Report (Grooup Kryton)

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING
ENGINEERING
BDA 40804 INTEGRATED ENGINEERING DESIGN
SEMI-AUTO CAT LITTER DISPOSAL SYSTEM
PROF. TS. DR. BADRUL BIN OMAR
NURHAMIZAH BINTI ANUAR CD160176

NURUL NAJWA BINTI SAHARUDIN CD160163
NURUL AFIQAH BINTI ABDUL WAHID CD160164
SITI SYAKIRAH SOLEHAH BINTI HAZIM CD160084
WAN MOHAMAD NORDIN BIN WAN IBRAHIM CD160095
SEPTEMBER 2019
i
SEMI-AUTO CAT LITTER DISPOSAL SYSTEM
NURHAMIZAH BINTI ANUAR CD160176

NURUL NAJWA BINTI SAHARUDIN CD160163
NURUL AFIQAH BINTI ABDUL WAHID CD160164
SITI SYAKIRAH SOLEHAH BINTI HAZIM CD160084
WAN MOHAMAD NORDIN BIN WAN IBRAHIM CD160095
A report submitted in partial

fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the
Bachelor’s Degree of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering with Honours
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
SEPTEMBER 2019
ii
CONTENTS
TITLE i
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES x
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Product background 1
1.2 Problem for Existing Product 3
1.3 Project Objective 3
1.4 Project Scope 3
1.5 Significant of Study 4
1.6 Group Formation 4
1.6.1 Group Logo 4
1.6.2 Group Organization 5
1.7 Design Process Model 6
1.7.1 Conceptual Design 6
1.7.2 Embodiment Design 7
1.7.3 Detail Design 7
1.8 Design Process Model 7
CHAPTER 2 DEFINE TASK 15

2.1 Related Product 15
2.1.1 Patent Search 15
2.1.1.1 Patent 1 16
2.1.1.2 Patent 2 17
2.1.1.3 Patent 3 18
2.1.1.4 Patent 4 20
2.1.1.5 Patent 5 21
iii
2.1.2 Catalogue 22
2.2 Comparison of Products from Patent Search 23
2.3 Benchmarking of Product Specification from Commercial Product

24
2.4 Identification of Market Needs (Market Survey) and Customer

Satisfaction 25
2.4.1 Survey and Questionnaire Form 25
2.4.1.1 Survey and Questionnaire Form 26
2.4.2 Survey Analysis 29
2.4.2.1 Respondent Gender 29
2.4.2.2 Respondent Profession 30
2.4.2.3 Cat as a Pet by Respondent 31
2.4.2.4 Rate of Production 32
2.4.2.5 Potential Respondents to Purchase the Current Price of

Product 33
2.4.2.6 Range of Analysis Price 34
2.4.2.7 Preferred Requirement for Product 35
2.4.2.8 Main Focus Analysis 36
2.4.2.9 Data of Product Designation 38
2.4.2.10 Data of Product Characteristic 39
2.5 Clarifying Objectives – Objective Tree 40
2.6 Weighting of Objective Tree 41
2.7 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) 42
2.8 Requirement List (RL) / Engineering Design Specification (EDS) 43
CHAPTER 3 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 45

3.1 Clarifying Function 45
3.1.1 Component Decomposition Analysis 46
3.1.2 Function Decomposition Analysis 47

iv
3.1.3 Function Structure 48
3.2 Concept Generation 50
3.2.1 Brainstorming 50
3.2.2 Morphological Chart 51
3.3 Concept Evolution 55
3.3.1 Evaluation Matrix – Weighted Rating Method 55
3.3.2 Concept Selection 56
3.3.3 Product Sketching 57
CHAPTER 4 EMBODIMENT DESIGN AND ANALYSIS 60

4.1 Product Architecture 60
4.1.1 Element Cluster for Schematic Drawing 62
4.1.2 Rough Geometry Layout 62
4.1.3 Identify the Interaction 64
4.2 Configuration Design 64
4.2.1 Analysis Component and Type of Analysis 65
4.2.1.1 Body Frame 65
4.2.1.2 Rotating Shaft 66
4.3 Parametric Design 66
4.3.1 Parametric Design Problem 66
4.3.1.1 Component Analysis and Selection of Motor 67
4.3.1.2 Component Analysis and Selection of Motor 68
4.3.1.3 Component Analysis of Bearing 76
4.3.1.4 Vibration Analysis 79
4.3.2 Material Selection 80
4.3.2.1 The Design Requirements 82
4.3.2.2 The Performance Requirements 83
4.3.2.3 The Reliability Requirements 83

v
4.3.2.4 The Cost Requirements 83
4.3.2.5 The Manufacturing Requirements 84
4.3.2.6 The Manufacturing Requirements 84
4.3.3 Consideration of Design for X 85
4.3.3.1 Design for Manufacture (DFM) 85
4.3.4 Ergonomic Consideration 86
CHAPTER 5 DETAIL DESIGN AND PRODUCT SIMULATION 88

5.1 Detail Drawing 88
5.1.1 Parts 89
5.1.2 Assembly 104
5.2 Product Analysis and Simulation 107
5.2.1 Static Analysis 107
5.2.2 Fatigue Analysis 110
5.2.3 Frequency Analysis 111
5.3 Bill of Materials (BOM) 115
5.4 Final Product Design Specification 117
5.5 Complete Design Checklist 118
CHAPTER 6 PROTOTYPING AND TESTING 119

6.1 Product Prototyping 119
6.1.1 Process Involved 122
6.1.2 Prototyping (Assemble) Process Time 125
6.1.2.1 Fabrication Process 125
6.1.2.2 Fabrication Process 125
6.1.3 Prototype Product 126

vi
6.2 Testing Requirement and Checklist 126
6.2.1 Form Test 126
6.2.2 Function Test 127
6.2.3 Testing Requirement 127
6.2.4 Checklist 127
6.3 Testing and Refinement 129
6.3.1 Testing 129
6.3.2 Refinement 130
6.4 Final Product Prototype 130
CHAPTER 7 SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

CONSIDERATION IN ENGINEERING DESIGN 132
7.1 Basic Concept 132
7.1.1 Elements of Sustainability 133
7.1.2 Concepts of Sustainable Development 134
7.1.3 Impact of Engineering Solution to Sustainable 135
7.2 Social and Environmental Responsibilities 135
7.2.1 Improvement of Quality of Cycle 136
7.2.2 Protection of Society 136
7.2.3 Design of Environment 137
CHAPTER 8 ECONOMIC, COSTING AND BUSINESS PLAN 139

8.1 Introduction 139
8.2 Cost Evaluation 140
8.2.1 Manufacturing Cost 140
8.2.2 Overhead Cost 141
8.2.3 Development Cost 142
8.3 Business Plan 143
8.3.1 Executive Summary 143
8.3.2 Executive Summary 143

vii
8.3.2.1 Mission 144
8.3.2.2 Vision 144
8.3.3 Key to Success 144
8.3.3.1 Team Formation 144
8.3.3.2 Effective Management 144
8.3.3.3 Planning 145
8.3.3.4 Teamwork 145
8.3.3.5 Attitude 145
8.3.3.6 Rule and Regulation 145
8.3.4 Company Background 146
CHAPTER 9 PROJECT SUMMARY 147

9.1 Conclusion 147
9.2 Recommendation 148
REFERENCE 148
APPENDIX 150
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Task delegations of group members 7

Table 2.1: Patent 1 16
Table 2.6: Product comparison 23
Table 2.7: Benchmarking product 24
Table 2.8: Tabulation of data of respondent gender 30
Table 2.9: Tabulation of data of respondent profession 31
Table 2.10: Tabulation of data for cat as a pet by respondents 32
Table 2.11: Tabulation data for rate of production 33
Table 2.12: Tabulation data for potential respondents to purchase the current price 34
Table 2.13: Tabulation data for range of analysis price 35
Table 2.14; Tabulation of data of preferred requirement for this product 36
Table 2.15: Tabulation for data of main focus analysis 37
Table 2.16: House of Quality (HOQ) 42
Table 3.1: Morphological chart 52
Table 3.2: Morphological chart assembly (Option 1) 53
Table 3.5: Weighted Rating Method 56
Table 3.6: Concept selection of product 57
Table 4.1: Analysis component for Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System 65
Table 4.2: Type analysis on body frame 65
Table 4.3: Type analysis on rotating shaft 66
Table 5.1: Assembly system in Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System 104
ix
Table 5.2: Material properties 107

Table 5.3: Load and fixtures 108
Table 5.4: Static analysis result 109
Table 5.5: Frequency analysis result 111
Table 5.6: Mode list (resonant frequencies) 114
Table 5.7: Mass participation (normalized) 115
Table 5.8: Bill of Material (BOM) 116
Table 5.9: Product specification 117
Table 5.10: Complete design checklist 118
Table 6.1: Materials and parts for Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System 120
Table 6.2: Process manufacturing Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System 123
Table 6.3: Duration fabrication process 125
Table 6.4: Testing method conducted 127
Table 6.5: Component checklist 128
Table 6.6: Functional checklist 128
Table 6.7: Prototype specification 130
Table 8.1: Manufacturing cost 140
Table 8.2: Direct labour cost 141
Table 8.3: Indirect cost per month 141
Table 8.4: Development cost 142
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1: Cat litter box design on market 2

Figure 1.2: Krypton logo 4
Figure 1.3: Krypton group member organization chart 5
Figure 1.4: Flow for design process model 6
Figure 2.1: Example catalogue for cat litter box 23
Figure 2.2: Pie chart of gender 30
Figure 2.3: Pie chart of profession 31
Figure 2.4: Pie Chart of cat as a pet by respondents 32
Figure 2.5: Pie chart data for rate of production 33
Figure 2.6: Pie chart data for potential respondents to purchase the current price 34
Figure 2.7: Pie chart for range of analysis price 35
Figure 2.8: Bar chart of preferred requirement for this product 36
Figure 2.9: Bar chart of main focus analysis 37
Figure 2.10: Data of product designation (Part A) 38
Figure 2.11: Data of product designation (Part B) 38
Figure 2.12: Data for characteristic product (Part A) 39
Figure 2.13: Data for characteristic product (Part B) 39
Figure 2.14: Objective tree structure 40
Figure 2.15: Weighting of objective tree 41
Figure 3.1: Components decompositions analysis of products 46
Figure 3.2: Function decomposition analysis of products 47
Figure 3.3: Black box product structure 48
Figure 3.4: Function structure for product 49
Figure 3.5: SCAMPER checklist 51
Figure 3.6: Product sketching 1 58
xi
Figure 4.1: Schematic of product 61

Figure 4.2: Cluster chart 62
Figure 4.3: Rough geometry layout of Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System 63
Figure 4.4: Table for ASTM Minimum Tensile and Yield Strength 68
Figure 4.5: Limit and fitting analysis 74
Figure 4.6: Table tolerance grades - Metric Series 74
Figure 4.7: Table fundamental deviations – Metric Series 75
Figure 4.8: Bearing formula 77
Figure 4.9: Free body diagram for both shaft 78
Figure 4.10: Bearing selection 79
Figure 4.11: Vibration analysis on body frame 80
Figure 4.12: Engineering materials 81
Figure 4.13:Plywood 82
Figure 6.1: Final prototype Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal Box 126
Figure 6.2: Prototyping and testing method 129
Figure 6.3: Final prototype of Semi-auto cat Litter Disposal System 131
Figure 7.1: The element of sustainability 133
Figure 7.2: Scheme of sustainable development with confluence of three constituent
parts 134
Figure 8.1: Krypton company details 146
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Product background
Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System an automatic litter sifting system that takes the
chore out of litter maintenance. This innovation identifies with pet litter boxes with a
new ventilation or fumes framework and all the more especially to an independent
litter box specially for cat. Cats and humans have lived together for centuries. For the
large majority of that time, cats wandered around on their own, hunting their food and
eliminating where they wanted to. However, by the mid-1940s, more cats were living
indoors. People provided them with boxes that usually contained paper, ashes, or dirt.
However, none of those substrates did anything to decrease the odour associated with
the box, ashes tracked around the house by the cat could be messy, and people began
to look for a solution to those problems.
The conventional litter box has suffered from several disadvantage. First, the
particulate litter material used therein has a limited capacity for liquid adsorption.
Accordingly, it is necessary to empty the soiled litter material and replace it with fresh
litter at regular intervals. Additionally, the feces and urine may contain or develop
various bacteria and viruses that may infect the pet or be distributed throughout the
house by the pet using the litter. Various approaches have been tried to improve the
necessary indoor waste disposal. These have included placing a partially enclosed
cover over the litter box to control odour and using various deodorizing apparatus
within such an enclosed box to reduce odours. In one case it has been proposed to
dispense entirely with the litter with the pet depositing its waste upon a solid tray, such
2
as metal, which is then dumped into a container below the tray for drying and
evaporation. However, none of these approaches has provided the benefit of the use of
particulate litter while providing for extended use of that litter under more sanitary
conditions.
Figure 1.1: Cat litter box design on market
One of the innovations of this pet litter tool is using the motor as the lever becomes
automatic to refresh the cat litter pan. The concept was easy, mess free, secure the
hygiene without using human’s energy to clean the cat litter pan. The automatic lever
activates automated and noiseless pull and refresh process that quickly and efficiently
refreshes the litter pan, while collecting waste in one easy operation.
Next innovation, by using automatic lever will clean the litter and recycled back into
the pan and waste clumps are deposited in a lined collection bin for easy disposal.
While for the replenishing also easy by simply open the maintenance access door and
add as needed. Even though this new innovation was using motor to automate the lever
system, it has an infrared sensor in order to detect the presence of cat. So, it is safe to
be used. The sensor placed at the exit door and after the cats doing their business, this
sensor will function and cleaning the litter. This feature is very cat friendly, quiet and
safe for them.
3
1.2 Problem for Existing Product
This innovation proposed because the existing product is not so efficient in terms of
hygiene. The product also handled manually by the user because there is no motor used
in the product. Pet owner found it hard for them to solve the issue with the cat or rabbit
littering. Cleanliness is both the abstract state of being clean and free from germs, dirt,
trash, or waste, and the habit of achieving and maintaining that state. Cleanliness is
often achieved through cleaning. Current smart not efficient in terms of clean issue
and also human energy use a lot here where it still needs the owner to clean the pet
waste after the pet use the “smart toilet”.
1.3 Project Objective
The objectives on this project are:
1. To improve the existing product that use the manual lever to the automatic
lever.
2. To increase the efficiency of the product in terms of hygiene.
3. To ease the user for cleaning the litter.
1.4 Project Scope
The scope of for this semi auto cat litter disposal system are:
1. Only 1 pet (cat) can enter the disposal box.

2. Pet weight up to 10 kg.
4
1.5 Significant of Study
This semi-auto cat litter disposal system will bring benefit to people who own pet cat.
It will help them in charge of pet litter issue. This new innovation also helping in the
cleanliness issue.
1.6 Group Formation
Krypton consist of five members and being led by Mrs Nurhamizah binti Anuar as the
Director. The team is being support by Mr Wan Mohamad Nordin bin Wan Ibrahim
as Design Engineer come out with new creation and design. Mrs Nurul Najwa binti
Saharudin as Manufacturing Engineer in order to lead the manufacturing process of
company product. Mrs. Nurul Afiqah binti Abdul Wahid as Production Engineer to
control and produce the product. While the process and quality of company product is
control by the Quality Control Engineer, Mrs. Siti Syakirah Solehah binti Hazim.
1.6.1 Group Logo
Figure 1.2: Krypton logo
This logo is inspired from our determination in design and innovating a new product
in term of mechanical approach. “KRYPTON” group was formed at University Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia. This group was established in March 2019 during Component
5
Engineering Design (BDA 31203) courses and remains until now. We have five team
members and each of team member have their own responsibility and team work to
realize this project.
1.6.2 Group Organization
Figure 1.3: Krypton group member organization chart

6
1.7 Design Process Model
To produce a high-quality product, several design steps need to be followed

accordingly before producing the product. The best product is it has an affordable price
and it can give a high impact to the customers. There are three important design process
phases in engineering design. The phases are conceptual design, embodiment design
and detail design. Figure 1.4 shows the design process model.
Figure 1.4: Flow for design process model
1.7.1 Conceptual Design
In the first phase of the design process, the conceptual design, there are a few stages
of the process. First is define problem. In this process, we set our problem statement,
benchmark, product dissection and etc. After that, we gather information through a lot
of mediums such as from the internet, patents, technical articles and journals. Then,
we generate the concept of our product. We conduct a brainstorming to gain creativity
methods, functional models and systematic design methods of our product. Next, we
do concept evaluations. In this process, we make a decision on what are the criteria of
our product by using a Pugh chart.
7
1.7.2 Embodiment Design
On the second phase of the design process, which is the embodiment process, there are
also a few stages of process occur. The first one is we do the modularity process. We
do the arrangement of the physical element of our product. Then, we configure our
design by setting our sizing of parts, modelling and do a preliminary selection of
materials and manufacturing processes. Next, we do a parametric design where we set
the tolerances of our product.
1.7.3 Detail Design
In the last process in the design process, detail design is developed. In this process,
finalized engineering drawings of the product must be done and finalize the product
definitions.
1.8 Design Process Model
Delegation empowers a subordinate to make a decision. In order to ensure this project

can be completed in the range of the time have been set, he decided to distribute the
task among group members. By doing this, we can ensure all the group members have
their own responsibility in this project by doing their specific task and the productivity
of the project can be increased. This process is being done after discussing with all
group members. Table 1.1 below shows the task distribution among our group
members.
Table 1.1: Task delegations of group members
NO CONTENT PIC
1.1 Product Background Hamizah

1 Introduction 1.2 Problem Statement Syakirah
1.3 Project Objective Nordin
8
1.4 Project Scope Najwa

1.5 Project Significance Najwa
1.6 Team Formation Afiqah
1.7 Design Process Model Nordin
1.8 General Task Delegation Hamizah
1.9 Project Planning and Scheduling Syakirah
2.1 Related Work/Product Najwa
2.2 Comparison of Product from Patent
Najwa
Search
2.3 Benchmarking of Product Specification Afiqah
2.4 Identification of Market Needs and
Hamizah
2 Define task Customer Satisfaction
2.5 Clarifying Objectives Hamizah
2.6 Weighting of Objective Tree Najwa
2.7 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) Najwa
2.8 Requirement List (RL) / Engineering
Afiqah
Design (EDS)
3.1 Introduction Nordin
3.2 Clarifying Function Nordin
3.2.1 Component Decomposition
Nordin
Analysis
3.2.2 Function Decomposition Analysis Nordin
3.2.3 Function Structure Nordin
3 Conceptual 3.3 Concept Generation Nordin
Design 3.3.1 Brainstorming Nordin
3.3.2 Morphological Chart Nordin
3.3.3 Product Sketching Syakirah
3.4 Concept Evaluation Syakirah
3.4.1 Evaluation Matrix Syakirah
3.4.2 Concept Selection Syakirah
4 4.1 Product Architecture Nordin
4.2 Configuration Design Syakirah
9
Embodiment 4.2.1 Identification of Analysis

Design and Component, Types of Analysis and Value Hamizah
Analysis to be Determine
4.2.2 List of Standard Parts, Standard
Hamizah
Modules and Special Purpose Parts
4.3 Parametric Design Afiqah
4.3.1 Parametric Design Problem Afiqah
4.3.1.1 Component Analysis and
Nordin
Selection
4.3.1.2 Failure Analysis Najwa
4.3.1.3 Other related technical analysis Najwa
4.3.1. Material Selection Afiqah
4.3.2 Consideration of Design For X Nordin
4.3.3 Ergonomic Consideration Syakirah
4.3.4 Published Standards Najwa
4.3.5 Other Analysis Including
Hamizah
Experimental Analysis
5.1 Detail drawing Parts Nordin
5.1.1 Parts Nordin
5.1.2 Assembly Nordin
5.2 Product analysis and simulation by
Nordin
Detail Design SolidWorks simulation
5 and Product 5.2.1 Static analysis Nordin
Simulation 5.2.2 Fatigue analysis Nordin
5.2.3 Other analysis Nordin
5.3 Bill of Materials (BOM) Afiqah
5.4 Final product design specification Syakirah
5.5 Complete design checklist Najwa
6.1 Product prototyping Nordin
Prototyping 6.1.1 Process Involved Nordin
6 and Testing 6.1.2 Prototype (Assembly) process time Hamizah
6.1.3 Prototype product Afiqah
6.2 Testing requirement and checklist Syakirah
10
6.3 Testing and Refinement Nordin

6.4 Final prototype product Nordin
7.1 Basic Concept Syakirah
7.1.1 Elements in Sustainability Syakirah
7.1.2 Concept of Sustainable
Sustainability Hamizah
Development
and
7.1.3 Impact of Engineering Solution to
Environmental Hamizah
7 Sustainable Development
Consideration
7.2 Social and Environmental
in Engineering Afiqah
Responsibilities
Design
7.2.1 Improvement of Quality of Life Afiqah
7.2.2 Protection of Society Najwa
7.2.3 Design for Environment Najwa
8.1 Introduction Afiqah
8.2 Cost Evaluation Afiqah
8.3 Business Plan Afiqah
8.3.1 Executive Summary Hamizah
8.3.2 Mission and Vision Hamizah
8.3.3 Key to Success Hamizah
8
Economic, 8.3.4 Company Background Najwa
Costing and 8.3.5 Product Description Najwa
Business Plan 8.3.6 Competitors Najwa
8.3.7 SWOT Analysis Afiqah
8.3.8 Market Target Afiqah
8.3.9 Marketing Strategy Hamizah
8.3.10 Sales Forecast Hamizah
Project 9.1 Conclusion Syakirah
9
Summary 9.2 Recommendation Syakirah
10 References All
11 Appendices All
1.9 Project Planning and Scheduling
A) GANT CHART - SEMI AUTO CAT LITTER DISSPOSAL SYSTEM Period Highlight: 1 Plan Duration Actual Start % Complete
ACTIVITY START WEEK PLAN DURATION P.I.C ACTUAL DURATION PERCENT COMPLETE WEEKS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
SELECT TEAM MEMBER 1 1 ALL MEMBER 1 100%
GROUP ORGANIZATION 1 1 MIZA (GL) 1 100%
GROUP NAME & LOGO 2 1 NORDIN 2 100%
PROPOSAL 3 2 ALL MEMBER 6 100%
TITLE SELECTION 3 1 ALL MEMBER 8 100%
DEFINE TASK 4 2 MIZA (GL) 6 100%
APPROVAL 5 3 LECTURER 3 100%
DESIGN SKETCHING 5 2 NAJWA, NORDIN & KYRA 5 100%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
MECHANISM SELECTION 5 2 AFIQAH, NORDIN & KYRA 6 100%
MATERIAL SELECTION 6 5 NAJWA & MIZA 7 100%
PROJECT BACKGROUND 6 1 NAJWA 8 100%
OBJECTIVES 9 1 AFIQAH 3 100%
PLANNING GANT CHART 9 2 KYRA 7 100%
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 9 3 NORDIN 1 100%
ENGINERING ANALYSIS 9 4 AFIQAH, MIZA & NAJWA 5 100%
FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS 10 5 KYRA & NORDIN 3 100%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
INDUSTRY VISIT 11 2 ALL MEMBER 5 100%
DETAIL DESIGN 12 6 NORDIN & MIZA 7 100%
SOLIDWORD DRAWING 12 1 NORDIN 5 100%
COMPONENT DETAIL 14 5 NORDIN 6 100%
CONCLUSION 14 8 NAJWA 2 100%
RECOMMENDATION 14 7 MIZA (GL) 3 100%
REPORT WRITING 15 4 ALL MEMBER 8 100%
REPORT COMPILE 15 1 NAJWA 3 100%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
EXHIBITION / PRESENTATION 15 1 ALL MEMBER 5 100%
REPORT SUBMIT 16 1 MIZA (GL) 30 100%

CHAPTER 2
DEFINE TASK
2.1 Related Product
Define task is the initial stage to briefly define the product purpose and task involved
in the product design. In this study, some investigation and research have been
conducted to improve product design. Some research has been done to overcome the
problem existed. In this chapter, a few patents that can help the progress to develop
the product. Patent search is a mechanism and method that already patented in the
past and nowadays. The purpose of finding a patent search is to find the related
mechanism that will be used in producing the product.
2.1.1 Patent Search
Patent search is important in patent process where to determine the different between
an invention and the existing product in the prior art. The patent search benefits the
inventor by recognizing the closest prior art so that we can identify both how patentable
the invention is and also what exact parts of the invention are the most different from
the prior art. In this chapter, a few patents are used for generating ideas to create an
invention.
16
2.1.1.1 Patent 1
Table 2.1: Patent 1
General Information
Title Pet Sanitation Device
Inventor Aquilla Elfindale
Patent Number US 20180199537A1
Date of Patent 19 July 2018
Patent Source Google Patent
Address https://patents.google.com/patent/US20160044888A1/en
Description This pet sanitation device provides a litter-containing basket in a

housing, with a spinner in the basket. This device will function
after a pet use by first spinning with low speed within the basket
to break-up the waste which in the housing and basket are filled
with water to dissolve water in the litter. Then, basket will be
spinning in the housing for the second time slightly faster to force
wastewater outward from the basket and into the space between
that basket and the housing. Finally, the wastewater is drained
from the housing exit the device to prepare the next following
use.
17
2.1.1.2 Patent 2
Table 2.2: Patent 2
General Information
Title Flip n Go Smart Litter Box
Inventor Melinda Marie Cameron, Scott Bartholdson
Patent Number US 2015/0173324 A1
Date of Patent 25 June 2015
18
Description This product uses a self-contained box concept including an

attachable filtering mechanism for use in collection of waste
from inside the box, thus providing consumers with a simple
and sanitary means of disposing pet waste in either a reusable
plastic or a disposable cardboard version.
2.1.1.3 Patent 3
Table 2.3: Patent 3
General Information
Title Cat Litter Box Apparatus

Inventor Magnus Lane
Patent US 7487743B1
Number
Date of Patent 10 February 2009
Address https://patents.google.com/patent/US7487743B1/en
19
Description A cat litter box apparatus providing a lid and two doors where
function as return a closed position automatically. This product
also very helpful a plurality of cats and people around by
controlling odours. Besides, the apparatus further provides two
method to get rid of the litter. The first is by manual screening of
the litter by means of a sieved half-around ended scoop and the
second is by semi-automatic litter screening by temporary
placement of the scoop within either end of the box. In a selected
tilted position, the box has wheels, an omnidirectional caster,
tilted selectively and supported.
20
2.1.1.4 Patent 4
Table 2.4: Patent 4
General Information
Title Flushable Cat Litter
Inventor William Dale Brown
Patent Number US 2017/0049071 A1
Date of Patent 23 February 2017
Description A flushable cat litter existing in a litter box was designed to allow
most of the cat’s urine to drain into a compartment or container
separate from the portion of the litter box holding a cat’s feces.
21
The cat litter preferably includes a mixture of Sodium

Bicarbonate and Sodium Carbonate.
2.1.1.5 Patent 5
Table 2.5: Patent 5
General Information
Title Self-cleaning Cat Box
Inventor Geoffrey Sarkissian
Patent US005544620A
Number
Date of Patent 13 August 1996
Address https://patents.google.com/patent/US5544620A/en
Description An improved self-cleaning cat box and new method for cleaning a
cat litter box is comprised of a litter tray, a rake, and a storage area
with a lid, a scraper and a drawer. In operation, a motor propels
the rake through the litter. The rake collects waste as it moves
forward till it is rotated up and moved over the storage area. The
scraper comes down over the waste while the rake is over the
storage area, preventing waste from leaving the storage area as the
22
rake retracts. The waste is deposited in the drawer. When waste

has accumulated, the drawer may be opened for easy main
tenancies. The storage area lid has a seal to prevent the escape of
unpleasant odours. As the rake returns to its starting position, it
back rakes and levels the litter. The rake is then retracted out of
the litter and parked behind a baffle.
2.1.2 Catalogue
In catalogue contain the detail of the product such as about the description, price,
benefits, pictures of the product and many more. Catalogue one of the methods for
research purpose regarding the existing product in the market and gain information for
the product development. Usually the catalogue is used by a company for marketing
23
strategy in form of printed document or electronic document (e-catalogue) in the

internet. The following shows some e-catalogue for cat litter box.
Figure 2.1: Example catalogue for cat litter box
2.2 Comparison of Products from Patent Search
Table 2.6: Product comparison
Product
Flip & Go Cat Litter
Proposed Pet Sanitation
Smart Litter Box
Product Device
Box Apparatus
Function
Flushable √ √
Reusable √ √ √ √
Use liquid
√
solution
Separate the
sand and the √ √
waste
Controlling
√ √
odors
Automatic/
√ √ √
semi-automatic
24
Safe √ √ √ √
Quiet √
Easy
√ √ √ √
maintenance
Manually √ √ √
Eco-friendly √ √
2.3 Benchmarking of Product Specification from Commercial Product
Table 2.7: Benchmarking product
No Specification Product 1 Product 2 Product 3
Product Pet Sanitation Flip & Go Smart Cat Litter Box

1
name Litter Box Apparatus
Product
picture
Function As a pet Simple disposing pet As a cat litter box

3 sanitatio waste in reusable apparatus
n device plastic
25
Advantages - Provide a - Providing - No limited size of

washable consumers with a cat can use
particulate simple and sanitary - Conventional
litter disposing pet waste. concepts and design
4 material - Reusable pf prior art.
- Control - Convenience and - Have tilting
the odor and ease adjustable height
hygiene - Hygienic solution support and use
counters.
Material Washable Heavy duty plastic Plastic

5
particulat
e
Power source Electric motor Human energy Human and electric
6
energy
7 Operation Automatic Manual Semi-automatic
2.4 Identification of Market Needs (Market Survey) and Customer Satisfaction
Identification of market is very important for determining necessary aspect in product

making. Hence online survey has been done to analyse several features and aspects to
be enhanced and preferred by customer in order to make it a good quality product that
is marketable. The questionnaire has been distributed to 35 respondents consist of
multi-background. Hence the scope of respondent must be reduced due to what animal
the user has as a pet. The data collected is kept private and confidential
2.4.1 Survey and Questionnaire Form
The survey questionnaire is drafted manually before it transferred into Google form.
The purpose of making the survey questions in Google form is to enable respondent to
fill it when they are free to do so. Besides, online Google form is accessible anytime
and anywhere. We are group Krypton from Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing
26
Engineering University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia would like to innovate the product
called Smart Sift to become a product called Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System.
This survey would help us in improving our innovation suits to market needs. Your
response will be recorded for survey purpose.
2.4.1.1 Survey and Questionnaire Form
Tick (/) for your answer in the box provided
1. Gender
Male
Female
2. Profession
Private Sector
Self Employed
Student
Government
Others: _______________
3. Do you have cat as your pet?
Yes
No
4. Is this product helps you to ease your job to dispose the cat litter?
Yes
No
Maybe
27
5. Would you like to purchase this product with the current price?
Yes
No
Maybe
6. Based on the features of this product, which range of price

would be a reasonable price to be owned?
Below RM 100
RM 100 – RM 200
RM 200 – RM 300
More than RM 300
7. What is your preferred requirement for this product? (You may mark more than
1)
Reusable
Efficient
Safe
Comfortable
Lightweight
Low cost
Odor control
Eco-friendly
long-lasting
8. From your opinion, which part of this product should be more focused on?
Reusable
Efficient
Safe
Comfortable
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Lightweight
Low cost
Odor control
Eco-friendly
Long-lasting
Part 2
Rate the following feature on how you determine the designation of this “Semi-Auto
Cat Litter Disposal System”. Please tick (/) in the box according to the scale
provided.
1: Less Important, 2: Not important, 3: Average,

4: Important, 5: Very Important
SCALE
Features 3 4 5
1 2
Cost
Hygiene
Medium size
Easy to use
Efficient
Reusable
Light weight
Portable
Affordable
Useful
29
Invention Evaluation Form
Rate the following characteristic according to the scale given for “Semi-Auto Cat
Litter Disposal System”. Please tick (/) in the box according to the scale provided.
1: Less Important, 2: Not important, 3: Average,

4: Important, 5: Very Important
Characteristi 1 2 3 4 5
c
Ergonomic Easy to handle
Convenience
Design Light Weight
Suitable material
Price Low Maintenance
Operating cost
Durability Long lasting
Performance Hygiene output
Eco Friendly
2.4.2 Survey Analysis
The analysis of survey is evaluated after all the data have been gathered and classified
depending on the aspect that needed to be considered. Besides this analysis will show
the requirement needed based on the opinion and thought from the consumer.
2.4.2.1 Respondent Gender
The questionnaire has been responded by 35 respondents, the respondents involved

two genders which is male and female. 54.3% respondents consist of male and 45.7%
30
respondents are male. From the percentages shown, 19 respondents are male, and 16
respondents are female. The data were illustrated in Figure 2.2 and Table 2.8.
Figure 2.2: Pie chart of gender
Table 2.8: Tabulation of data of respondent gender
Gender No of respondents Percentage, %
Male 19 54.3
Female 16 45.7
Total 35 100
2.4.2.2 Respondent Profession
The survey was also distributed and spread and spread to the citizens involving
different age phase. Hence the professions are also consisting of multiple background
work environment. Besides, this survey also was carried out in campus which students
from different background of studies can contribute and share their opinions and
knowledge regarding cat litter disposal system. The data were illustrated in the Figure
2.3 and Table 2.9 below.
31
Figure 2.3: Pie chart of profession
Table 2.9: Tabulation of data of respondent profession
Profession No of respondents Percentage %

Private Sector 3 8.6
Self employed 4 11.4
Student 25 71.4
Government 3 8.6
Total 35 100
2.4.2.3 Cat as a Pet by Respondent
From this analysis, 82.9% respondents have their own cat as a pet and 17.1% does not
have cat. Figure 2.4 and Table 2.10 shows the data of cat as a pet by respondents.
32
Figure 2.4: Pie Chart of cat as a pet by respondents
Table 2.10: Tabulation of data for cat as a pet by respondents
Answer No of respondents Percentage, %
Yes 29 82.9
No 6 17.1
Total 35 100
2.4.2.4 Rate of Production
As been explained at the description of questionnaire most respondents agree that cat
litter disposal system would help to ease job for dispose the cat litter. 65.7% of
respondents giving ‘Yes’ and the other give ‘Maybe’ for the answer. That show in
Figure 2.5 and Table 2.11.
33
Figure 2.5: Pie chart data for rate of production
Table 2.11: Tabulation data for rate of production
Yes 23 65.7
No 0 0
Maybe 12 34.3
Total 35 100
2.4.2.5 Potential Respondents to Purchase the Current Price of Product
From the respond, 62.9% of respondents answer ‘Maybe’ to purchase this product with
current price while 25.7% answer ‘Yes’ and 11.4% does not agree to buy the product
with current price. Means that they would buy this product with more affordable price.
Figure 2.6 and Table 2.12 show the potential respondents to purchase the current price
of cat litter system.
34
Figure 2.6: Pie chart data for potential respondents to purchase the current price
Table 2.12: Tabulation data for potential respondents to purchase the current price
Yes 22 62.9
No 4 11.4
Maybe 9 25.7
Total 35 100
2.4.2.6 Range of Analysis Price
Price become the last stage before it will be released to the market which is should be
suitable and reasonable price. The cost of manufacturing, cost of material and hidden
cost must be study in order to produce low cost with high quality served. Based on the
results shown in Figure 2.7 and Table 2.13, 68.6% respondents suggest that range
below RM100 is the reasonable price for market sale per product.
35
Figure 2.7: Pie chart for range of analysis price
Table 2.13: Tabulation data for range of analysis price
Below RM 100 24 68.6
RM 100-RM200 9 25.7
RM200-RM300 2 5.7
More than RM300 0 0
Total 35 100
2.4.2.7 Preferred Requirement for Product
This questionnaire is one of the main parts in designing of cat litter disposal system
which the preferred requirement and opinions are needed by the respondents. The
requirements are according to their multiple choices for this product. According to the
Figure 2.8 and Table 2.14, the customer seems to be more interested in low cost,
efficient and reusable to become as the main consideration for them to own.
36
Figure 2.8: Bar chart of preferred requirement for this product
Table 2.14; Tabulation of data of preferred requirement for this product
Choice No of respondents Percentage, %
Reusable 26 74.3
Efficient 27 77.1
Safe 22 62.9
Comfortable 18 51.4
Lightweight 13 37.1
Low cost 31 88.6
Odor control 21 60
Eco-friendly 15 42.9
long-lasting 24 68.6
2.4.2.8 Main Focus Analysis
From this question, the main focus of cat litter disposal system needed to be clear to
avoid any wasteful time or material in producing the product. Besides, any idea or
improvement can be done in the correct scope of work. Based on Figure 2.9 and Table
37
2.15, function of this invention is chosen by the respondents. Hence, the workforce in
this group will optimizing the function of cat litter disposal.
Figure 2.9: Bar chart of main focus analysis
Table 2.15: Tabulation for data of main focus analysis
Choice No of respondents Percentage, %
Reusable 12 34.3
Efficient 24 68.6
Safe 16 45.7
Comfortable 14 40
Lightweight 6 17.1
Low cost 25 71.4
Odor control 19 54.3
Eco-friendly 9 25.7
Long-lasting 20 57.1
38
2.4.2.9 Data of Product Designation
The bar chart in Figure 2.10 and Figure 2.11 show that the data of product designation
with weightage rate from 1 to 5 where 1 is not important, 2 is less important, 3 is
moderate, 4 is important and 5 is very important. From this question, the respondents
suggest that cost of product, hygiene, easy to use, efficient, reusable, portable,
affordable and useful is very important compared to the other that need to be
considered for produce a new product.
Figure 2.10: Data of product designation (Part A)
Figure 2.11: Data of product designation (Part B)

39
2.4.2.10 Data of Product Characteristic
The bar chart in Figure 2.12 and Figure 2.13 show that the data of product designation
with weightage rate from 1 to 5 where 1 is not important, 2 is less important, 3 is
moderate, 4 is important and 5 is very important. From this question, the respondents
suggest the characteristic of this product should be easy to handle, convenience, light
weight, suitable material, and eco-friendly is important to be considered.
Figure 2.12: Data for characteristic product (Part A)
Figure 2.13: Data for characteristic product (Part B)

40
2.5 Clarifying Objectives – Objective Tree
The objectives tree method is an approach to transform vague design statement into
more specific customer requirement. An objective tree helps to minimize any
confusion between the customers and the design team as both should agree on
objective tree.
Figure 2.14: Objective tree structure

41
2.6 Weighting of Objective Tree
The weighting of objective tree is an importance method for evaluating competing

concept with the design criteria of weighting factors from objective tree. Figure 2.13
below shows the set of value.
Figure 2.15: Weighting of objective tree

42
2.7 Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
House of Quality
Table 2.16: House of Quality (HOQ)
Improvement Engineering Characteristic

Direction NA
Customer
Weather Resistance
factor (Scale: 1 – 5)
Importance weight
Percentage (%)
Requirements
Toughness
Dimension
Material
Weight
Speed
Cost
Clean 4 8 3 1 3 3 1 1 1
Efficient 5 10 9 9 1 3 1 1 3
Safe 3 6 3 1 1 9 3 9 3
Comfortable 5 10 1 1 9 9 3 3 3
Size 3 6 9 1 9 1 9 1 1
Easy to use 5 10 3 9 3 3 1 1 1
Lifetime 5 10 3 3 1 3 1 9 1
Portable 4 8 9 3 3 9 9 1 3
Odour control 3 6 3 1 1 1 1 1 1
Reusable 5 10 9 1 1 9 1 3 1
Low cost 5 10 9 3 9 3 9 1 9
Light weight 3 6 3 1 9 3 9 1 3
Total 50 100 544 316 456 480 372 268 260
Rank Order 1 5 3 2 4 6 7
43
2.8 Requirement List (RL) / Engineering Design Specification (EDS)
Product Design Specification: Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System
Function:
The Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System simplifies the task of litter maintenance
with its cat friendly with motor and conveyer as it is semi-automatic. This product is
an innovation of SmartSift which is simplifies the task of litter maintenance manually.
It stands apart from conventional cat pans as it is a convenient litter maintenance
system that eliminates the need to scoop and reduces mess and odours.
Client requirements:
• The product should be efficient in terms of hygiene and n control odour

• The product should be easy to be used and easy to maintenance
• The product must be safe for the cats to use it
• The product should be comfortable for the cats to use it
• The product should be moderately priced
• The product must be lightweight and portable
• The product must be reusable and has long lifetime
Design Requirements:
1. Physical and operational characteristics.

a. Performance requirements
The product is lightweight, so it is portable and easily to be moved. The
efficiency of the product also already increased in terms of hygiene. The
waste and the sand will be separated during the process.
b. Safety
The product is designed with button. The user needs to make sure there is
no cats inside the product to press the button.
44
c. Material
Material used is plastic as it is lightweight and not too costly.
2. Power
Power system for the motor is already set and just press the button.
3. Period of useful life

The product should last for a minimum of one year before requiring any
maintenance of servicing.
4. Total life
The product should last in excess of 5 years with nominal maintenance or
servicing before becoming completely inoperable.
CHAPTER 3
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
3.1 Clarifying Function
There always problem during formulation stage which to determine the customers and
company requirements because lack of sufficient detail and information to achieve
these requirements. Therefore, the designers need to clarify the functions to the
customers or company by using three types of method which are component
decomposition diagram, functions decomposition diagram and function structure.
Activity analysis is used to teach the customers to understand the required function
during daily use and also hoe the product interacts to environment.
46
3.1.1 Component Decomposition Analysis
Component decomposition is a block diagram of the parts and subassemblies that make
the product in the form of hierarchical structure of component forms. In Figure 3.1,
that shows there are two main components of Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System,
which are body part and mechanism parts. Body parts consists casing, filter, sand/litter
pan and lock and in mechanism parts consists motor, battery and conveyor.
Figure 3.1: Components decompositions analysis of products

47
3.1.2 Function Decomposition Analysis
Figure 3.2 below shows the function decomposition Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal
System where every component has carried out their specific function between the
main and the subcomponents. Therefore, by using the figure the understanding the role
of the components will be fully understand which relates between the main component
and the subcomponent that allowed system to perform in cycle operation and good
condition all the time during the machine operates.
Figure 3.2: Function decomposition analysis of products

48
3.1.3 Function Structure
Function structure is to establish the function required, and the system boundary, of a
new design.
A) Black Box
Figure 3.3: Black box product structure
In Figure 3.3 above show the black box product structure for Semi-auto Cat
Litter Disposal System. To start the develop function structure we first need to
understand the big picture for the innovation. Function black box is to describe the
input and produce required output.
49
B) Function Box
Figure 3.4: Function structure for product

50
3.2 Concept Generation
Based on the information gathered from the customers feedback and specification, the
feature and function were brainstormed to find the best combination to create a Semi-
auto Cat Litter Disposal System. All of the options available will be mixed and
matched to create a brand-new generation of concept. Finally, a latest and successful
brand feature combination will be chosen and the final design will be selected.
Essentially, through proper model sketching and product description, this concept
generation can explain and demonstrate how the selection of the best features is
decided.
3.2.1 Brainstorming
Brainstorming basically means that a group of people, before considering some of

them more carefully, suggest a lot of ideas for a future activity very quickly. Therefore,
in this case, we used this brainstorming method to list our creative idea to solve our
problems during the production of this project and it is also aimed at improving our
brand from a few different aspects that are awareness, fluency, flexibility and
originality. Each student in our group has to talk during the discussion and give some
ideas to our company.
Other than that, in our brainstorming session, we also used the SCAMPER Checklist
(Figure 3.4). In addition, we also generate ideas by using six key questions: Who?
What? When? Where? Why? How? At the end of the session we generate a concept
map for our product.
51
Figure 3.5: SCAMPER checklist
3.2.2 Morphological Chart
Morphological chart provides a structured approach to concept generation to broaden

the search area for solutions to a defined problem of design. A morphological chart is
a visual way of capturing the necessary functionality of the product and exploring
alternative ways and combinations of achieving it. There may be a number of possible
solutions for each component of the product function. The chart allows for the
presentation of these ideas and provides a basis for consideration of alternative
combinations. This can allow the product ' architecture' to be considered early by
generating and considering various' sub-solutions ' combinations that have not been
previously identified. It can be used effectively to facilitate a user-driven approach to
possible solution creation.
There are three options listed in this project to consider the best option for this product
designation. By listing the critical function analysis from the drawn functional
structure, a table is constructed. The morphological analysis table drawn by listing the
function at the columns and options at the row.
52
Table 3.1: Morphological chart
Mechanism Potential Mechanism/Alternative

No. / Parts /
Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3
Function
1 Motor type AC Motor DC Motor N/A
2 Switching Relay switch Push button Sliding Switch

system
3 Casing/body Steel Plastic (PVC) Wood

material
4 Filter shape Rectangular Round Net
5 Locking Screw Grip/Pin Sliding

system
53
6 Battery types Non-rechargeable Rechargeable Lead-acid battery
7 Conveyor Belt Roller Wheel

types
8 Number for 2 9 12
roller at
conveyor
Table 3.2: Morphological chart assembly (Option 1)
No. Function Alternative
1 Motor type AC Motor
2 Switching system Push Button
3 Casing/body material PVC
4 Filter shape Rectangular
5 Locking system Screw
6 Battery types Rechargeable
7 Conveyor types Belt
8 Number for roller at conveyor 2

54
1 Motor type DC Motor
2 Switching system Sliding Switch
3 Casing/body material Steel
4 Filter shape Round
5 Locking system Sliding
6 Battery types Non-Rechargeable
7 Conveyor types Roller
1 Motor type AC
2 Switching system Relay Switch
3 Casing/body material Wood
4 Filter shape Net
5 Locking system Grip/Pin
6 Battery types Lead-acid batteries
7 Conveyor types Wheel

55
3.3 Concept Evolution
The evaluation of design concept implies and involves both comparison and decision
making. This is because we want to choose the best of our design. Evaluation technique
require a comparison between the concept developed and the requirements they must
meet along with decision regarding how well they must those requirements. This is
because through this assessment concept it can help to determine the concept that best
suits your design goals. The concept evaluation stage represents the convergence stage
of design development that we will start by evaluating the concepts developed from
the combination at morphological chart.
A weighted decision matrix operates in similar way as the essential choice matrix but
introduced the concept of weighting in criteria in order of importance. The concept
assessments stage speaks to the intermingling phase of plan advancement, beginning
with assessing the ideas produced for the most reduced degree of work deuteriation.
As it progresses, it will start to consolidate the best ideas into sub-frameworks and
after that to evaluate the sub-systems using the same procedures. The resultant scores
better mirror the significance to the chief of the criteria included.
3.3.1 Evaluation Matrix – Weighted Rating Method
Weighted rating method is a quantitative technique used to rank the multi-dimensional

option of an option set. From this method also can define the concept of the product
and know the best of our design or product. A weighted decision matrix is a method
of evaluating competing concepts by ranking the design criteria with weighting factors
and scoring the degree to which each design concept meets the criterion. A weighted
decision matrix also operates in the same way as the basic decision matrix but it can
introduce the concept of weighting the criteria in order of importance.
56
Table 3.5: Weighted Rating Method
Concept Alternative
Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3

Criteria Importance
weight
Score Rating Score Rating Score Rating
Cost
Material Cost 0.15 4 0.6 5 0.75 3 0.45
Maintenance Cost 0.15 3 0.45 4 0.6 3 0.45
Design
Hygiene 0.2 4 0.8 5 1 3 0.6
Medium size 0.05 3 0.15 4 0.2 3 0.225
Easy to use 0.05 4 0.2 5 0.25 4 0.2
Efficient 0.05 3 0.15 4 0.2 4 0.2
Reusable 0.075 4 0.3 3 0.225 3 0.225
Light weight 0.075 4 0.3 5 0.375 4 0.3
Marketable
Portable 0.05 4 0.2 4 0.2 4 0.2
Affordable
0.075 3 0.225 5 0.375 3 0.225
Useful 0.075 5 0.375 3 0.225 4 0.3
Total 1 3.75 4.4 3.375
3.3.2 Concept Selection
Concept selection is the process of evaluating the concepts which meet the customer
requirements and some other criteria. Furthermore, it is the process of comparing the
strengths and weaknesses of the concepts. One or more selection of concepts is made
for further investigation, testing or development. Although concept selection is a
convergent process, it is frequently iterative and may not produce a dominant concept
immediately. Table 3.4 below shows materials and relevant data of Semi-auto Cat
57
Litter Disposal System are chosen based on function and specification after the
evaluation concept is done.
Table 3.6: Concept selection of product
No. Specification Function
1 DC Motor Motor type
2 Switch button Switching system
3 PVC Casing/body material
4 Rectangular Filter shape
5 Sliding/Clip Slotting/Locking system
6 Rechargeable Battery types
7 Belt Conveyor types
8 2 Number for roller at conveyor
3.3.3 Product Sketching
Product sketching are preliminary sketching of a product before being analysed more
deeply. Product sketching is also very important as it represents the idea and is
presented in visual form. The early sketching is usually used by designers to the
customer and that they can produce products based on customer request. Hence, the
study finds that by doing product sketching process it will accelerate the process of
developing an idea by a designer.
A) Product Sketching 1 (Selected Design)
This design focus on the efficiency of conveyor/sliding to transport the cat waste in
this product. This product also has a filter to segregate between cat waste and cat litter
on different container/pan. The motor has been used to generate the power to rotate
the conveyor.
58
Figure 3.6: Product sketching 1
B) Product Sketching 2
This design used a spinning to separate the cat waste and cat litter. The motor will
rotate the blade and then the cat waste and cat litter will fall on filter. The filter will
separate between cat litter and cat waste where the cat litter will fall down into the
container and cat waste will still in filter. Then, the filter can be removed to eliminate
the cat waste.
59
C) Product Sketching 3
This design same with the sketching 1 where have filter and two containers for separate
cat litter and cat waste. It also has motor and battery, but the system is different. The
motor generate power to move the belt and the brush to scope the cat waste from the
cat litter box.

CHAPTER 4
EMBODIMENT DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Product Architecture
Product architecture is the arrangement of a product's physical elements to perform its

required function. During product development, product architecture is one of the most
important decisions. Most researchers in this field focus on product architecture
modifications, which means that the design process for the Semi-automatic Cat Litter
Disposal System is based on the predefined architecture as shown in Figure 4.1 below.
In Figure 4.1 below, the process starts when switch (push button) is on. The electrical
energy will run the motor and as the shaft rotate, the conveyor will move to eliminate
the cat waste. Once the cat waste moved on the angled filter, the filter will refine the
cat litter. The sand and the cat waste will be separated into two different containers so
it will be easier to remove the cat waste from the container.
61
Figure 4.1: Schematic of product

62
4.1.1 Element Cluster for Schematic Drawing
Control
panel
Transmitting
movement
Action
Output
Figure 4.2: Cluster chart
4.1.2 Rough Geometry Layout
The rough geometry layout shows the design products rough idea. The rough geometry
layout is more likely to be the geometry of the product between elements and modules,
where the product assembly component is shown together to prove the function of the
design product and achieve the goal.
63
Figure 4.3: Rough geometry layout of Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System
64
4.1.3 Identify the Interaction
Fundamental interactions are interactions that match the schematic lines that connect
the chunks to each other. This line also identifies the energy wasted or negative effect
on the design.
Control Panel Human

Energy
Transmitting Electrical
Energy
Movement
Separates
Action sand and
cat litter
Clean
Output
container
4.2 Configuration Design
Configuration design is a system in which a series of predefined components can be

interfaced (connected) in predefined ways and a range of components can be installed.
The component shape and overall measurements are defined. The term component is
used for special purpose parts, standard parts and standard assemblies in the generic
sense. A segment is characterized by its architectural features such as holes, slots,
65
walls, ribs, filets and chamfers. The position and orientation of the geometric elements
are included in the feature design.
4.2.1 Analysis Component and Type of Analysis
The degree to which it meets the functional requirement and product design
specification (PDS) is the first step in evaluating the configuration design of a
component. The research used in this design is quite simple, as it is important to choose
from several possible configurations the best materials or system. For Semi-auto Cat
Litter Disposal System, there are body frame and rotating shaft. The component
involved are shown as in Table 4.1 below.
Table 4.1: Analysis component for Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System
No Component
1 Body frame
2 Rotating Shaft
4.2.1.1 Body Frame
The project's body or housing acts as a vibration buffer and holds all the components
in one unit. Body is strong, quiet, reliable and able to operate on a wide variety of bee
farm conditions. Table 4.2 describes the types of bodies that are widely used.
Table 4.2: Type analysis on body frame
1) Vibration Analysis
Analysis 2) Strength Analysis
3) Load Analysis
1) Low vibration
Value 2) High strength
3) Hold high load
66
4.2.1.2 Rotating Shaft
The most important part is the shaft that rotates. This shaft is capable of holding high
torque and low torque as the 12V DC motor gives it strength. It must withstand high
heat resistance and can also withstand high load.
Table 4.3: Type analysis on rotating shaft
1) Vibration Analysis
2) Strength Analysis
Analysis
3) Load Analysis
4) Torque Analysis
1) Low vibration
2) High strength
Value
3) Hold high load
4) Hold low and high analysis
4.3 Parametric Design
Parametric design is an algorithmic method of thinking that allows the expression of

parameters and rules that define, encode and explain the relationship between the
intended design and the design answer of the problem. Parametric design is used to set
values for design variables, which will produce the best possible design that takes
efficiency and cost into account. There are the problem we calculate in our product:
4.3.1 Parametric Design Problem
Parametric design problem is a process based on algorithmic thinking that enables the
expression of parameters and rules that, together, define, encode and clarify the
relationship between design intent and design response of the problem.
67
4.3.1.1 Component Analysis and Selection of Motor
Speed of Rotation: 50 rpm

Mass: 0.12 kg
Load, F:
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔
𝐹 = 0.12 x 9.81
𝐹 = 1.1772 𝑁
Torque, T:
𝑇 = 1.1772 x 0.25
𝑇 = 0.2943 𝑁𝑚
Angular velocity, ω
2𝜋𝑁
𝜔=
60
2𝜋 𝑥 50
𝜔=
60
𝜔 = 5.2359 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
Power, P:
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
𝑃 = 0.2943× 5.2359
𝑃 = 1.5409 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
The motor that been selected to run the machine has specification as follow
Power, 𝑃= 0.002 𝐻𝑃 ≈ 1.5409 𝑊
1HP =1800 rpm and Speed, 𝑛 = 3.6 𝑟𝑝𝑚 ≈ 0.3770 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
Torque, T:
𝑃
T=
𝜔
1.5409
𝑇 = 0.3770
𝑇 = 4.1311 𝑁𝑚
68
4.3.1.2 Component Analysis and Selection of Motor
A) Material selection for shaft
The shaft material is AISI 1050 CD with Sut = 690Mpa, Sy = 580Mpa. For shock loads
and moderately elevated temperatures, 1050 CD steel was chosen. AISI 1050 CD
comes with good strength, wear resistance and toughness. This steel grade is used for
the manufacture of forged shafts and gears as well as for a wide range of applications
that can make use of its good mechanical properties combination. It can be difficult to
choose the right material and the most important aspect of architecture at times.
Figure 4.4: Table for ASTM Minimum Tensile and Yield Strength
69
B) Resolve Forces at the Shaft Free Body Diagram
Consider x-y plane
𝑦
𝑦
𝑥
𝑥
70
+↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 +⤹ ∑𝑀𝐴_𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑌 + 𝑅𝐵𝑌 − 11.8031 = 0 −11.8031 (0.175) + 𝑅𝐵𝑌 (0.175) = 0
𝑅𝐵𝑌 = 5.90 𝑁 𝑅𝐴𝑌 = 5.90 𝑁
Consider x-z plane.
𝑥
71
𝐹𝑍 𝑟 = 3019.68 𝑁
0.175𝑚 0.175𝑚
𝑅𝐴𝑍 𝑅𝐵𝑍
+↑ ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0 +⤹ ∑𝑀𝐴_𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝐴𝑍 + 𝑅𝐵𝑍 − 11.8031 = 0 −11.8031 (0.175) + 𝑅𝐵𝑍 (0.175) = 0
𝑅𝐵𝑍 = 5.90 𝑁 𝑅𝐴𝑍 = 5.90 𝑁
72
C) Bending Load with Bending Moment Diagram
X-Y Plane
73
X – Z Plane
74
D) Limit and Fitting Analysis
Figure 4.5: Limit and fitting analysis
The shaft diameter is 15 mm. We have chosen Transition type of fit with H7/K6.
Figure 4.6: Table tolerance grades - Metric Series

75
A shaft with a basic size of 10 - 18 mm the tolerance grade of the shaft is IT6, 0.011
mm.
D min = 15 mm
D max = D + ΔD
D max = 15 + 0.011
= 15.011 mm
Below is the table about the fundamental deviation to find the lower-deviation letter
Figure 4.7: Table fundamental deviations – Metric Series
From the table above shows that shaft with clearance fit have been chosen with K =
+0.001
D max = d + δF
= 15 + (+0.001)
= 15.001 mm
D min = d + δF – Δd
= 15 + (+0.001) - 0.011
= 14.99 mm
76
4.3.1.3 Component Analysis of Bearing
A) Bearing type:
• For Bearing A, B, C, D: Ball bearing 𝑎 = 3
B) Bearing Manufacture
Form table 7.1;
60𝐿𝑅 𝑛𝑅 = (10)6
𝑥𝑜 = 0.02
𝜃 = 4.459
𝑏 = 1.483
C) Bearing Life Cycle
Life Cycle Assumption

Daily Baggage Conveyor Production: 5 hours
Monthly Production: 31 × 5 = 155 hours
Yearly Production: 365 × 5 = 1825 hours
10 Years Production: 18250 hours

77
D) Load Application Factor
From Table 7.6,
𝑎𝑓 = 1.2
E) Bearing Analysis Formula
Figure 4.8: Bearing formula

78
Hence,
1⁄
60𝐿𝐷 𝑛𝐷 𝑎
𝐶10 = 𝑎𝑓 𝐹𝐷 [ ]
60𝐿𝑅 𝑛𝑅
Bearing at both shaft,
Figure 4.9: Free body diagram for both shaft
Desired radial load,𝐹𝐷 :
𝐹𝐷_𝐴 = √(5.90)2 + (5.90)2 = 8.34 𝑁
𝐹𝐷_𝐵 = √(5.90)2 + (5.90)2 = 8.34 𝑁
Desired speed, 𝑛𝐷 :
𝑛𝐷 = 50 𝑟𝑝𝑚
1⁄
60𝐿𝐷 𝑛𝐷 𝑎
𝐶10 = 𝑎𝑓 𝐹𝐷 [ ]
60𝐿𝑅 𝑛𝑅
1⁄
60(18250)(50) 3
= (1.2)(8.34) [ ]
(10)6
= 38 𝑁
79
Suitable 𝐶10 from SKF table = 4.94 kN

Size of bearing: bore = 10 mm, OD = 30 mm, w = 9 mm
Figure 4.10: Bearing selection
4.3.1.4 Vibration Analysis
As the semi-automatic cat litter disposal use motor to generate the rotation of the
conveyor, the vibration occurs to the machine and examined by using SolidWorks
software to analyse it. The vibration occur will affect the performance of the machine.
As the most parts of the machine made from plywood, the excess of vibration not really
produce uncomfortable noise. In this machine the body part might receive the highest
vibration as it comprises motor and shaft that will spin during the removal of cat litter
process.
80
Figure 4.11: Vibration analysis on body frame
4.3.2 Material Selection
The selection of materials is an important process in determining the object to be

produced. It is also essential during the process of prototyping. The materials used in
the prototype product will affect the final product's shape and durability. Material
selection is used to make the product user friendly while meeting the goals of product
performance at the same time. In engineering works area there are two type of general
materials which is as shown Figure 4.12 below:
81
Figure 4.12: Engineering materials
In addition, product material determined the product's ability to function, sustainability

and customer satisfaction. This will occur when the interaction between the user and
the product where they will initially observe the product's physical properties, whether
or not it has worked well, the product's weight and also the mechanisms that can be
used for a longer period of time. Some material characteristics are listed as the semi-
automatic cat litter disposal consideration. These perceptions of the senses contribute
to the usability of the product and use experience. As a designer, we should be able to
select the best material for the product so that it can produce the sensory perception as
previously stated.
The designers choose the material on the basis of criteria or customer requirements but
do not choose randomly because there are many types of table to use based on standard
material selection methodology. For the designer, they must be very detailed in
choosing the material by highlighting the material strategy where the connection
between the product and its users can be more emotionally influenced. On the other
hand, they also consider the costing and budget for the likelihood of producing the best
product by choosing the best material and also the sustainability.
82
In general, each manufacturer recognizes that each content has different characteristics
in general, two of which are user-interaction and technical aspects. These two
interactions can be distinguished by physically observed where the technical aspect
consisting of the product's mechanical properties also determines the manufactured
product and the mechanism worked well. Meanwhile, aspects of user interaction are
those that influence the product's ability in a friendly usability and the product's
personality. For example, the texture of the physical properties, the colour and the
product creation that will affect the experience of the user. Furthermore, designers
should be able to compromise the best product to choose for high quality product such
as selecting the optimal material. The plywood is the material listed as it is lightweight
and can be recycled. Thus, the sustainability of this product is confirmed.
Figure 4.13:Plywood
4.3.2.1 The Design Requirements
There are many considerations when selecting the best performance of the material as
to the design requirement. Below are some of the aspects that we should take serious
responsibility for the selection of materials:
• Reusable
• Efficient
• Safe
• Comfortable
• Lightweight
• Low cost
83
• Odor control
• Eco-friendly
• Long-lasting.
4.3.2.2 The Performance Requirements
The performance requirements describe the attributes that must function as required
by the component or joint. Mechanical, electromagnetic, thermal, optical, physical,
chemical, electrochemical, and cosmetic properties can describe the attributes.
4.3.2.3 The Reliability Requirements
A component or joint's reliability refers to its ability to function as required when

exposed to a specific set of conditions of use over a specific period of use. When the
material degrades to the point where the component or joint no longer performs as
needed, a component, or joint fails. The requirements for reliability describe the
conditions of use to which the materials will be exposed and the materials expected
response to the conditions of use. Examples of conditions of use are high temperature
exposure, saltwater (corrosion) and vibration.
4.3.2.4 The Cost Requirements
The cost of building a component or buying a component depends on:
1. The materials that comprise a component or joint.

2. The manufacturing processes used to form a component or joint.
3. Whether a component is custom made or purchased “off-the-shelf supplier”.
4. The quantity of materials or components being purchased.
5. Quality problems associated with a material or component.
84
4.3.2.5 The Manufacturing Requirements
Companies may require specific processes to be used for component manufacturing

and assembly or sub-assembly construction. Maybe a company has internal
manufacturing capabilities to use, or a company is familiar and comfortable with
components or joints that are manufactured using a familiar manufacturing process.
Restrictions on the processes that can be used to build a product will restrict the
materials that can be used to make components because the materials have to be
compatible with the processes and other materials used to make the product. For
example, components to be joined using a specific process of welding, brazing or
soldering must be made of materials that enable good joints to be formed using the
specific process of joining. This may exclude components off - the-shelf from one or
more suppliers as their components are made of materials that are incompatible with
the process. The restriction may require the use of certain materials to form a good
joint for a custom component.
Limiting the manufacturing process to familiar ones will restrict the possibilities of
materials that can be used to form a component or joint as many manufacturing
processes are limited to processing certain materials. Fabrication constraints are
acceptable in some respects and may actually be desirable, as the use of familiar
processes and materials reduces the risk associated with a change or new product.
However, the constraints of using specific manufacturing processes may appear to be
a burden in cases where a new product is significantly different from older products
4.3.2.6 The Manufacturing Requirements
For sustainability requirement, it limits materials which may be used in components

and joints to materials which may be reused or recycled. The requirements may also
restrict manufacturing processes to processes that do not harm the environment and do
not use chemicals and materials that are manufactured using environmentally
unfriendly processes. The sustainability requirements of a product for its components
and joints become the sustainability requirements.
85
4.3.3 Consideration of Design for X
Design for X is a terminology that has become known as Design for X to describe
methodology, where X represents a design performance measure as in:
• Manufacturing Design (DFM)

• Assembly Design (DFA)
• Environmental Design (DFE)
4.3.3.1 Design for Manufacture (DFM)
Manufacturing Design (DFM) is the method of designing the product to make it easy
to produce. The most important thing is to reduce the overall cost of production of part
by DFM. Some consideration involving design manufacturing is shown below in order
to achieve the goal:
• Standard components, most of the components in Semi-auto Cat Litter

Disposal System does not have to be manufactured due to the abundance of the
component on the market, such as the engine, base and some other part.
Design for Assembly (DFA) is a streamlining procedure to improve the design of items
for simple and easy assembly, focusing simultaneously on utility and assimilability.
Before constructing the real, DFA can identify any issue in the item. Typically, in the
design procedure to identify the problem, DFA perceives the need to investigate both
the part design and the whole item for any assembly issues ahead of schedule. DFA
also only deals with reducing the cost of assembly of products. For Semi-auto Cat
Litter Disposal, the assembly is just occurred at the filter and the conveyor only.
86
Design for Environment (DFE) attempts to reduce the impact of product design on a
product or service's environment. It takes the entire life cycle into account-going
beyond the use of recycled materials or proper packaging or disposal. In this project
design for environmental is applied as the product use electricity (motor) to move the
conveyor and does not use non-renewable sources such as diesel to release toxic gas
to the atmosphere. The product material also contributes in this design project as
plywood is used as the material selection.
4.3.4 Ergonomic Consideration
Ergonomics is a scientific discipline concerned with the interaction of humans with

other elements in a system, object design and environment. The ergonomic or human
factor is a branch of science aimed at improving the system or design of a product
based on human capacity and at the same time reducing the risk of injury or disease
for humans. To achieve the best practice design, it is necessary to consider the human
science relating to ergonomics such as human body posture, anthropometry product
and environmental physics.
For the Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System, some of the ergonomic factors
considered were product stability, hygiene and eco-friendly. The stability of the
product is one of the ergonomic important aspect. The stability ensures smooth
operation of the conveyor to keep the product hygiene. Other than that, to make this
product environmentally friendly, the noise from the motor during machine operation
is controlled and gradually checked to ensure that the resulting noise does not exceed
the permissible noise level.
87
Most of the product for Semi-automatic Cat Litter Disposal is ready depending on the
feature mentioned, which indicates that it is available on the market. The component
that has in market such as plywood, DC motor, paper for conveyor, filter, shaft and
container. The plywood is used for the body frame of the Semi-automatic Cat Litter
Disposal, DC motor is used to move the conveyor to remove the cat litter and the filter
is to separate the sand and the cat litter.
The Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System theoretical study is checked before the
product is completely finished. The motor, the circuit and battery are tested
functionally. Then, the conveyor is tested to be smoothly move along with the motor.
The filter also tested whether it can separate the cat litter and the sands.
88
CHAPTER 5
DETAIL DESIGN AND PRODUCT SIMULATION
5.1 Detail Drawing
Detail drawings are developed from the base of parts drawing. This is the
important component to shows the specification of the product or it is consisting of
exact information of the product where tradesmen can be referred to before decide to
purchase the product. Materials of product also can be determined from this detail
drawing also how all the parts undergo the assembly process. Various kinds of degree
of details will be produced in the drawings. For example, a drawing can be produced
in scales from 1:20 to 1:1 by depending the function of drawing itself in order to
determine the method of assembling and which the best or suitable material need to
use is. Also, detail drawing is the one of the better drawing to illustrate various
dimensions of product. In this project, the part that are not fabricated would not be part
of detail drawing because the parts can be get from their respective manufacturer. We
are very concerned regarding the detail drawing, from which parts where it was self-
fabricated.
89
5.1.1 Parts
Part drawing will show the detail of part design in term of its dimension and material.
In this product, it has been divided into several parts, of which the mainly part is the
body frame, shaft, conveyor belt, filter, container, door, motor, motor connector,
bearing holder, and L hanger. Body frame are the main support of this product. All this
detail drawing was done with the used of SOLIDWORKS software to illustrate with
dimension. The detail drawing of parts as illustrated on next page.
1 2 3 4 5 6
340
A A
210
85
505
185
210
B
77 B
500
TOP VIEW
5 5
100
C C
400
300
300
150
280 505
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin PVC Sheet
MATERIAL: Body Frame
UTHM
DWG.
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL & TITLE : D
CHECKED BY : Prof. Ts. Dr. Badrul Bin Omar
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING QTY : 1 PROJECT
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia DATE : 4/12/2019 TITLE : Semi Auto Cat Litter Disposal System
FABRICATOR : SCALE
1:10 A4 DIMENSIONS IN mm DRAWING NO :

P01
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
355 5 20
4
A A
4
TOP VIEW RIGHT VIEW
B B
13 15
C C
LEFT VIEW
DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin Alloy

MATERIAL: Shaft (Motor)
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P02
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
A 350 A
13 15
TOP VIEW RIGHT VIEW
B B
C 13 15 C
LEFT VIEW

MATERIAL: Shaft
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P03
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
A 20 400 A
TOP VIEW
B B
R2 40
0
50
C
15. C
50
DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin Wood

MATERIAL: Bearing Holder
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P04
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
505
A A
150
10
TOP VIEW
B B
505 150
C C
5
5

MATERIAL: Door (Long)
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P05
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
280
5
TOP VIEW
B B
280 5
C C
150
150
10

MATERIAL: Door (Short)
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P06
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
40
A 10 A
FRONT VIEW RIGHT VIEW
B B
4
10
C C
4
LEFT VIEW

MATERIAL: Motor Connector
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P07
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
30 280 30
10
A A
275
B B
10
TOP VIEW
340 10 275 10
15
15
C C
170
15
DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin PVC

MATERIAL: Filter
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P08
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
30
A A
200
B B
TOP VIEW
200
5
C C
50
50
5
5
30
DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin PVC

MATERIAL: L Hanger
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P09
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
13 7
.67 3.6
B B
13.59
5.62
14.38
C C
10
DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin Rubber

MATERIAL: Door Knob
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P10
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
R3
A
0 A
150
B 250 B
TOP VIEW
250 150 30
C C
130
DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin PPE Plastic

MATERIAL: Container (Litter)
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P11
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
150
B R3 B
0
TOP VIEW
250 30 150
C C
80
100
DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin PPE Plastic

MATERIAL: Container (Waste)
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P12
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.50
A A
16
2
0.50
16
B
TOP VIEW B
16
7
75
3.
4
C C
30
8
4
7
DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin Steel
MATERIAL: Door Hinge
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P13
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
367
A A
290
B B
TOP VIEW
R8 290
C
.50 C
2
17
DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin Rubber

MATERIAL: Conveyor Belt
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

P14
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
104
5.1.2 Assembly
Assembly drawing is a detail drawing that show how all the parts interact or mate to
each other to form a useful machine. It will allow fabricator to identify the exact
connection between each part. A complete assembly drawing is presentation of the
product or structure put together, showing all parts in their operational positions. An
assembly drawing is needed for all products or inventions that have more than one
part. These drawings list all parts and subassemblies that make the final product. An
assembly working drawing includes all the necessary information for structure on one
drawing. This requires providing adequate orthographic views together with
dimensions. In this project, assembly is based on system that involved in the
multipurpose spinning machine. All part is in one assemble and create a system that
function separately shows in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1: Assembly system in Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System
No. Assembly Component/Part

Main Body • Body frame
• Door (long and
short)
• Bearing holder
• Door knob
• Door hinge
1
• Motor
2 Conveyor System
• Battery
105
• Electronic
component
(switch, etc)
• Electronic circuit
(motor reducer)
• Motor connecter
• Shaft
• Conveyor belt
Filter System • Filter

• Container
(waste)
• Container
(Litter)
3 • L hinger
1 2 3 4 5 6
A A
B B
C C
ISOMETRIC VIEW
DRAWN BY : Wan Mohamad Nordin N/A

MATERIAL: Main Assembly
UTHM
DWG.
FABRICATOR : SCALE

A01
SHEET :
1
of :
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
107
5.2 Product Analysis and Simulation
This topic will cover the analysis and simulation of Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal
System using SOLIDWORKS simulation by SOLIDWORKS software. The analysis
that will be do are static analysis, fatigue analysis and vibration analysis.
5.2.1 Static Analysis
Static analysis is terms for simplified analysis wherein the effect of an immediate
change to a system is calculated without respect to the longer-term response of the
system to that change. For static analysis simulation by SOLIDWORKS, our group
(Krypton) choose to analyse the main frame part. The load applied for each analysis is
100N.
Table 5.2: Material properties
Model Reference Properties
Name : PVC Rigid
Model type : Linear Elastic

Isotropic
Tensile strength : 4.07e+007 N/m^2
Elastic modulus : 2.41e+009 N/m^2
Poisson's ratio : 0.3825
Mass density : 1300 kg/m^3
Shear modulus : 8.667e+008 N/m^2

108
Table 5.3: Load and fixtures
Type Image Details

Fixed-1
Entities 1 face(s)
Type Fixed
Geometry
Force-1
Entities 3 face(s)
Type Apply
normal
force
Value 100 N
109
Table 5.4: Static analysis result
Type Min Max
VON: von Mises Stress 1.464e-001N/m^2 1.274e+005N/m^2
Type Min Max

URES: Resultant Displacement 0.000e+000mm 9.979e-003mm
110
Type Min Max
ESTRN: Equivalent Strain 6.208e-011 3.836e-005
5.2.2 Fatigue Analysis
Running a fatigue analysis is a growing trend in mechanical parts and assemblies.

Fatigue studies are fully integrated in SOLIDWORKS Simulation, meaning that
starting a new study is as simple as the click of a button. Linear static analyses present
a snapshot view of your designs’ responses to the various loading configurations they
will experience.
The fatigue test has been performed, but no failed has happened over a long period of
time.
111
5.2.3 Frequency Analysis
Frequency analysis is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a

cipher text. The method is used as an aid to be breaking classical cipher. For static
analysis simulation by SolidWorks, our group (Krypton) choose to analyse the main
frame part.
Table 5.5: Frequency analysis result
Name Type Min Max
Amplitude 1 AMPRES: Resultant Amplitude Plot for 0 2.651e+000

Mode Shape: 1 (Value = 27.1256 Hz)
112
Name Type Min Max

Mode Shape: 2(Value = 28.8829 Hz)
Name Type Min Max

113
Name Type Min Max

Mode Shape: 4 (Value = 53.3743 Hz)
114
Name Type Min Max

Table 5.6: Mode list (resonant frequencies)
Frequency Number Rad/sec Hertz Seconds
1 170.44 27.126 0.036866
2 181.48 28.883 0.034623
3 234.53 37.326 0.026791
4 335.36 53.374 0.018736
5 393.73 62.664 0.015958

115
Table 5.7: Mass participation (normalized)
Mode Frequency
X direction Y direction Z direction
Number (Hertz)
1 27.126 0.027074 1.2537e-009 2.1641e-006
2 28.883 0.08845 1.8484e-008 1.0377e-006
3 37.326 0.074467 3.4446e-008 1.6304e-008
4 53.374 1.3016e-005 4.2001e-009 0.023346
5 62.664 1.8711e-005 6.0991e-009 6.1643e-005
Sum X = Sum Y = Sum Z =

0.19002 6.4483e-008 0.023411
5.3 Bill of Materials (BOM)
A bill of materials (BOM) is a list of the raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate

assemblies, subcomponents, parts and the quantities of each needed to manufacture
an end product. A BOM may be used for communication between manufacturing
partners, or confined to a single manufacturing plant. A BOM can define products as
they are designed (engineering bill of materials), as they are ordered (sales bill of
materials), as they are built (manufacturing bill of materials), or as they are maintained
(service bill of materials or pseudo bill of material). The different types of BOMs
depend on the business need and use for which they are intended. In process industries,
the BOM is also known as the formula, recipe, or ingredients list. All manufacturers
building products, regardless of their industry, get started by creating a bill of materials
(BOM). The BOM, which is essentially a comprehensive list of parts, items,
assemblies and subassemblies, can be understood as the recipe and shopping list for
creating a final product. Because the bill of materials pulls together all sorts of product
information, it is common that several disciplines (design and engineering, document
control, operations, manufacturing, purchasing, contract manufacturers and more) will
consume data contained within the BOM record to get the job done right. The BOM
116
guides positive results from business activities like parts sourcing, outsourcing and
manufacturing, so it is important to create a BOM that is well organized, correct and
up-to-date. Because one of the main functions of the BOM is to ensure that the product
is built right, it is best to include specific pieces of product data in the BOM record.
The list of commonly information to include in BOM record. Table 5.8 show the BOM
for Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System.
Table 5.8: Bill of Material (BOM)
Item No. Part Name Description Qty.

1 Body Frame Main support of product 1
2 Bearing Holder 2
3 Wood (30x30x340) To hold the filter 1
4 Filter 1
5 Wood (30x30x500) Base of the product 4
6 Conveyor Shaft (motor) Connect to motor 1
Conveyor Shaft (no
7 1
motor)
8 Motor Connector Connect shaft and motor 1
9 DC Motor 12V Rotate the shaft 1
10 Conveyor Belt 1
L hanger Hold container from
11 4
moving
12 Container (waste) 1
13 Container (litter) 1
14 Door (short) 2
Ball Bearing (AFBMA
15 12.1.4.1 - 0250- 4
37 – 22 SI, NC, 22_68)
16 Door (Long) 1
17 Battery 12 V Supply power to motor 1
Motor Speed Regulator To reduce the speed of
18 1
(Forward Reverse) 12V motor
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5.4 Final Product Design Specification
Based on the previous chapter, the analysis of the design project, customer requirement
and benchmark of product, the final product has been design. The final product
specification for the semi auto cat litter disposal system is shown in Table 5.9.
Table 5.9: Product specification
No. Criteria Product Specification

Performance The product is use to move and filter the cat litter
and cat waste efficiently and easily. It makes the
1
process of hygiene much faster and require less
energy.
2 Price RM 200 – RM 250
3 Weight 10 kilograms
4 Dimension 500mm x 505mm x 400mm
5 Material PVC Sheet
6 Estimated Lifetime 5 years
7 Number of Parts 18 parts (included standard parts)
Maintenance Minimal (e.g., easy to replace the conveyor belt
when we use strap to remove and bind them. We can
8
clean using water because our product is water
resistance)
Aesthetics Must present an image of robustness, reliability, and
9
compactness.
10 Reliability Maximum 2% failure rate over their lifetime.
Finishing Corrosion and water resistant to enable continued
11
usage with minimal maintenance.
12 Safety The prototype is equipped with safety factor.
Ergonomics Convenient to handle and store, easy to setup and
13
dismantle, and can be operated by a person.
Testing Prototypes to be proven to meet product design
14
specification.
15 Target Customer Suitable to cat owner and pet shop.
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5.5 Complete Design Checklist
The complete design checklist is a list of the product description starting at the
beginning of the product process until the current progress. This checklist will be
presented to the client to verify the product specification and finalized the design
before any last amendment is made. The checklist is important information for the
manufacturing team in order for them to fabricate the prototype based on the customer
requirement. Table 5.10 show the checklist of the product.
Table 5.10: Complete design checklist
No. Topic Description Completed

Yes No
1 Design Stable √
Ergonomic √
Environmentally friendly √
2 Price Affordable √
Low labour cost √
Low maintenance cost √
3 Safety Stable √
Durable √
4 Maintenance Easy to maintenance √
Easy to clean √
5 Quality Time to operate √
Hygiene √
Water resistance √
6 Sustainability Free form contaminant √
Easy to clean √
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CHAPTER 6
PROTOTYPING AND TESTING
6.1 Product Prototyping
A prototype is an early sample or model built to test a concept or process or to act as

a thing to be replicated. A prototype is often used as part of the product design process
to allow engineers and designers the ability to explore design alternatives, test theories
and confirm performances prior to starting production of a new product. In general, an
iterative series of prototypes will be designed, constructed and tested as the final design
emerges and is prepared for production.
Prototyping is defined as the design verification phase of product development used to

demonstrate or prove aspects of a design. In the simplest word, the prototyping is the
phase where the design is converting from virtual to the physical world and the
prototype is created. This step is one of the essential steps that must be considered in
the inventing process.
For the prototype, it can be defined as the first model or design of something from
which other forms will be developed. As in this product prototyping, the prototype will
be developed just to give the overall overview about the real product. The prototype
has many different types. The first type of prototype is visual prototype. This type of
prototype conveys the overall shape and size of the product but does not usually prove
the function of the idea. It is not designed to represent the materials or production
methods of a final mass-produced product, but just to show the overall shape and size.
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The second type of prototype is “Proof of concept” prototype. This kind of prototype
is demonstrating the main functionality of the idea. It will probably use the recycle
product to show it components and it is not exact as the final product. The next
prototype is presentation prototype. This prototype combines the functionality of the
product with the overall appearance. The last type of prototype is “pre-production”.
This type of prototype is builds on the work of a presentation prototype by fully
considering mass production manufacturing methods and production. The parts are
likely to be created using production from few materials and method. Table 6.1 below
show material and parts involved in this project.
Table 6.1: Materials and parts for Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System
No. Material and Parts Description Figure

1 PVC Board
2 Motor
3 Relay Switch
4 Wood
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5 Shaft
6 Battery
7 Screw
8 Bearing
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9 Filter
10 Hinge
6.1.1 Process Involved
Prototypes is a simple basic model fabricated early in the design process to provide
physical visualization and a preliminary point from which to make design
modifications. In general, product prototyping can be categorized into four stage of
processes which is prototyping plan, define the outline, executable prototype and
evaluation report. At the first stage of prototyping process, prototyping planning was
conducted by proving the objective of the prototype by visualizing the solution to the
users the response. Next, define outline process took place to outlining the total
prototype functionality. At this stage, the functions for each part of the prototype
model were detailed clearly in order to understand how the project works. After
defining prototype functionality, executable of prototype will take place by developing
designed prototype. Finally, evaluation report of the prototype was conducted by
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evaluating the output of the conducted prototype as additional information for the
project. Table 6.2 below shows the main prototyping process involved in the project.
Table 6.2: Process manufacturing Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System
No Work process Description

1 Measuring
• Measure the dimension
and suitable size for
model prototype.
2 Body part installation

• Cutting the PVC box into
parts and combined based
on selected design.
3 Welding
• Welding only on shaft and
holder to ensure the shaft
movement free from loose
4 Block and part division

• To divide the motor
switch system and the box
litter area
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5 Shaft location
• Putting the shaft from
switch box to enter the
filter littering area
6 Filter
• Install the filtering net in
litter box area
7. Wiring
• The electric circuit is
connected.
• The component involves
are battery, motor, relay
switch and connecting
wire.
8 Finishing
• Finishing is the last
process.
• The finishing process
involve are decorating
and wrapping any
imperfect on product
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6.1.2 Prototyping (Assemble) Process Time
In term of establishing the prototype, manufacturing processes, which have involved

in this project, can be divided into two major parts; fabrication process and assembly
process. Total time required for the completely manufacturing process is 3 weeks by
completing the final prototype of our project. Effective time management is highly
demand in this stage to ensure that prototype of the project can be done in time
6.1.2.1 Fabrication Process
Fabrication process involved in the construction of this prototype was listed in the
previous subtopic. Measuring process was functioned to make accurate and suitable
measurement of parts. All the parts need to measure to fit them together without any
gap or loose. Sculpt also need in this fabrication process in order to make shape at the
stainless-steel barrel. Sawing is another process involved in order to cut woods. The
sawing process was done at Mechanical Workshop of UTHM.
6.1.2.2 Fabrication Process
Assembly of the prototype were done through several stages. In this process, we
assemble all the part. We attach the part by using super glue, nut and bolt and screw.
This assembly process is done accordingly based on the drawing that had been made
Table 6.3: Duration fabrication process
Process Duration Percentage Work

Measuring, sculpt, sawing and drilling 5 hours 40%
Welding process 2 hours 5%
Main parts assembly 5 hours 35 %
Full assembly process 8 hours 15%
Decorating and surface finishing 4 hours 5%
process
TOTAL 100 %
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6.1.3 Prototype Product
Figure 6.1: Final prototype Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal Box
6.2 Testing Requirement and Checklist
In this part, prototyping test is been made to analyse the ability of the machine to run
according to the function. Product and part testing are been done. Product testing, also
known as consumer testing or comparative testing which is the process of measuring
the properties or performance to the designed product. In fact, the product testing seeks
to confirm that the consumers would able to understand what our product has been
completely assembled, testing process was proceeded by measuring the properties as
well as the performance of the multipurpose spinning machine. Through the testing
process, we able to observe and identify either our design product has met the
specification or not. If necessary, the improvements need to do on the design of can
crusher machine to improve the efficiency of the product design. Two major tests are
being made to analyse the prototype.
6.2.1 Form Test
The form test is a process of measuring the properties or performance of products. The
conceptual design for the multipurpose spinning machine was carried out with suitable
size and portable. Besides that, the simple operational procedure of the designed
machine and required less maintenances allowed it to be more user friendly.
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6.2.2 Function Test
The testing of the functionality of the product. All the parts in the multipurpose
spinning machine are tested to ensure the function meet the requirements and achieve
our group target.
6.2.3 Testing Requirement
To valid the product testing, a three test is being done on the prototype to ensure the
product is will be qualified to be produced to the next stage of production. The
functional test, stress test and reliability test are conducted based on the Table 6.4
below.
Table 6.4: Testing method conducted
No. Testing Method Description

1 Functional Test Test the filtering net work properly.
To ensure the waste from cat can be filter
and separated.
2 Stress Test To make sure that the holder could
withstand the overall weight of motor
electrical board.
To ensure the wheel of the machine
support overall machine weight.
3 Reliability Test To ensure that our product design could
operate long period of time without failure.
6.2.4 Checklist
A checklist is a type of informational job aid that is used to reduce failure by

compensating for potential limits of human memory and attention. It helps to ensure
consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. In this project, several checklists
were introduced by ensuring that our design of multipurpose spinning machine has
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met the customer requirement. Components checklist was conducted as shown in

Table by confirming that every component of the design of cat litter disposal system
could function as we expected. Two major checklists are being made which are
component checklist and functional checklist shown in Table 6.5 and Table 6.6.
Table 6.5: Component checklist
No. Component Function Condition

1 Motor To generates the energy Run
of rotation
2 Electrical board To adjust speed and Run
direction of
rotation
3 Shaft To attach and rotate the Run
filter
4 Filter To filter the cat litter and Run
sand
Table 6.6: Functional checklist
No. Item Checklist ( ✔)

1 Eco-friendly product ✔
2 Ergonomics ✔
3 Low maintenance cost ✔
4 Low noise ✔
5 Low operating cost ✔
6 Low vibration ✔
7 Reliable system ✔
8 Required less maintenance ✔
9 Safe operation ✔
10 Stable operation ✔
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11 Suitable materials ✔
12 Suitable speed of rotation ✔
13 Sustainability system ✔
14 User friendly ✔
6.3 Testing and Refinement
6.3.1 Testing
In order to meet all customer requirement are successfully achieved, testing stage is
for any prototype. Observation will be carried out from time to time to make sure the
honey extractor machine operates effectively as it should. Any detected errors or
problems will be taken into considerations to refine and improve the prototype. Then,
the machine will be tested again until the client is satisfied with the outcome by
guarantee the machine is perfectly reliable and functional. This process is called
prototyping and is illustrated in Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2: Prototyping and testing method
Through testing process, performance of our designed Multipurpose Spinning

Machine will be evaluated through SOLIDWORKS 2019 (Computer Aided Design
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System). Failure Modes and Effects Analysis is a systematic, proactive method for
evaluating a process to identify where and how our designed product might fail and to
assess the relative impact of different failures, in order to identify the parts of the
process that are most in need of change. This system is very effective during the
observation done unto the prototype during the experimental period.
6.3.2 Refinement
The refinement is the process to enhance the prototype model after almost 80%
completed. From the refinement point of view, improvement on the overall of the
design of the Semi Auto Cat litter disposal box will be conducted after all stages of the
testing process is completed. The bearing will be set up in the box wall to enhance the
movement shaft. This is to prevent the component from moving carelessly during the
honey extraction process. Furthermore, a container will made properly and fix it on
the wood of motor holder in order to hold the electrical part such as battery, switch
and wires. In order to avoid any vibration, occur on the parts. Lastly, to ensure that the
resulting prototype looks fine, we should use a wrapper decorating to cover and
making the prototype aesthetic on the whole body of the prototype.
6.4 Final Product Prototype
Specifications for the prototype are:
Table 6.7: Prototype specification
No. Parts Specifications

1 Motor DC 12V power motor
2 Battery 12V battery
3 Switch Forward Reverse Speed Adjustable
DC Motor Controller
4 Weight 10 kg
5 Dimension 500mm x 500mm x 400mm
6 Body Material PVC and woods
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After we had through all the fabrication process, below is finish our prototype.
Figure 6.3: Final prototype of Semi-auto cat Litter Disposal System

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CHAPTER 7
SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION IN

ENGINEERING DESIGN
7.1 Basic Concept
Sustainable design is a general term that covers multiple engineering disciplines

including environmental, structural, architectural, electrical, civil and mechanical
engineering. The origin word for sustainability is sustain which means to support,
maintain or endure. In engineering, sustainability is the process of designing or
operating systems that use energy and resources sustainably. It is also a rate that does
not compromise the natural environment or the ability of future generations to meet
their demand. besides, it is also to improve the human life’s quality while living within
the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems.
The objectives of sustainable design are to revive growth in an economic sense, change
the growth quality and can meet the essential needs for food, water, energy, jobs and
sanitation. Besides, it is to ensure the sustainable level of population. Sustainable
design always viewed as a compulsory tool to achieve the sustainability. Sustainable
design engineers must incorporate environmental considerations into their designs and
continuously refine their designs to minimize the use of energy, workers and materials.
They are often called as the ‘Green Engineers’ because they design products that does
not harmful to the environment.
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In this project, the Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System design is considered
sustainable design. The products are design to be economic, social and
environmentally friendly. Based on the design, the product material that being used to
fabricate helps to reduce the usage of material and minimize unnecessary energy to
run the machine.
7.1.1 Elements of Sustainability
In sustainability, there are three elements that are compulsory for the designers to
consider in the product development. That three elements are:
Figure 7.1: The element of sustainability
A. Economy
This element occurs in development phase. It moves towards the social and
environmental sustainability, which is affordable and financially feasible. It consists
of household economies, green business, local economies and bioregional economies.
B. Environmental
This element requires the natural remains intact and should not be degraded. It consists
of ecological land-use and ecosystem services. The extraction of the renewable sources
cannot exceed the renewed rate and absorptive capacity to the environment to
assimilate waste should not be exceeded. Then, it also should be minimizing and not
exceed the agreed minimum strategic levels.
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C. Social
This element requires the society’s cohesion, cooperation and the ability to work
toward the target. The individual or fundamental needs such as nutrition, health,
education and shelter must met.
7.1.2 Concepts of Sustainable Development
Figure 7.2: Scheme of sustainable development with confluence of three constituent

parts
Scheme of sustainable development with confluence of three constituent parts is

shown in Figure 7.2. Sustainable Development stands for a better quality of life for
everyone, now and for generations to come. Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs. In Semi Auto Cat Litter Disposal System, these
three parts must be considered:
1) Economic development
• Less cost needed to produce our product.
• Cheap and affordable.
2) Social development
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• Fabrication size of the machine is suit with the working environment

and space round it where the machine not consume to much space or
capacity of area
3) Environment development
• This product did not produce pollution because the material that used
is safe.
• The product we produce is economical friendly.
7.1.3 Impact of Engineering Solution to Sustainable
Sustainable solutions will require lateral thinking and knowledge transfer between
engineering disciplines. Thus, this discipline is need to implant the sustainable of the
product. Engineers have an important and significant role to meet the sustainability.
They work to enhance the welfare, health and safety, with the minimal use of natural
resources and paying attention regarding the environment and the sustainability of
resources. Their work is influenced by the opportunities and challenges that bring the
sustainability.
7.2 Social and Environmental Responsibilities
Sustainability is a broad discipline, giving students and graduates insights into most
aspects of the human world from business to technology to environment and the social
sciences. The core skills with which a graduate leaves college or university are highly
sought after, especially in a modern world looking to drastically reduce carbon
emissions and discover and develop the technologies of the future. Sustainability
draws on politics, economics and, philosophy and other social sciences as well as the
hard sciences. Sustainability skills and environmental awareness is a priority in many
corporate jobs at graduate level and over as businesses seek to adhere to new
legislation.
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7.2.1 Improvement of Quality of Cycle
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is utilized to estimate the effects of various generation
choices of the item being referred to, consequently having the capacity to pick the most
earth amicable. Besides, life cycle is a technique to assess environmental impacts
associated with all the stages of products. A life cycle investigation can fill in as a
device while deciding the natural effect of an item or process.
Technology is something that we cannot avoid in this life, because the technology will
run in accordance with the progress of science. Every innovation is created to provide
positive benefits for human life. Provide many conveniences, as well as a new way of
doing human activities. Especially in the field of community technology has enjoyed
many benefits brought by the innovations that have been produced.
7.2.2 Protection of Society
Every product design that you want to produce should know its effect on the
environment and not harm the users or society. If the design product is produced has
an impact on the environment and users it will give a decline factor to the goods
market. Engineer or anyone design a product must use safety factors to cover
uncertainties about how the designed the product will be used and behave in the real
life especially to society. A safety factor, sometimes referred to as a “factor of
ignorance” allows for a margin of error or the bad luck combination of poor materials
and overstressing or overweighting. Safety factors bring into focus the conflict
between safety and cost considerations. A large safety factor will require the use of
more materials and parts and also make an item less competitive with one that is less
conservatively designed. This is important for society to use it this product.
A business can design for environmentally:
a. Making items that can be reused.

b. Evaluating the human health and environmental impacts of its procedures and
items.
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c. Leading an assessment of alternatives.

d. Checking the environmental impacts and expenses associated with each its or
process
e. Actualizing contamination counteractive action, vitality proficiency and other
asset conservation measures.
7.2.3 Design of Environment
Health and well-being of mankind in intimately linked to the environment as human

used nature for breath, drinks and several of raw materials for many purposes for to
make easy lives. Nowadays, as the world population is increase cause the living space
become smaller due to many competitions to survive among people. This led the new
ways to preserve and protect the environment for today and future generation. As an
engineer, it is the ethical responsibility to preserve and protect the environment.
In product development process, environmental is the main things need to be concern

to preserve the environment. One of the concerns is minimizing harmful emissions and
waste in the manufacturing process. Engineering designer should look all the ways that
a product negatively impact to the environment as a polluting product is a defective
product that need to do improvement and adjustment. This will prolong the time when
new materials and energy resources need to be committed to are placement product.
There are several elements in design or environment. These element ca be divided into
two categories, which is material recycling and remanufacture and elements that
avoiding the use or production of hazardous materials. The elements of design for
environment are:
a. Design for remanufacturing

b. Design for disassembly
c. Design for energy efficiency
d. Design for workplace
e. Design for minimal used of materials
f. Design for recyclability
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g. Avoid used of hazardous or undesirable materials

h. Consider the environmental hazard of production workers
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CHAPTER 8
ECONOMIC, COSTING AND BUSINESS PLAN
8.1 Introduction
In this chapter, the product's cost analysis is done. The cost analysis relates to the cost
calculation of the production relationship, where the company is concerned with
evaluating the costs incurred throughout recruiting the suppliers and how well these
can be rearranged to maximize the company's profitability (inventory). In other ways,
the cost analysis is concerned with calculating the money value of inputs (labour and
raw material), which is called the total cost of production that helps to decide the
optimal production level.
Costing is any method to allocate costs to a business item. Costing is usually used for
any or all of the following cost growth. Costing can only include assigning variable
costs, which are costs that differ with some form of activity (such as sales or employee
numbers). Direct costing is called this method of costing. The cost of materials, for
instance, varies with the number of units made, and so is a variable cost.
Also, a business plan is created as a description of the future of your company, a

document that tells you what you want to do and how you expect to do it. Business
plan is strategic necessarily. It will activate the product's operation and results. A few
of the most advantages that business planning can provide include a chance to test a
new idea to see if it holds real promise of success, a clear statement of the company
140
mission and vision, and a set of values that can help steer the business through troubled
times.
8.2 Cost Evaluation
In the context of this project, the evaluation of cost production of Semi-auto Cat Litter
Disposal System was evaluated. Cost evaluation can be divided into two important
fields, the cost of production and the cost of growth. The cost of manufacturing covers
direct cost of materials, management of work costs and overhead costs. A cost
assessment is, for the most part, just one piece of a more comprehensive cost-
advantage review, with the intention of determining if assets are being used efficiently.
8.2.1 Manufacturing Cost
The cost of manufacturing is the sum of all the materials expended during the time
spent producing an object. Table 8.1 indicates the expense of the Semi-auto Cat Litter
Disposal System.
Table 8.1: Manufacturing cost
No Items Cost (RM) Unit Total Cost (RM)

1 Body Frame (PVC 12.50 2 25.00
Sheet)
2 Bearing 4.00 4 16.00
3 Wood (1x2x10ft) 2.50 3 7.50
4 Filter 2.00 1ft 2.00
5 Conveyor 2.10 1ft 2.10
6 Shaft (6ft x 5/8) 5.00 1 5.00
7 Motor Connector 0.60 1 0.60
8 Motor 45.00 1 45.00
9 Container 2.00 2 4.00
10 L Hanger 0.50 4 2.00
11 Battery 15.00 1 15.00
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12 Motor Speed regulator 28.00 1 25.00

13 Door Handle 2.10 1 2.10
14 Container Handle 1.00 1 1.00
15 Bolt and Nut 1.20 1packet 1.20
16 L Bracket 1.50 1packet 1.50
17 Hinge 1.00 1packet 1.00
Total RM 156.00
8.2.2 Overhead Cost
Overhead expense applies to the ongoing cost of operating to sustain a company, but
a particular business activity is not credited. Overhead costs were also referred to as
indirect costs. The direct labour costs of the company are shown in Table 8.2 and the
indirect costs per month in Table 8.3.
Table 8.2: Direct labour cost
No Items Cost (RM)
1 Labour gross 6
2 Transportation 10
Total 16
Table 8.3: Indirect cost per month
No Items Cost (RM)
1 Capital (Set up cost) 50

2 Utilities 10
Total 60
Based on the cost in the table above, the total cost for Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal
System manufacturing process can be calculated. Assumption of the manufacturing of
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the machine is 8 hours where the manufacturing process is 8 hours in a day for 20 days
per month where the overhead cost for one unit can be calculated as shown below:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝑅𝑀60
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 =
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
(20𝑥8) /8
𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝑅𝑀 3.00
Hence, the total cost per unit is:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝑅𝑀 156 + 𝑅𝑀 16 + 𝑅𝑀 3
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝑅𝑀 175
8.2.3 Development Cost
Development cost is defined as the cost of developing the final form of the product
involved in the design process. The Semi Auto Cat Litter Disposal System’s
development cost included money, electricity, cost of market study and expense of
prototyping. The cost of production is reported in Table 8.4.
Table 8.4: Development cost
No Items Cost (RM)
1 Capital (initial set up) 50
2 Utilities 10
3 Market survey 10
4 Prototype 175
Total 245
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8.3 Business Plan
8.3.1 Executive Summary
The Krypton will design and produce a Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System based
on the overall project that focusing on the purpose of dispose the cat litter waste. The
whole idea of developing the machine is based on the previous cat litter system which
is lacking in efficiency, costly, non-ergonomic and less user-friendly. Through the
conceptual design, the new concept is then developed and tested to ensure that the
system created goals are achieved. The objective of the product:
a. To improve the existing product that use the manual lever to the automatic
lever.
b. To increase the efficiency of the product in term of hygiene.
c. To ease the user for cleaning the litter.
This product has a huge significant in terms of simplify the process of the dispose
waste which create a semi auto system of the disposal cat litter. The improvement of
the product would bring benefits and positive impacts to the product customer in
particular. The advantages of the product are:
a. The product shortens the process of the dispose waste which the cat litter and
the cat sand will separate automatically.
b. The product required less human power to operate as the product is a semi-
automatic machine.
c. The product easy to maintain and easy to clean.
8.3.2 Executive Summary
In particular, a mission can be defined as the goals of the organization that have been
set and its method of achieving those goals. The challenging role of the company in
the future is a Vision Statement. By fact, the mission and vision statements are always
explained as the company's aim, priorities and objectives to accomplish.
144
8.3.2.1 Mission
The mission of the Krypton is developing a new idea of innovation product that can
improve the quality of life of the consumer.
8.3.2.2 Vision
Krypton will be a large company that will produce an innovative product in 2030.
8.3.3 Key to Success
One company's success in the increasingly competitive business world can be

measured by many factors such as longevity, sustainability, income and growth of the
company. Consequently, to aim for results, in order to create a positive atmosphere in
the workplace, different good standards and working principles need to be
implemented in the job organization.
8.3.3.1 Team Formation
Team building and each person's relationship involved is one of the most important
things before an organization can function properly. Only the right and skilled person
deserve to hold a specific position in the company on the basis of their skills. Good
team building and preparation will ensure long-term sustainability for the business.
8.3.3.2 Effective Management
It is not an easy task to manage and run a business, particularly when involving a
manufacturing and supply company. Effective management ensures constant operation
and progressive operation of the business matter of the organization. Good
management can draw other investors or consumers to invest and cooperate in product
and technology development. The way the business is run can also be viewed based
145
on the condition of the financial company, customer satisfaction and quality of the
product.
8.3.3.3 Planning
To survive in the industry, a particular company needs to have comprehensive short-

and long-term planning. This planning makes the company have a clear objective as
to what it should have obtained or achieved over the set period of time. All targets and
priorities will be clearly stated in the preparation and will remind every member of the
company's board as a guided incentive in the work environment.
8.3.3.4 Teamwork
Teamwork is a combination of certain individuals with specific skills who work as a

group to achieve a common goal or mission. Strong teamwork from group member
can definitely achieve the task quickly and easily without causing any big problem.
Teamwork in an organization is really important because it will result in an excellent
result for the performance of the company.
8.3.3.5 Attitude
Each single worker's attitude must be in a good and positive state in a business or job
organization. The attitude such as respecting other colleagues, giving full dedication
to the job, concentrated and hard-working would affect the company results. Any
mission or errand provided by the leader can be completed in good time.
8.3.3.6 Rule and Regulation
A rule and regulation is necessary in a functioning organization or a corporation to

ensure the company's stability and to prevent any issue from inside or outside source.
It is necessary and mandatory for all who work with the company to adhere to and
146
follow the enforced law. To make any worker comply, an organization does not need
a strict rule, but a successful one will ensure the company's productivity in continuous
operation.
8.3.4 Company Background
Krypton is a manufacturing company that have been develop on 15 September 2019

at Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia. The company has expertise in the
manufacture of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and focus to owner of cat pet.
The Semi Auto Cat Litter Disposal System is highlighted in this project as one of the
best products of the business. The specific product was developed for enhancement
purposes, high in hygiene, good quality, cost savings and high productivity that can
meet the demand of the consumer. Figure 8.1 shows the background of the company.
Figure 8.1: Krypton company details

147
CHAPTER 9
PROJECT SUMMARY
9.1 Conclusion
A brand-new conceptual idea was created from this project by designing a Semi-auto
Cat Litter Disposal System to make the process of dispose cat waste easier. To translate
the conceptual idea to a specific designed product, all group members conducted study
on the project by searching for any related information through book and internet
information. It is very important to be clear about the experience of the problem at the
early stage of the design process.
First, many product concepts were developed on the basis of the customer's
requirements by the questionnaire that is given in this study. The selection was made
by selecting the best product concepts to suit our customer's requirements which are
the most from people that have cats. Next, project tasks for each group member were
given evenly. These tasks include general product patents, questionnaire looking for
customer information, objective product tree, objective tree weighting, quality
function deployment (QFD) and engineering design specification (EDS).
By brainstorming from each member in the group, the morphological chart clearly
defined all relevant parts of the planned product. After all the pieces are determined,
the product's embodiment design will take place. Then, testing of the product was
carried out to ensure that the product built will work as estimated. After that, specific
sketches were then created for the entire part of the designed product, followed by the
148
complete assembly of the designed product. Last but not least, the simulation process
has proceeded by SOLIDWORKS after the whole product has been fabricated.
After that, sustainability plays an important role in justifying the negative impact on
the environment and the functioning of the product that have been developed. Then,
business planning for the designed product was built on the basis of the economic and
cost survey results obtained. This project also offers the benefit and potential of the
Semi-auto Cat Litter Disposal System for a commercial purpose in the future
production.
In conclusion, throughout this project, we gained a lot of useful engineering-related

information by learning the entire design cycle in turning conceptual idea into a real
prototype product. Also, the project has been completed before the time given which
is in week 14 including the Symposium Integrated Engineering Design exhibition.
9.2 Recommendation
Process improvement is a way of changing processes in order to improve quality,

reduce costs or speed up schedules. As for the suggestion, Krypton would recommend
using the motor with lower specifications to save the product costs. Other than that,
the product should implement more safety for the cat such as adding a weight sensor.
Besides, the product would be more convenient if the conveyor is changeable which
means the material for conveyor is with strap and washable. Next, Krypton recommend
that the product should be changeable filter and easy to clean after using many times.
Therefore, with a further suggestion, it believes the product quality could be balanced
with consumer requirements and for future projects, all suitable improvements are
combined.
REFERENCES
[1] Elfindale Aquilla, “Pet Sanitation Device,” 2018.

[2] Cameron Marie Melinda and Scott Bartholdson, “Flip n Go Smart Litter Box,”
2017.
[3] L. Magnus, “Cat Litter Box Apparatus,” 2009.
[4] William Dale Brown, “Flushable Cat Litter,” 2017.
[5] Geoffry Sarkissian, “Self-Cleaning Cat Box,” 1996.
[6] HAGEN (2019), Catit SmartSift by Hagen, accessed on 2 October 2019 at
https://usa.hagen.com/Introducing-Catit-SmartSift
[7] CatsGarden (2019), Catit Design Smartsift Sifting Cat Pan by CatsGarden,
accessed on 2 October 2019 at https://www.catsgarden.com.my/catit-design-
smartsift-sifting-cat-pan
[8] Amazon (2019), Catit SmartSift Litter Box by Amazon, accessed on 2 October
2019 at https://www.amazon.com/Catit-Design-SmartSift-Sifting-
Cat/dp/B009B83V76
[9] Youtube (2012), Catit Design SmartSift™ Say Goodbye to Your Litter
Scooper! by Rolf C. Hagen Inc., accessed on 2 October 2019 at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUp7njmjX2Y
[10] Faris, S. (2019, February 11). What Is the Conceptual Design Process?
Retrieved from https://bizfluent.com/about-6627999-conceptual-design-
process-.html.
[11] Conceptual Design Vs. Detailed Design in Product Development. (2018,
January 4). Retrieved from http://steensolutions.com/2016/03/conceptual-
design-vs-detailed-design-in-product-development/.
[12] (n.d.). Retrieved from http://npdbook.com/engineering-concepts/function-
structure-diagram/.
[13] (n.d.). Retrieved from http://npdbook.com/engineering-concepts/function-
structure-diagram/.
150
[14] Hassan, M. F., & Tajul Ariffin, A. M. (2019). Integrated Engineering

design (1st ed.). Parit Raja, Johor: Penerbit UTHM.
[15] Science Buddies. (2019, September 5). The Engineering Design Process.
Retrieved from https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-
projects/engineering-design-process/engineering-design-process-steps
[16] Donnelly, C. (2019, October 29). The 7 Best Cat Litter Boxes of 2019.
Retrieved September 8, 2019, from https://www.thesprucepets.com/best-cat-
litter-boxes-4151093.
[17] Markovic, A. (2019, July 9). The 25 Best Litter Box Furniture of 2019.
Retrieved September 13, 2019, from https://catlifetoday.com/best-litter-box-
furniture/.
[18] Hobbs, J. (2019, October 2). The 25 Best Cat Litter Boxes and Pans of 2019.
Retrieved October 16, 2019, from https://petlifetoday.com/best-cat-litter-
boxes/.
[19] Adelson, K. I. (2019, June 21). The Best Litter Boxes for Cats, According to
Veterinarians and Rescuers. Retrieved October 21, 2019, from
https://www.google.com/amp/nymag.com/strategist/amp/article/best-litter-
boxes-cats.html.
[20] Murphy, S. (2018, August 18). The 5 Best Cat Litter Boxes for Odor Control.
Retrieved October 27, 2019, from https://www.bustle.com/p/the-5-best-cat-
litter-boxes-for-odor-control-10073457.
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APPENDICES

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FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING

BDA 40804 INTEGRATED ENGINEERING DESIGN

SEMI-AUTO CAT LITTER DISPOSAL SYSTEM

PROF. TS. DR. BADRUL BIN OMAR

NURHAMIZAH BINTI ANUAR CD160176

SEMI-AUTO CAT LITTER DISPOSAL SYSTEM

NURHAMIZAH BINTI ANUAR CD160176

A report submitted in partial

Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

1.2 Problem for Existing Product 3

1.3 Project Objective 3

1.4 Project Scope 3

1.5 Significant of Study 4

1.6 Group Formation 4

1.6.1 Group Logo 4

1.6.2 Group Organization 5

1.7 Design Process Model 6

1.7.1 Conceptual Design 6

1.7.2 Embodiment Design 7

1.7.3 Detail Design 7

1.8 Design Process Model 7

CHAPTER 2 DEFINE TASK 15

2.1.1 Patent Search 15

2.2 Comparison of Products from Patent Search 23

2.3 Benchmarking of Product Specification from Commercial Product

2.4 Identification of Market Needs (Market Survey) and Customer

2.4.1 Survey and Questionnaire Form 25

2.4.1.1 Survey and Questionnaire Form 26

2.4.2 Survey Analysis 29

2.4.2.1 Respondent Gender 29

2.4.2.2 Respondent Profession 30

2.4.2.3 Cat as a Pet by Respondent 31

2.4.2.4 Rate of Production 32

2.4.2.5 Potential Respondents to Purchase the Current Price of

2.4.2.6 Range of Analysis Price 34

2.4.2.7 Preferred Requirement for Product 35

2.4.2.8 Main Focus Analysis 36

2.4.2.9 Data of Product Designation 38

2.4.2.10 Data of Product Characteristic 39

2.5 Clarifying Objectives – Objective Tree 40

2.6 Weighting of Objective Tree 41

2.7 Quality Function Deployment (QFD) 42

2.8 Requirement List (RL) / Engineering Design Specification (EDS) 43

CHAPTER 3 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 45

3.1.1 Component Decomposition Analysis 46

3.1.2 Function Decomposition Analysis 47

3.1.3 Function Structure 48

3.2 Concept Generation 50

3.2.2 Morphological Chart 51

3.3 Concept Evolution 55

3.3.1 Evaluation Matrix – Weighted Rating Method 55

3.3.2 Concept Selection 56

3.3.3 Product Sketching 57

CHAPTER 4 EMBODIMENT DESIGN AND ANALYSIS 60

4.1.1 Element Cluster for Schematic Drawing 62

4.1.2 Rough Geometry Layout 62

4.1.3 Identify the Interaction 64

4.2 Configuration Design 64

4.2.1 Analysis Component and Type of Analysis 65

4.2.1.1 Body Frame 65

4.2.1.2 Rotating Shaft 66

4.3 Parametric Design 66

4.3.1 Parametric Design Problem 66