir signs

Ex a m ple
Arc radius program m ing:

Mot ion from P2 t o P3, t hen t o P4
G02 X25.0 Z- 10.0 R5.0 F0.25
G03 X39.0 Z- 17.0 R7.0
Arc cent er program m ing:

Mot ion from P2 t o P3, t hen t o P4
G02 X25.0 Z- 10.0 I 5.0 K0.0 F0.15
G03 X39.0 I 0.0 K- 7.0

G3 2 – Th r e a din g m ot ion
A t hreading m ot ion is a m ot ion along a st raight line, but is NOT a linear int erpolat ion
m ot ion. The t ool m ot ion does not st art im m ediat ely when t he com m and is encount ered.
I t is coordinat ed wit h t he rot at ion of t he spindle - t he t ool st art s m oving when an index
pulse is received from t he spindle encoder. This pulse occurs at a specific angular
posit ion of t he spindle, once in each spindle rot at ion. This ensures t hat each t hread
st art s at t he sam e angular posit ion, and each cut follows t he pat h of t he earlier cut .
The Lead is t he axial dist ance t he nut advances in one revolut ion of t he screw, while t he
pit ch is t he dist ance bet ween adj acent t hreads. Lead = Pit ch x No. of st art s. I n a single
st art t hread t he lead is equal t o t he pit ch.
When cut t ing a t hread, for every revolut ion of t he part t he t ool m oves axially by a
dist ance equal t o t he Lead of t he t hread.
For m a t
G32 X__ Z__ F__

F is t he lead of t he t hread.

Ex a m ple
The following program segm ent cut s a t hread of 2 m m . pit ch t o a dept h of 0.6 m m .,
from point P1 t o 2 m m . before point P2:
G00 X19.6 Z2.0
G32 Z- 8.0 F2.0
G00 X22.0
Z2.0
G00 X19.2 Z2.0

G32 Z- 8.0 F2.0
G00 X22.0
Z2.0
G00 X18.8 Z2.0

G32 Z- 8.0 F2.0
G00 X22.0
Z2.0
The G32 com m and is seldom used. The G76 canned cycle is com m only used because it
can cut a t hread wit h m ult iple cut s at various dept hs by specifying t he pit ch, t hread
dept h, et c. in t wo lines.

G0 4 – D w e ll
A dwell com m and result s in a t em porary st oppage of all axis m ot ions for a specified
durat ion. The spindle m ot ion is not affect ed. I t is t ypically used when t he t ool has
reached t he final posit ion in an operat ion and needs t o st ay t here for a few spindle
rot at ions t o obt ain good dim ensional accuracy or surface finish. For exam ple, in a
grooving operat ion when t he t ool reaches t he bot t om of t he groove it needs t o st ay t here
for at least one full revolut ion. Wit hout a dwell it would ret ract back inst ant aneously and
result in a non- circular cross sect ion at t he groove bot t om .
For m a t
G04 X_
X is t he dwell t im e in seconds.
Ex a m ple
G04 X1.0
This result s in a dwell of 1 second.

F, S, T com m a n ds
Fe e dr a t e
The feed rat e is specified in m m . per revolut ion.
For m a t
F_
F is specfied in m m . per revolut ion.
Ex a m ple
F0.25
This m eans a feed rat e of 0.25 m m . / rev.
Spin dle r ot a t ion
Spindle rot at ion is st art ed by specifying a spindle direct ion com m and and a spindle
speed com m and.
Spindle direct ion:

This is specified by an M code.
M03 : Spindle clockwise ( CW)
M04 : Spindle count erclockwise ( CCW)
M05 : Spindle st op
Spindle speed:
The spindle speed is specified eit her as a const ant surface speed or as a const ant spindle
speed.
Con st a n t su r fa ce spe e d
This is com m anded by G96, and is always accom panied by a lim it ing spindle speed
com m and G50.
Exam ple:
G96 S225 M03
G50 S3000
The first line com m ands a const ant surface speed of 225 m ./ m in. ( m et ers per m inut e)
wit h t he spindle rot at ing CW.
The second one com m ands a lim it ing spindle speed of 3000 RPM.
Con st a n t spin dle spe e d

This is com m anded by G97.
Exam ple:
G97 S1350 M04
This result s in a spindle speed of 1350 RPM, spindle rot at ing CCW.

Const ant spindle speed is used in t hreading and drilling, while const ant surface speed is
used in all ot her operat ions.
Tool ch a n ge
The t ool change com m and includes t he t ool num ber and t he t ool offset num ber of t he
com m anded t ool. When t he com m and is execut ed, t he t ool changer causes t he
com m anded t ool t o com e t o t he cut t ing posit ion. E.g., if t he t ool changer is a t urret , it
indexes so t hat t he com m anded t ool com es t o t he act ive posit ion.
For m a t
Taabb
aa is t he t ool num ber
bb is t he t ool offset num ber.
The t ool num ber and offset num ber m ust be writ t en wit h leading zeros. E.g., t ool
num ber 6 is writ t en as 06.
Ex a m ple
T0303
This m eans t ool num ber 3 and offset num ber 3.

Pr ogr a m st r u ct u r e
St a r t
The first line is t he % charact er.
The second line is t he program num ber, writ t en as Onnnn. E.g., O2345 m eans program
num ber 2345.
En d
The last but one line is t he program end com m and ( M02 or M30) .
The last line is t he % charact er.
Block n u m be r s
Block num bers add clarit y t o t he program . They are writ t en as N_
E.g.,
- -
- -
N0123 G00 G90 X100.0 Y150.0
N0124 G01 Z- 10.0 F250.0
N0125 X120.0
- -
- -
Block num bers are opt ional. They can be om it t ed from all blocks or included in som e
blocks only. Quit e oft en block num bers are used only in t ool change blocks. The leading
zero is opt ional. E.g., N0005 and N5 m ean t he sam e.
Com m e n t s
Com m ent s can be insert ed t o add clarit y t o t he program . They can be operat ion nam es,
t ool nam es, inst ruct ions t o t he operat or, et c. Com m ent s are insert ed wit hin bracket s.
Wit hout com m ent s a program is j ust a m ass of alphabet s and num bers and you cannot
figure out what each sect ion of t he program is doing. A com m ent can be in a separat e
block by it self, or aft er a set of com m ands, as shown below.
( RAPI D TO TOOL CHANGE POSI TI ON)

G00 X200.0 Z150.0 M05
T0202 ( GROOVI NG TOOL)
M oda l com m a n ds
A Modal com m and is a com m and t hat rem ains act ive t ill it is canceled or changed by
anot her com m and of t he sam e fam ily.
E.g.,
G01 X50.0 F0.2
G01 Z- 5.0 F0.2
G01 X60.0 F0.2
G00 X100.0
G01 Z- 80.0 F0.2
G01 X120.0 F0.2

Here G01 and F are m odal, and need not be repeat ed in every block. G01 rem ains act ive
t ill it is changed by G00. The block aft er G00 has it , but here F need not be repeat ed.
The blocks can be writ t en as:
G01 X50.0 F0.2

Z- 5.0
X60.0
G00 X100.0
G01 Z- 80.0
X120.0
Sa m ple pr ogr a m
This sam ple program is a sim ple full program t hat does a drilling operat ion followed by a
grooving operat ion.
Pr ogr a m block Ex pla na t ion
% Program st art charact er
O0998 Program num ber 998
G00 X200.0 Z150.0 Move t o posit ion away from part for t ool change
T0101 Tool change t o t ool num ber 1 ( Drill)
G97 S1200 M03 Const ant spindle speed of 1200 RPM, spindle CW
M08 Coolant ON
G00 X0.0 Z2.0 Move at rapid t o posit ion for drilling
G01 Z- 30.0 F0.15 Drill t he hole feed rat e 0.15 m m / rev.

G00 Z2.0 M09 Rapid out of hole and coolant OFF
G00 X200.0 Z150.0 M05 Rapid t o t ool change posit ion and spindle OFF
T0202 Tool change t o t ool num ber 2 ( Grooving t ool)
G96 S180 M03 Const ant spindle speed 180 m / m in, spindle CW
G50 S3500 Lim it ing spindle speed 3500 RPM
G00 X54.0 Z- 20.0 M08 Rapid t o posit ion above groove, coolant ON
G01 X30.0 F0.1 Feed t o bot t om of groove
G04 X1.0 Dwell 1 second
G00 X 54.0 Rapid out of groove
G00 X200.0 Z150.0 M05 Rapid t o t ool change posit ion and spindle OFF
M09 Coolant OFF
M02 Program end
% End charact er

Tool r a diu s com pe n sa t ion ( TN RC)
Tool nose radius com pensat ion, or TNRC, is required for generat ing accurat e profiles.
When you com m and t he t ool t o m ove t o a posit ion, you are act ually com m anding t he
Theoret ical Tool Tip ( TTT) t o m ove t o t he posit ion. When doing an operat ion like cont our
t urning, you j ust program t he cont our according t o t he coordinat es in t he part drawing.
This causes t he TTT point m oves along t he com m anded pat h.
TTT m oving along cont our
This is t he point on t he t ool t hat is used as t he reference point for det erm ining t ool
offset s.
N e ce ssit y of TN RC
As t he t ool m oves along t he program m ed cont our, t he point on t he t ool nose radius t hat
is act ually doing t he cut t ing keeps changing. We act ually need t he nose radius t o be
t angent ial t o t he part cont our at t he point where it is cut t ing, but m oving t he Theoret ical
Tool Tip ( TTT) along t he cont our does not ensure t his. As a result , t he t ool leaves
unm achined m at erial in som e areas ( P1 t o P2 in pict ure) and digs int o t he m at erial in
som e areas ( P3 t o P4 in pict ure) .

Tool pat h wit hout TNRC
To get an accurat e cont our during m achining, an alt ernat e t ool pat h is generat ed such
t hat t he nose radius is t angent ial t o t he cont our. This is t he pat h wit h Tool Nose Radius
Com pensat ion ( TNRC) .
Com pensat ed t ool pat h

Com pe n sa t ion com m a n ds
The com pensat ed t ool pat h m ust be eit her t o t he left or t he right of t he t ool pat h
program m ed wit h t he coordinat es from t he part drawing. The direct ion of com pensat ion
depends on t he direct ion of m ot ion and whet her t he t ool is cut t ing on t he inside or
out side of t he part . I n t he program you can specify whet her t he com pensat ion m ust be
t o t he left or right , and t he cont roller det erm ines t he com pensat ed t ool pat h. The t ool
nose radius t oo m ust be specified in a separat e area of t he m em ory.
 G41
The com m ands are:
 G42
Tool nose radius com pensat ion Left
 G40
Tool nose radius com pensat ion Right
Tool nose radius com pensat ion Cancel
TNRC Left and Right
Ex a m ple

Program t o m ove along t he cont our in t he part ( red lines in t he pict ure indicat e rapid
t raverse, and blue lines linear int erpolat ion) .
-----
-----
G00 G42 X20.0 Z2.0
G01 Z0.0
Z- 10.0
X40.0 Z- 15.0
Z- 30.0
G00 G40 X60.0
-----
-----

Su bpr ogr a m s
A t ool pat h pat t ern t hat is repeat ed can be st ored as a subprogram and called m ult iple
t im es. Using a subprogram reduces t he program lengt h and program m ing t im e, and
m akes t he program m ore readable. A subprogram looks like a norm al program , but is
t erm inat ed wit h an M99 com m and at t he end inst ead of M02 or M30. I t is called from t he
m ain program by a subprogram call com m and.
For m a t
Subprogram call:
M98 Paaabbbb
M98 = subprogram call com m and

aaa = num ber of subprogram repet it ions, writ t en as a 3 digit num ber
bbbb = subprogram num ber, writ t en as a 4 digit num ber
aaa and bbbb MUST be writ t en as 3 and 4 digit num bers respect ively, if necessary by
padding t hem wit h leading zeros.
E.g., M98 P0051234.

This com m and calls subprogram 1234, 5 t im es.
I f a subprogram is only called once, t he aaa param et er can be om it t ed.

E.g., M98 P1234
This calls subprogram 1234 j ust once.
Ex a m ple

Since t he t ool widt h is 2 m m . and t he groove widt h is 3 m m ., t wo plunges are required
at each groove. The t ool pat h at each groove is:
1. Move at rapid t o t he st art posit ion of t he groove in Z

2. Feed int o t he groove.
3. Rapid out of t he groove
4. Rapid sideways t o t he st art point of t he next cut .
5. Feed int o t he groove.
6. Rapid out of t he groove
The program segm ent t o cut t he grooves would look like t his ( t he t ext in bracket s is
com m ent s, and t his is exact ly how you can insert com m ent s in an act ual program ) :
-----
-----
G00 X44.0 Z0.0 ( MOVE TO START SAFE POSI TI ON JUST ABOVE PART)
( GROOVE 1)
W- 5.0 ( MOVE SI DEWAYS TO POSI TI ON FOR FI RST CUT)
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
W- 0.5
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
( GROOVE 2)
W- 5.0
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
W- 0.5
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
( GROOVE 3)
W- 5.0
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
W- 0.5
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
( GROOVE 4)
W- 5.0
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
W- 0.5
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
( GROOVE 5)
W- 5.0
G01 X30.0 F0.1

G00 X44.0
W- 0.5
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
-----
-----
The t ool pat h is t he sam e for each groove. This segm ent can be put in a subprogram
t hat is called 5 t im es from t he m ain program . The m ain program and subprogram can be
writ t en like t his:
Main program :
-----
-----
G00 X44.0 Z0.0
M98 P0052253 ( CALL SUBPROGRAM 2253, 5 TI MES)
-----
-----
Subprogram :
%
O2253 ( SUBPROGRAM 2253)
W- 5.0
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
W- 0.5
G01 X30.0 F0.1
G00 X44.0
M99 ( END OF SUBPROGRAM)

Ca n n e d Cycle s – sin gle cu t
A single cut canned cycle execut es a sequence of m ot ions required t o perform a cut –
rapid approach t o t he st art posit ion, cut t ing m ot ion, and rapid depart ure. A single block
replaces 4 m ot ions - 1 cut t ing and 3 rapid. Operat ions norm ally involve t he rem oval of
m at erial in m ult iple cut s, so t hese cycles are seldom used. The m ult i- cut canned cycles
are t he ones generally used.
Tu r n in g cycle - G9 0
This cycle does a single t urning cut ( along t he part axis) .
St r a igh t t u r n in g
Tool pa t h
For m a t
G90 X_ Z_ F_
X = X coordinat e of end point of cut , absolut e

Z = Z coordinat e of end point of cut , absolut e
F = Feed rat e
The end point can be specified by increm ent al coordinat es inst ead of absolut e
coordinat es. I n t his case:
1. Use addresses U and W inst ead of X and Z.
2. Use appropriat e signs wit h t he end point , since increm ent al coordinat es are
specified wit h reference t o t he st art point .

Ex a m ple
Raw m at erial is a cylinder of 80 diam et er.
-----
-----
G00 X82.0 Z2.0 ( RAPI D TO I NI TI AL POSI TI ON)
G90 X75.0 Z- 50.0 F0.2 ( CUT TO DI AMETER 75)
X70.0 ( CUT TO DI AMETER 70)
G00 Z2
-----
-----
Ta pe r t u r n ing
Tool pa t h

For m a t
G90 X_ Z_ R_ F_
X = X coordinat e of end point of cut , absolut e

Z = Z coordinat e of end point of cut , absolut e
R = Taper am ount , radial.
F = Feed rat e
The cut st art s at point P1, ends at point P2.
R = ( Diam et er at st art of cut – Diam et er at end of cut ) / 2

R m ust be specified wit h t he proper sign.
The end point can be specified by increm ent al coordinat es inst ead of absolut e
coordinat es. I n t his case:
1. Use addresses U and W inst ead of X and Z.
2. Use appropriat e signs wit h t he end point , since increm ent al coordinat es are
specified wit h reference t o t he st art point .
Ex a m ple
-----
-----
G00 X67.0 Z1.0
G90 X65.0 Z- 50.0 R- 2.5 F0.25
-----
-----
Not e t hat t he R value has a sm all approxim at ion here since t he cut is st art ing at Z1.0
inst ead of Z0.

Fa cin g cycle - G9 4
This cycle does a single facing cut ( perpendicular t o t he part axis) .
St r a igh t fa cin g
Tool pa t h
For m a t
G94 X_ Z_ F_
X = X coordinat e of end point of cut

Z = Z coordinat e of end point of cut
F = Feed rat e
Ex a m ple

-----
-----
G00 X122.0 Z1.0 ( RAPI D TO I NI TI AL POSI TI ON)
G94 X70.0 Z- 3.0 F0.25( FACE TO Z- 3)
Z- 6.0 ( FACE TO Z- 6)
-----
-----
Ta pe r fa cin g
Tool pa t h

For m a t
G94 X_ Z_ R_ F_
X = X coordinat e of end point of cut

Z = Z coordinat e of end point of cut
R = Taper am ount
F = Feed rat e
The cut st art s at point P1, ends at point P2.
R = Z coordinat e of st art point – Z coordinat e of end point .

R m ust be specified wit h t he proper sign.
Ex a m ple

-----
-----
G00 X122.0 Z1.0
G94 X70.0 Z- 6.0 R- 2.0 F0.2
-----
-----

Th r e a din g cycle - G9 2
This cycle does a single t hreading cut .
Tool pa t h
For m a t
G92 X_ Z_ F_
X = X coordinat e of end point of t hread

Z = Z coordinat e of end point of t hread
F = Thread lead
Ex a m ple
-----
-----
G00 X60.0 Z2.0
G92 X59.0 Z- 65.0 F3.0
X58.4
-----
-----
The G92 com m and, Z and F are m odal values, which rem ain t ill t hey are changed. They
are t herefore om it t ed in t he t hird block.

Ca n n e d Cycle s – m u lt iple cu t
A canned cycle is a single com m and t hat execut es a whole m achining operat ion t hat
requires repet it ive t ool m ot ions. The cycle t ypically consist s of a few blocks wit h dat a
defining t he area t o be m achined and som e cut t ing param et ers. The coordinat es of
individual t ool m ot ions are det erm ined aut om at ically by t he m achine cont roller and t he
m ot ions are execut ed. An operat ion t hat m ay require t ens or even hundreds of blocks of
program can be writ t en in j ust a few blocks.
Ca nn e d cycle s in Fa nu c
G71 St ock rem oval in t urning

G72 St ock rem oval in facing
G73 Pat t ern repeat
G70 Finish t urning
G74 Axial drilling
G75 Radial grooving
G76 Threading
Tu r n in g cycle – G7 1
This cycle generat es a part shape from a cylindrical raw m at erial, wit h cut s along t he
axis. The cycle definit ion has t he part shape, dept h of cut , finish allowance and couple of
ot her param et ers.
Tool pa t h
For m a t
G71 U( d) _ R_

G71 P( s) _ Q( e) _ U( u) _ W_ F_
Ns _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ne_ _ _ _
U( d) = Dept h of cut , radius value

R = Ret ract am ount , radius value
P = Num ber of t he first block of t he shape
Q = Num ber of t he last block of t he shape
U( u) = Finishing allowance in X, diam et er value
W = Finishing allowance in Z
F = Feed rat e
The blocks aft er t he second G71 block define t he part cont our A t o B. Param et er P has
t he num ber of t he first block Ns and Q has t he last block Ne.
Ex a m ple
-----
-----
G00 X49.0 Z5.0
G71 U3.0 R0.5
G71 P10 Q20 U1.0 W0.5 F0.2
N10 G00 X15.0 Z4.0
G01 Z- 5.0
G02 X25.0 Z- 10.0 R5.0
G03 X39.0 Z- 17.0 R7.0
G01 Z- 20.0
N20 G00 X49.0
G00 Z5.0
-----
-----

The t ool pat h defining t he shape ( bet ween t he blocks defined by P and Q) m ust st art and
end beyond t he raw m at erial. I n t his exam ple t he st art and end point s are point s P1 and
P2 respect ively, 2 m m . away from t he raw m at erial. Not e t he use of block num bers in
t he program exam ple. Block num bers are opt ional, need not be used in every block.
Cont our definit ion and signs of finish allowances:
I n t he cycle, t he area t hat is being m achined decides:

1. The signs of t he finishing allowances U and W, and
2. The way t he part profile is defined
I n each of t he cases shown above, t he t ool is posit ioned at point P before calling t he
cycle and t he part profile is defined from point A t o B. The signs of t he finish allowances
U and W are as follows.
Case 1 ( Out side- Right ) : U + , W +
Case 2 ( Out side- Left ) : U +, W -
Case 3 ( I nside- Right ) : U -, W +
Case 4 ( I nside- Left ) : U -, W -

Fa cin g cycle G7 2
This cycle generat es a part shape from a cylindrical raw m at erial, wit h cut s perpendicular
t o t he axis. The cycle definit ion has t he part shape, dept h of cut , finish allowance and
couple of ot her param et ers.
Tool pa t h
For m a t
G72 W( d) _ R_
G72 P( s) _ Q( e) _ U( u) _ W_ F_
Ns _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ne_ _ _ _
W( d) = Dept h of cut
R = Ret ract am ount , radius value
P = Num ber of t he first block of t he shape
U( u) = Finishing allowance in X, diam et er value
F = Feed rat e
The blocks aft er t he second G72 block define t he part cont our A t o B. Param et er P has
t he num ber of t he first block Ns and Q has t he last block Ne.
Ex a m ple

-----
-----
G00 X49.0 Z- 20.0
G72 W3.0 R0.5
G72 P10 Q20 U1.0 W0.5 F0.2
N10 G00 X49.0 Z- 20.0
G01 X39.0
Z- 17.0
G02 X25.0 Z- 10.0 R7.0
G03 X15.0 Z- 5.0 R5.0
N20 G01 Z4.0
G00 X49.0
-----
-----
I n t his exam ple t he st art and end point s are point s P2 and P1 respect ively, 2 m m . away
from t he raw m at erial. Not e t hat t hese are t he reverse of t he point s in t he G71 t urning
cycle.

I n t he cycle, t he area t hat is being m achined decides:
3. The signs of t he finishing allowances U and W, and
4. The way t he part profile is defined
I n each of t he cases shown above, t he t ool is posit ioned at point P before calling t he
cycle and t he part profile is defined from point A t o B. The signs of t he finish allowances
U and W are as follows.
Case 1 ( Out side- Right ) : U + , W +
Case 2 ( Out side- Left ) : U +, W -
Case 3 ( I nside- Right ) : U -, W +
Case 4 ( I nside- Left ) : U -, W -

Pa t t e r n r e pe a t cycle G7 3
This cycle generat es a part shape from raw m at erial t hat is t he sam e shape as t he final
part wit h cut s parallel t o t he along t he part shape. I t is used when t he raw m at erial is a
cast ing or forging. The cycle definit ion has t he part shape, dept h of m at erial t o be
rem oved, num ber of cut s and finish allowance.
Tool pa t h
For m a t
G73 U( i) _ W( k) _ R_
G73 Ps_ Qe_ U( u) _ W( w) _ F_
Ns_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ne_ _ _ _ _
U( i) = Relief in t he X axes direct ion

W( k) = Relief in t he Z axis direct ion
R = Num ber of cut s
P = Num ber of first block of t he shape
U( u) = Finishing allowance in X
W( w) = Finishing allowance in Z
F = Feed rat e
Ex a m ple

-----
-----
G00 X60.0 Z10.0
G73 U5.0 W5.0 R3
G73 P10 Q20 U0.5 W0.5 F0.2
N10 G00 X15.0 Z4.0
G01 Z- 5.0
G02 X25.0 Z- 10.0 R5.0
G03 X39.0 Z- 17.0 R7.0
G01 Z- 20.0
N20 G00 X49.0
G00 Z5.0
-----
-----
The t ool pat h defining t he shape ( bet ween t he blocks defined by P and Q) m ust st art and
end beyond t he raw m at erial. I n t his exam ple t he st art and end point s are point s A and
B respect ively, 2 m m . away from t he raw m at erial.

These are t he sam e as in t he G71 cycle.

Fin ish t u r n in g cycle G7 0
This cycle does a single finish pass along a cont our t hat has t ypically already been rough
t urned wit h a G71, G72 or G73 cycle. Nose radius com pensat ion is aut om at ically
act ivat ed in G70.
Tool pa t h
For m a t
Ns_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ne_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
G70 P( s) _ Q( e) _ U_ W_
P = Num ber of first block of t he shape

U = Finishing allowance in X
I f U or W are zero t hey can be om it t ed.
Ex a m ple

-----
-----
G00 X49.0 Z5.0
( ROUGH TURN CONTOUR)
G71 U3.0 R0.5
G71 P10 Q60 U1.0 W0.5 F0.2
N10 G00 X15.0 Z4.0
N20 G01 Z- 5.0
N30 G02 X25.0 Z- 10.0 R5.0
N40 G03 X39.0 Z- 17.0 R7.0
N50 G01 Z- 20.0
N60 G00 X49.0
G00 X200.0 Z150.0 M05
M09
T0202 ( TOOL CHANGE)
( FI NI SH TURN CONTOUR)
G96 S200 M03
G50 S2500
X49.0 Z5.0 M08
G70 P20 Q60 F0.15
-----
-----

Ax ia l dr illin g / gr oovin g cycle - G7 4
This cycle does a peck drilling operat ion t o drill a hole along t he axis. The cycle can
act ually be used t o drill m ult iple axial holes at various posit ions on t he radius, on a
m achine wit h a C- axis and live t ools. The explanat ion here is rest rict ed t o drilling a single
axial hole.
Tool pa t h
For m a t
G74 R_
G74 Z_ Q_ F_
R = Ret ract am ount at each peck

Z = Z coordinat e of hole bot t om

Q = Peck dept h, in m icrons
F = Feed rat e
To drill t he hole in a single pass ( wit hout pecking) , set Q equal t o t he dept h of t he hole.
Ex a m ple
-----
-----
G00 X0 Z2.0
G74 R0.5
G74 Z- 30.0 Q6000 F0.15
G00 X50.0
-----
-----

Ra dia l dr illin g / gr oovin g cycle - G7 5
This cycle does a peck drilling operat ion for grooving or drilling perpendicular t o t he axis.
The cycle can act ually be used t o cut m ult iple grooves, or ( on a m achine wit h a C- axis
and live t ools) drill m ult iple radial holes at various posit ions along t he lengt h,. The
explanat ion here is rest rict ed t o cut t ing a single groove.
Tool pa t h

For m a t
G75 R_
G75 X_ P_ F_
R= Ret ract am ount aft er each peck, radial dist ance

X= X coordinat e of groove bot t om
P= Peck dept h, radial dist ance in m icrons
F= Feed rat e
Ex a m ple

-----
-----
G00 X54.0 Z- 20.0
G75 R0.5
G75 X30.0 P3000 F0.1
G00 X100.0 Z50.0
-----
-----

Th r e a din g cycle - G7 6
This cycle cut s a st raight or t aper t hread wit h m ult iple cut s. The cycle definit ion has t he
t hread coordinat es, pit ch, dept h of t hread, et c.
Tool pa t h
For m a t
G76 P( m ) ( r) ( a) Q( d m in) _ R( d) _
G76X_ Z_ R( i) _ P( k) _ Q( d) _ F_
m = No.of idle passes aft er t he last cut . E.g., 02 would m ean 2 idle passes
r = Cham fer dist ance at end of t hread, fract ion of t he lead m ult iplied by 10. E.g., 12
would m ean a cham fer dist ance 1.2 t im es t he lead.
a = Angle of t ool t ip. E.g., 60 would m ean a t hread angle of 60 degrees.
Q( d m in) = Minim um dept h of cut , in m icrons. E.g., 0.1 m m . is writ t en as 100.
R( d) = Finishing Allowance, radial value, in m icrons. E.g., 0.15 m m . is writ t en as 150.
X,Z = coordinat es of end point of t hread.
R( i) = Taper value. Posit ive for ext ernal t hreads, negat ive for int ernal t hreads, 0 for
st raight t hreads.
P( k) = Thread dept h, radial value, in m icrons. E.g., 1.2 m m . is writ t en as 1200.
Q( d) = Dept h of first cut , radial value, in m icrons. E.g., 0.4 m m . is writ t en as 400.
F = Lead of t hread
Dept h of cut calculat ion for equal area:

Threads are always cut wit h m ult iple cut s. I n a V t hread if t he dept hs of cut are equal,
t he cross sect ional area of successive cut s increases and hence t he cut t ing load t oo
increases. This m ay result in bad t hread qualit y or insert breakage. To ensure t hat t his
does not happen, t he dept hs of cut are det erm ined so t hat t he cross sect ional area is
const ant – t he dept h of cut reduces for each successive cut . The dept h of each cut is
det erm ined using t he t ot al t hread dept h and t he dept h of t he first cut .
I f t he dept h of cut becom es t oo low t he t ool j ust 'rubs' against t he part m at erial and
does not cut it . Specifying t he dm in. Value prevent s t his from happening. I f t he dept h of
cut is sm aller t han t he d m in. value, it is clam ped at t his value.
Ex a m ple
-----
-----
G00 X34.0 Z2.0
G76 P020060 Q100 R0
G76 X30.0 Z- 39.0 R0 P1200 Q0.5 F2.0
G00 X100.0 Z50.0
-----
-----

Typica l G a n d M code s
G code s
G codes on a m achine are decided by it s cont roller's program m ing form at . Machines of
different m akes wit h t he sam e cont roller will have t he sam e set of G codes.
Sam ple list of G codes:

G00 Rapid t raverse
G01 Linear int erpolat ion ( feed)
G02 Circular int erpolat ion CW
G03 Circular int erpolat ion CCW
G04 Dwell
G20 I nch unit
G21 Met ric unit
G28 Aut om at ic zero ret urn ( ret urns t o a fixed posit ion, t ypically for t ool change)
G30 2nd reference point ret urn
G32 Thread cut t ing ( single m ot ion)
G40 Tool nose radius com pensat ion cancel
G41 Tool nose radius com pensat ion left
G42 Tool nose radius com pensat ion right
G50 Lim it ing spindle speed set t ing
G70 Finishing cycle
G71 St ock rem oval in t urning
G72 St ock rem oval in facing
G73 Pat t ern repeat ing
G74 Peck drilling on Z axis / Face grooving
G75 Peck drilling on X axis / Grooving
G76 Threading cycle
G90 Single cut t urning cycle
G92 Single cut t hreading cycle
G94 Single cut facing cycle
G98 Feed per m inut e
G99 Feed per revolut ion
G96 Const ant surface speed
G97 Const ant spindle speed
M - code s
Most M codes act ivat e m achine funct ions like t he coolant , spindle, et c. These are decided
by t he m achine m anufact urer, and depend on t he feat ures t hat are available on t he
m achine. E.g., a m achine wit h a t ailst ock will have M codes for t ailst ock in/ out . A few
( like M00, M01, M02, M98, et c.in t he list below) are fixed and based on t he cont roller.
Sam ple list of M codes:

M00 Program st op
M01 Opt ional program st op
M02 Program end
M03 Spindle ON clock wise ( CW)
M04 Spindle ON count er clock wise ( CCW)
M05 Spindle st op

M06 Tool change
M08 Coolant ON
M09 Coolant OFF
M30 End of program and reset t o st art
M98 Sub program call
M99 Sub program end

Fu ll sa m ple pr ogr a m
This is a sam ple program for a part wit h m ult iple operat ions – Rough t urning, Finish
t urning, Grooving and Threading. I t shows how a full program is put t oget her.
The blocks j ust before a t ool change t ypically have a num ber of codes specific t o a
part icular m achine, specifically t he t ype of it s t ool changer and it s t ool change posit ion.
They m ay appear odd and unfam iliar, and m ay be ignored for t he purpose of
underst anding t his program . The program has been generat ed by a CAD/ CAM soft ware
t hat aut om at ically considers t he t ool nose radius during cont ouring. Coordinat es in finish
t urning are calculat ed wit h nose radius com pensat ion, and will t herefore not m at ch t he
part coordinat es.
Raw m at erial : 80 dia. Bar, 2 m m . ext ra m at erial for facing.
%
O1234
T0000
G0 X150.0 Z200.0
N1 T0101 (PCLNL 2525M12 R0.8)
G50 S3000
G96 S247 M03
(ROUGH FACE)
G0 X90. Z4. M07
X84.
G72 W3. R0.5
G72 P25 Q40 U0. W0.2 F0.3
N25 G0 Z0.
N30 G01 X80. Z0.

N35 X0.
N40 Z2.
G0 X90.
(ROUGH TURN)
Z2.2
X84.
G71 U3. R0.5
G71 P45 Q95 U0.4 W0.2 F0.3
N45 G00 X26.
N50 G01 X26. Z0.2
N55 Z0.
N60 X30. Z-2.
N65 Z-38.
N70 Z-40.
N75 X60. Z-55.
N80 G03 X70. Z-60. I0. K-5.
N85 G01 Z-115.
N90 X80.
N95 X84. Z-115.
G0 X90.
M09
M05
T0000
G0 X150.0 Z200.0
N2 T0202 (PCLNL 2525M16 R0.4)
G50 S3000
G96 S296 M03
(FINISH FACE)
G0 X90. Z0. M07
X30.566
G01 G41 X26.566 F0.24
X0.
Z2.2
G0 G40 X90.
(FINISH TURN)
Z1.883
X25.766
G42 Z2.
G01 X26. F0.24
Z0.
X30. Z-2.
Z-40.
X60. Z-55.
G03 X70. Z-60. I0. K-5.
G01 Z-115.
X74.4
G0 G40 X90.
M09
M05
T0000
G0 X150.0 Z200.0
N3 T0303 (25X25, 2.00W, 0.20R, 08DEPTH, LH)
G50 S3000
G96 S258 M03
(GROOVE)

G0 X34. Z-40. M07
G01 X26. F0.2
G04 X0.046
G0 X34.
M09
M05
T0000
G0 X150.0 Z200.0
N4 T0404 (THREAD 16 X 16, 60 DEG., DEPTH 3.0, LH)
G97 S1645 M04
(THREADING)
X90. Z-1. M08
X34.
G76 P020060 Q0 R0
G76 X27.44 Z-39. R0. P1280 Q404 F2.
X90.
M09
M05
T0000
G0 X150.0 Z200.0
M30
%

D r a w in g t o m a ch in e d pa r t - st e ps
A com m on m isconcept ion is t hat writ ing t he NC program is t he m ain j ob involved in CNC
m achining, and t hat knowing how t o writ e a program is enough t o t urn out part s from a
CNC m achine. The fact is t hat only a sm all am ount of t hinking is involved in act ually
writ ing t he program .
Effort in programming
The com plet e sequence of st eps involved in generat ing a m achined part from t he
drawing is a com plex process.
St e ps in m a ch in in g a pa r t

About Cadem
Cadem is a 20 year old company, India's leading provider of productivity solutions for the manufacturing industry. Its
range of industrial products for CAD/CAM and DNC are enabling shop floors to improve the productivity of their CNC
machines. Many of India's best known CNC shop floors use the products. Cadem's products are exported to 30 countries,
in 4 languages. Premier CNC machine tool companies endorse and recommend Cadem's software to their customers.
Cadem's CNC educational products are the first-choice for Engineering Institutes in India. The products form the mainstay
of CAD/CAM labs in most of India's best known institutes, and in in-house tech centers and training centers of industries.
The Productivity Institute of the IMTMA (Indian Machine Tool Manufacturers' Association) uses Cadem software and
know-how for training engineers from industry around the country.
Cadem has won the coveted CMTI-PMT Trust award for Best Design Innovation Award 3 times and was named as one of
the TOP 100 Innovators in 2007 by NASSCOM.
Developed in India with pride, used worldwide.
About the author
G.V. Dasarathi has a BE in Mechanical

Engineering from NIT, Surat and an
M.Tech. in Production Technology
from IIT, Kharagpur. He has been
involved with CNC machining for the
past 25 years.He started his career in
Bharat Earth Movers Ltd., KGF, where
he was in charge of the CNC cell
machining. His next stint was in the
Government Tool Room and Training
Centre, Bangalore and he was in
charge of the CAD/CAM programming
cell and CNC machining cell.
CADEM TM
Later in 1990, he founded Cadem effiCNC

Technologies Pvt.Ltd. At CADEM he is
responsible for the design and Cadem Technologies Pvt Ltd
264/75, 36th cross, 8th Block Jayanagar
architecture of the award winning Bangalore – 560 070, INDIA
CNC software products for CAD/CAM, Phone: +91 80 2663 4767 Fax: +91 80 2244 2732
DNC and CNC education. Website: www.cadem.com Email: sales@cadem.com

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CNC Programming Guide TURNING

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CNC Programming Guide

- Programming guide CNC turning and milling.

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 1 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 2 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

Com m on a ddr e sse s

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 3 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

Z is along t he part axis and X is norm al t o it .

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 4 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

Absolut e t raverse from P1 t o P2, t hen t o P3

I ncrem ent al t raverse from P1 t o P2, t hen t o P3

I ncrem ent al m ode program m ing is seldom used.

Not e: All exam ples in t his chapt er are in absolut e m ode.

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 5 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 6 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

Linear m ot ion from P1 t o P2, t hen t o P3

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 7 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

An arc can be program m ed using it s radius or t he coordinat es of it s cent er point .

Using arc radius:

Using arc cent er coordinat es:

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 8 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

Arc radius program m ing:

Arc cent er program m ing:

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 9 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

X, Z are t he dest inat ion coordinat es

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 10 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

G00 X19.2 Z2.0

G00 X18.8 Z2.0

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 11 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

This result s in a dwell of 1 second.

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 12 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

This m eans a feed rat e of 0.25 m m . / rev.

Spin dle r ot a t ion

Spindle direct ion:

Con st a n t spin dle spe e d

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 13 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

This m eans t ool num ber 3 and offset num ber 3.

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 14 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

( RAPI D TO TOOL CHANGE POSI TI ON)

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 15 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

G01 X50.0 F0.2

Pr ogr a m block Ex pla na t ion

% Program st art charact er

O0998 Program num ber 998

T0101 Tool change t o t ool num ber 1 ( Drill)

G00 X0.0 Z2.0 Move at rapid t o posit ion for drilling

G01 Z- 30.0 F0.15 Drill t he hole feed rat e 0.15 m m / rev.

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 16 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

T0202 Tool change t o t ool num ber 2 ( Grooving t ool)

G50 S3500 Lim it ing spindle speed 3500 RPM

G01 X30.0 F0.1 Feed t o bot t om of groove

G04 X1.0 Dwell 1 second

G00 X 54.0 Rapid out of groove

M09 Coolant OFF

M02 Program end

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 17 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

TTT m oving along cont our

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 18 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

Com pensat ed t ool pat h

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 19 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

TNRC Left and Right

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 20 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

CAMLab - Turning Program m ing Guide Page 21 of 56 Cadem Technologies Pv t . Lt d.

M98 = subprogram call com m and

E.g., M98 P0051234.