Carl Ritter (7 de agosto de 1779, Quedlinburg , provincia de Sajonia - 28 de septiembre

de 1859, Berlín) fue un naturalista y geógrafo alemán.

Entre sus logros destacan las explicaciones de las relaciones existentes entre el medio físico
y la vida del hombre, prestando menos atención a los fenómenos físicos y poniendo el
acento en la vida social y los procesos históricos.

R =
FD = R¹ +R ²

∑(∑D + ∑T) / f.d.v

∑ ∑
F1 AA
A2
2 1

12,700 B2 C2 BB
2 1 = 4L = 4 = 1.33
3 CC
2 1
3

F2
AB
2 2
= 4L = 11
4 = 0.36 A A = 3 = 3 = 0.5
0
L 6
1

AB
1 1

28,100 A1 B1 C1 = 3 = 3 = 0.75
BB
0 1
L 4
BC
2

BC
2
= 4L = 4
7 = 0.57 = 4L = 4 = 0.5
8
4 1 1 CC
0 1

B0
2

A0
2 0.36 = 0.22 1.33 = 0.60 1.33 = 0.60
C0 1.33 = 0.78 0.57 = 0.23
0.36 = 0.17
7 4 4 3
0.57 = 0.23 0.5 = 0.25
0.30 = 0.16
0.57 = 0.26 1.33 = 0.44 =1
1.33 = 0.58 0.36 = 0.12
AA
2 1
1.33 0.57 = 0.19 =1
BB 1.33 + 1.33+ 1.33
FD = = 0.17
2 1

CC
2 1
2 0.57 = 0.30 0.75 = 0.25
1.33 = 0.70 =0
0.5 0.75 0.5
AA
0 1 FD = 0.5 + 0.75+ 0.5
2
= 0.14 BB
0 1
FD = 0.5 + 0.75+ 0.5
2
= 0.21 CC
0 1
FD = 0.5 + 0.75+
2
0.5 = 0.14

MEB1C1 3,900 • 7² 2,700 • 4 • 32

= w•l² + pab ²
l² = + = 17909 kg/m
MEA2B2 12 12 72
4,100 • 11² 3,100 • 7 • 42
= w•l² + pab ²
l² = + = 44211 kg/m
12 12 112 3,900 • 7² 2,700 • 42 • 3
= + = 18570 kg/m
4,100 • 11² 3,100 • 72 •4 12 72
= + = 46363 kg/m
12 112
MEB2C2 5,900•7² MEA1B1 6400 • 11²
= = 24,092 kg/m = = 64,533 kg/m 28,100 • 6 • 0.14 = 23,604 kg
12 12
12,700 • 3 • 0.17 28,100 • 4 • 0.21 = 23,604 kg
= 6,477 kg 28,100 • 8 • 0.14 = 31,604 kg

6477 + 44211 = 50688 -46363 + 6477 +27092 = -15794 -24092 + 6477 = -17615
0.78 = - 39537 0.16 = +2527 0.30 = +5285 +23604 • 1 = -23604
0.22 = - 11151 0.58 = +9161 0.70 = +12331
0.26 = +4106 +23604 • 1 = -23604

24604 + 6477 + 64533 = 50688 -64533 + 6477 + 23604 + 17909 = -16543 -18570 + 6477 + 31472 = +19379
0.23 = -21761 0.12 = +1985 0.21 = -4069
0.60 = -66768 0.44 = +7279 0.55 = -10657 +31472 • 0 = 0
0.17 = -16084 0.19 = +3143 0.24 = -4650
0.25 = +4136
 Se sumaran algebraicamente distribuciones y transportes de las columnas y por nivel, el resultado final, se
multiplicara por el factor de distribución de cortante y se le cambiara el signo

D = - 39,537 D = + 9,161 D = + 12,331

- 144,458 -24,661 + 2,510
T = - 28,384 T = + 3,640 T = - 5,329

D = -56768 D = +7,279 D = -10,658

T = -19769 T = + 4,581 T = + 6,166

= 117,287 • 0.17 = 19,439

D = - 21,761 D = + 4,136 D = - 4,070

- 68,048 -29,202 - 6,105
T = - 11,802 T = - 11,802 T=0

D = - 23,604 D = - 23,604 D=0

T = - 10,881 T = + 2,068 T = - 2,035

= - 103,355 • 0.14 = -14,470 = - 103,355 • 0.21 = 21,705 = - 103,355 • 0.14 = - 14,470

Por nodos se suman los transportes y las correcciones y se multiplica por el factor de distribución de momentos

-28384 + 1264 + 19939 = -7181 -5576 + 3640 + 2643 + 19939 = +20646 -2053 – 5329 + 19939 = +16663 10881 + 14470 = 3589 • 1
0.16 = -3303 0.30 = -4999 = 3589
0.78 = + 5601
0.22 = +1580 0.58 = -11975 0.70 = -11664

0.26 = -5368 +2068 +21705 = 23773 • 1

= -23773

+11802 – 19769 + 993 + 14470 +19939 -8042 + 4581 – 11802 – 2326 + 19939 + 21705 = 1572 + 6166 + 19939 + 14470 = 42147
=3831 0.12 = -2887 +24055
0.23 = 881 0.21 = 8851
0.60 = 2299 0.44 = -10584 0.55 = 23181 -235 + 14470 • 0 = 0
0.17 = 651 0.19 = -4570
0.24 = 10115
0.25 = -6014

D = + 5601 D = - 11975 D = - 11664

4953 -33839 - 52268
T = - 1150 T = - 5292 T = - 11591

D = - 2299 D = - 10584 D = - 23181

T = - 2801 T = - 5988 T = - 5832

= - 81184 • 0.17 = 13796

D = - 881 D = - 6014 D = - 8851

- 6706 - 44881 -13277
T = - 1795 T = - 11887 T=0

D = - 3589 D = - 23,773 D=0

T = - 441 T = - 3007 T = - 4426

= - 64664 • 0.14 = + 9053 = - 103,355 • 0.21 = + 13579 = - 103,355 • 0.14 = + 9053

 -1150 – 1652 +13796 = + 10994 +790 – 5292 – 2500 + 13796 = + 6794 - 2684 – 11591 + 13796 = - 479 -441 + 9053 = 8612 • 1 = -
0.16 = - 1087 0.30 = + 144 8612
0.78 = - 8575
0.22 = - 2419 0.58 = - 3941 0.70 = + 335

0.26 = - 1766 -3007 + 13579 = 10572 • 1

= - 10572

- 1795 + 2801 -1444 + 9053 + 13796 = -326 – 5988 – 11887 – 5058 + 13796 + 13579 = -2285 – 5832 – 0 + 13796 + 9053 = 14732
+22411 0.12 = - 494 4116
0.23 = - 5155 0.21 = - 3094
0.60 = -13447 0.44 = - 1811 0.55 = - 8103 -235 + 14470 • 0 = 0
0.17 = - 3810 0.19 = - 1029
0.24 = -3536
0.25 = - 782

4,100 • 11 3,100 • 4 6,400 • 11

ViA B = w • l + p l b= + = 23,677kg/m ViA B = w • l = 2 = 35,200 kg/m
2

2
2
2 11 2
1 1

4,100 11 3,100 • 7 3,900 • 7 2700 • 3

ViA B = w • l + pl a = ViB C = w • l + p L• b=
•
+ = 24523 kg/m 2 + = 14,807 kg/m
2
2
2
2 11 2 7
1 1

5,900 • 7
ViB C = w•l = 2 = 20650 kg/m ViB C = w • l + pLa=
3,900 • 7 2700 • 4
+ = 15,193 kg/m
2
2

2 2 7
2
1 1

V = ∑mosLfinales
H

AB 2 2
V = ∑mos finales
= + 3183311− 53012 = 1925 A A V = ∑mosfinales = + 31833 − 49270 = 27034
2 1 AA
0 1
V = ∑mos
L
finales
= + 31805 + 33689 = 21831
L L 3 3
H H H

BB
V = ∑mos
+21207 − 24293 BB
V = ∑mos = + 5733 − 71178 = 2152 V = ∑mos = + 32292 + 0 = 8073
0 1
finales finales
BC finales
= = 639
2 1

L 4
2 2

7 L 6
H

LH H

CC C C V = ∑mosfinales = + 38480 + 48538 = 10940

V = ∑mos V = ∑mos
+43537 − 74297
AB = + 24294 −1396 = 7633
2 1
finales
1 1

LH
finales
=
11 = 2796 H
L 3
0 1
H
L 8
AA
0 1

V = ∑mos
BC −8316 − 37585
1 1

LH
finales
=
7 = 6,557
 X = V = 21752= 5.30 m
1
W 4100

X = V = 20209= 3.43 m
2
W 5900

X = V = 32404= 5.06 m
3
W 6400

X = V = 8636= 2.22 m
4
W 3900

A = b h = 5.3 (21752)= 57643

1
21752
20209
2 2

A = b h = 3.43 (20209)= 34658

Vi 2
2 2

6948
A = b h = 5.06 (32404)= 81982
3
X1 X2 2 2
21091
32404
A = b h = 2.22 (8636)= 9586
4

29148
2 2

8636

6964
9664

21364
17603
55718

34217

21207
31833
24293
53012

3029

21207
43537
37585
74297
 NODO A2 B2 C2
PIEZA
F.D.M 0.71 0.29 0.21 0.52 0.26 0.33 0.67
F.D.V
M.E 24,975 77,764 -79,648 24,975 30,263 -30,263 24,975
1era D -72,911 -29,827 5,231 12,787 6,393 1,763 3,525
1er T -13,651 2,615 -14,914 -7,245 881 3,197 1,902
1ra c
2a D 7,832 3,204 4,559 11,145 5,573 -1,700 -3,399
2do T 6,274 2,280 1,602 880 -850 2,786 2,037
2da C
3a D -6,070 -2,483 -350 -855 -427 -1,608 -3,215
∑ Mtos -53,552 53,552 -83,519 41,687 41,833 -25,824 25,824
VI 42,318 43,182 18,706 18,706
VH 17,904 -2,724 2,724 13,545 1,779 -1,779 -13,248
VT 17,904 39,594 40,458 13,545 20,484 20,484 -13,248
NODO A1 B1 C1
PIEZA
F.D.M 0.53 0.25 0.22 0.17 0.42 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.46 0.31
F.D.V
M.E 19,600 24,975 62,517 -62,517 24,975 25,200 47,250 -47,250 24,975 14,000
1era D -56,625 -27,301 -23,165 -5,928 -14,490 -7,245 -7,245 1,902 3,805 2,568
1er T -9,800 -36,456 -2,964 -11,582 6,393 0 951 -3,623 1,763 -7,000
1ra c
2a D 26,025 12,548 10,647 720 1,759 880 880 2,037 4,074 2,750
2do T 14,156 3,916 360 5,323 5,573 0 1,018 440 -1,700 -642
2da C
3a D -9,746 -4,699 -3,987 -2,023 -4,946 -2,473 -2,473 437 874 590
∑ Mtos -16,390 -27,018 43,407 -76,007 19,264 16,362 40,381 -46,056 33,790 12,266
VI 34,100 34,100 31,500 31,500
VH -6,362 -17,904 -2,964 2,964 13,545 -5,069 -631 631 13,248 -5,271
VT -6,362 -17,904 31,136 31,136 13,545 -5,069 30,869 30,869 13,248 -5,271
NODO A0 B0 C0
PIEZA
F.D.M 1 0 1
F.D.V
M.E 19,600 25,200 14,000
1era D -19,600 0 -14,000
1er T -28,313 -3,623 1,284
1ra c
2a D 28,313 0 -1,284
2do T 13,013 440 1,375
2da C
3a D -13,013 0 -1,375
∑ Mtos 60,925 29,262 14,091
VI
VH 6,362 5,069 5,271
VT 6,362 5,069 5,271
F1 AA
A2
2 1

12,700 B2 C2 BB
2 1 = 4L = 4
5 = 0.8
5 CC
2 1

F2
AB
2 2
= 4L = 10
4 = 0.4 A A = 4 = 0.5
0
6
1

AB
1 1

28,100 A1 B1 = 3 = 3 = 0.5
BB L 6
C1 0 1

BC
2 2
= 4L = 4 = 0.50 = 3 = 0.25
6 BC
1 1 8 CC
0 12 1

B0
2

A0
2 0.4 = 0.33 0.5 = 0.29 0.5 = 0.32
C0 0.8 = 0.67 0.8 = 0.52
0.8 = 0.47
7 4 4 3
0.4 = 0.24 0.25 = 0.16
0.4 = 0.24
0.8 = 0.47 0.4 = 0.18 =0
0.5 = 0.29 0.8 = 0.36
AA
2 1
0.8 0.5 = 0.23 =1
BB 0.8+0.8+0.8
FD = = 0.17
2 1

CC
2 1
2 0.5 = 0.38 0.5 = 0.23
0.8 = 0.62 =1
0.5 0.5 0.25
AA
0 1 FD = 0.5 + 0.5+ 0.25
2
= 0.2 BB
0 1
FD = 0.5 + 0.5+ 0.25
2
= 0.2 CC
0 1
FD = 0.5 + 0.5+
2
0.25 = 0.1

MEA2B2 7000 • 10² 700 • 8

= w•l² + pab ² 5,600 • 10² 1,900 • 3 • 72 MEA1B1 = w•l² + pab ²
l² = + = 59033 kg/m
12 l² = 12
+
102
= 49460 kg/m 12 12 8

MEB1C1 = 6,800 • 8² + 1200 • 5 • 3 = 37,110 kg/m

2
5,600 • 10² 1,900 • 32 •7
= + = 47864 kg/m 12 82
12 102
MEB2C2 6,100 • 8² 810 • 5 • 32 6400 • 8² 1200 • 3 • 52
= w•l² + pab ²
l² = + = 33103 kg/m = = 37,673kg/m
12 12 82 12 82

6,100 • 8² 810• 52 •3
= + = 33483 kg/m
12 82

12,300 • 5 • 0.17 = 10,455 kg 19,500 • 8 • 0.2 = 23,604 kg

19,500 • 6 • 0.2 = 23,604 kg
19,500 • 12 • 0.1 = 23,400 kg
 +10455 + 49460 = +59915 -47864 + 10455 + 33103 = - 4306 - 33483 +10455 = 23028
0.24 = + 1033 0.38 = + 8751
0.33 = - 19772 +31200 • 0 = 0
0.67 = - 40143
0.47 = + 2024 0.62 = + 14277
0.29 = + 1249 +23400 • 1 = -23400

31200 + 10455 + 59033 = +100688 -59033 +10455 + 23400 + 37110 = 11932 - 37673 + 10455 +23400 = -3818
0.29 = - 29200 0.18 = - 2148 0.32 = + 1222
0.47 = - 47323 0.36 = - 4296
0.52 = +1985 +23400 • 1 = -23400
0.24 = - 24165 0.23 = - 2744
0.16 = + 611
0.25 = - 2744

D = - 19,772 D = + 2024 D = + 14277

- 53,319 + 888 + 24,394
T = - 23,662 T = + 2148 T = + 993

D = - 47323 D = +4296 D = + 1985

T = -9886 T = + 1012 T = + 7139

= - 28037 • 0.17 =+4766

D = - 29,200 D = - 2744 D = + 611

- 43800 -39216 -34183
T=0 T = - 11700 T = - 11,700

D=0 D = - 23,400 D = -23,400

T = - 14,600 T = -1372 T = + 306

= - 117,199 • 0.2 = +23440 = - 117,199 • 0.2 = +23440 = - 117,199 • 0.1 = + 11720

+10455 + 49460 = +59915 -47864 + 10455 + 33103 = - 4306 - 33483 +10455 = 23028
0.24 = + 1033 0.38 = + 8751
0.33 = - 19772 +31200 • 0 = 0
0.67 = - 40143
0.47 = + 2024 0.62 = + 14277
0.29 = + 1249 +23400 • 1 = -23400

31200 + 10455 + 59033 = +100688 -59033 +10455 + 23400 + 37110 = 11932 - 37673 + 10455 +23400 = -3818
0.29 = - 29200 0.18 = - 2148 0.32 = + 1222
0.47 = - 47323 0.36 = - 4296
0.52 = +1985 +23400 • 1 = -23400
0.24 = - 24165 0.23 = - 2744
0.16 = + 611
0.25 = - 2744
 D = - 19,772 D = + 2024 D = + 14277
- 53,319 + 888 + 24,394
T = - 23,662 T = + 2148 T = + 993

D = - 47323 D = +4296 D = + 1985

T = -9886 T = + 1012 T = + 7139

= - 28037 • 0.17 =+4766

D = - 29,200 D = - 2744 D = + 611

- 43800 -39216 -34183
T=0 T = - 11700 T = - 11,700

D=0 D = - 23,400 D = -23,400

T = - 14,600 T = -1372 T = + 306

= - 117,199 • 0.2 = +23440 = - 117,199 • 0.2 = +23440 = - 117,199 • 0.1 = + 11720

-1150 – 1652 +13796 = + 10994 +790 – 5292 – 2500 + 13796 = + 6794 - 2684 – 11591 + 13796 = - 479 -441 + 9053 = 8612 • 1 = -
0.16 = - 1087 0.30 = + 144 8612
0.78 = - 8575
0.22 = - 2419 0.58 = - 3941 0.70 = + 335

0.26 = - 1766 -3007 + 13579 = 10572 • 1

= - 10572

- 1795 + 2801 -1444 + 9053 + 13796 = -326 – 5988 – 11887 – 5058 + 13796 + 13579 = -2285 – 5832 – 0 + 13796 + 9053 = 14732
+22411 0.12 = - 494 4116
0.23 = - 5155 0.21 = - 3094
0.60 = -13447 0.44 = - 1811 0.55 = - 8103 -235 + 14470 • 0 = 0
0.17 = - 3810 0.19 = - 1029
0.24 = -3536
0.25 = - 782

4,100 • 11 3,100 • 4 6,400 • 11

ViA B = w • l + p l b= + = 23,677kg/m ViA B = w • l = 2 = 35,200 kg/m
2
2 2
2 11 2
1 1

4,100 11 3,100 • 7 3,900 • 7 2700 • 3

ViA B = w • l + pl a = ViB C = w • l + p L• b=
•
+ = 24523 kg/m 2 + = 14,807 kg/m
2
2 2
2 11 2 7
1 1

5,900 • 7
ViB C = w•l = 2 = 20650 kg/m ViB C = w • l + pLa=
3,900 • 7 2700 • 4
+ = 15,193 kg/m
2
2

2 2 7
2
1 1

V = ∑mosLfinales
H

AB 2 2
V = ∑mos finales
= + 3183311− 53012 = 1925 A A V = ∑mosfinales = + 31833 − 49270 = 27034
2 1 AA
0 1
V = ∑mos
L
finales
= + 31805 + 33689 = 21831
L L 3 3
H H H

BB
V = ∑mos
+21207 − 24293 BB
V = ∑mos = + 5733 − 71178 = 2152 V = ∑mos = + 32292 + 0 = 8073
0 1
finales finales
BC finales
= = 639 2 1

L 4
2 2

7 L 6
H

L H H

CC C C V = ∑mosfinales = + 38480 + 48538 = 10940

V = ∑mos V = ∑mos
+43537 − 74297
AB = + 24294 −1396 = 7633
2 1
finales
1 1

LH
finales
=
11 = 2796 H
L 3
0 1
H
L 8
AA 0 1

V = ∑mos
BC −8316 − 37585
1 1

LH
finales
=
7 = 6,557
 X = V = 28983= 5.18 m
1
W 5600

X = V = 24890= 4.08 m
2
W 6100

X = V = 3343= 0.47 m
3
W 7000

X = V = 26511= 3.89 m
4
W 6800

A = b h = 3 (28983)= 43475
1
21752
20209
2 2

A = b h = 4.08 (24890)= 50776

6948

Vi 2
2 2

A = b h = 0.47 (3343)= 786

3
X1 X2 2 2
21091
32404
A = b h = 3.89 (26511)= 51564
4

29148
2 2

8636

9664

55718 17603
21364

34217

21207
31833
24293
53012

3029

21207
43537
37585
74297
 NODO A2 B2 C2
PIEZA
F.D.M 0.71 0.29 0.21 0.52 0.26 0.33 0.67
F.D.V
M.E 24,975 77,764 -79,648 24,975 30,263 -30,263 24,975
1era D -72,911 -29,827 5,231 12,787 6,393 1,763 3,525
1er T -13,651 2,615 -14,914 -7,245 881 3,197 1,902
1ra c
2a D 7,832 3,204 4,559 11,145 5,573 -1,700 -3,399
2do T 6,274 2,280 1,602 880 -850 2,786 2,037
2da C
3a D -6,070 -2,483 -350 -855 -427 -1,608 -3,215
∑ Mtos -53,552 53,552 -83,519 41,687 41,833 -25,824 25,824
VI 42,318 43,182 18,706 18,706
VH 17,904 -2,724 2,724 13,545 1,779 -1,779 -13,248
VT 17,904 39,594 40,458 13,545 20,484 20,484 -13,248
NODO A1 B1 C1
PIEZA
F.D.M 0.53 0.25 0.22 0.17 0.42 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.46 0.31
F.D.V
M.E 19,600 24,975 62,517 -62,517 24,975 25,200 47,250 -47,250 24,975 14,000
1era D -56,625 -27,301 -23,165 -5,928 -14,490 -7,245 -7,245 1,902 3,805 2,568
1er T -9,800 -36,456 -2,964 -11,582 6,393 0 951 -3,623 1,763 -7,000
1ra c
2a D 26,025 12,548 10,647 720 1,759 880 880 2,037 4,074 2,750
2do T 14,156 3,916 360 5,323 5,573 0 1,018 440 -1,700 -642
2da C
3a D -9,746 -4,699 -3,987 -2,023 -4,946 -2,473 -2,473 437 874 590
∑ Mtos -16,390 -27,018 43,407 -76,007 19,264 16,362 40,381 -46,056 33,790 12,266
VI 34,100 34,100 31,500 31,500
VH -6,362 -17,904 -2,964 2,964 13,545 -5,069 -631 631 13,248 -5,271
VT -6,362 -17,904 31,136 31,136 13,545 -5,069 30,869 30,869 13,248 -5,271
NODO A0 B0 C0
PIEZA
F.D.M 1 0 1
F.D.V
M.E 19,600 25,200 14,000
1era D -19,600 0 -14,000
1er T -28,313 -3,623 1,284
1ra c
2a D 28,313 0 -1,284
2do T 13,013 440 1,375
2da C
3a D -13,013 0 -1,375
∑ Mtos 60,925 29,262 14,091
VI