CHAPTER 9

Part 1. INTERNATIONAL REGULATION

TEMPERATURE REGULATION

Biologically, life is a coordinated set of chemical reactions.

Ex: garter Snake; pheromones, to attract mates, to regulate their temperature

Temperature Regulation
● Is a type of homeostasis, which is a process that biological systems use to preserve a
stable internal state to survive.
● Temperature affects behaviour in many ways that we easily overlook.
○ Irritated during hot weather

HOMEOSTASIS
● physiologist Walter B. Cannon in 1929 refers to temperature regulation and other
biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range.
● compared to a thermostat.
○
● In animals, it triggers both physiological and behavioural activities that keep certain
variables within a set range.
● Avoid over increase and decrease of our temperature

● Set Point-refers to range that is narrow and it is about a single value that the body works
to maintain.
○ e.g. Calcium Deficit
○ 0.16 grams/liter

● Negative Feedback - processes that reduce discrepancies from the set point.
○ e.g. Motivated Behaviour - hungry or thirsty
○ Thermoregulation
○ Blood sugar regulation

Body temperature falls

● Blood vessels constrict so that heat is conserved. Sweat glands do not secrete fluid.
Shivering (involuntary contraction of muscles) generates heat, which warms the body.
● Heat is retained
● Normal body temperature

Body temperature rises

● Blood vessels dilate, resulting in heat loss to the environment. Sweat glands secrete
fluid. As the fluid evaporates, heat is lost from the body. Ex: SWEAT
● Heat is lost to the environment
● Normal body temperature
ALLOSTASIS are the dynamic changes in our body (from Greek roots "variable" and
"standing")
● e.g. danger = increase in heart rate, blood pressure, sweating
● adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on the situation; more of an
avoidance than correction.

ALLOSTASIS
● The process by which a state of internal, physiological equilibrium is maintained by an
organism in response to actual or perceived environmental and physiological stresses
● The process of maintaining homeostasis, more physiological processes
● Regulates a number of conditions together (kasi mas madamj)
● Responsible for achieving stability through changing

HOMEOSTASIS
● The tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements,
especially as maintained by physiological processes
● The state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living
systems
● Regulates a single condition of the body at a time
● The ability of a biological system to maintain a dynamic internal equilibrium according to
the changes in the internal or external environment
● Through change, our body maintains equilibrium

Controlling Body Temperature

● Priority in our body

Biologically, temperature regulation is a priority in our body.

Basal Metabolism - wherein energy is used to maintain a constant body temperature at rest.

Maintaining body temperature uses about twice as much energy in all other activities
combined

Metabolism of brown adipose cells to release heat; burn fuel of muscle cells to muscle
contractions.

Ectothermic
● body heat depends on external sources
● Synonym in Greek "pokilothermic" = varied heat
● body temperature is almost same with surroundings; cold blooded
● Lack physiological mechanisms, but can regulate temperature behaviourally BUT,
constancy is not guaranteed
 ● E.g. are amphibians, reptiles and fish (but with few exceptions (large fish, tegu lizards,

Endothermic
● can generate own body heat
● Synonym in Greek "homeothermic" = same heat
● body temperature is above the surroundings; warm blooded
● Use physiological mechanisms to keep core temperature constant; BUT, costly for small
animals
● E.g. are mammals and birds

Physiological mechanisms
● (Endothermic) • Evaporation
● Alternatives for species that don't sweat are
● licking and panting • Shivering (for Cold)
● Decreased blood flow to skin
● Fluff fur (for mammals only, not humans)
.
Brain Mechanisms
● Physiological changes depend on areas in and near hypothalamus specifically the
preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus, or POA/AH.

Purpose
1. control autonomic responses
2. receive input from temperature receptors (skin, brain, other organs) and immune system
3. control physiological mechanisms of temperature regulation

FEVER
• Increased set point for body temperature; deviation from usual level (37 celsius).
• Not caused by infection but directed by
hypothalamus to produce. by hypothalamus to produce.

Part 2. INTERNATIONAL REGULATION

Thirst

Osmoreceptors -
● measures salt concentration
● important in mechanism of thirst
● Can be found in the hypothalamus
Our brain measures the concentration of fluid that goes through our body so basically our
hypothalamus detects it

Ex: Salt water

● Solute: salt, it passes through hypothalamus, then it detects that is too salty.
● If the hypothalamus detects that it is too salty, our osmoreceptors will shrink,
● then the hypothalamus will sent and message to our posterior pituitary
● posterior pituitary will release antidiuretic hormone ADH / vasopressin
● antidiuretic hormone ADH / vasopressin will go quickly and communicate directly to
our kidney do not release a water h2o
● Need to conserve a water to decrease salt concentration in our hypothalamus to avoid
brain damage
● If the liquid in our body is low the salt concentration is high. That's why are
hypothalamus will make us feel thirsty

Summary
● From hypothalamus, NA (salt) increases.
● There's a two mechanisms its either you will feel thirsty or hypothalamus will send to
posterior pituitary
● Posterior pituitary will release ADH that will communicate to our kidney
● Kidney will retain water to decrease salt NA concentration

TWO TYPES OF THIRST

1. Osmotic thirst - when there's high salt concentration in our body. You can drink salt
water, because you will feel more thirsty
a. Ex: kumain ka ng junk foods
2. Hypovolemic thirst - if you run out of fluid
a. ex: diarrhea, vomiting, injured (naputulan ng ###)
b. Eating disorder ( hypovolemic shock)
● Bulimia nervosa - people that eat a lot then vomit it after a while
Satiation
Sitiated
Busog
● Eat food
● Glucose will increase
● Release insulin, insulin will communicate directly to our hypothalamus, inhibit hunger
● (If fatty foods) Lipids will increase
● Release leptin, it will directly communicate to our brain to inhibit hunger

Gutom
● Mababa ang glucose, low glucose level
● Our hypothalamus will order us to get hungry, (respond is to eat)
 ● If there's low lipid in our body, our hypothalamus will send a message that we are
hungry, therefore we will eat

● Stomach (hungry like your stomach is growling)

● Release chemical ghrelin, will now communicate to our hypothalamus that we are
hungry

EATING DISORDERS

OBESITY - their lateral hypothalamus is bigger than the normal one, something that is genetic
● Three types of obesity:
1. Syndromal - where in a gene is carrying the characteristic of being obese of
people. Associated with psychological and physical problems. abnormalities in
ghrelin, much higher increase release of ghrelin.
a. ex: people with down syndrome
2. Monogenic - a single gene is affected. Also increase in release of ghrelin. The
only difference is that this doesn't have a psychological and physical problems
3. Polygenic - several genes could carry characteristics of being obese. Slight
increase in being obese.

BULIMIA NERVOSA (ox hunger)

● Binge eating - when a person consumes a lot of food in a span of (2) two hours
● Compensatory behaviors - to compensate in eating. Guilt feeling.
○ Purging - they make themselves vomit ( pag dutdot ng daliri sa bigbig) - laxative,
exercise vigorously, fasting
○ They can maintain their weight
● Indication - bulok na teeth
● Abnormalities in releasing ghrelin, that's why they can eat a lot of food

ANOREXIA NERVOSA (without appetite)

● Fear of gaining weight - go on a restricted diet
● They have a distorted perception of the self.
● They have a very high standard on how will they look like (unrealistic)
● Many people with anorexia nervosa could die with cardiac arrest, suffer neurological
disorders
● Abnormalities in releasing dopamine; the result of anorexia nervosa.

● If people has anorexia nervosa the goal is to make them eat, therapy, psychological
intervention, gain weight
● Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) mabago yungfaulty na pag iisip
● Mostly common with females
● Common in adolescence