NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________

CHNG 1

CAC IEU KIEN THNG MAI QUOC TE

I. S hnh thanh cac ieu kien thng mai quoc te Thong thng, cac ben trong mot hp ong thng mai quoc te eu khong biet het c s khac nhau trong tap quan buon ban moi nc. e khac phuc nhng van e nay, Phong Thng mai Quoc te (ICC) vao nam 1936 a xuat ban mot bo cac quy tac e giai thch cac ieu kien thng mai quoc te. Nhng quy tac nay c goi la Incoterms 1936. e phu hp vi s thay oi trong thc tien thng mai quoc te, Incoterms a c sa oi va bo sung e c xuat ban vao cac nam 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990 va mi ay nhat vao nam 2000. II. S can thiet cua viec s dung cac ieu kien thng mai quoc te trong hoat ong ngoai thng Viet Nam Incoterms giai thch cac ieu kien thng mai c s dung rong rai nhat trong ngoai thng. Nh vay co the tranh c s thieu nhat quan trong viec giai thch nhng ieu kien nay cac nc khac nhau hoac t nhat co the giam mot mc ang ke. Viec dan chieu Incoterms vao hp ong mua ban xac nh mot cach ro rang ngha vu cua cac ben e lam giam toi a va giai quyet thuan tien cac tranh chap xay ra phat sinh t hp ong mua ban gia cac ben nhng nc khac nhau. Incoterms co nhieu ieu kien thch hp cho nhieu phng thc van tai khac nhau, nhieu cach phan chia khac nhau ve rui ro, chi ph gia ngi ban va ngi mua. V vay, cac ben co the la chon ieu kien nay hay ieu kien khac sao cho phu hp nhat vi kha nang va hoan canh cua mnh ch khong b bo buoc trong mot so t ieu kien. III. Incoterms 2000- Noi dung chu yeu

Ngay t 1990, cac ieu kien thng mai a c chia ra thanh 4 nhom khac nhau ve c ban. Bat au la nhom E ma ngi ban ch co ngha vu chuan b hang san sang e giao cho ngi mua tai c s cua mnh (ieu kien EXW). Tiep theo la nhom F, theo o ngi ban phai giao hang cho phng tien van tai do ngi mua ch nh (cac ieu kien FCA, FAS va FOB); tiep theo la nhom C, theo o ngi ban phai ky hp ong van tai ma khong phai chu rui ro oi vi hang hoa xay ra sau khi boc hang va gi hang (cac ieu kien CFR, CIF, CPT va CIP); cuoi cung la nhom D, theo o ngi ban phai chu moi chi ph va rui ro can thiet e a hang hoa en ni en (cac ieu kien DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU va DDP). 1. EXW- Ex Work (named place): Giao tai xng (ni qui nh) Giao tai xng co ngha la ngi ban giao hang, cha c thong quan xuat khau va cung cha c boc len bat c phng tien van tai nao en nhan hang, khi

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 2 ____________________________________________________________________________________

at hang hoa di quyen nh oat cua ngi mua tai c s cua ngi ban hoac tai a iem qui nh khac (tc la xng, nha may, kho, v.v). 2. FCA- Free carrier (named place): Giao cho ngi chuyen ch (ni qui nh) Giao cho ngi chuyen ch co ngha la ngi ban giao hang, a thong quan xuat khau, cho ngi chuyen ch do ngi mua ch nh tai ni qui nh. Can chu y rang ni giao hang c chon co anh hng en ngha vu boc va d hang tai o. Neu viec giao hang tai c s cua ngi ban, ngi ban chu trach nhiem boc hang. Neu viec giao hang tai bat c a iem nao khac, ngi ban khong chu trach nhiem d hang. Ngi chuyen ch co ngha la bat c ngi nao ma theo hp ong chuyen ch, cam ket thc hien hoac thue thc hien viec chuyen ch bang ng sat, ng bo, ng hang khong, ng bien, ng thuy noi a hoac bang cach ket hp cac phng thc van chuyen o. ieu kien nay co the c s dung cho bat c phng thc van tai nao, ke ca van tai a phng thc. 3. FAS- Free alongside ship (named port of shipment): Giao doc man tau (cang boc hang qui nh) Giao doc man tau co ngha la ngi ban giao hang, a thong quan xuat khau, khi hang hoa a c at doc man con tau tai cang boc hang. ieu nay co ngha la ngi mua phai chu moi chi ph va rui ro ve mat mat hay h hong hang hoa ke t thi iem o. ieu kien nay ch c s dung cho van chuyen ng bien hoac ng thuy noi a. 4. FOB- Free on board (named port of shipment): Giao len tau (cang boc hang qui nh) Giao len tau co ngha la ngi ban giao hang, a thong quan xuat khau, khi hang qua lan can tau tai cang boc hang qui nh. ieu nay co ngha la ngi mua phai chu moi chi ph va rui ro ve mat mat hay h hong hang hoa ke t iem o. ieu kien nay ch s dung cho van chuyen hang hoa bang ng bien hoac ng thuy noi a. Neu cac ben khong co y nh giao hang qua lan can tau, nen s dung ieu kien FCA. 5. CFR- Cost and freight (named port of destination): Tien hang va cc ph (cang en qui nh) Tien hang va cc ph co ngha la ngi ban giao hang, a thong quan xuat khau, khi hang qua lan can tau tai cang boc hang.

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 3 ____________________________________________________________________________________

Ngi ban phai tra cac ph ton va cc ph can thiet e a hang ti cang en qui nh, NHNG rui ro ve mat mat hay h hong hang hoa, cung nh bat c chi ph phat sinh nao do nhng tnh huong xay ra sau khi giao hang, c chuyen t ngi ban sang ngi mua. ieu kien nay ch s dung cho van chuyen hang hoa bang ng bien hoac ng thuy noi a. Neu cac ben khong co y nh giao hang qua lan can tau, nen s dung ieu kien CPT. 6. CIF- Cost, insurance and freight (named port of destination): Tien hang, ph bao hiem va cc ph (cang en qui nh) Tien hang, ph bao hiem va cc ph co ngha la ngi ban giao hang, a thong quan xuat khau, khi hang qua lan can tau tai cang boc hang. Ngi ban phai tra cac ph ton va cc ph can thiet e a hang ti cang en qui nh NHNG rui ro ve mat mat hay h hong hang hoa cung nh bat c chi ph phat sinh nao do nhng tnh huong co the xay ra sau khi giao hang, c chuyen t ngi ban sang ngi mua. Tuy nhien, ngi ban CIF con phai mua bao hiem ng bien e ngi mua tranh c nhng rui ro ve mat mat hay h hong hang hoa trong qua trnh chuyen ch. Do o, ngi ban phai ky hp ong bao hiem va tra ph bao hiem. Ngi mua can chu y rang theo ieu kien CIF ngi ban c oi hoi mua bao hiem ch mc toi thieu. Neu ngi mua muon c bao hiem mc cao hn, ngi mua can thoa thuan ro rang hn vi ngi ban hoac t mua bao hiem bo sung. ieu kien nay ch s dung cho van chuyen hang hoa bang ng bien hoac ng thuy noi a. Neu cac ben khong co y nh giao hang qua lan can tau, nen s dung ieu kien CIP. 7. CPT- Carriage paid to (named place of destination): Cc ph tra ti (ni en qui nh) Cc ph tra ti co ngha la ngi ban giao hang, a thong quan xuat khau, cho ngi chuyen ch do ngi ban ch nh nhng them vao o ngi ban phai tra cc ph chuyen ch can thiet e a hang en ni en qui nh. ieu nay co ngha la ngi mua phai chu moi rui ro va bat c ph ton nao khac phat sinh sau khi hang a c giao nh vay. ieu kien nay co the c s dung cho bat c phng thc van tai nao, ke ca van tai a phng thc. 8. CIP- Carriage and insurance paid to (named place of destination): Cc ph va ph bao hiem tra ti (ni en qui nh)

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 4 ____________________________________________________________________________________

Cc ph va ph bao hiem tra ti co ngha la ngi ban giao hang, a thong quan xuat khau, cho ngi chuyen ch do ngi ban ch nh, nhng them vao o ngi ban phai tra cc ph chuyen ch can thiet e a hang en ni en qui nh. ieu nay co ngha la ngi mua phai chu moi rui ro va bat c ph ton nao phat sinh sau khi hang a c giao. Tuy nhien, ngi ban CIP con phai mua bao hiem e ngi mua tranh c nhng rui ro ve mat mat hay h hong hang hoa trong qua trnh van chuyen. Do o, ngi ban phai ky hp ong bao hiem va tra ph bao hiem. Ngi mua can chu y rang theo ieu kien CIP ngi ban c oi hoi mua bao hiem ch mc toi thieu. Neu ngi mua muon c bao hiem mc cao hn, ngi mua can thoa thuan ro rang vi ngi ban hoac t mua bao hiem bo sung. ieu kien nay co the c s dung cho bat c phng thc van tai nao, ke ca van tai a phng thc. 9. DAF- Delivered at frontier (named place): Giao tai bien gii (ni qui nh) Giao tai bien gii co ngha la ngi ban giao hang khi hang hoa, a thong quan xuat khau, nhng cha thong quan nhap khau, c at di quyen nh oat cua ngi mua tren phng tien van tai ch en ma cha c d, tai a iem va ni qui nh tai bien gii, nhng trc "ca khau hai quan"cua nc tiep giap. T "bien gii" co the s dung cho moi loai bien gii, ke ca bien gii cua nc xuat khau. V vay phai xac nh ro bien gii c noi ti bang cach ch ch danh a iem va ni giao hang. ieu kien nay co the c s dung moi phng thc van chuyen khi hang c giao tai bien gii tren at lien. Khi viec giao hang c thc hien tai cang en, tren tau hoac tren cau cang (cau tau), nen s dung ieu kien DES hoac DEQ. 10. DES- Delivered ex ship (named port of destination): Giao tai tau (cang en qui nh) Giao tai tau co ngha la ngi ban giao hang cua mnh khi hang c at di s nh oat cua ngi mua tren tau, cha thong quan nhap khau, tai cang en qui nh. Ngi ban phai chu moi ph ton va rui ro e ch hang en cang en qui nh trc khi d hang. Neu cac ben muon ngi ban chu ph ton va rui ro trong viec d hang, nen s dung ieu kien DEQ. ieu kien nay ch c s dung khi hang hoa c giao tren tau tai cang en bang ng bien hay ng thuy noi a hoac bang van tai a phng thc. 11. DEQ- Delivered ex quay (named port of destination): Giao tai cau cang (cang en qui nh) Giao tai cau cang co ngha la ngi ban giao hang cua mnh khi hang c at di s nh oat cua ngi mua tren cau cang (cau tau), cha thong quan nhap khau, tai cang en qui nh. Ngi ban phai chu moi ph ton va rui ro e ch hang

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 5 ____________________________________________________________________________________

en cang en qui nh va ph d hang len cau cang (cau tau). ieu kien DEQ oi hoi ngi mua phai thong quan hang nhap khau va tra tat ca cac th thue va le ph cho viec nhap khau. ieu kien nay ch c s dung khi hang hoa c giao khi d hang t tau len cau cang (cau tau) tai cang en bang ng bien hay ng thuy noi a hoac bang van tai a phng thc. Tuy nhien, neu cac ben muon ngha vu cua ngi ban phai chu rui ro va ph ton trong viec van chuyen hang hoa t cau cang en a iem khac (kho, bai, ben,) trong hoac ngoai cang, nen s dung ieu kien DDU hoac DDP. 12. DDU- Delivered duty unpaid (named place of destination): Giao hang cha thong quan (ni en qui nh) Giao hang cha thong quan co ngha la ngi ban giao hang cho ngi mua, cha thong quan nhap khau, va cha c d t bat c phng tien van tai nao ch en, tai ni en qui nh. Ngi ban phai chu cac ph ton va rui ro lien quan en viec chuyen ch hang ti ni en o, tr cac th duty (thuat ng bao ham trach nhiem oi vi nhng rui ro e thc hien thu tuc hai quan, va thanh toan cac th thue va le ph hai quan khac) e nhap khau vao nc en, neu co. Ngi mua phai chu khoan duty nh vay cung nh bat c chi ph va rui ro nao xay ra do ngi mua khong kp thi lam thu tuc nhap khau. ieu kien nay co the s dung cho moi phng thc van chuyen nhng khi viec giao hang c thc hien tai cang en tren tau hoac tren cau cang (cau tau), nen s dung ieu kien DES va DEQ. 13. DDP- Delivered duty paid (named place of destination): Giao hang a thong quan (ni en qui nh) Giao hang a thong quan co ngha la ngi ban giao hang cho ngi mua, a thong quan nhap khau, va cha c d t bat c phng tien van tai nao ch en, tai ni en qui nh. Ngi ban phai chu cac ph ton va rui ro lien quan en viec chuyen ch hang ti ni en o, ke ca cac th duty (thuat ng bao ham trach nhiem oi vi nhng rui ro e thc hien thu tuc hai quan, va thanh toan cac th thue va le ph hai quan khac) e nhap khau hang hoa nc en, neu co. Neu cac ben muon ngi mua phai chu moi rui ro va chi ph nhap khau, nen s dung ieu kien DDU. ieu kien nay co the s dung cho moi phng thc van chuyen nhng khi viec giao hang c thc hien tai cang en tren tau hoac tren cau cang (cau tau), nen s dung ieu kien DES hoac DEQ.

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 6 ____________________________________________________________________________________

CHNG 2

HP ONG MUA BAN NGOAI THNG

I. Nhng ieu trnh bay ( Representations) So cua hp ong; Ngay thang va ni ky ket; Ten va a ch cua cac ben; Ngi ai dien cho cac ben; Nhng nh ngha dung trong hp ong; Cac phu kien kem theo cua hp ong; Can c e ky ket II. Cac ieu kien cua hp ong (Terms of contract)

Can c vao cach bieu hien cua ieu kien:

- Nhng ieu kien ro rang (Express terms): c the hien ro rang trong hp ong. - Nhng ieu kien ngu y (Implied terms): c suy ra t nhng ieu kien ro rang.

Can c vao tam quan trong cua ieu kien:

- Nhng ieu kien c ban (Conditions): Neu mot ben vi pham th ben kia co quyen huy hp ong. - Nhng ieu kien th yeu (Warranties): Neu mot ben vi pham th pha ben kia van khong co quyen huy hp ong ma ch co quyen oi boi thng thiet hai. Sau ay la nhng ieu kien pho bien c qui nh trong hp ong . 1. Ten hang hoa (Name of goods/ Commodity/ Description) ieu kien ten hang hoa tuy ch e xac nh s bo oi tng mua ban nhng no la mot ieu kien c ban cua hp ong . e qui nh ten hang hoa co the qui nh ten thong thng cua hang hoa kem vi ten khoa hoc, ten ni san xuat, ten nha san xuat, qui cach chu yeu, cong dung, hay ma so cua hang hoa. 2. Qui cach/ pham chat (Specification/ Quality): ieu kien qui cach pham chat se xac nh cu the oi tng mua ban, no lam c s e xac nh gia ca va e ngi mua kiem tra ngha vu giao hang cua ngi ban. V vay ngi mua can ac biet quan tam en ieu kien nay. Trong buon ban co the s dung nhng phng phap sau e qui nh qui cach pham chat cua hang hoa: Mau hang (Sample): Can c vao pham chat cua mot so t hang hoa c lay lam ai dien e anh gia cho pham chat cua toan bo lo hang.

Tieu chuan (Standard):

Viec s dung tieu chuan, nhat la tieu chuan quoc te (ISO) se co mot so thuan li cho ngi mua v: Giam gia thanh san pham; Co nhieu nguon cung cap e la

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 7 ____________________________________________________________________________________

chon; Thuan li cho viec bao hanh chat lng; n gian hoa viec xay dng nhng qui cach pham chat

Nhan hieu thng mai (Trade mark):

Ngi mua co the gap nhng bat li nh sau:Gia co the cao hn so vi cac san pham khac; Phu thuoc vao mot nguon cung cap; Co the phai tra tien cho mot mc chat lng khong co thc Ngi mua phai mua hang hoa theo nhan hieu khi: qua trnh san xuat hang hoa c thc hien theo bang sang che; san xuat gom ca viec s dung qui trnh che tao b mat; khoi lng can nhap la t va khong u e e xuat nhng yeu cau oi vi san pham; Khi mua san pham ban cho nhng ngi tieu dung ma ho thch mot nhan hieu nhat nh. Khi mua hang hoa da vao nhan hieu, ngi mua can lu y:Ch s dung nhan hieu a c ang ky tai th trng mua ban; Can ghi kem nam san xuat, t san xuat ra hang hoa; Chu y en cac nhan hieu khac tng t vi nhan hieu s dung. Tai lieu ky thuat: Khi mua ban hang hoa la may moc thiet b ngi ta thng s dung tai lieu ky thuat e qui nh qui cach pham chat.

Khi s dung tai lieu ky thuat ngi mua can lu y: Can nghien cu ky noi dung tai lieu ky thuat trc khi ky ket hp ong; Gan tai lieu ky thuat vi hp ong Kiem tra trc khi gi hang: Ngi mua c quyen kiem tra pham chat cua hang hoa trc khi ky ket hp ong hoac sau khi ky ket hp ong nhng trc khi giao hang. Ngi mua se ch con quyen khieu nai ve pham chat cua hang hoa vi ngi ban neu chng minh c: Hang hoa co an ty (latent defect); hoac hang hoa cha c ca biet hoa sau khi kiem tra.

Mo ta: Co the mo ta pham chat qui cach cua hang hoa da vao: ham lng cua nhng chat co trong hang hoa, ch so nang suat, dung trong, kch c, mau sac va mui v cua hang hoa...

3. So lng (Quantity) n v tnh so lng: Trong buon ban quoc te co rat nhieu n v tnh so lng co cung ten goi va ngi ta cung s dung nhieu he thong o lng ong thi trong buon ban quoc te. V vay khi qui nh n v tnh so lng can phai tm hieu ky noi dung cua no va qui nh mot cach cu the trong hp ong.

a iem xac nh so lng: Neu so lng hang hoa c xac nh tai a iem i, ngi mua se phai chu nhng rui ro ve so lng hang hoa trong chuyen ch, neu so lng hang hoa c xac nh tai a iem en, ngi ban se phai chu nhng rui ro o.

Phng phap qui nh so lng:

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 8 ____________________________________________________________________________________

- Qui nh chnh xac: Cac ben qui nh chnh xac mot so lng cu the hang hoa khi mua ban mot so t hang hoa. - Qui nh khoang chng: Khi mua ban mot so lng ln hang hoa, cac ben qui nh mot khoang so lng cho phep c giao, khoang cho phep o c goi la "dung sai" (Tolerance). 4. Bao b (Packing)

Cung cap bao b:

- Ngi ban cung cap bao b cung vi hang hoa - Ngi ban cung cap bao b, nhng sau khi nhan hang ngi mua phai tra lai bao b cho ngi ban. - Ngi mua cung cap bao b cho ngi ban ong goi hang hoa

Chi ph ve bao b:

- c tnh gop trong gia hang: gia hang a bao gom ca nhng chi ph ve bao b - c tnh rieng vi gia hang: co the tnh theo chi ph thc te hoac theo mot mc phan tram nhat nh cua gia hang.

Chat lng bao b:

- Qui nh cu the: Ngi mua nen s dung oi vi hang hoa quen thuoc - Qui nh chung chung: Ngi mua nen s dung oi vi hang hoa cha quen biet. 5. Ky ma hieu (Marking) Ky ma hieu la nhng ky hieu bang hnh ve, bang ch, bang so c ghi tren bao b cua hang hoa e hng dan viec giao nhan van chuyen va bao quan hang hoa, va con e ca biet hoa hang hoa. 6. Giao hang (Delivery)

ieu kien thng mai quoc te:(INCOTERM 2000)

Thi han giao hang: Thi han giao hang la thi gian ma ngi ban phai hoan thanh ngha vu giao hang cua mnh tai a iem giao hang qui nh

Thong bao giao hang:

Can thoa thuan nhng noi dung: Ben co ngha vu thong bao va ben nhan c thong bao; Thi han thong bao; Phng tien thong bao; Noi dung trong thong bao. Cac qui nh khac: Gi hang tng phan- Partial shipment; Chuyen taiTranshipment;

7. Van tai (Transportation)

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 9 ____________________________________________________________________________________

Noi dung cua ieu kien nay thng qui nh ve: Phng tien van tai; Hanh trnh chuyen ch; Thi gian phng tien van tai en; Chi ph boc, d, san xep hang; Toc o boc d; Thng phat boc d. 8. Bao hiem (Insurance) Noi dung ieu kien nay thng qui nh ve: Cong ty bao hiem; ieu kien bao hiem; So tien bao hiem; Ph bao hiem. 9. Gia ca (Price) ong tien tnh gia: Can qui nh ro ten goi cua ong tien va nc co ong tien o

n v tnh gia: Can phai qui nh phu hp vi n v tnh so lng. n gia:

* Gia khong thay oi: co the c xac nh vao luc ky ket hp ong hoac luc giao hang can c vao gia th trng. * Gia thay oi : - Theo s bien ong cua gia th trng: gia cua hp ong se c ieu chnh lai neu gia th trng vao luc giao hang co bien ong qua/ ti mot mc o bien ong nhat nh. - Theo s bien ong cua chi ph san xuat: gia hang hoa c ieu chnh theo s bien ong cua gia nguyen vat lieu san xuat va gia nhan cong.

Tong tr gia: c ghi bang so va ch Giam gia: mua vi so lng ln; trai thi vu; tra tien sm; Cac chi ph c tnh trong gia

10. Thanh toan (Payment) ong tien thanh toan: Can qui nh ro ten cua ong tien va nc co ong tien o

a iem thanh toan: Neu a iem thanh toan nc ngi ban, ngi ban se thu tien ve nhanh hn. Neu a iem thanh toan nc ngi mua, ngi mua se b ong von.

Thi han thanh toan:

- Thanh toan trc khi: Ngi mua cap tn dung cho ngi ban, hoac ngi mua at coc e am bao thc hien hp ong . - Thanh toan ngay khi: ngi ban a san sang giao hang/ giao hang/ xuat trnh bo chng t gi hang/ hang hoa en ni.

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 10 ____________________________________________________________________________________

- Thanh toan sau khi: Ngi ban cap tn dung cho ngi mua hoac ngi mua muon kiem tra hang hoa trc khi thanh toan tien hang. Bo chng t thanh toan: La nhng chng t ma ngi ban phai xuat trnh cho ngan hang hay ngi mua e c thanh toan tien.

Phng thc thanh toan

ieu kien am bao tien te: La ieu kien e am bao tr gia cua hp ong khong thay oi khi ong tien thanh toan co s bien ong ve gia tr. Ngi ta co the am bao theo gia vang, hay theo mot ngoai te khac, hay theo mot ro ngoai te, hay theo ch so gia ca 11. Kiem tra (Inspection) Thi gian va a iem kiem tra: Ni san xuat ra hang hoa; Cang boc hang; Cang d hang; Ni ngi mua s dung hang hoa

Ngi kiem tra co the la: Ngi san xuat; Ngi ban; Ngi mua; To chc trung gian (Vinacotrol, SGS, OMIC,...)

Phng phap kiem tra:

- Kiem tra toan bo hang hoa: thng dung khi mua ban vi mot so lng t hang hoa - Kiem tra ai dien: thng dung khi mua ban vi mot so lng ln hang hoa Ph ton kiem tra: Co the thoa thuan do ngi ban chu hoac ngi mua chu hoac ca hai ben cung chu

Phng phap xac nh trong lng:

- Can hang: Viec xac nh trong lng bang cach can thc te - Trong lng ly thuyet (Theoretical weight): La trong lng hang hoa c tnh toan da tren c s ly thuyet ch khong da tren ket qua can thc te + Da vao trong lng rieng, the tch moi n v hang hoa va so lng cac n v hang hoa: S dung oi vi nhng hang hoa co qui cach kch thc co nh nh sat thep, ton, may moc... + Da vao mn nc cua tau luc trc va sau khi boc hoac d hang hoa: khi gia tr hang hoa khong cao va so lng hang hoa ln. + Da vao dung tch hang hoa: Thng s dung oi vi hang long ng trong be cha (Tank) - Trong lng thng mai- Commercial weight): Thng s dung oi vi hang hoa co o am de thay oi va hang hoa co gia tr cao 12. Bao hanh (Warranty)

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 11 ____________________________________________________________________________________

Bao hanh la s am bao cua ngi ban oi vi ngi mua ve chat lng hang hoa

Thi han bao hanh:

- Thi han bao hanh co the la mot khoang thi gian tnh t: ngay san xuat; ngay gi hang; ngay hang en ni; ngay ngi mua tieu thu ; ngay bat au s dung hang hoa. - Thi han bao hanh co the tnh theo mot mc o s dung hang hoa nhat nh - Thi han bao hanh co the keo dai khi: ngi ban cham giao tai lieu ky thuat hoac phai khac phuc nhng bo phan h hong cua hang hoa trong thi han bao hanh. Pham vi bao hanh:thong thng ve thiet ke san pham, nguyen vat lieu che tao, trnh o tay nghe che tao,...

Pham vi khong c bao hanh: Nhng h hong do ngi mua gay ra; Nhng bo phan chong hao mon; Nhng hao mon t nhien cua hang hoa; Nhng khuyet iem hoac s khong phu hp cua hang hoa ma ngi mua khong the khong biet khi ky ket hp ong.

Trach nhiem cua ngi ban trong thi han bao hanh: can qui nh ngha vu phai thc hien va thi han thc hien ngha vu o

13. Khieu nai (Claim) La bien phap giai quyet tranh chap gia cac ben bang con ng thng lng trc tiep. The thc khieu nai:Hnh thc bang van ban; n khieu nai phai ay u; Ho s khieu nai phai ay u cac chng t co lien quan; Khieu nai phai c gi ung thi han

Thi han khieu nai:co the c tnh t ngay gi hang hoac t ngay hang en hoac tnh theo thi han bao hanh

Thi han tra li khieu nai: co the tnh t khi gi n khieu nai hoac t khi nhan c n khieu nai

14. Che tai (Sanction) La hnh thc trach nhiem cua ben vi pham hp ong oi vi ben kia. Thc hien thc s: Ben vi pham van phai thc hien ung vi ngha vu cua mnh a c qui nh trong hp ong.

Phat: Ben vi pham phai nop cho ben b vi pham mot so tien a c qui

nh. Thiet hai tnh trc: Neu co the oan trc nhng thiet hai mot cach chnh xac, hp ong thng qui nh khoan boi thng toan bo nhng thiet hai tnh trc.

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 12 ____________________________________________________________________________________

Boi thng thiet hai: Ben vi pham phai nop cho ben b vi pham mot so tien theo mc thiet hai xay ra.

Huy hp ong

15. Trng hp bat kha khang (Force majeure) Nhng tieu chuan xem xet: nhng s kien xay ra mang tnh khach quan, trong luc thc hien ngha vu, khong the lng trc ma cung khong the khac phuc noi, va anh hng trc tiep en viec thc hien ngha vu theo hp ong.

Liet ke s kien: Nhng s kien c coi la Bat kha khang va nhng s kien khong c coi la Bat kha khang.

Thi han c phep nh ch viec thc hien ngha vu. Neu qua thi han nay th hp ong se b huy bo.

Ngha vu cua ben gap phai trng hp bat kha khang: Thong bao ngay cho pha ben kia biet ve thi gian xay ra va cham dt, ong thi phai lay giay chng nhan cua c quan co tham quyen.

16. Trong tai (Arbitration) La bien phap dung ngi th ba e giai quyet tranh chap khi nhng tranh chap nay khong the giai quyet c bang con ng thng lng va cac ben cung khong muon a ra trc toa an e xet x.

Hoi ong trong tai:

- Trong tai qui che: la mot to chc hoat ong thng xuyen, c thanh lap e chuyen giai quyet nhng tranh chap xay ra trong buon ban, co tru s rieng, co oi ngu trong tai vien rieng va co qui che xet x rieng - Trong tai khong qui che (Ad hoc): c thanh lap ch e xet x mot vu tranh chap nhat nh roi giai the.

Ph trong tai: Thng do ben thua kien chu Phan quyet cua trong tai: Co gia tr chung tham va rang buoc cac ben

17. Cac ieu kien khac Trong hp ong mua ban ngoai thng, cac ben con can qui nh ve mot so ieu kien khac nh: The thc thay oi, bo sung, huy bo hp ong; Hieu lc cua hp ong; Cam chuyen nhng quyen li va ngha vu cho ben th ba; Cam tai xuat hang hoa; Ngon ng cua hp ong; Luat ap dung.... III. Ch ky cua cac ben Phai ky ch ky ay u va bang but mc, khong ky ch ky tat va bang but ch hay but bi. Ben soan thao ra hp ong ky vao ben phai, pha ben kia ky chap nhan vao ben trai.

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 13 ____________________________________________________________________________________

CHNG 3

GIAO NHAN NGOAI THNG

1. Khai niem Giao nhan la viec to chc qua trnh chuyen ch hang hoa t ni gi ti ni nhan hang. Nghiep vu giao nhan co tac dung giam chi ph van tai va tao ieu kien cho ngi xuat nhap khau hoat ong co hieu qua

Thay mat ngi gi hang, ngi giao nhan se thc hien cac dch vu sau:

- Giai thch vi ngi gi hang ve cac ieu khoan xep hang. - Giup nha xuat khau lap phng an gia xuat khau - Chon tuyen ng, phng thc van tai va hang tau thch hp, co uy tn. - Lu cc vi ngi chuyen ch(Booking space). - Nhan hang va cap cac chng t chng nhan a nhan hang e gi i - Ch dan va ong goi hang hoa, ke k ma hieu neu nh ngi gi hang yeu cau. - Nhan hang hoa e xep a en cang ch. - Thu xep viec lu kho hang neu c uy thac. - Khai bao Hai Quan ve hang hoa xuat nhap khau. - Thu xep va chuan b tat ca cac chng t can thiet cho lo hang - Thanh toan giup ngi gi hang toan bo cac chi ph bao gom ca cc van chuyen va cac chi ph co lien quan - Thu xep va theo doi toan bo qua trnh van chuyen hang cho en tay ngi nhan hang - Giup ngi gi hang khieu nai ngi chuyen ch

Thay mat ngi nhan hang, ngi giao nhan se am trach nhng van e:

- Giam sat lo hang trong qua trnh van chuyen. - Kiem tra toan bo ho s, chng t co lien quan giup cho ngi nhan hang - Nhan hang t ngi chuyen ch, thanh toan cc ph va cac chi ph khac cho ngi nhan hang neu co. - Khai bao Hai Quan ve lo hang nhap khau . - Thu xep lu kho hang hoa neu can.

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 14 ____________________________________________________________________________________

- Giao hang cho ngi nhan hang. - Thu xep viec chuyen ch en tan kho cua ngi nhan hang. - Giup ngi nhan hang khieu nai ngi chuyen ch neu co ton that xay ra. 2. Mot so thuat ng trong giao nhan container: - FCL (full container load): gi hang nguyen container - LCL (less than a container load): gi hang le - CY (Container Yard) - Bai container - CFS (Container Freight Station) - Tram ong hang va d hang container - CY / CFS: tng ng vi phng thc FCL / LCL - CFS / CY: tng ng vi phng thc LCL / FCL - DOOR TO DOOR (DTD): la dch vu tron goi do ngi giao nhan thc hien t kho cua ngi gi hang en kho cua ngi nhan hang - DOOR/CY, CY/DOOR: ch hang t kho ngi ban en bai container va ngc lai t bai container en kho ngi mua. - DOOR/CFS, CFS/DOOR: ch hang t kho ngi ban en tram lam hang va ngc lai t tram lam hang en kho ngi mua.

CHNG 4

VAN TAI NGOAI THNG

I/ Van tai ng bien 1. ac iem u iem:Cac tuyen ng hang hai c hnh thanh mot cach t nhien; Nang lc chuyen ch ln; Gia cc van tai thap

Nhc iem:Toc o cua tau bien cham; Phu thuoc rat nhieu vao thi tiet; Thng hay gap nhieu rui ro trong chuyen ch

Pham vi ap dung:Chuyen ch tren c ly dai, khoi lng ln; Co the phuc vu chuyen ch cho tat ca cac loai hang hoa

2. Cac phng thc thue tau bien 2.1. Thue tau ch a. Khai niem

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 15 ____________________________________________________________________________________

Tau ch (Liner) hay con goi la tau chay nh ky (Regular) la tau kinh doanh thng xuyen tren mot tuyen ng nhat nh, ghe qua nhng cang nhat nh va theo mot lch trnh a nh trc. Thue tau ch hay con goi la lu khoang tau (Booking space) la viec ngi thue tau yeu cau ngi chuyen ch danh cho mnh mot phan con tau e chuyen ch hang hoa va tra cho ngi chuyen ch mot khoan cc ph bao gom ca tien boc, d hang hoa theo mot bieu cc (Freight tarift) a nh san Moi quan he gia ngi thue tau va ngi chuyen ch c ieu chnh bang mot van ban goi la Van n ng bien (Bill of lading) ac iem:So lng hang hoa khong ln, thng la hang kho va co bao b; Tuyen ng c biet trc; Thi gian va lch trnh tau chay c cong bo trc; Cc tau ch c qui nh san trong bieu cc; Cac ieu kien chuyen ch c qui nh san trong B/L.

u iem:So lng hang hoa khong han che; Viec boc d do chu tau am nhiem nen n gian thu tuc; Viec tnh toan ieu kien giao nhan trong mua ban de dang; Thuan tien cho chu hang trong viec lu cc.

Nhc iem: Cc thue tau ch thng cao hn tau chuyen; Ngi thue tau ch thng khong c t do thoa thuan cac ieu kien chuyen ch

b. Van n ng bien (Bill of lading- B/L) Van n ng bien la chng t chuyen ch hang hoa bang ng bien do ngi chuyen ch hoac ai dien cua ho cap cho ngi gi hang sau khi a nhan hang hoa e chuyen ch. Trong chuyen ch hang hoa bang tau ch, van n ng bien khong nhng ieu chnh moi quan he gia ngi gi hang (Shipper) vi ngi chuyen ch (Carrier), ma con ieu chnh moi quan he gia ngi chuyen ch va ngi nhan hang (Consignee).

Cac chc nang cua van n:

- La bien lai nhan hang e chuyen ch - La chng t ve quyen s hu oi vi hang hoa ghi trong van n. - La bang chng cua hp ong van tai.

Cac loai van n:

Phan theo tnh trang boc hang: - Van n a boc hang (Shipped on board B/L- shipped B/L): the hien hang a thc s c boc len tau.

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 16 ____________________________________________________________________________________

- Van n nhan hang e boc (Received for shipment B/L): c cap trc khi hang c boc len tau (co the con tai kho, bai cua cang), no khong the hien c la hang a thc s c boc len tau. Phan theo ngi nhan hang: - Van n ch danh- (Straight B/L hay B/L to a named person): ghi ch danh ngi nhan va ch ngi o mi co quyen nhan hang. - Van n theo lenh-(B/L to order): hang phai c giao theo lenh cua mot ngi nhat nh ghi trong muc ngi nhan hang - Van n xuat trnh-(B/L to bearer ): khong ghi ten ngi nhan, ai co van n mang en xuat trnh th c nhan hang. - Giay gi hang ng bien (Seaway Bill): La loai van n ghi ch danh ten ngi nhan hang. Phan theo chat lng chng t: - Van n hoan hao (Clean B/L): ngi chuyen ch khong ghi nhan xet g xau ve tnh trang cua hang hoa hay bao b - Van n khong hoan hao (Unclean, Duty, Foul, Claused B/L): ngi chuyen ch ghi nhan xet ve tnh trang hang hoa hay bao b khong tot... Phan theo ngi phat hanh van n: - Van n chu- Ocean Bill of lading (OB/L) hoac Master Bill of lading (MB/L): do hang tau cap cho ngi giao nhan - Van n th cap- House Bill of lading (HB/L): do ngi giao nhan phat hanh cho ngi gi hang. Phan theo gia tr phap ly: - Van n goc (Original B/L): co gia tr nhan hang, khieu nai oi boi thng - Van n copy ( Copy B/L): khong co gia tr e nhan hang hay khieu nai ma ch e thong bao hay lam thu tuc Phan chia theo hanh trnh chuyen ch: - Van n i thang (Direct B/L): c cap cho lo hang i thang t cang boc en cang d, khong chuyen tai qua cang nao khac. - Van n suot (Through B/L): c cap cho lo hang chuyen ch qua nhieu cung oan, hang c chuyen tai t cung oan nay sang cung oan khac. 2.2. Thue tau chuyen a. Khai niem

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 17 ____________________________________________________________________________________

Tau chuyen (Tramp) hay con goi la tau khong nh ky (Irregular) la tau kinh doanh chuyen ch hang hoa khong theo mot lch trnh nhat nh. No thng hoat ong chuyen ch trong mot khu vc a ly nhat nh va theo yeu cau cua ngi thue tau Thue tau chuyen la chu tau (ship owner) cho ngi thue tau (chaterer) thue toan bo hay mot phan chiec tau chay rong (tramp) e chuyen ch hang hoa gia hai hay nhieu cang va c hng tien cc theo thoa thuan

Cac hnh thc thue tau chuyen:

- Thue chuyen mot: tc la thue tau e chuyen ch mot lan hang hoa gia cac cang nhat nh. - Thue chuyen kh hoi: tc la thue tau e chuyen ch hang hoa ca lt i lan lt ve theo hp ong - Thue lien tuc: co the la thue mot chuyen lien tuc hoac kh hoi lien tuc ac iem: Khoi lng hang hoa chuyen ch ln; Hai ben am phan vi nhau ve ieu kien chuyen ch va gia cc e ky hp ong thue tau chuyen (C/P); Thng co moi gii (chater broker), ngi thue tau se uy thac cho ngi moi gii i tm tau, gap g vi chu tau e am phan, tra gia roi ky hp ong

u iem: Tnh linh hoat cao; Gia cc re hn tau ch; Ngi thue tau c t do thoa thuan cac ieu kien ghi trong hp ong; Toc o chuyen ch hang hoa nhanh.

Nhc iem: Ky thuat thue tau, ky hp ong rat phc tap; Gia cc bien ong thng xuyen va rat manh

Moi quan he gia ngi chu tau la ngi cho thue (Charter) va chu hang la ngi thue (Charterer) c ieu chnh bang hp ong thue tau chuyen (Voyage charter party- C/P) b. Hp ong thue tau chuyen Noi dung chu yeu cua hp ong thue tau chuyen:

Ten chu tau va ngi thue tau ieu khoan ve tau Thi gian tau en cang boc hang (Laydays)

Tau c coi la tau en cang (arrived ship) khi: - Tau a cap cau cang cang hoac qui nh a en vung thng mai cua cang qui nh trong C/P - a hoan thanh moi thu tuc e boc d

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 18 ____________________________________________________________________________________

- a trao Thong at san sang- NOR (Notice of readiness) cho ngi c ghi trong C/P .

Hang hoa Cang boc d Cc ph

- n v tnh cc: tnh theo trong lng hoac theo the tch - Thanh toan cc : Cc tra trc; Cc tra sau; Cc tra trc mot phan, tra sau mot phan.

Chi ph boc d

- ieu kien tau ch- Liner terms: Ngi chuyen ch chu toan bo chi ph boc d va san xep hang trong ham tau giong nh trong thue tau ch - ieu kien mien ph boc hang- F.I (Free in): Ngi chuyen ch khong chu ph boc hang, nhng phai chu chi ph d hang tai cang en. - ieu kien mien ph d hang- F.O (Free out): Ngi chuyen ch khong chu ph d hang, nhng phai chu chi ph boc hang len tau tai cang boc. - ieu kien mien ph boc va san xep hang- F.I.S./ T.( Free in stowed/ trimmed): Ngi chuyen ch khong chu ph boc, xep hoac san hang trong ham tau. - ieu kien mien ph boc va d hang - F.I.O.( Free in and out): Ngi chuyen ch khong chu ph boc va d hang - ieu kien mien ph boc, d va san xep hang - F.I.O.S./ T.( Free in and out stowed/ trimmed): Ngi chuyen ch khong chu ph boc, d va xep hoac san hang

Thi gian boc d (hay toc o boc d):

Qui nh chung chung: theo tap quan cua cang (COP-Custom of port) hay theo mc boc d nhanh thng le (CQD -Customary quick despatch) Qui nh cu the: - Khai niem ve ngay: + Ngay (Day): c tnh t 0 h en 24 h , ke ca chu nhat va ngay le + Ngay lam viec (Working day): la ngay lam viec thong thng tai cang c tnh t 0 h en 24 h, khong tnh ngay chu nhat va ngay le. + Ngay lam viec 24 tieng (Working day of 24 hours): c u 24 tieng lam viec c tnh la mot ngay, cho du 24 tieng o c lam trong nhieu ngay tren lch. + Ngay lam viec thi tiet cho phep (Weather working day): la ngay 24 tieng lam viec vi ieu kien thi tiet khong xau . - Cach tnh ngay:

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 19 ____________________________________________________________________________________

+ Tnh ca chu nhat va ngay le- S.H.INC.( Sundays and Holidays included) + Khong tnh chu nhat va ngay le- S.H.EX.( Sundays and Holidays excepted) - Khong tnh chu nhat va ngay le cho du co lam- S.H.EX.E.U.( Sundays and Holidays excepted even if used) + Khong tnh chu nhat va ngay le tr khi co lam- S.H.EX.U.U.( Sundays and Holidays excepted unless used) Cac cach qui nh: - Tnh ca chu nhat va ngay le- S.H.INC.( Sundays and Holidays included) - Khong tnh chu nhat va ngay le- S.H.EX.( Sundays and Holidays excepted) - Khong tnh chu nhat va ngay le cho du co lam- S.H.EX.E.U.( Sundays and Holidays excepted even if used) - Khong tnh chu nhat va ngay le tr khi co lam- S.H.EX.U.U.( Sundays and Holidays excepted unless used)

Thng phat boc d

- Thng (Despatch money): Neu boc d nhanh hn qui nh. - Phat (Demurrage): Neu boc d cham hn qui nh, thng gap oi mc thng

Trach nhiem va mien trach cua ngi chuyen ch .

e n gian hoa rut ngan thi gian am phan ky ket hp ong cac ben thng da vao hp ong mau (Standard Charter Party) e sa oi, them bt cho phu hp vi li ch cua 2 ben. 2.3. Thue tau nh han Thue tau nh han la viec chu tau cho ngi thue tau e s dung vao mot muc ch chuyen ch hang hoa trong mot thi gian nhat nh. Trong nghiep vu thue tau nh han cung s dung nhieu mau hp ong do cac to chc hang hai quoc te soan thao II/ Cac phng thc van tai khac 1. Van tai hang khong

u iem: Toc o nhanh; Tuyen ng hoan toan t nhien; Co tnh c ong

cao Nhc iem: Gia cc cao; Phu thuoc rat nhieu vao ieu kien kh hau, thi tiet; Sc ch han che lai hay gap rui ro tai nan va thiet hai rat ln; oi hoi cong nhan, ky s, phi cong, hoa tieu co trnh o cao va giau kinh nghiem

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 20 ____________________________________________________________________________________

Pham vi ap dung: Chuyen ch hang hoa tren khoang cach xa; Chuyen ch hang le, gia tr cao, hang co nhu cau van chuyen gap

2. Van tai ng song u iem: Von au t xay dng va phat trien t ton kem; Kha nang van chuyen tng oi ln; Gia thanh van tai thap

Nhc iem:Chu anh hng cua cac ieu kien t nhien va thi tiet; Toc o chuyen ch hang hoa rat thap

Pham vi ap dung: Chuyen ch noi a; Chuyen ch hang hoa xuat nhap khau qua hnh thc lien hp van tai song bien; Chuyen ch hang hoa xuat nhap khau gia cac nc co song chay qua bien gii; Chuyen ch tren c ly dai, hang hoa co khoi lng ln, gia tr thap.

3. Van tai ng sat u iem: Toc o tng oi cao; Co the chuyen ch hang hoa quanh nam, t khi phu thuoc vao kh hau thi tiet; Gia thanh van tai tng oi thap

Nhc iem: Chi ph xay dng ng sat rat cao; Tnh chat linh hoat, c ong rat thap.

Pham vi s dung: Chuyen ch hang hoa trong pham vi mot nc va gia cac nc co chung ng bien gii ng bo; Chuyen ch hang hoa co khoi lng ln va nhieu mat hang v tuyen ng trung bnh va dai

4. Van tai ng bo u iem:Co tnh c ong linh hoat cao, co kha nang thc hien chuyen ch cac vung xa xoi, heo lanh ; Toc o a hang nhanh hn so vi tau bien, tau song va thi gian xep d iem au iem cuoi t, t o doc ng; Von au t xay dng ng oto t ton kemhn xay dng ng sat

Nhc iem:Gia thanh cao; Trong tai nho.

Pham vi: Chuyen ch hang hoa xuat nhap khau t nc xuat khau en nc nhap khau co chung bien gii ng bo; Chuyen ch hang hoa qua canh quoc te; Ho tr cac phng thc van tai khac trong viec chuyen ch hang hoa xuat nhap khau t cac ni en ga, cang, san bay va ngc lai; Chuyen ch nhng lo hang nho, tren c ly ngan, thi gian giao hang nhanh; Chuyen ch trc tiep t kho en kho tren c ly gan. 5. Van tai ng ong: Thch hp vi viec chuyen ch tren c ly gan, hang hoa de ro r, that thoat 6. Van tai a phng thc: u iem: Tao ra mot au moi duy nhat trong giao nhan, van chuyen; Tang nhanh thi gian giao hang; Giam chi ph van tai; n gian hoa chng t va thu tuc;

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 21 ____________________________________________________________________________________

Tao ieu kien tot hn e s dung phng tien van tai, boc d va c s ha tang, tiep nhan cong nghe van tai mi va quan ly hieu qua he thong van tai; Tao ra nhng dch vu van tai mi, gop phan giai quyet cong an viec lam cho xa hoi Nhc iem: Tuy nhien oi hoi phai au t kha ln cho c s ha tang nh ng sa, cau cong, ga, cang, ben bai, tram ong goi giao nhan, container, phng tien van chuyen, boc d,...

CHNG 5

BAO HIEM HANG HOA TRONG NGOAI THNG

I. Khai niem: Bao hiem la s cam ket boi thng cua ngi bao hiem oi vi ngi c bao hiem ve nhng mat mat, h hong thiet hai cua oi tng bao hiem do nhng rui ro a thoa thuan gay ra vi ieu kien a mua bao hiem cho oi tng o va a nop mot khoan tien goi la ph bao hiem Tac dung: Tap trung von cua nhng ngi mua bao hiem; Boi thng ton that cho nhng ngi co quyen li c bao hiem; e phong va han che ton that xay ra oi vi oi tng c bao hiem; Tang tch luy va tiet kiem chi cho ngan sach nha nc

II. Cac loai rui ro, ton that trong bao hiem 1. Rui ro (Risk) Rui ro la nhng e doa nguy hiem khong lng trc c, la nguyen nhan gay nen ton that cho oi tng bao hiem. Rui ro thong thng: La nhng rui ro c bao hiem trong nhng ieu kien bao hiem thong thng. No bao gom: Mac can; Chm am; Chay; am va; Vt hang xuong bien; Tau mat tch; Cac rui ro khac nh hap hi, nong, lay hai, v, chay, r, rach, lay ban, mat cap, mat trom va khong giao hang,thieu hut.

Rui ro phai bao hiem rieng: La nhng rui ro loai tr nhng van co the c bao hiem rieng bang cach mua bo sung. Gom co 2 loai rui ro chnh:

- Rui ro chien tranh (War- W) - Rui ro nh cong, bao ong dan bien (Strike, Riots, Civil commotion- SRCC)

Rui ro loai tr :La nhng rui ro khong c bao hiem, bao gom:

Buon lau; Noi ty cua hang hoa; Hanh ong xau co y hay lam loi cua ngi bao hiem; Cham tre, th trng xuong gia, thay oi ty gia hoi oai; Chu tau mat kha nang tai chnh; Tau i chech hng; Tau khong u kha nang i bien; Bao b khong ung quy cach.

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 22 ____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Ton that Ton that la nhng mat mat, h hai cua oi tng bao hiem do rui ro gay nen

Ton that bo phan (Partial Loss): La ton that mot phan oi tng bao hiem.

Ton that toan bo (Total Loss): La s mat mat h hai toan bo gia tr hay gia tr s dung cua oi tng bao hiem - Ton that toan bo thc te (Actual Total Loss): oi tng bao hiem b pha huy hoan toan hay b h hai nghiem trong khong con la vat pham nh cu hay ngi c bao hiem b tc han quyen s hu oi vi hang hoa. - Ton that toan bo c tnh (Constructive Total Loss): Hang hoa bao hiem b ton that ma xet thay khong the tranh khoi ton that toan bo thc te hoac khi c tnh chi ph sa cha hang hong va chi ph gi tiep hang en Cang en co the vt qua tr gia cua no. Khi xay ra ton that toan bo c tnh, ngi c bao hiem co the c boi thng toan bo neu ho t bo oi tng bao hiem Ton that rieng (Particular average): Ton that rieng la ton that ch lien quan en quyen li rieng cua ngi chu cua oi tng bao hiem b h hong, mat mat.

Ton that chung (General average): Ton that chung la " ton that do hau qua cua s hy sinh hoac chi ph phat sinh mot cach hu y va khac thng nham muc ch bao am an toan chung cua tau va hang hoa".

III. Cac ieu kien bao hiem hang hoa 1. ieu kien "Mien ton that rieng" (F.P.A- Free from particular average) (ieu kien C) Ngi bao hiem co trach nhiem bao hiem hang hoa oi vi nhng trng hp sau: - Ton that toan phan do hiem hoa hang hai va nhng tai nan ac biet v du nh ong at - Ton that toan phan trong khi boc hang, chuyen tai hoac d hang. - ong gop vao ton that chung. - Ph boc len b, ph lu kho va nhng chi ph ac biet phat sinh do hiem hoa a c bao hiem - Ton that tng phan xay ra do ket qua cua nhng tai hoa rieng biet. V du: mac can, am hay chay tau 2. ieu kien "Co ton that rieng" (W.A- With particular average) (ieu kien B) Theo ieu kien nay, ngi bao hiem chu trach nhiem bao hiem tat ca nhng ton that hoac ton hai ve hang hoa nh ieu kien F.P.A. Ngoai ra, no con bao gom

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 23 ____________________________________________________________________________________

ton that rieng nhng phai co tnh chat rui ro bat ng. No thng bao gom mot mc mien boi thng c khau tr hay khong c khau tr 3. ieu kien "Moi rui ro" (A.R- All Risks) (ieu kien A) ieu kien nay co pham vi bao hiem rong hn ieu kien W.A. No bao hiem moi rui ro ve mat mat hay h hai hang hoa c bao hiem tr trng hp hang b mat mat h hong do cham tre hay noi ty. 4. ieu kien bao hiem chien tranh, nh cong, noi loan, khi ngha ay la nhng ieu kien bao hiem bo sung vao cac ieu kien bao hiem chnh neu tren 5. Nhng ieu kien bao hiem ac biet: Khi co yeu cau bao hiem oi vi mot so mat hanh nh: Tht ong lanh, hai san hoac thc pham ong lanh, xang dau ch ri, ngi bao hiem ap dung ieu khoan ac biet. IV. Hp ong bao hiem 1. Cac loai hp ong bao hiem Hp ong/ n bao hiem chuyen (Voyage Contract/ Policy): la hp ong bao hiem cho mot chuyen hang t mot a iem nay en mot a iem khac ghi trong hp ong bao hiem.

Ngi bao hiem ch chu trach nhiem oi vi ton that cua hang hoa trong pham vi mot chuyen theo ieu khoan t kho en kho. Hp ong/ n bao hiem bao (Open Contract/ Policy): la hp ong bao hiem cho nhieu chuyen hang trong mot khoang thi gian nhat nh. Hp ong bao hiem nay thong thng co hieu lc 1 nam. Sau o, hai ben co the thoa thuan tai tuc hang nam.

2. Noi dung hp ong bao hiem Gia tr bao hiem (Insured Value): Gia tr bao hiem la gia tr cua oi tng bao hiem cong vi cc ph, ph bao hiem va nhng chi ph co lien quan khac.

Trong buon ban, khi mua bao hiem ngi ta thng yeu cau bao hiem luon ca mot khoan lai d tnh, khi o gia tr bao hiem bao gom luon ca khoan lai d tnh nay (thong thng la 10%) So tien bao hiem (Insured Amount): la so tien ma ngi c bao hiem yeu cau bao hiem va ghi trong hp ong bao hiem, o la gii han trach nhiem cua ngi bao hiem oi vi moi tai nan va ph bao hiem c tnh tren c s so tien o.

Thi gian bao hiem co hieu lc (Duration of Cover): la pham vi cua hanh trnh van chuyen c bao hiem. No thng t ni xuat phat en a iem cuoi

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 24 ____________________________________________________________________________________

cung theo qui nh cua hp ong. Trong trng hp lu kho hang hoa doc ng, thi han toi a thng la 60 ngay (co khi ch la 30 ngay)

CHNG 6

THANH TOAN QUOC TE

I/ Phng thc thanh toan 1. Chuyen tien (Remittance/Transfer) Khi en thi han thanh toan, ngi mua yeu cau ngan hang cua mnh chuyen sang ngan hang cua ngi ban mot so tien nhat nh e tra cho ngi ban . Chuyen tien bang ien (Telegraphic Transfer- T/T): Thi gian thu tien ve nhanh nhng chi ph chuyen tien cao

Chuyen tien bang th (Mail Transfer- M/T): Cach nay co chi ph thap hn nhng thi gian thu tien ve lai cham hn so vi T/T

2. Ghi so (Open account) Ngi ban m mot tai khoan e ghi cac khoan tien hang giao cho ngi mua, ngi mua phai can c vao so tien hnh thanh tren tai khoan o e thanh toan cho ngi ban mot cach nh ky. 3. Nh thu (Collection) Cac qui tac thong nhat ve nh thu (URC 522) nh ngha: a."Nh thu" co ngha la cac ngan hang tiep nhan chng t nh a nh ngha ieu 2 (b) theo ung cac ch th nhan c e: 1. Thanh toan hoac chap nhan thanh toan, hoac 2. Giao chng t e c thanh toan (Documents against payment - D/P) va/hoac chap nhan thanh toan (Documents against acceptance - D/A), hoac 3. Giao chng t theo cac ieu kien khac at ra b. "Chng t" la chng t tai chnh va/ hoac chng t thng mai 1. Chng t tai chnh bao gom hoi phieu, ky phieu, sec hoac cac loai chng t tng t khac dung e thu tien 2. Chng t thng mai gom co hoa n, chng t van chuyen, chng t ve quyen s hu hoac bat ky mot chng t tng t nao khac mien la khong phai la chng t tai chnh

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 25 ____________________________________________________________________________________

c. Nh thu phieu trn (Clean collection) co ngha la nh thu cac chng t tai chnh khong kem chng t thng mai d. Nh thu kem chng t (Documentary collection) co ngha la nh thu: 1. Chng t tai chnh kem theo chng t thng mai 2. Chng t thng mai khong kem theo chng t tai chnh 4. Tn dung chng t (Documentary credit) Qui tac va thc hanh thong nhat ve tn dung chng t (UCP 500) nh ngha: Tn dung chng t la mot s thoa thuan ma theo o mot ngan hang (ngan hang m) hanh ong theo yeu cau va ch th cua mot khach hang (ngi yeu cau) hoac thay mat cho chnh no - phai thc hien viec tra tien cho hoac theo lenh cua mot ben th ba (ngi hng li, hoac phai chap nhan hay tra tien cho hoi phieu do ngi hng li ky phat, hoac - uy quyen cho ngan hang khac thc hien viec thanh toan nh vay, hoac phai chap nhan hay tra tien cho nhng hoi phieu nh vay, hoac uy quyen cho ngan hang khac chiet khau, khi cac chng t qui nh c trao, vi ieu kien la cac ieu kien cua tn dung eu c phu hp.

Tnh chat cua th tn dung:

- hnh thanh tren c s hp ong mua ban. - hoan toan oc lap vi hp ong mua ban.

Cac loai th tn dung thong dung:

- Th tn dung khong huy ngang (Irrevocable L/C): khong the b sa oi, huy bo hay bo sung trong suot thi han hieu lc cua no khi cha co s ong y cua cac ben. - Th tn dung co xac nhan (Confirmed L/C): c mot ngan hang th hai (ngoai ngan hang m) ng ra cam ket tra tien cho ngi hng li. - Th tn dung chuyen nhng (Transferable L/C): cho phep ngi hng li co quyen ra lenh cho ngan hang tra tien phai tra mot so tien nhat nh cho mot hoac mot so ngi hng li tiep theo. - Th tn dung oi ng (Reciprocal L/C): ch co hieu lc khi co mot th tn dung khac oi ng vi no a c m ra. - Th tn dung giap lng (Back to back L/C): c m ra da tren c s mot th tn dung khac goi la th tn dung goc, ngi hng li cua th tn dung goc chnh la ngi yeu cau m th tn dung giap lng

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn

NGHIEP VU NGOAI THNG TO BNH MINH 26 ____________________________________________________________________________________

- Th tn dung tuan hoan (Revolving L/C): sau khi a s dung het kim nghach hoac het thi han hieu lc, no lai t ong co hieu lc tr lai trong mot so lan tuan hoan nhat nh 5. Tra tien mat oi chng t (CAD- Cash Against Document) La phng thc thanh toan ma trong o ngi mua yeu cau ngan hang nc ngi ban m tai khoan ky thac (trust account) e thanh toan tien cho ngi ban khi ngi ban xuat trnh ay u nhng chng t theo yeu cau. Ngi ban sau khi hoan thanh ngha vu giao hang se xuat trnh bo chng t cho ngan hang e nhan tien thanh toan. II/ Phng tien thanh toan 1/ Hoi phieu- Bill of exchange/ Draft Hoi phieu la mot t menh lenh tra tien vo ieu kien do mot ngi ky phat cho mot ngi khac, yeu cau ngi nay khi nhn thay phieu, hoac en mot ngay cu the nhat nh hoac en mot ngay co the xac nh trong tng lai, phai tra mot so tien nhat nh cho mot ngi nao o hoac theo lenh cua ngi nay tra cho mot ngi khac hoac tra cho ngi cam phieu 2/ Sec- Cheque Sec la mot t menh lenh vo ieu kien cua ngi chu tai khoan tien gi ra lenh cho ngan hang trch t tai khoan cua mnh e tra cho ngi co ten trong sec, hoac tra theo lenh cua ngi ay hoac tra cho ngi cam sec mot so tien nhat nh bang tien mat hay bang chuyen khoan 3/ Ky phieu- Promissory note Ky phieu la mot t giay ha cam ket tra tien vo ieu kien do ngi lap phieu phat ra tra mot so tien nhat nh cho ngi hng li hoac theo lenh cua ngi nay tra cho ngi khac qui nh trong ky phieu

Su t m b i: www.daihoc.com.vn