Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
CHAPTER 2
1. Overview of the enterprise law in Vietnam
2. The main types of enterprises in Vietnam
(under the Enterprise Law 2020)
2
1. Overview of the enterprise law in Vietnam
3
History of the enterprise law in Vietnam
4
History of the enterprise law in Vietnam
5
Governing laws
▪ Law on Enterprises 2020
▪ Law on Investment 2020
▪ Law on Cooperatives 2012
▪ Law on Bankruptcy 2014
▪ …
6
Law on Enterprises
• No. of Articles: 218
• No. of Chapter: 10
• Structure:
– General Provisions
– Establishment of Enterprise
– LLC
– State Enterprise
– Shareholding Company
– Partnership
– Sole Proprietorship/ Private enterprise
– Corporate Groups
– Re-organization, Dissolution, Bankruptcy
– Implementation
7
Group work
Finding key changes in the LoE 2020
compared to the LoE 2014?
8
Forms of business in Vietnam
9
Forms of business in Vietnam
• Household business
• Cooperatives
• Private enterprise
• Partnership
• Company
– One member limited liability company
– Two or more member limited liability
company
– Joint stock company
• State-owned enterprise
• Social enterprise 10
Forms Prior to 2005 2005-2009 2009-2020 2021 onwards
Business Decree Decree Decree Decree
household N0.109/2004/ND- N0.109/2004/ No.43/2010/ND- 01/2021/ND-
CP ND-CP CP; Decree CP
78/2015/ND-CP
Cooperative Law on Law on Law on Law on
Cooperatives Cooperatives Cooperatives Cooperatives
1996/2003 2003 2012 2012
State-owned Law on State-
company owned company
1995/2003
LLC Law on Law on Law on Law on
JSC Enterprises 1999 Enterprises Enterprises Enterprises
(Company Law 2005 2014 2020
Partnership and Law on Sole
Sole Proprietorship was
Proprietorship annulled)
100% foreign- Law on foreign
owned investment in VN
company 1996 (amended in
Joint venture 2000)
Household business
➢ A household business:
▪ Be established by an individual or family household members being
Vietnamese citizens who have full legal capacity as prescribed in the
Civil Code.
▪ Each individual or family household member may
register only one household business nationwide
➢ The owner(s) of a household business shall take
responsibility for the business operation with all of their
property.
(Article 79, 80, Decree No. 01/2021/ND-CP on enterprise registration)
12
Cooperatives
• A cooperative is a collective economic
organization with co-owners and legal entity
status, established voluntarily by at least 7
members who cooperate with and assist one
another in production, business or job
creation activities to meet their common
needs on the basis of autonomy, self-
responsibility, equality and democracy in
management of the cooperative
13
Key concepts
1. Overview of the enterprise law in Vietnam
2. The main types of enterprises in Vietnam
(under the Enterprise Law 2020)
14
The main types of enterprises in Vietnam
(under LoE 2020)
▪ Private enterprise (Sole Proprietorship)
▪ Partnership
▪ One member LLC (single member LLC)
▪ Two or more member limited liability company (multi-
member LLC)
▪ Joint stock company (Shareholding Company)
▪ Group of companies
15
Private enterprise (Sole proprietorship)
• Definition
• Characteristics
• Organizational structure & Management
16
Private enterprise - Definition
17
Characteristics of private enterprises
➢ The owner is personally liable for all activities of
the enterprise (Art 188.1)
➢ Juristic personality
18
Juristic personality
• In law, ‘person’ is used to denote 2
categories: natural person and
artificial person.
• Juristic personality: a company has a
legal identity, separate from members
who comprise it.
✓ The property of the company belongs to that
company
✓ Debts of the company must be satisfied from
the assets of that company
✓ The company has perpetual succession until
wound up. 19
Juristic personality
Under Vietnamese law, an organization shall be
recognized as a juridical person if it meets all of the
following conditions:
a) It is legally established;
b) It has an organizational structure;
c) It has property independent from other natural and
juridical persons and bears liability by recourse to its
property;
d) It participates independently in legal relations in its
own name.
(Article 74, Civil Code 2015)
21
Organizational structure & Management
➢ The owner of a private enterprise:
• Has the full power to manage all business activities of
the enterprise;
• May himself or employ other persons to manage and
administer the business operations.
• Shall be the plaintiff, defendant in arbitration or court
proceedings in disputes relating to the enterprise.
• Shall be the legal representative of the enterprise.
22
Private enterprise – Pros and cons?
24
Quiz
4. Which of the following statements regarding sole
proprietorship is correct?
A. The business is legally distinct from the owner
B. The owner can appoint another person to be the
CEO
C. Sole proprietorships do not need to register for
VAT
25
Partnership
• Definition
• Characteristics
• Organizational structural & Management
26
Partnership - Definition
• A partnership is an enterprise in which:
– There must be at least 02 members being co-
owners of the company jointly conducting
business under one common name (general
partners). In addition to unlimited liability
partners, the company may also have limited
partners. (Article 177, LoE 2020)
• Individuals • Individuals or
• be liable for the organizations
obligations of the • be liable for the debts of
company to the extent of the company to the extent
all of their assets => of the amount of capital
Unlimited liability they have contributed
=> Limited liability
General Limited
partners partners
28
Partnership – Characteristics
➢At least two general partners
➢Juristic personality?
29
DISCUSSION
30
General partners & Limited partners
General partners Limited partners
Voting rights
Management
rights
31
General partners & Limited partners
General partners Limited partners
Rights to
profit
Transfer their
stakes
Liability
32
Liability
A B C
33
Organizational structure &
management
Partners’ Council
General partners
Limited partners
34
Partners’ Council (Art. 182, LOE 2020)
35
Partners’ Council (Art. 182, LOE 2020)
Unless otherwise prescribed by the charter, the
following issues must be approved by at least
three fourths (3/4) of general partners:
• The partnership’s development orientation;
• Amendments to the charter;
• Admission of a new general partner;
• Approval for a withdrawal or removal of general
partner from the company;
• Decision on a project of investment;
36
Partners’ Council (Art. 182, LOE 2020)
Unless otherwise prescribed by the charter, the following
issues must be approved by at least three fourths (3/4)
of general partners:
• Decision to take loans and raise capital in other
manners; give a loan with a value of ≥ 50% charter
capital of the company, unless a higher rate is
prescribed by the company’s charter;
• Decision to buy, sell assets with a value of ≥ the
company’s charter capital, unless a higher rate is
prescribed by the company’s charter;
• Decision to ratify annual financial statement, total
profit, distributable profit, and amount of profit
distributed to each;
• Decision to dissolve the company. 37
Convocation of meeting of the Partners’ Council
(Art. 182, LOE 2020)
38
Quiz
True or False
1. In a partnership, each partner is a legal
representative of the firm.
2. The minimum number of partners in a
partnership is 2.
3. A general partner can freely transfer their stakes
in the partnership to another person.
39
Quiz
4. Which of the following statements
regarding partnership is correct?
A. A partnership must have at least one
limited partner.
B. The business must be profitable.
C. A partner can be an individual living
person or a registered company
40
Limited Liability Company (LLCs)
• Definition
• Characteristics
LLCs with two or
• Organizational &
more members Management structure
• Definition
• Characteristics
One-member LLCs • Organizational &
Management structure
41
Limited liability companies
with two or more members
Definition
A LLC with two or more members is an enterprise in which:
– A member may be an organization or an individual;
the number of members must be at least 2 and shall
not exceed 50;
– A member shall be liable for the debts and other
property obligations of the enterprise to the extent of
the amount of capital contributed to the enterprise.
– The share of capital contribution of each member may
only be assigned in specific circumstances.
Article 46.1 LoE 2020
42
Limited liability companies
with two or more members
Characteristics
➢ The minimum number of members is two and
maximum is 50.
➢ The company has juristic personality
➢ The members are liable for the debts of the
company within the capital contribution =>
Limited liability
➢ The company is not allowed to issue shares, but
can issue corporate bonds under certain
circumstances
How can a LLC increase its charter capital?
43
Limited liability companies
with two or more members
Characteristics
➢ Transferring stakes? (Art 52)
44
Limited liability companies
with two or more members
Characteristics
➢ Transferring stakes in special cases? (Art 53)
45
Limited liability companies
with two or more members
Characteristics
➢ Stake redemption:
- WHEN? ART 51.1, 53.4
- CONSEQUENCES?
+ TERMINATION OF MEMBER STATUS
+ THE CHARTER CAPITAL WILL BE DECREASED
46
DISCUSSION
47
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE:
ART 54
MEMBERS’ COUNCIL
INSPECTION
DIRECTOR
COMMITTEE/
(GENERAL DIRECTOR)
CONTROLLING BOARD
• ART.12-15
• ART 54.3
49
Members’ Council of LLC
50
Director/ General Director
Definition
52
One-member limited liability companies
Characteristics
53
One-member limited liability companies
Characteristics
➢Transferring stakes?
54
One-member limited liability companies
Characteristics
➢Transferring stakes
•The owner is entitled to withdraw the capital only by
the way of transferring a part or whole of the capital
to another person.
•If the owner transfers a part of its capital to another
person the company will be transformed into LLC with
2 or more member and such transformation is
required register with the business registrar within 15
days from the date of transferring capital.
55
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
INDIVIDUAL OWNER
INSTITUTIONAL OWNER (ART 79)
(ART 85)
PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT
MEMBERS’ COUNCIL
DIRECTOR DIRECTOR
DIRECTOR
57
Shareholding/Joint stock
Companies
• Definition
• Characteristics
• Organizational structural & Management
58
Definition
A shareholding company is an enterprise in which:
– The charter capital is divided into equal portions
called shares;
– Shareholders may be organizations or
individuals; the minimum number of
shareholders is three and there is no restriction
on the maximum number;
– Shareholders are liable for the debts and other
property obligations of the enterprise to the
extent of the amount of capital contributed to
the enterprise;
(Article 111 of LoE 2020)
59
Characteristics of JSC
➢ The charter capital is divided into equal portions
called shares;
➢ Shareholders may be organizations or individuals;
the min. number is three no restriction on the max.
number.
➢ Shareholders are liable for the debts of the
enterprise within the amount of capital contributed to
the enterprise;
➢ Joint-stock companies have the juristic personality.
➢ Shareholders may freely assign their shares to other
persons (Exception?);
➢ Joint-stock companies may issue securities to the
public
60
TRANSFER OF SHARES
SHARES CAN BE FREELY TRANSFERED, EXCEPT FOR 3
CASES:
1. TRANSFER RESTRICTION STIPULATED IN THE
COMPANY CHARTER
2. VOTING PREFERENCE SHARES NOT ALLOWED TO
TRANSFER
3. ORDINARY SHARES OF FOUNDING SHAREHOLDERS
WITHIN 3 YEARS FROM THE DATE OF ISSUANCE OF
ERC :
- B/W FOUNDING SHAREHOLDERS: FREELY
TRANSFERRED
- OTHER SHAREHOLDERS/PERSON: APPROVED BY
GMS
- REMARK: ART 120.4 LAW ON ENTERPRISES 2020
61
Types of shares
Voting
Ordinary
preference
shares
shares
Shares Dividend
preference
shares
Preference
shares Redeemable
preference
shares
Others
stipulated in the
charter
62
Group work
63
TYPES OF SHARES
A. ORDINARY SHARES
• OWNER: INDIVIDUAL/
ORGANISATION
• TRANSFER: FREELY TRANSFERRED
EXCEPT THE CASES STIPULATED IN
ART 120.3, 127.1
• VOTING: 1 ORDINARY SHARE = 1
VOTE
• CANNOT BE CONVERTED INTO
PREFERENCE SHARES
VOTING PREFERENCE SHARE
- ‘A voting preference shareholder carries more votes than
an ordinary one’?
-PREFERENCE:
PAID AT A RATE HIGHER THAN THAT PAID FOR AN
ORDINARY STOCK OR AT AN ANNUAL FIXED RATE.
-RESTRICTION:
- HAVE NO RIGHTS TO VOTE, ATTEND THE GMS,
NOMINATE CANDIDATE TO THE BOARD OF
MANAGEMENT, CONTROLLING BOARD.
REDEEMABLE PREFERENCE SHARE
2. RESTRICTION:
HAVE NO RIGHTS TO VOTE, ATTEND THE GMS,
NOMINATE CANDIDATE TO THE BOARD OF
MANAGEMENT, CONTROLLING BOARD.
REMARK
BOARD OF INSPECTION
MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE/CONTROLLING
BOARD
DIRECTOR/
GENERAL DIRECTOR
CONTROLLING BOARD NOT MANDATORY: 2 CONDITIONS
- Quantity: < 11 shareholders
- Institutional shareholders own < 50% /Total shares
2.3.3. MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
GENERAL MEETING OF
SHAREHOLDER MODEL 2
Art 137.1(b)
BOARD OF
MANAGEMENT
DIRECTOR/
GENERAL DIRECTOR
2 CONDITIONS
- 20% members of the B.M are independent members
- Auditing Committee is required in the B.M
The Roles in a company
• The owners
• Provide the money for the company
Shareholders
72
Quiz
True or False?
1. A shareholder has to contribute funds to
the company when there is not enough
cash to pay the creditors.
2. The change in ownership does not affect
existence of a shareholding company.
3. All types of shares in a shareholding
company are freely transferable.
4. There is no legal requirement for the
minimum and maximum number of
shareholders in a shareholding company.
73
Corporate group
74
Corporate group
• A group of companies with long-term and
close relationship in term of economic
benefits, technology, market and other
business services.
• Not a type of business entity,
• Not have a juristic personality
• Can be in form of:
a) Holding company and subsidiary;
b) Economic Conglomerate
c) Other forms.
75
Economic Conglomerate
76
Parent - Subsidiary
A company is considered parent company of
another company if the former company:
• Owns more than 50% of charter capital or
total ordinary shares of the other company;
• Is entitle to directly or indirectly decide the
designation of a majority of BoD, the CEO of
the other company;
• Is entitled to decide amendments to the
other company’s charter.
77
Parent - Subsidiary
78
Decision on the forms of enterprises
Formation
procedures &
costs
79
Comparison of different forms of enterprises
Factor Private enterprises Partnerships LLC JSC
Juristic No
personality
Others
81