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Design Analysis of Fan
Design Analysis of Fan
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
K.KARTHIK 06311A0368
A.SAI CHARAN 06311A0380
D.ASHESH GOPAL NATH 06311A03B4
A.SREENU 06311A03B5
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
K.KARTHIK 06311A0368
A.SAI CHARAN 06311A0380
D.ASHESH GOPAL NATH 06311A03B4
A.SREENU 06311A03B5
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would take immense pleasure to acknowledge with gratitude, the help & support
extended during the course of our project entitled DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A LOW
SPEED CENTRIFUGAL FAN from all people who have helped in the successful
Engineering, for his guidance and help at all stages of the project.
Mechanical Engineering for the facilities provided to carry out the project.
Mechanical Engineering for helping us in learning the software required for this project.
laboratory for providing us the computer systems and the required software tools.
We also thank our parents, class mates and friends for the kind support given by them at all
3
ABSTRACT :
The current project is aimed to design a low specific speed centrifugal fan.
Fans belong to the family of turbo machines and they move air or gas continuously
be carried out by using ANSYS-CFX software for different designed off design
points of operation. The performance of the fan generated from the CFD analysis at
the design point will be compared with that of the designed data assumed for
calculation. This will also be compared with the best efficiency point of operation.
For the analysis, an Auto CAD drawing and a 3-D model the fan impeller and casing
are developed for the designed fan. This is followed by the generation of Grid and
aerodynamic analysis using the available CFD solver. The work is concluded by identifying
possible zones of improvements in the design of impeller and casing and suggest suitable
modifications.
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Nomenclature, Greek letters and Subscripts:
A Area
b Impeller Width
c Absolute velocity
d Diameter
D Impeller diameter
E Energy
n Speed in rpm
nq Specific speed
P Pressure
R Gas constant
r Radius
u Blade speed
W Specific work
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z Number of blades
GREEK LETTERS:
SUBSCRIPT
bl Blade or Impeller
b Blade or Vane
h Hydraulic
m Meridional
t Tip
u Tangential or Peripheral component
6
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………… 10
1.1 Introduction to Turbo machines
1.2 Fans – Principle of operation.
1.3 Classification of fans.
2 LITERATURE SURVEY……………………………………. 15
2.1 Specific work and static pressure rise
2.2 Impeller
2.2.1 Slip
2.2.2 Inlet Vane angle
2.2.3 Pre whirl
2.2.4 Impeller outlet angle
2.2.5 Impeller outlet diameter
2.2.6 Effect of Viscosity
2.2.7 Inlet passage
2.2.8 Effect of surface roughness
2.2.9 Volute casing
2.3 Effects of geometric and flow parameters of fan
2.3.1 Impeller size
2.3.2 Blade shape
2.3.3 Number of blades
2.3.4 Volute and Diffuser
2.3.5 Effect of Friction
2.4 Losses
2.4.1 Losses in the impeller
2.4.2 Leakage losses
7
2.4.3 Volute and diffuser losses
2.5 Applications
4 EXTRACTION OF COORDINATES……………………………. 38
4.1 Method of extraction
4.2 Coordinates of the blade profile (hub side)
4.3 Coordinates of the blade profile (shroud side)
4.4 Coordinates of the hub
4.5 Coordinates of the shroud
5 CFD THEORY…………………………………………………… 42
5.1 CFD Theory
5.1.1 Continuity Equation
5.1.2 Momentum Equation
5.1.3 Energy Equation
5.2 Turbulence Modules
5.2.1 K- Epsilon module
5.3 Discretization of governing equations
5.3.1 Finite difference method
5.3.2 Finite Control volume method
5.3.3 Finite element method
6 ANSYS – CFX………………………………………………….. 51
8
7 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………. 55
7.1 Modelling and CFD analysis of centrifugal fan.
7.2 Meridional data for Hub and Shroud contour
7.3 Mesh data for 3-D impeller blades
7.4 Selection of solver parameters and convergence criteria
7.5 Blade geometry plot
9 CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………. 92
10 SUGGESTION……………………………………………………….. 92
11 REFERENCES………………………………………………………… 93
9
1. INTRODUCTION
Turbomachines used for the compression of gases are classified under radial, axial or
mixed flow types depending on the flow through the impeller. In a radial or centrifugal
machine, the pressure increase due to the centrifugal action forms an important factor in its
operation. The energy is transferred by dynamic means from the impeller to the fluid. The
fluid because of centrifugal action is continuously thrown outwards making way for fresh
fluid to be inducted in because of the reduced local pressure. Another characteristic feature
of the centrifugal impeller is the angular momentum of the fluid flowing through the
impeller is increased by virtue of the impeller outer diameter being significantly larger than
the inlet diameter. In axial flow machines, a large mass of gas is set in motion by the
rotating impeller and is made to move forward because of the aerodynamic action of the
blades. A mixed flow machine encompasses the properties of both the above types.
Depending on the pressure rise attained, these machines are named as fans and blower or
compressors. There is however no distinct demarcation among the different types. Fans
handle gases in large volumes without appreciable density variation. Pressure ratio
attainable is of the order of 1.05. They are invariably single stage machines.
Blowers cover pressure ratios from 1.05 to about 4. They are made either as single
stage or two or three stages. No inter cooling is required.
The selection of a type of impeller namely axial, radial or mixed flow for a specified
pressure rise, speed and flow rate follows from shape number considerations defined by
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Nshape = n √(v)/ w^0.75
The energy which is converted into pressure in the impeller is indicated by the degree
of reaction which is the ratio of specific pressure energy to the specific work of the machine.
Blowers and compressors operate with degree of reaction greater than zero, and mostly than
0.5. The reason is that the static pressure can be generated more efficiently in the impeller
than in the guide vanes as the centrifugal forces in the rotating channels of the impeller help
in the suction of the boundary layer and dead zones.
If the specified pressure rise cannot be obtained in one stage, two or more stages as
required are built in series, the individual stages being joined by what are known as return
guide passages or return channels. In such a multistage centrifugal compressor or blower,
the chief problems encountered are regarding the design of efficient guide and return
channel passages as well as carefully designed shroud and vane contours. Though
compressors with more than eight or ten stages are in existence, the number of stages is
generally restricted to two or three. The desired pressure rise is obtained by employing high
rotational speeds made possible by the steam and gas turbine drives and using high strength
forged impellers with straight radial blades and devoid of front shroud in order to minimize
the stresses in the hub and back shroud.
In blowers and fans dealing with large volumes of gas but relatively low pressure rise,
sheet metal construction is employed, with suitable hub design to take care of stresses and
guide the flow. The sheets are suitably pressed to shape and the joining is through riveting
or welding.
Blade loading, shroud or disc stresses and critical speed considerations impose serious
restrictions on the dimensions of the machine to lower values. However, s the pressure rise
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increases with increasing peripheral speeds, minimum number of stages is preferred for a
compact blower, thus necessitating the use of high peripheral speeds limited by the strength
of the material.
1.2 FAN :
Depending upon the nature of the flow through the impeller blades, fans can be
categorized as axial, centrifugal, mixed or cross flow type.
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Cross flow fans:
a. J-Casing
b. S-Casing
c. U-Casing
The above said fans have different characteristics suitable for specific applications. If the
requirement is to blow air in large volume rate capacity, but relatively low-pressure gain,
axial flow fans may be suited by contrast a fan required to blow air through filtrate system
offering a high flow resistance will have a relatively small volume flow rate capacity with
high pressure rise.
Air or gas enters the impeller of the fan axially through the suction chamber. This gas
flows through the flow passage between the impeller blades while impeller rotates. The
action of the impeller swings the gas from a smaller radius to a larger radius and delivers the
gas at a high pressure and velocity to the casing. Due to impeller rotation centrifugal force
also contributes to the stage pressure rise. At the exit of the impeller a spiral shaped casing
known as scroll or volute collects the flow from impeller which can further increase the
static pressure of air.
Forward Curved Centrifugal Fans
In forward curved centrifugal fans the blades are inclined in the direction of motion.
This type of fan is best suited for application requiring high volume flow at low to medium
pressure rise. This type is sometimes referred to as a ‘Volume Blower’. It can compete with
tube axial and guide vane axial fans for some duties. Its efficiency is less than axial fans.
Radial Discharge Centrifugal Fans
This type of fan is mainly suited for handling of air borne particles. In this type of fan
blades tend to be self-cleaning in moderately dirty conditions and in efficient units with
curved heel blades is thus often used for draught induction in the boilers. Because of
tolerance these fans are suitable for handling particulate matter in filtration duties.
Back-bladed Centrifugal Fans
In backward curved centrifugal fans, the blades at the impeller are inclined away from
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the direction of motion. The static pressure rise in the rotor results from the centrifugal
energy and the diffusion of the relative flow. The stagnation pressure rise and stage work
depends on the whirl components (Cu , Cu ) of the absolute velocity vectors C and C
1 2 1 2
respectively. These impellers are employed for lower pressure and lower flow rates.
The major categorizes of the axial flow fans are sub-categorized into four types:
Propeller Fans, Tube-Axial Fans, Contra Rotating Fans and Guide-Vane Axial Fans. Most
axial fans are available with many blade angle settings that in some cases may be adjusted
when stationary, by slackening a clamping mechanism in the impeller hub. The variable
pitch facility is an advantage in sophisticated fans that can alter the impeller blade angle
while the fan is in operation. The flow coefficient of the fan is predominantly affected by the
changing of blade angles. Fans optimized to produce high flow coefficients are set with
large blade angles.
The characteristics of the mixed flow fans are different from those of axial flow fans
and those of centrifugal fans. These fans are frequently used when characteristics
approximating those of backward curved centrifugal fans are required but the installation
dictates an axial inlet and outlet configuration. One most common type is axial casing
mixed-flow fan.
CROSS-FLOW FANS
In this type of fans the air enters the impeller through peripheral segment other than
through hub. These fans are used where convenience is more important than efficiency.
These fans are suitable for low-pressure rise applications. The applications of cross flow
fans are domestic fan assisted heaters, handhold hair dryers and air curtain.
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2. LITERATURE SURVEY
The specific work is developed in the impeller only through the energy transfer to the
fluid through the vanes and is given by Euler's equation
W = U2C2 – U1C1
C1 and C2 are the components the absolute velocity in the tangential direction at points just
before the inlet to the impeller vane and the exit from the impeller vane respectively.
As the flow energy of the fluid comprises the pressure energy, the kinetic energy and that due to
the geodetic head, the energy at any section of the passage (except where energy is being
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2.2 BLADE ANGLES:
As the temperature of the air at the inlet is less. The sonic velocity is also less.
There is the danger of the velocity in this region reaching a sonic value .For
There are three considerations for β2b namely forward curved blades if β2b<90°, radial
blades when β2b=90° and backward curved blades if the angle β2b>90°. In all the three cases
β1b, the fan speed, the inlet velocity c m and size are kept the same. Therefore the velocity
triangles at 1 are the same for three cases. The velocity triangles at 2 are shown in the
figures for each case. It can be seen c2u increases with β2b and likewise the specific work. As
β2b increases, the blades are more cambered finally resulting in the highly cambered
impulse profile this means increase in the B 2b results in increase in C 2u , likewise the
specific work. The kinetic energy of the fluid at the impeller outlet becomes a smaller
percentage of the total energy as blades become more backwardly curved. Therefore, a
larger portion of the static pressure can be recovered in the impeller with backward curved
vanes.
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FIG : 2.1 Effect of Exit Vane Angle on Outlet Velocity of Impeller
β1b used in impeller is with in a limited range for all machines. It is the angle at inlet for pump/comp and
at exit for turbines. For radial fans and blowers, values outside this range reducing upto 20° are
found to be in use. In the case of turbines, a low β 1b would mean more flow deflection in the impeller
blade row with corresponding increase in specific work. With decreasing β 1b, the blade tangential
thickness t1u at exit increases. From strength considerations, trailing edge thickness cannot be
reduced to small values. Also this causes formation of eddied behind the blade trailing edge and
results in wider wakes and more losses values between 15° to 35° are used.
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2.3VELOCITY TRIANGLES:
Generally the blade speed is taken as the base of the triangle, the direction of U1 and U2 follow the
direction of rotation of impeller and W and C's direction vary depending on that and such that W=C-
U (In vectorial notation) is satisfied
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FIG 2.3: Velocity Triangle at outlet of Impeller
2.4 Impeller
19
The impeller forms the major component in the whole machine where the actual
energy transfer to the fluid takes place. In an actual impeller, complete guidance
to the fluid cannot be expected due to the limited number of vanes. The vane
thickness, the viscous effects, the relative circulation, return flows and the effect
due to bends make the velocity and pressure distribution far from uniform. The
actual flow deflection is less than that obtained when the flow truly follows the
vanes. The difference between the vane angle and the actual flow angle is
accounted by the introduction of a factor called slip factor.
2.4.1 Slip
In the case of vane congruent flow, the specific work of the machine is given by
W ∞ = U2 C2U - U1 C IU
The peripheral components of velocity just outside the impeller are different from those
just within. This difference in specific work is due to the slip in the impeller that is the flow
does not wholly follow the impeller vanes. The energy transfer obtained in practice is less
than that calculated assuming the flow is one - dimensional and that the fluid outlet angle
equals the impeller vane angle due to the relative eddy and nonuniform velocity profile at
the impeller.
W bl∞ = (p+1)W ∞
Stodola assumed that the slip is due to the relative eddy and that the slip velocity is
given by:
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2.4.2 Inlet Vane angle
As the temperature of the air at the inlet is less. The sonic velocity is also less.
There is the danger of the velocity in this region reaching a sonic value .For
incompressible flow, the relative inlet velocity is a minimum when β 1 =35°. In
compressible flow, the relative inlet Mach Number is a minimum when β 1 is in
between 25° to 30°.
However this has the other effect of reducing the specific work of the stage.
In designing usually the fluid is assumed to enter radially so that α 1 = 90°. As
the fluid approaches the vans inlet it comes into contact with the rotating shaft and
impeller. This tends to cause it to rotate with the wheel. This makes larger as
shown by solid line
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2.4.4 Impeller outlet angle
The vane outlet angle has a major effect in the design and performance of the
impeller. The optimum inlet angle having been fixed- by sonic velocity criterion in
the case of a blower, the outlet angle directly controls the size, performance as
well as the specific world developed The component C2u increases with increasing
β2 . For a given specific work, the peripheral speed will come down or if the
rotating speed is also fixed, the diameter comes down. But an increase in β 2 could
cause adverse effects at the vane boundary.
The impeller outlet diameter as a ratio of the inner diameter should not be too
large as otherwise the vane channels become long and narrow increasing the friction
losses. On the other hand, a smaller ratio makes the length of the flow traverse
inside the impeller quite small hampering the energy transfer between the impeller
vanes and the fluid for radial machines the optimum value of this ratio is about 2.
The viscosity of the flowing medium causes the boundary layer to develop along
the shroud and the vane faces in the channel resulting in a decrease of the area
available for the flow of the fluid.
Also pressure losses result because of this. Even simple friction losses are appreciable
because of the high relative velocities and the large amount of wetted flow surface.
Boundary layer effects may be appreciable because of the adverse velocity
gradients of considerable magnitude present along the channel walls. When the
boundary layer is not in equilibrium with the pressure gradient across the channel, a
flow normal to the through flow may arise which will alter the desired potential
flow pattern and cause direct losses as a result of the partial dissipation of the
energy absorbed from the through flow to create the secondary motion.
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2.4.7 Inlet passage
The inlet passage is meant to slowly accelerate the fluid from the entrance to
the eye with minimum losses. An inlet nozzle is usually fitted at the entrance of the
inlet nozzle design is important as otherwise it may affect the flow conditions at the
entrance to the impeller.
This is normally employed in the single stage machines and in the last stage of
the multi-stage machines. Its main purpose is to collect the fluid emanating from
all around the periphery and discharge it into the exit flange. A spiral casing can be
used with or without a diffuser ring. The flow condition in the spiral casing is
given by the free vortex condition that is
C u. r = constant
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2.5 EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC AND FLOW PARAMETERS ON
FAN PERFORMANCE
b1/d2 = 0.2
1/3
d1 / d2 = 1.2(Φ) d1 - Impeller inlet diameter
d2 - Impeller outlet diameter
Φ - Flow coefficient
24
FIG : 1.1 Effect of Shape Number
The blade loading, local acceleration and deceleration characteristics and impeller
performance are influenced by impeller blade shape. It plays an important role. Straight or
curved sheet metal blades or aerofoil shaped blades have been used in the centrifugal fans
and blowers. Sheet metal blades are arc-shaped or of different curve and can either be
welded or riveted to the impeller disc. These are classified as backward-swept, radial and
forward swept depending on the exit angles. The optimum blade angle at inlet was found to
be 35°.
Too few blades are unable to fully impose their geometry on the flow, where as too
many of them restrict the flow passage and leads to higher losses. The number of blades in
centrifugal fan can wary from 3 to 64 depending on the application type and size. Some
empirical relations to determine the no of blades are given below.
25
2.5.4 Volutes and Diffuser
At the impeller exit of the fan the flow has considerable kinetic energy. This kinetic
energy can be converted into static energy by providing vaneless and vaned diffuser at the
exit of the impeller. The spiral casing as a collector of flow from the impeller or diffuser is
an essential pan of the centrifugal fan. The provision of vaned diffuser in a blower can give
a slightly higher efficiency than the blower with only a volute casing. However for majority
of the centrifugal fans and the blowers the higher cost and the size that result by employing
a diffuser outweigh its advantage. Therefore most of the single stage centrifugal fan
impellers discharge directly into volute casings. Some static pressure rise can also occur in a
volute casing. Volutes can be designed for constant pressure or constant average velocity.
The cross section of the volute passage may be square or rectangular, circular or
trapezoidal .The fabrication of the rectangular volute is from sheet metal.
Frictional losses within the impeller and shock losses have a considerable effect on the
characteristics of a fan. These losses are proportional to average relative entry velocity,
which is proportional to the volume flow. The effects of frictional losses are influenced by
flow-separation and back flow.
26
2.6 LOSSES IN CENTRIFUGAL FANS
Losses occur in both the stationary as well as moving parts of the centrifugal fan stage. By
accounting for the stage losses, the actual performance of a fan or blower can be predicted.
The various losses are given below:
The impeller internal losses are those due to skin friction, blade loading, and blade-wake
mixing and impeller shroud clearance. Impeller skin-friction loss is defined as the loss
experienced by the fluid while flowing through the channels formed by the bounding
surface of the impeller. These losses specifically exclude the effects of the non uniform
velocity distribution caused by the work-addition process in the impeller on the blade-
surface boundary-layer behavior.
The impeller external losses are those due to disk friction, recirculation at the impeller edges,
and leakage around shrouded impellers. The disk-friction loss is that due to the shear force
acting on the impeller caused by the fluid between the rotating and stationary surfaces. The
recirculation and scrubbing loss is that due to internal recirculation at either impeller-shroud
clearance or at the impeller exit, where in the fluid loses momentum in the process of
flowing back to the impeller and therefore necessitates an increase in the amount of work
required to be supplied by the impeller.
27
2.6.2 Leakage Losses
A clearance is provided between the rotating periphery of the impeller and the casing at
the entry. This leads to the leakage of some air and disturbance in the main flow field.
Besides this, leakage also occurs through the clearance between the fan shaft and the casing.
Some of the important applications are Steam Power stations, Ventilation systems,
cooling of electric motors; Gas based power plants, Generators and many industrial process
plants.
In Steam Power plants forced draft and induced draft fans are used to raise the pressure of
air and flue gases to overcome the draught losses in the flow passage of steam boiler. The
forced draft fan raises the pressure of the ambient air and delivers it to the boiler furnace
through air pre-heater. The induced draft fan is located between the furnace and the flue gas
chimney. Therefore these fans work in the hostile atmosphere of high temperature (150
degrees to 350 degrees centigrade) abrasive and corrosive gases. These fans are either axial
or centrifugal type and generally driven by electric motors. For pulverizing coal or fuel oil
small and large fans are used.
In internal combustion engines and electric motors and generators considerable extent of
heat is needed to be removed. The cooling of the hot water in the radiators of an automobile
28
vehicle is a well-known example. The air sucked through the radiators cools the circulating
water as well as the engine. For this propeller fans are used and driven by the engine
through belt transmission drive. For cooling the electric motors, fans are generally mounted
on the extension of their shafts.
Fans of various ratings are used to circulate air in air conditioning systems. Besides this
fans are used to circulate air in a number of other applications as centrifugal separators,
furnaces, drying equipment and cooling of electric and optical equipment. Fans employed
for ventilation of mines and tunnels are heavy duty fans. The rating of fan is be obtained
from the number of workers in the mine and the total resistance to be overcome .Normally
centrifugal flow fans are frequently used compared to axial flow fans.
Steel Plants
In steel plant applications large and small fans are used. One or more high-pressure
blowers are also employed to supply blast furnace gases to the steam boilers. In such cases
impellers must be able to operate at high temperatures and speed. Main blast furnace
blowers are required to develop high pressures and therefore they apply many centrifugal
stages.
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3.DESIGN OF THE LOW SPECIFIC SPEED
CENTRIFUGAL FAN
The following are the necessary specifications required for the design of a centrifugal fan.
i. Design flow rate : 11000 cum/hr
ii. Static pressure raise : 300 mmwc
iii. Approximate total pr : 315 mmwc
iv. Static Head rise : 250mair
v. Total head rise : 262.5mair
vi. Specific work : 2575.125 m^2/s^2
vii. Volume flow rate : 3.06 m^3/s
viii. Reference density : 1.2 kg/m^3
ix. Fan input power : 11.6 KW
x. Operating speed : 980 rpm
xi. Reference pressure : 1.0132 bar (76mm.Hg)
xii. Reference temperature : 20 deg.C
From the above specifications, the dimensions and other parameters of the fan are calculated.
For design, proper selection specific shape and specific diameter ensures good efficiency. So
cordier diagram is used, the x cordinate is σ and y is specific diameter δ
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The value is found out to be δ = 5.562
Entrance coefficient ε = C1m/√ (2W)=0.25 (assuming ε =0.2–0.3 for blowers and fans)
31
Corresponding A1 (Q / C1m) = 0.1788m2
β1 = 32.44
C1mb = 19.75
Final β1 =25.30 = 25
D2/D1 = 2.42
C2u = 37.73
C2ubl∞=Wbl∞/U2= 62.89
Vane C F 2= 1.0
C2mb =17.94
32
tan β2b = 3.349 (tan β2b =c2m/(U2-C2ubl∞))
First Trial :
Z = 12.7 {Z = k (r2+r1)/(r2-r1)*sin(β1b+β2b)/2}
Z selected = 13
A2= 0.3056
C2m = 10.5
C2mb =10.5
β2b = 62.96
Second Trial :
Z = 11.7
Z (selected) =12
Vane thickness=4.0
Bf1 = 0.066
Cf2 =1.013
C2mb = 10.635
33
P= 0.268 {P= 2*ψ'/z*(1/(1-(r1/r2)2)}
1 / (1+P) = 0.788
Β2b = 49.2
Β2b (selected) = 50
Third Trial:-
Vane thickness=4.0
Bf1 = 0.104
Vcf1 = 1.116
Bf2 = 0.012
Cf2 = 1.013
C2mb = 10.63
ψ' = 1.192
P = 0.287
34
3.3 AUTO CAD DESIGN OF THE FAN IMPELLER:-
Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer technology for the design of
objects, real or virtual. CAD often involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting
of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD often must convey also symbolic
information such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to
application-specific conventions.
CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-dimensional space; or curves,
surfaces, and solids in three-dimensional objects. It is an important industrial art extensively
used in many applications, including automotive, shipbuilding, and aerospace industries,
industrial and architectural design, prosthetics, and many more. CAD is also widely used to
produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical
manuals.
CAD has become an especially important technology within the scope of computer-
aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly
shortened design cycle. CAD enables designers to lay out and develop work on screen, print
it out and save it for future editing, saving time on their drawings.
AutoCAD software is used to design a two-dimensional model of the impeller fan and it
is also used in extraction of co-ordinates. The process is explained in detailed steps with the
assist of figures below
35
Fig 4.1 Fan Auto CAD design 1.
1) Taking intersection of axes as the centre and radius draw 2 circles of radius 275 mm and 665 mm.
These form the inner diameter and outer diameter of the impeller. (Figure 1)
2) Draw another circle taking radius as 788 mm, and then draw of radius 1028mm and centre as the
intersection point of the x axis and the inner diameter. (Figure 1)
3) Two intersection points are obtained on either side of the horizontal axes. Depending on the direction
of the blades one of the points is chosen. Since we went for clockwise direction we choose the left
hand side point. (Figure 1)
4) From this point another circle of radius rc = 1028mm is drawn. (Figure 2)
5) This circle passes through the inner and outer diameter circles and the arc contained by these two
circles forms the blade. (Figure 2)
Fig 4.2 Fan Auto CAD design 2 Fig 4.3 Fan Auto CAD design 3
6) The enclosed arc is the median of the blade and it is shown in figure 3.
7) Taking 2mm off set on either side of the blade median curve, two identical curves are drawn. The top
curve is the pressure side and the bottom curve is the suction side. (Figure 4)
36
Fig 4.4 Fan Auto CAD design 4
8) After obtaining one blade mirroring is used, where the numbers of blades are specified as 10 and
angle as 360.
9) To generate the side view the taper is considered and the following figure is generated
37
4. EXTRACTION OF COORDINATES
The coordinates of blade, hub and shroud are extracted from the 2-d diagram of fan impeller.
i. The CAD diagram is first simplified to represent one blade passing through one of the axis.
ii. Further more the area between the inner radius and outer radius are divided at a series of
equal intervals.
iii. For example a series of concentric circles are drawn considering the center of the impeller as
shown in the fig.
iv. These lines intersect the blade profile at both pressure and suction side and also intersecting
the axis as shown.
v. Considering the geometrical x axis as y axis an geometrical y axis as x axis, using the crock
screw thumb rule the meridional geometrical x axis represents z axis.
vi. Now, considering the intersection point on the blade profile the perpendicular distance from
x and y as shown in fig., the x and y coordinates are absorbed.
vii. For the similar point the circle passing through the intersection also passes through the
geometrical X axis as seen in fig., a perpendicular is drawn to the meridional diagram.
viii. From the meridional diagram, as defined earlier the geometrical x axis is the z axis, from
this the perpendicular intersection the meridional diagram at both hub and shroud the "z-
hub" and "z-shroud" coordinates are extracted, as the representation uses the crock screw
thumb rule the values of z is considered negative.
ix. And for the leading edge a series of concentric circles with a difference of "2mm" are drawn
and coordinates are generated for the x, y, z-hub, z-shroud.
x. As the value of z is generated for both hub and shroud, by varying the values of z,
profile.curve coordinates are generated as a set for hub using the z-hub coordinates, and a
set for the z-shroud.
38
4.2 COORDINATES OF THE BLADE PROFILE (HUB SIDE)
R X Y Z
275 275 0 0
275.9 275.899 -0.1864 0
276.689 276.689 0 0
277.6588 277.6571 0.9718 0
305 300.2754 53.4761 0
345 323.6533 119.0809 0
385 341.0639 178.6069 0
425 353.9198 235.2993 0
465 363.2347 290.3198 0
505 369.43 344.3058 0
545 372.7376 397.6074 0
585 373.1085 450.4228 0
625 371.1548 502.8609 0
665 366.3716 554.9747 0
665 362.0027 557.8342 0
625 366.9361 505.9475 0
585 369.2318 453.7542 0
545 368.8591 401.2081 0
505 365.7523 348.21 0
465 359.6106 294.5772 0
425 350.7593 239.9852 0
385 338.2689 183.8454 0
345 321.3768 125.1295 0
305 298.8742 60.8211 0
277.6588 277.4731 10.1544 0
276.689 276.5684 8.1688 0
275.9 275.8225 6.5400 0
275 275 0 0
39
4.3COORDINATES OF THE BLADE PROFILE( SHROUD SIDE)
R X Y Z
40
4.4 COORDINATES OF HUB CURVE AND SHROUD CURVE
I In generating the hub.curve and shroud.curve file from the meridional view, a series of
horizontal lines intersection both hub and shroud lines are drawn, and the coordinates for
these intersection points are considered as shown in fig.
Hub curve
X Y Z
0 0 -195
40 0 -155
80 0 -115
120 0 -75
160 0 -35
195 0 0
275 0 0
345 0 0
665 0 0
Shroud curve
X Y Z
249.9640 0 -129.6601
250.4691 0 -124.6601
252.0511 0 -119.6601
254.964 0 -114.6601
259.964 0 -109.6601
271.0792 0 -104.9638
665 0 -43
5. CFD THEORY
41
5. CFD THEORY:
CFD is playing a strong role as a design tool as well research tool. In CFD, the fundamental
equations of fluid mechanics are based on the following universal laws of conservation:
1. Conservation of mass
2. Conservation of momentum
3. Conservation of energy.
Energy conserved
Energy equation
42
Where,
→ Density
x, y, z → Cartesian Coordinates
43
Forces on a fluid element can be classified in a tree diagram as:
in X direction
in Y direction
in Z direction
44
Where, V stands for the velocity vector of the fluid.
L.H.S represents the Substantial derivative of the product of mass and acceleration
R.H.S represents the summation of Pressure force, Normal and shear force, body force
t →
represents rate of increase of momentum per unit volume.
V →
represents the rate of momentum lost by convection
through the control volume surface.
f →
represents the body force per unit volume.
46
computer power and enhanced graphics software, it is now much easier for CFD analysts to
create animations of their data. These often help in understanding complex flow phenomena
that are sometimes difficult to see from static plots.
Where T is the turbulent viscosity, k is the kinetic energy of turbulence given by,
By analogy with kinetic theory, by which molecular (laminar) viscosity for gases be evaluated
with reasonable accuracy, we might expect that the turbulent viscosity can be modeled as:
Where vT and l are characteristic velocity and length scale of turbulence respectively. The
problem is to find suitable means of evaluating them.
Algebraic turbulence models invariably utilize boussinesq assumption. One of the most
successful of this type of model was suggested by Prandtl and is known as "mixing length
hypothesis".
Where l a mixing length can be thought of as a transverse distance over which particles
maintain their original momentum, some what on the order of a mean free path for the
collision or mixing of globules of fluid. The product l * u/y can be interpreted as the
characteristic velocity of turbulence, VT. In the above equation, u is the component of
velocity in the primary flow direction, and y is the coordinate transverse to the primary flow
direction.
There are other models, which use one partial differential equation for the transport of
turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) from which velocity scales are obtained. The length scale is
prescribed by an algebraic formulation. The most common turbulence model generally used
is the two-equation turbulence model or k-Є model. There are so many variants of this
model. In these models the length scale is also obtained from solving a partial differential
equation.
47
The most commonly used variable for obtaining the length scale is dissipation rate of
turbulent kinetic energy denoted by E. Generally the turbulent kinetic energy is expressed as
turbulent intensity as defined below.
, k= (Actual K.E in flow – mean K.E in flow)
48
at the discrete points only. In this sense partial differential equations have been discretized.
This method of discretization is called Finite difference method. Most common finite-
difference representations of derivatives are based on Taylor’s series expansion.
Forward difference
= Backward difference
The first term in the above equation is an integral over the control volume, represents the time
rate of increase in the energy stored in the volume. The second term, an integral over the
surface of the volume, represents the net rate at which energy is conducted out through the
surface of the volume. This is the integral or control-volume form of conservation law. The
integral approach includes the Finite volume method and Finite element method. The FVM
method has an obvious advantage over a FDM. If the physical domain is highly irregular
and complicated since arbitrary volumes can be utilized to subdivide the physical domain.
49
Also since the integral equations are solved directly in the physical domain, no co-ordinate
transformations required. Another advantage of FVM is that mass, momentum and energy
are automatically conserved
6. ANSYS CFX
ANSYS CFX is a high-performance, general purpose CFD program that has been
50
applied to solve wide-ranging fluid flow problems for over 20 years. At the heart of ANSYS
CFX is its advanced solver technology, the key to achieving reliable and accurate solutions
quickly and robustly. The modern, highly parallelized solver is the foundation for an
abundant choice of physical models to capture virtually any type of phenomena related to
fluid flow: laminar to turbulent (including transition), incompressible to fully compressible,
subsonic to trans- and supersonic, isothermal or with heat transfer by convection and/or
radiation, non-reacting to combusting, stationary and/or rotating devices, single fluids and
mixtures of fluids in one or more phases (incl. free surfaces), and much, much more. The
solver and its many physical models are wrapped in a modern, intuitive, and flexible GUI
and user environment, with extensive capabilities for customization and automation using
session files, scripting, and a powerful expression language.
Geometry: ANSYS DesignModeler software is specifically designed for the creation and
preparation of geometry for simulation. Its easy-to-use, fully parametric environment with
direct, bidirectional links to all leading CAD packages acts as the geometry portal for all
ANSYS products to provide a consistent geometry source for all engineering simulations.
Meshing: Providing accurate CFD results requires superior meshing technology. ANSYS
Meshing provides a multitude of meshing technologies in a single application to allow users
to select the best option on a part-by-part basis. ANSYS ICEM CFD meshing tools also are
available and include unlimited mesh editing capabilities as well as structured hexahedral
meshing.
The ANSYS CFX physics pre-processor is a modern and intuitive interface for the setup
51
of CFD analyses. In addition to a general mode of operation, predefined wizards are
available to guide users through the setup of common fluid flow simulations. A powerful
expression language gives users the ability to customize their problem definition in
numerous ways, such as with complex boundary conditions, proprietary material models or
additional transport equations. The adaptive architecture of CFX-Pre even allows users to
create their own custom GUI panels to standardize input for selected applications, and
thereby ensure adherence to established best practices.
At the heart of ANSYS CFX software is its advanced solver technology using coupled
algebraic multigrid, the key to achieving reliable and accurate solutions quickly and
robustly. Its engineered scalability ensures a linear increase in CPU time with problem size
and parallel performance that is second to none. Users can follow convergence progress and
dynamically monitor numerical and physical solution quantities. Solver parameters,
boundary conditions and other parameters can be adjusted ‘on the fly’, without stopping the
solver. The ANSYS CFX solver uses second order numerics by default, ensuring users
always get the most accurate predictions possible. All simulations, whether for rotating
machinery, multiphase flows, combustion or any other physical model benefit enormously
from the coupled solver technology in ANSYS CFX software to achieve robust and scalable
flow solutions.
Complete and powerful post-processing capabilities for ANSYS CFX results are provided
with ANSYS CFD-Post for both graphical and quantitative analysis. Together with full
scripting and automation, including report generation, CFD-Post ensures users get the most
out of their CFD simulations.
52
1. Vortex structures in a four-stroke engine just after injection of fuel and intake valve
opening.
53
4. Prediction of wetness dispersion under non-equilibrium conditions for quan -
tification of thermo-dynamic performance in a low- pressure steam turbine.
7.METHODOLOGY
54
7.1Modelling and CFD Analysis of Centrifugal Fan Stage
The basic steps involved in solving any CFD problem are as follows:
Identification of flow domain.
Geometry construction or Component Modelling.
Grid generation.
Specification of boundary conditions and initial conditions.
Selection of solver parameters and convergence criteria.
Results and post processing.
The Centrifugal Fan Stage is modelled and analysis is carried out by following above steps.
55
edge. The sample data for line elements are given in the, this data is arranged in order to
obtain hub and shroud blade profiles. This process requires programming file in
TURBOGRID, which can transfer large amount line data instantly.
Hub.curve
X Y Z
0 0 -195
40 0 -155
80 0 -115
120 0 -75
160 0 -35
195 0 0
275 0 0
345 0 0
665 0 0
Shroud.curve
X Y Z
249.9640 0 -129.6601
250.4691 0 -124.6601
252.0511 0 -119.6601
254.964 0 -114.6601
259.964 0 -109.6601
271.0792 0 -104.9638
665 0 -43
By using the above data we get the meridional view of the hub and shroud contours of
the impeller as shown
The hub curve runs upstream to downstream and must extend of the blade leading
edge. The hub data file contains the hub curve data points in Cartesian form and
downstream of the blade trailing edge. The profile points are listed, line-by-line, in order
from upstream to downstream. These data points are used to place the nodes on the hub
surface, which is defined as the surface of revolution of a curve joined by these points.
The “profile” data file contains the blade “profile” curves in Cartesian or cylindrical form.
The profile points are listed, line-by-line, in a closed loop surrounding the blade. The blade
profiles should lie on a surface of revolution to facilitate transformation to m-prime, theta
conformal space.
A minimum of two blade profiles are required, one which lies exactly on the hub surface
and one which lies exactly on the shroud surface. The profiles must be listed in the file in
order from hub to shroud. Multi bladed geometries are handled by placing multiple blade
profile definitions in the same profile.
Profile. Curve:
57
# Profile 1
X Y Z
275 0 0
275.899 -0.1864 0
276.689 0 0
277.6571 0.9718 0
300.2754 53.4761 0
323.6533 119.0809 0
341.0639 178.6069 0
353.9198 235.2993 0
363.2347 290.3198 0
369.43 344.3058 0
372.7376 397.6074 0
373.1085 450.4228 0
371.1548 502.8609 0
366.3716 554.9747 0
362.0027 557.8342 0
366.9361 505.9475 0
369.2318 453.7542 0
368.8591 401.2081 0
365.7523 348.21 0
359.6106 294.5772 0
350.7593 239.9852 0
338.2689 183.8454 0
321.3768 125.1295 0
298.8742 60.8211 0
277.4731 10.1544 0
276.5684 8.1688 0
275.8225 6.5400 0
275 0 0
#Profile 2
X Y Z
275 0 104.000
58
275.899 -0.1864 103.859
276.689 0 103.736
277.6571 0.9718 103.584
300.2754 53.4761 99.308
323.6533 119.0809 93.051
341.0639 178.6069 86.795
353.9198 235.2993 80.538
363.2347 290.3198 74.282
369.43 344.3058 68.026
372.7376 397.6074 61.769
373.1085 450.4228 55.513
371.1548 502.8609 49.256
366.3716 554.9747 43.000
362.0027 557.8342 43.000
366.9361 505.9475 49.256
369.2318 453.7542 55.513
368.8591 401.2081 61.769
365.7523 348.21 68.026
359.6106 294.5772 74.282
350.7593 239.9852 80.538
338.2689 183.8454 86.795
321.3768 125.1295 93.051
298.8742 60.8211 99.308
277.4731 10.1544 103.584
276.5684 8.1688 103.736
275.8225 6.5400 103.859
275 0 104.000
The first step is to check whether the blade profile data obtained from solid model is
intersecting hub and shroud curves or not. We use CFX-Turbogrid intersect option for this
purpose. Using this option, we have to see that blade profile must lie on the surface of
revolution of hub and shroud as shown in fig Turbo grid intersecting capability can convert
an existing set of blade profiles that does not necessarily lie on the surface of revolution into
one that can be used in a CFX-Turbogrid template.
Next step is generating grid. Among the various templates available in turbogrid, Multi
Block Grid template as shown in fig is used. By the way of adjusting control points in fig a
good quality hexahedral grid can be generated. Flip topology is used to correct negative grid
volume due to left-handed system. The mesh command creates mesh grid but also calculates
and displays the minimum and maximum skew angle in the grid and the node at which it
occurs. The ‘View’ command in the GUI window can be used to see the different views of
the grid like Cartesian view, Meridional view and blade-to-blade view as shown in the
figure.
59
Setting the topology for the mesh grid
Adjusting the control points at the Leading Edge & Trailing Edge
60
3-D view of impeller without shroud surface
61
3D View of Impeller with hub Surfaces
The mesh generated by adjusting the control points as shown in Fig and
correspondingly Circumferential view of 3d Impeller surfaces & Periodical
arrangement of blades through out the circumference are shown in Figs
VIEWS FOR 3D IMPELLER BLADE MESH
The following parameters were considered to check the quality of the grids:
Skew angle: It is defined as the internal angle of the octahedron. Ideally, all the
angles should be equal to 90 degrees to get a perfect orthogonal grid. However, for
practical purposes, the grid is considered to be of high quality if the minimum
skew angle is not lower than 15 degrees and the maximum skew angle is not
greater than 165 degrees.
Grid volume: Negative volume meant overlapping of adjacent grids, which would
lead to errors in solver. Care was taken to ensure that there was no negative
volume in the grids.
Aspect ratio: It is defined as the ratio of the longest side to the shortest side. Its
minimum value is 1. For good quality grid creation, the maximum aspect ratio
63
should be less than 200.
The mesh is generated for the 3D Impeller with the total number of nodes, maximum
and minimum skew angle and aspect ratio obtained from TURBOGRID are given
in Table 4.3.
64
average of the boundary condition temperatures.
In the pre processing the following fluid domains and boundary conditions are
specified.
65
6. Turbulence Model:
Turbulence Model : k-Epsilon
Heat transfer Model : None
7. Interface:
Type : Fluid -Fluid
Interface models : Rotational periodicity
8. Write Solver File:
After specifying all conditions write definition file using write solver file
command.
7.4 Selection of solver parameters and convergence criteria:
The flow governing equations are solved in CFX-Solver. The CFX-Solver Manager is
a graphical user interface used to set attributes for a CFD calculation, Control the CFX-
Solver interactively and to View information about the emerging solution.
The solver solves the mass, momentum and energy equations and calculates
pressure, velocity, enthalpy etc in the flow domain in each control volumes. The
inlet relative pressure and reference pressure plays a vital role to avoid round-off
errors. Reference pressure is the absolute pressure datum from which all other
pressure values are taken. It is a property of the entire simulation. So all domains
must use the same reference pressure value. The reference pressure will affect the
value of every other pressure set in simulation. It is used to avoid problems with
round-off errors which can occur when the dynamic pressure change in a fluid, that
drives the flow are small compared to the absolute pressure level. The relative
pressure specification set is measured relative to the reference pressure value. The
solver parameters are
1. Basic Settings: Steady State Simulations Advection Scheme is carried out using a
Numerical Advection Correction Scheme (Specify Blend). This selection allows
setting a Blend Factor between 0.0 and 1.0 for the advection scheme. A value of
0.0 is equivalent to using the First Order Advection Scheme and is the most robust
option. A value of 1.0 uses Second Order differencing for the advection terms; this
is not the same as the High Resolution advection scheme. This setting is more ac-
curate but less robust. Values between 0.0 and 1.0 blend First and Second Order
66
differencing, with increased accuracy and reduced robustness as you approach 1.0.
At the higher values overshoots and undershoots can appear, at lower values ex-
cessive diffusivity can occur. It is therefore recommended to use a value of 0.75 for
good accuracy of CFD results.
2. Timescale Control for a steady state simulation: The selection of an appropriate
time step size is essential in order to obtain good convergence rates for simulation.
In general there are two situations in which we use a physical time step:
to provide sufficient relaxation of the equation non-linearity’s so that a con-
verged steady state solution is obtained, or,
To evolve the solution through time in order to provide transient informa-
tion about a time dependent simulation.
68
Meridional view
POST PROCESSING:-
CFX-Post is a flexible state-of-the-art post-processor. It is designed to allow easy
visualization qualitative and quantitative post-processing of the results of CFD
simulations.
69
Once the solution is converged, the solver writes all the data related to grid,
boundary conditions and flow parameters are stored in the result file. It is a binary
file, which can be opened by loading result file in CFX-Post, and the results are
analyzed. The performance of compressor stage is studied by using suitable
macros. The various plots are drawn and listed in results. Using the function
calculator option parameters like Mass flow rate, Velocity, Pressure, Enthalpy,
Entropy etc can be calculated. Plots are also available for various parameters like
Velocity, Pressure and Mach number etc, which show the variation of parameters
through out the domain. The efficiency, torque and power are obtained using
software’s macro.
The similar type of stage analysis is carried out for different mass flows i.e.
70%,80%,90%,110%,120%,130%etc.
70
8.RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
8.1GENERAL
The simulated investigation on the impeller of a centrifugal fan are presented and
interpreted in this chapter. Data extraction and interpretation form a very important
part of CFD analysis to show conformity of simulated data with the experimental
results
The chosen centrifugal fan has an impeller diameter of 900 mm and an exit width of
83 mm.
The simulation is conducted on the impeller of a fan at various speeds. The various
speeds that were considered are Design Speed of 1450 RPM, 980 RPM and 2900
RPM rpm. Flow is analysed for different flow rates. The flow rates considered are
1) Velocity magnitude
2) Pressure ratio
3) Total and static pressure
4) Head coefficient
5) Shaft power
6) Overall efficiency
The above mentioned parameters are plotted with respect to radius, mass flow rate
and speed. The following plots are generated from the present CFD analysis for
71
1) Vector Plots
2) Path Lines
3) Contour Plots
IMPELLER
For a speed of 1450 RPM rpm it is clear that the velocity increases upto the
design flow and after that it slightly falls. Similarly in the case of higher speeds,
for various flow rates the velocity magnitudes are given in the table. The other
values of higher flow rates can be observed from the figure. It is also observed that
the absolute velocity is higher for higher speeds i.e. as speed increases, absolute
velocity increases.
For a given speed, absolute flow and is found to increase with flow rate. This is
evident for the increase of relative velocity from 32 to 75 for 1450 RPM
Relative velocity is the tangent inverse of the ratio of radial velocity and tangential
velocity. It can be seen form the figure that the tangential and radial velocity is
increasing with flow rate. The reason to justify this increase of relative velocity is
Since for higher speeds it results in higher velocity, absolute relative velocity
72
increases for various flow rates.
8.2.3Variation of Static Pressure and Total Pressure with flow rate and
effect of Speed
Static Pressure: It is found that static pressure decreases with flow rate and static
pressure ratio is found to increase with speed for respective mass flow rates. Static
pressure values are tabulated in the table. Variation of static pressure ratio is also
Total Pressure: It is found that the total pressure decrease with flow rate. Total
pressure ratio is found to increase with speed for respective mass flow. The total
pressure values are tabulated in the table. Variation of total pressure ratio is also found
8.2.4Variation of static pressure along the pressure and suction side of the
impeller vane
It is clear that static pressure increases up to a certain radius, but reduces there after
on the pressure side of the blade. This behaviour is because the blade extends only
73
8.3RESULTS
flow
per
pas- exit total
% flow sage, pressure Pr pre .stati flow angle al-
% cu.m Flow coeff (pa) rise(pa) head
c coeff Cu2
total efficiency pha
70 0.25 0.009 104924 3606.67 103609 0.1638 -45.4287 97.8786 75.1928
80 0.29 0.0103 104795 3476.97 103540 0.1579 -43.7344 98.1630 72.5490
90 0.33 0.0116 104673 3355.63 103464 0.1524 -42.2680 98.2193 69.8385
100 0.36 0.0129 104558 3240.39 103380 0.1471 -40.9320 98.0767 67.1102
110 0.40 0.0142 104428 3114.03 103295 0.1414 -39.5281 97.6966 64.3117
120 0.44 0.0155 104295 2978.13 103160 0.1352 -38.1747 96.8224 61.4162
130 0.47 0.0167 104138 2821.91 103011 0.1281 -36.7975 95.2642 58.4596
flow
per
pas- exit total
% flow sage, pressure Pr pre .stati total effi-flow angle al-
% cu.m Flow coeff (pa) rise(pa) head
c coeff Cu2 ciency pha
100 0.36 0.0087 109286 7971.2 106364 0.1653 -67.93 97.82 75.82
110 0.40 0.0096 109092 7777.36 106273 0.1613 -66.12 98.11 74.05
120 0.44 0.0104 108905 7589.8 106167 0.1574 -64.51 98.25 72.26
130 0.47 0.0113 108727 7412.34 106056 0.1537 -63.05 98.30 70.44
74
8.3.3Values obtained from CFX for 2000 rpm
flow
per
pas- exit total
% flow sage, pressure Pr pre .stati total effi-flow angle al-
% cu.m Flow coeff (pa) rise(pa) head
c coeff Cu2 ciency pha
100 0.36 0.0063 117372 16057.0 111149 0.175 -97.5 96.7 63.53
110 0.40 0.0069 116913 15600 110958 0.17 -94 97.21 56.53
120 0.44 0.0076 116860 15547 111042 0.169 -96.6 97.33 74.57
130 0.47 0.0082 116889 15378 111002 0.167 -95.2 97.62 76.82
CONTOURS:
The form of representation of area under the action of a particular force, which are
shown in the form of colors representing a significant value. The following are a
few contour plots representing pressure, velocity and relative velocity at various
speeds of 980, 1450 and 2000 RPM and for various flow rates.
75
PRESSURE
Total pressure:-
Total pressure for 980 RPM at 70% flow Total pressure at 980 RPM at 100% flow
76
Relative pressure:-
Rel. pressure for 980 RPM at 70% flow Rel. pressure at 980 RPM at 100% flow
77
Static pressure:-
Ps for 980 RPM at 70% flow Ps for 980 RPM at 100% flow
78
Pt at 980 RPM at 100% flow Pt at 1450 RPM at 100% flow
79
VELOCITY
Velocity vectors at 50% span:-
Velocity at 980 RPM at 70% flow Velocity at 980 RPM at 100% flow
Velocity at 1450 RPM at 100% flow Velocity at 2000 RPM at 100% flow
80
MERIDONIAL PLOTS
Contour plot of Pt at 980 RPM at 70% Contour plot of Pt at 980 RPM at 100%
81
STREAM LINE PLOT
Vel. stream at 980 RPM at 70% flow Vel. stream at 980 RPM at 100% flow
Vel. stream at 1450 RPM at 100% flow Vel. stream at 2000 RPM at 100% flow
82
BLADE LOADING
83
At 980 RPM and 70% flow :-
84
At 980 RPM and 130% flow :-
85
At 2000 RPM and 100% flow :-
86
8.5 GRAPHS
87
TOTAL PRESSURE VS MASS FLOW RATE
88
HEAD COEFFICIENT VS MASS FLOW RATE
89
TOTAL EFFICIENCY VS MASS FLOW
90
SHAFT POWER VS MASS FLOW (AT 980 RPM)
91
9.CONCLUSIONS
A low specific speed centrifugal fan was designed for the given flow and
head conditions. The fan impeller was modelled using ANSYS Turbo Grid and was
The fan performance was evaluated and studied for different flow
conditions covering design and off-design points of operation and also for different
speeds.
The performance is seen to be following the normal trend for a low specific
speed fan and the flow and head curve shifts upwards with increasing speed.
The impeller efficiency seen to be maximum at the design point and decreasing
at off-design conditions. The efficiency is found to be above 90%, this is because
the windage losses, frictional losses have not been accounted.
The different contour and vector plots as well as the blade loading curve are
included for typical cases of design and off-design conditions.
The pressure rise is seen to increase uniformly along the impeller passage.
92
11.REFERENCES
e) Wikipedia.org
93