ACIDS AND BASES

for GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2/Grade 12

Quarter 4 / Week 3

NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2 1 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2

 FOREWORD

Acids and bases are common terms which are not only
applicable in the chemical laboratories but also at home. Examples
of acids and bases found at home include vinegar, carbonated
beverages, citric acid, sodium bicarbonate, lye or caustic soda
and other cleaning agents. You were also taught in your Junior High
School Chemistry that an acid has a pH value below 7.0, a base
has a pH value above 7.0 and the maximum pH value is 14.0.
In this Self Learning Kit (SLK), the discussion will focus on the
definition of an acids and a base according to the Bronsted-Lowry
or the proton theory. In addition, a pH calculation from hydronium
is included. Furthermore, practice exercises and sample calculation
of pH are provided as an aid to help you understand better on the
topic.

2 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
K : describe Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, and the acid-base
properties of water.
S : classify substances as Bronsted-Lowry acid with its conjugate
base, and Bronsted base and its conjugate acids.
A : recognize the importance of understanding Bronsted-Lowry
acids and bases.

LEARNING COMPTENCIES
- Define Bronsted acids and bases (STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-153)
- Discuss the acid-base property of water (STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-
154)
- Calculate pH from the concentration of hydrogen ion or
hydroxide ion in aqueous solutions (STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-156)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
Pre-activity/Pre-test

A. Directions. Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your

choice in your notebook.

1. According to Bronsted-Lowry, a base is defined as __________.

A. an electron-pair acceptor C. a proton acceptor
B. a hydroxide donor D. a proton donor

2. According to Bronsted-Lowry, an acid is defined as __________.

A. an electron-pair acceptor C. a proton acceptor
B. a hydroxide donor D. a proton donor

3. Which of the following is an example of an acid-base reaction?

3 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
4. Which of the following species could be a Bronsted-Lowry
base?
A. Cl- C. LiOH
B. Both A & B D. A only

5. Identify the acid in the following reaction.

6. A solution with a pH of 7.0 _____.

A. is acidic B. is basic
C. is moderate D. is neutral

7. What is the relationship between [H+] and pH?

A. As the pH value decreases, the concentration of H+
increases
B. As the pH value decreases, the concentration of H + also
decreases
C. As the pH value increases, the concentration of H + also
increases
D. As the pH value decreases, the concentration of H+ has no
significant effect

8. pH is a measure of __________.
A. density B. H+ concentration
C. OH- concentration D. solute concentration

9. Which of the following relationships is true for an acidic solution?

A. [H+] > [OH-] B. [H+] < [OH-]
C. pH = 7.00 D. pH > 7.00

10. A solution in which [OH-] exceeds [H+] is said to be __________

A. acidic B. basic
C. neutral D. salt

4 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION

What comes in your mind when you hear the word acid or a
base? Maybe you will associate an acid and a base to a substance
that taste sour and bitter, respectively. Table1, shows the general
properties of an acid and a base.

Table 1. General Properties of an Acid and a Base

Property Acid Base
Taste Sour Bitter
Smell Frequently burn nose Usually, no smell except NH3
Texture Sticky Slippery
Reactivity Frequently react with React with many oils and
metals to form H2 fats
Source: https://www.factmonster.com/math-science/chemistry/chemistry-properties-of-
acids-and-bases

According to the properties listed in Table 1, you are right

when you associate acids and bases to substances with sour and
bitter taste. But what is really an acid and a base? Have you
encountered already the different theories that defined an acid
and a base?

Arrhenius theory, Bronsted-Lowry theory, and Lewis or

electron-pair theory are the three theories that point out a specific
characteristic which defines an acid and a base. For instance,
Svante Arrhenius formulated a theory that defines an acid and a
base as substances that when ionize in water produce hydrogen
ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-). However, Arrhenius theory could
not explain why salt having no H+ or OH- still exhibit the property of
an acid or a base upon dissolving in water.

In this lesson, we will define an acid and a base according to

the Bronsted-Lowry theory.

What is Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases?

Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted, a Danish chemist, and Thomas

Martin Lowry, an English chemist, introduced the Bronsted-Lowry

5 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
theory of acids and bases. They defined an acid as a substance
that is capable of transferring protons, the positively charge ion(H+),
and a base as substance capable of accepting protons.
Substances that behave based on the given definition, are
classified as Bronsted acids and Bronsted bases. When an acid
reacts with a base, a proton (H+) will transfer from acid towards the
base. The product that will be formed after an acid loses H+ is called
the conjugate base while the product that will be formed after a
base accepts H+ is called the conjugate acid.

In the reaction of HCl and NH3, as shown in Figure 1, HCl

donates hydrogen ion (H+) towards ammonia (NH3) forming
ammonium ion (NH4+), the conjugate acid, and chloride ion (Cl-),
the conjugate base.

Acid-Base Property of Water

A compound like water, H2O, that contains both a hydrogen

atom and a lone pair of electrons can act as an acid or a base,
depending on the specific reaction. Compound exhibiting such
property is called amphoteric.

• H2O acts as an acid -When water acts as an acid, it will donate

proton to the base.

6 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
• H2O acts as a base- When water acts as a base, it will accept
proton.

Water can also undergo self-ionization or auto-ionization, the

process occurs when water molecules react with another molecule
to form H3O+ and OH-.

Practice Exercise 1. Label each reactant as A1 for Bronsted-Lowry

acid or B1 for Bronsted-Lowry base and each product as CA,
for conjugate acid or CB for conjugate base. Then, write the
conjugate acid-base pair.

7 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
Example: SO4-2(aq) + H2O(l) → HSO4-(aq) + OH-(aq)
B1 A1 CA CB
Answer: Conjugate Acid-base pair: H2O/OH-; HSO4-/SO42-

1. CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) →CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

2. NH3(aq) + HF(aq) → NH4+(aq) + F-(aq)
3. OH-(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → H2O(l) + HSO4-(aq)

Answer: 1) A1 , B1; CB, CA (CH3COOH/CH3COO-; H2O/H3O+)

2) B1, A1; CA, CB (NH3/NH4+4; HF/F-)
3) B1, A1; CA, CB (OH-/H2O; H2SO4/

Calculations Involving Acids and Bases

Earlier, we discuss Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, and acid-

base properties of water. Since water can be classified as an acid
and a base, two water molecules can react together in an acid-
base reaction.

The equilibrium constant expression for water is:

Experimentally, the value of ionization constant for water, Kw,

is 1.0x10-14. Upon ionization the concentration of H3O+ and OH- is
equal, therefore, [H3O+] = [OH] = 1.0x10-7. When, [H3O+] =[OH], the
aqueous solution is said to be neutral. If, [H3O+]>[OH], the solution
is acidic and if, [H3O+] <[OH] the solution is basic.

Since the [H3O+] and [OH] are usually very small, Soren
Sorensen in 1909, proposed a more practical way of expressing
acidity of solution. He called it pH of solution and is defined as a
scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
It is determined by taking the negative logarithm of the
concentration of H3O+ or H+.

pH = - log [H+]

8 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
 In addition, the pH of solution ranges from 1to 14. If the pH
value is below 7, the solution is acidic, if above 7, the solution is
basic, and if pH is equal to 7, the solution is neutral (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. pH Range and pH Values of some Materials

Source: https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/wp-content/uploads/ 2019/11/860_SS_pH.png

Also, Figure 1 shows some pH values of substances that can

be found at home like milk (pH value of around 6), bleach (pH value
of around 12). It is also being shown in the above Figure the pH of
gastric acid or stomach acid, a colorless fluid produced by our
stomach that helps in the breaking down of food for easier
digestion.

Example 1. The concentration of OH- in certain household

cleaning solution is 0.0025 M. Calculate the concentration of H3O+
or H+.

Given: [OH-] = 0.0025 M

[H3O+] =?
Solution: Kw = [H3O+] [OH-]

9 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
Example 2. What is the pH of a sample that has an H+
concentration of 1 × 10–5 M? Classify the solution as acidic, basic,
or neutral.
pH = -log [H+]
pH = -log (1x10-5)
pH = 5.0 (since it is below 7.0, the sample is acidic)

Also, the given pH value of the solution can be used to

determine the [H+] by taking the antilogarithm of pH,

[H3O+] = antilog pH
[H3O+] = 10-pH

Example 3. What H+ concentration that corresponds to each pH

value: (a) 10.2; (b) 4.3?

a. [H+] = antilog(-pH)
= 10-pH
= 10-10.2
= 6.3x10-11 or 6x10-11
b. [H+] = antilog(-pH)
= 10-pH
= 10-4.3
= 5x10-5

10 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Evaluation/Post-test

A. Directions. Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your

choice in your notebook.

1. Which of the following is a conjugate acid-base pair?

2. Water is can act either as an acid or a base. Which of the

following equation represents water reacting as an acid?

3. Substances that react with both acids and bases are called ___.
A. amphoteric C. conjugate base
B. conjugate acids D. neutral

4. The product formed by loss of a proton from an acid is called ___.

A. Bronsted acid C. conjugate acid
B. Bronsted base D. conjugate base

5. The product formed by gain of a proton from an acid is called __.

A. Bronsted acid C. conjugate acid
B. Bronsted base D. conjugate base

6. The pH of rainwater is 5.82. The [H+] is _____.

A. 6.61x10-9 B. 6.16 x10-9
C. 1.51x10-6 D. 1.15 x10-6

7. The concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution, [H+], is

3.9x10-4 M. What is the pH of the solution?
A. 3.14 B. 3.41
C. 10.59 D. 10.95

11 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
8. A solution with a pH of 9.0 _____.
A. is acidic B. is basic
C. is moderate D. is neutral

9. If a solution is neutral, which of the following must be true?

A. [H3O+] = [OH-] B. [H3O+] > [OH-]
C. [H3O+] < [OH-] D. [H3O+] = [H2O]

10. A solution with a pH of 5.0 ______.

A. has a hydrogen-ion concentration of 5.0 M
B. has a hydrogen-ion concentration of 1 x 10-5 M
C. is basic
D. is neutral

12 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
REFERENCES

Ball, David W, and Jessie A Key. 2014. “Brønsted-Lowry Acids and

Bases.” Opentextbc.ca. Campus. September 16, 2014.
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/brons
ted-lowry-acids-and-bases-2/ (accessed date: January 26,
2021)

“Brønsted Acids and Bases.” n.d. Chemed.chem.purdue.edu.

http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/b
p/ch11/bronsted.php.

“Ph Scale Range - Google Search.” n.d. Www.google.com.

Accessed January 13, 2022.
https://www.google.com/search?q=ph+scale+range&sourc
e=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN9Ljy1svuAhUYHXAK
HeiXBXgQ_AUoAXoECBsQAw&biw=1500&bih=675#imgrc=fe
uerEZDV2bzY.

“Søren Sørensen.” 2016. Science History Institute. June 1, 2016.

https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/soren-
sorensen#:~:text=Such%20was%20the%20case%20with.

“Water, Acids, and Bases.” n.d. Chemed.chem.purdue.edu.

Accessed January 13, 2022.
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/b
p/ch17/water.php.

13 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
 DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD JD

OIC – Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent/CID Chief

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMDS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
PSDS – Division Science Coordinator

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING
Writer

GERALD T. UBAG
Lay-out Artists

ALPHA QA TEAM
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING
NILO JAY A. BAYBAY

BETA QA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
ALLAN Z. ALBERTO
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
ROWENA R. DINOKOT
CHRISTINE A. GARSOLA
LESTER C. PABALINAS

14 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2
SYNOPSIS ANSWERS KEY

This Self-Learning Kit deals with

the discussion of acids and bases.
There are many theories of acids and
bases, one of this is the Bronsted-
Lowry. Bronsted-Lowry theory
defined an acid as a proton donor
and base as a proton acceptor. A
conjugate base will be formed after
an acid donates a proton and a
conjugate acid will be formed after
a base accepts proton. Since water
can act both an acid and a base, it
could be acid and a base. A pH of
solution is calculated by taking the
negative logarithm of hydronium ion
concentration. Solution with pH
below 7 are classified as acidic while Pre-activity/Pre-test
solution with pH above 7 are A. 1. C
classified as basic. 2. D
3. C
4. C
Understanding the concept of pH 5. A is important
because it will help us in our daily life such6.usD in agriculture,
7. A
wastewater treatment, industrial processes
8. B and
environmental monitoring. 9. A
10. B

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Evaluation/Post-test

A. 1. C
AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING is a2.graduateD of Bachelor of
Science in Chemistry at Negros 3. AOriental State University
(NORSU). Also, she earned Education
4. B units at Foundation
University, and completed her academic
5. C requirements in
Master of Arts in Science Teaching
6. C at NORSU. Currently,
she is a Senior High School Teacher
7. B at Valencia National
High School. 8. B
9. A
10. B
15 NegOr_Q4_GenChem2-12_SLK Week3_v2