ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCESWHAT IS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE? * Alternative energy is any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel. ° Everyday, the world produces carbon dioxide that is released to the earth’s atmosphere and which will still be there in one hundred years time. * This increased content of Carbon Dioxide increases the warmth of our planet and is the main eause of the so called “Global Warming Effect”. One answer to global warming is to replace and retrofit current technologies with alternatives that have comparable or better performance, but do not emit carbon dioxide.In a general sense, alternative energy as it is currently conceived, is that which is produced or recovered without the undesirable consequences inherented in fossil fuel use, particularly high carbon dioxide emissions, an important factor in global warming.RESEARCH SHOWS: J — British Petroleum and Royal Dutch Shell, two of the world's largest oil companies say that by 2050, one- third of the world's energy will need to come from solar, wind, and other renewable resources. Climate change, population growth, and fossil fuel depletion mean that renewables will need to play a bigger role in the future than they do today.SOLAR POWER Solar energy is used commonly for heating, cooking, the production of electricity, and even in the desalination of seawater. Solar heat has long been employed in passively and actively heated buildings, as well as district heating systems. The obstacles preventing the large scale implementation of solar powered energy generation is the inefficiency of current solar technology, and the cost. Currently, photovoltaic (PV) panels only have the ability to convert around 16% of the sunlight that hits them into electricity.TWO TYPES OF SOLAR GENERATED POWER?SOLAR POWER: PROCESS a = =f A a= = ~g=SOLAR ELECTRICITY The Other methods: include using sunlight that hits parabolic mirrors to heat water te See or Stet Cee a rooms blinds or ig} window shades to allow entering sunlight to passively heat a room.SOLAR POWER: PROS aoe power is a renewable resource. As long as the Sun exists, its energy will reach arth. Solar power generation releases no water or air pollution, because there is no chemical reaction from the combustion of fuels, ae energy can be used very efficiently for practical uses such as heating and lighting, te benefits of solar power are seen frequently to heat pools, spas, and water tanks all over. Saves house hold or commercial overhead expenses. The excess power could be transferred to the grid If the battery system is used, then electricity is stored for later use.SOLAR POWER: CONS Solar power does not produce energy if the sun is not shining. Nighttime and cloudy days seriously limit the amount of energy produced. « Solar power stations can be very expensive to build. « Solar energy is renewable for sure, but isn’t constant. It can only be reaped during daytime. » The other concern is only fifty percent of energy received by a solar panel can be converted into electricitySOLAR PANELS » Asolar panel is typically made up of silicon. * Silicon is the substance which. absorbs sunlight and then changes it into electrical energy. » And the energy you get costs Some aden Ee ! Access Solar (Pvt) Ltd: & “Only high-performance cells which have *been thoroughly tested are used Use of 4 mm special-purpose glass *Load capacity: 5400 Pa Can withstand extreme weather conditions (hail, snow, ice, sharply fluctuating Mechanical data: “temperatures, etc.) Dimensions :1637 x 987 mm *Outstanding design thanks to silver Thickness: 40 mm wder-coated solar panel frame i WFhaah detetoreveny mare! De Sieka een «Low chance of mismatching due to OsSolar Panels have 2 types: « The Grid System: This doesn’t have a storage system for the energy that’s generated from the sun and during the night will have to use the grid. e The Battery System: In this case, the battery will save some energy to use when the weather is gloomy or at night, This system comes with a higher cost.* The only operational commercial-scale solar- powered meer is the Buruthakanda Solar operated by the Sri Lanka Sustainable: Energy Authority.ACCESS Solar (Pvt) Ltd: Price estimates of union kw kw aKw aKw kW BKW oxw 8KW skW kW 705,929.13 793,200.64 1,179,069.78 1,262,960.14 1,431,143.18, 1,561,992.41 1,707,326.02 1,968,588.07 2,183.429.76 4,090,718.52 185KWh/units per month ‘238KWh/units per month .g96KWh units per month 449KWh/units per month, 584KWh/units per month 554KWh/units per month {607KWh /units per month 713KWh/units per month ‘8aqKWh/anits permonth 1769KWh/units per monthCOMPANIES AND COSTING :TO IMPLEMENT SUCH ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF POWER ompan: Alpha ‘Thermal Systems (Pvt) Ltd. Epigro (Pvt) Ltd Walltone internationals Nikini Automation Systems Pvt. Ld., Solar Div J Lanka ‘Technologies (Private) Limited Fitico Green Energy Solutions (Pvt) Ltd EB. coaray. Integrated Technologies (Pvt) Lid Agoess Solar (Pvt) Ltd ACSTRA Solutions (Pvt) Lad Power Management Technologies (Pvt) Ltd. Power Mart Services ‘Vinseth Solar Pvt Ltd Alpha Thermal Systems (Pvt) Lid. / Solar‘Therm. - eo) Aipha thermal system (pvt) Lad. Colombo 8 125, Jawatte Road, Colombe, Sri Lanka. Hansagiri Rd, Gampaha 1249, High Level Road, Colomibo 5 00500 on 2 826894 ‘No. 996/2A,, Pannipitiya Road, Thalangama 49/16. Galle Road. Colombo 03, Pagoda Road, Nugegoda, Colombo Sri Lanka ‘No 278, Access ‘Towers, Dr Colvin R de Silva ‘Mawatha, Colombo 12A Kinross Ave, Colombo No. 120/11, Vidya Mawatha, Colombo7 68 1/1, Jethawana Road Colombo 14 121 Castle Street Colombo 08, Sri Lanka 10/1, Gangadara Mawatha, Mount Lavinia, Sti lankaSOLAR POWER STATIONS IN SRI LANKA 7) 2 —Ponetsttion———=—=—Ovmehip «mmc I) Sas Hamiartota Sola Power Station Slale-ned iui (peta Tra Poo | Ug Nowa Rest PLO [nsTHERMAL POWER LJ « Solar thermal (heat) energy is a carbon-free, renewable alternative to the power we generate with fossil fuels like coal and gas. Solar water heating (known as solar thermal) systems captures the free heat from the sun and uses it up to heat the water, « It can be a cost-effective way to generate hot water for your home. They can be used in any climate, and the fuel they use, sunshine, is free.THERMAL POWER: PROCESS Solar water heating systems include storage tanks and solar collectors. » Storage Tank: well-insulated storage tank is required, * Solar Collector: They consist of (1) a dark flat-plate absorber, (2) a transparent cover that reduces heat losses, (3) a heat- transport fluid (air, antifreeze or water) to remove heat from the absorber, and (4) a heat insulating backing. There are two types of solar water heating systems: ° Active * Passive1. Active Solar Water Heating System O +Direct circulation systems: Active, Closed Loop Solar Water Heater Pumps circulate household water through the collectors and into the home. They work well in climates where it rarely freezes, ‘Indirect circulation systems: Pumps circulate a non-freezing, heat-transfer fluid through the collectors and a heat exchanger. This heats the water that then flows into the home. They are popular in climates prone to freezing temperatures.2. Passive Solar Water Heating System O Passive solar water heating passive,8atch Solar Water Heater systems are typically less = expensive than active systems, but they're usually not as efficient. ie hae However, passive systems can be more | is reliable and may last teri | fbrtonge longer. ipa ve: a | sae Cod water. ll supply NN — JTHERMAL POWER: PROS ¢ ) or} « Use the free energy of the sun to heat your water « Lower monthly electric (or gas) utility bills » Great for climates that receive a lot of sunshine « Solar systems can easily store thermal energy by use of storage tanks and use it when it is required without interference from immediate environmental conditionsTHERMAL POWER: CONS « Tank takes up more space than tankless units, « Higher up front cost for equipment & installation. * May not have as great of performance in climates that do not receive a lot of sunshine. « Tank can produce a significant amount of heat, so its location will need to be planned accordingly. » More equipment = more maintenanceTHERMAL POWER IN SRI LANKA? Oupee Kotmale meee Plant Kerawalapitiya power plantCOMPANIES :TO IMPLEMENT SUCH ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF POWER rc \ SUNBIRD super solar hotwater systems Jude Fernandopulle Associates (Pvt) Ltd. 165, Colombo Road., Negombo, Solar Prince Thermal System Green park - 03, No19, Yatiyana Agalawatta. Hemas Holdings PLC 75, Braybrooke Place,Colombo 02,Sri Lanka, S&S Engineering Services Company No. 100/1, Sri Dharmarama (Pvt) Ltd., Road Ratmalana W P Sri Lanka Access Solar (Pvt) Ltd No 278, Access Towers, Dr Colvin R de Silva Mawatha, Colombo Vinseth Solar Pvt Ltd 68 1/1, Jethawana Road Colombo 14 Alpha Thermal Systems (Pvt) Ltd. / 121, Castle Street, Colombo 08, Sri E Solar Therm Lanka i]WIND POWER ) Rural communities often do not have access to the national grid. Wind powered micro-grids are suited to the low-density rural areas and can be effective in meeting local social and economic needs. Wind energy is the generation of electricity from the wind. Wind power Ee have been set up in locations where the wind velocity is high. These areas receive less rainfall compared to other parts of the country. Rainfall accompanied by wind in these areas will not affect electricity generation. In the event these areas experience heavy rain, power eneration will decline if heavy rains continue. there will be a steady ‘op in electricity generation.WIND POWER: RESEARCH Wind energy research dates back several decades to the 1970s when NASA developed an analytical model to predict wind turbine power generation during high winds. Today, many countries have implemented them. / peal axtedesiet horizontal-axisWIND POWER: PROCESS \_) » Awind turbine works the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity, The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. « Wind energy harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. « The rotation of turbine blades is converted into electrical current by means of an electrical generator.A WIND TURBINE MAY INCLUDE: a rotor blades - capture wind’s en and eanvert it to etna energy shaft - transfers rotational energy into generator nacelle - casing that holds the gear box os the gearbox includes the Wind generator which uses rotational energy es of shaft to eneeate electricity, = brakes- stop rotation of shaft in case of power overload or system failure. tower - supports rotor and nacelle and lifts entire setup to higher elevation Coe petite the ground sky meer tor aaa oh many safety elemen’ of turbine.WIND POWER: PROS ) » Wind power produces no pollution that can contaminate the environment, Since no chemical processes take place, as in the burning of fossil fuels, there are no harmful by-products left over. * Since wind generation is a renewable source of energy, we will never run out of it. * No interference with nature: Farming and grazing can still take place on land occupied by wind turbines which can help in the production of biofuels. * Doesn't take uo much land space. e Excellent for large scale power productionWIND POWER: CONS » Wind power is intermittent. Consistent wind is needed for —__ continuous poet generation.If wind speed decreases, the turbine lingers and less electricity is generated. * Large wind farms can have a negative effect on the scenery. © The fact that itis a ay, diffuse source” means that “large numbers of wind generators (and thus large land areas) are required to produce useful amounts of heat or electricity.“ * Wind turbines cannot be erected everywhere simply because many places are not windy enough for suitable power generation. e Whenan appropriate place is found, building and maintaining a wind farm can It "is a highly capital-intensive technology.SIZES OF WIND TURBINES » Wind towers are usually built together on wind farms. Now, electrical currents are harnessed by large scale wind farms that are used by national electrical grids as well as small individual turbines used for providing electricity to isolated locations or individual homes. Utility-scale turbines range in size from 100 kilowatts to as large as several megawatts. Larger wind turbines are more cost effective and are grouped together into wind farms, which provide bulk power to the electrical grid. * Single small turbines, below 100 kilowatts, are used for homes, telecommunications dishes, or water pumping.WIND POWER IN SRI LANKA? The first pilot wind power plant of 3MW was set up in 1999 by the CEB in Frihantors bur een successful. E » Wind power is available mostly in coastal areas and some hill country regions (central, uva, southern, north western, northern, eastern areas). » Community based wind power projects have yet to take off on a large seale in Sri a. * The Puttalam district is an aprile location for wind power pen The wind power plants in the Puttalam district adds 50 'W of electricity to the national grid alone.WIND STATIONS IN SRI LANKAPuttalam Wind Power Plant Ambewela Farm Power Plant r ’ Lakvijaya Power Station, Puttalam.Fable-+-enasting and Expected capacities of the ational Grid Existing Expected capacity \capacity | additions te national Grid MW. ma = EsSri Lanka’s wind climate is primarily determined by the two Asian Monsoons the South West (SW) and North East (NE) Monsoons. The SW Monsoon lasts from May till early October while the NE Monsoon last from December to February. While winds over mountainous regions are highly site specific, turbulent and confined to the SW monsoon, winds over flat landscapes in the south-eastern and north-western coastal belt are more consistent and occur during both monsoons.COMPANIES AND COSTING TO IMPLEMENT SUCH ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF POWER O pPersta Ct BAM Holdings LTD Nos2, SirMarcus Fernando Mawatha, ‘Colombo 07 Akbar brothers 994 TB Jayah Mawatha Colombo 10 Srilanka Integrated ‘Technologies (Pvt) Ltd Pagoila Road, Nugegoda, Colombo Sri Lanka ACSTRA Solutions (Pot) Ltd. 124 Kinross Ave, Colombo "Power Management Teéhnologies (Pvt) Ltd 1120/1, Vidya Mawatha “Colomibo 7, Sri Lanka Power Mart Services 176 B, Station Road, Kelaniva. MAS Enterprises 10/1, Gangadara Mawatha, Mount Lavinia, Sri Lanka 3 way technologies 74, Wijayarajadahana, MirigamaHYDRO POWER C) VS Hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. Another variation is to make use of water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as tidal power.RESEARCH SHOWS In the wake of averting a power crisis, Sri Lanka has also undertaken alternative power generation in addition to hydro power generation. The Norochcholai Lakvijaya coal power plant, the Puttalam wind power plant and the Kerawalapitiya Yugadanavi Thermal power plant assists national power generation considerably. - Sunday observer-. HYDRO POWER: PROCESS Ly An intake: to diverts of the flow from the water course. penstock ape to convey the water to the turbine. Powerhouse: in which the turbine and generator convert the water's energy into electricity. Outflow: through which the water is released back to the river or stream. Underground cables or overhead lines: to transmit the electricity to it’s point of use. These must be short enough to minimize ‘voltage drop.’HYDRO POWER: PROS « Water can be accumulated above the dam and released to coincide with peaks in demand. So, unlike other types of power stations, hydroelectric power stations can promptly increase to full capacity. « Electricity can be generated constantly, because there are no outside forces, unlike other forms of alternative energy, which affect the availability of water. « Hydroelectric power produces no waste or pollution since there is no chemical reaction to produce power. « Water used for hydro power can be reused.» Dams can be very expensive to build. « Maintenance can be costly. © There needs to be a sufficient and powerful enough supply of water in the area to produce energy.HYDRO POWER IN SRI LANKA? « ) we) The Government has implemented several major and small hydro power projects at suitable locations. The Upper Kotmale project takes significance. - Sunday observer-[ HYDRO POWER STATIONS IN SRI LANKA Nome of poor Capac! source * + Segment # ‘mmmissioned © . Mer bes | an Status [Bowatenna Oars [Bowateana [Maeve [40 1961-January Operational i Under [roadons Dam Smads baa 38 zor emacs \Lwapena (100 1983 -Mach Operational [Mohave [50 [1965 -Jarumry Operational aboot 204 1985 -Apri Operational ‘Samarata (60 2003 July Opaeational |Lwapana am [Pointiya [Leapena [5 1914 «February Operational |MasketyaDam [Canyon \Lwcapana 60 1983-March [Operational |Maraganaicands \ Under — Moragehakanda ——[Mahaweh 25 206 dy ca |Neton Dam [Old Lxapana \Lmapena 50 1960 -Dacamber Operational [Palpota Baroy Ukenela Mahows 40 Operational Randers Dar Randengala Mabowel 126 “Operational |Rantente tam [Rantembe Mahawes (52 “Operational |SamanalaDam | Saranala [Samaras 124 Cpeationat | sewaiave Dam_[Udmaiave [Semanaia [6 Opeationat jveverkenmatt | ekoumale (esos [150 bari Cpmtionat jam |Vietera Dam |Vietons shave 210 1984 - October [Opaeatonst‘The Victoria Dam The Upper Kotmale Hydro Power Plant b 7h The Randenigala DamCOMPANIES AND COSTING TO IMPLEMENT SUCH ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF POWER O Hydro power international (Pvt)Ltd + 34/3, 1 lane, Egodawatta Road, Boralesgamuwa. *92/a, Gh perera mawatha Rathanpitiya Boralesgamuwa Hydro power services Ltd Prince Alfred tower, level 3 Alfred house garden colombo ‘TEC International (Pvt.) Ltd No.05, 5'" Lane, Nawala Road, Nawala MAS Enterprises 10/1, Gangadara Mawatha, Mount Lavinia, Sri Lanka Free lanka (Pvt) Ltd 10 alfred house garden colombo 3SOME OF THE OTHER ENERGY SOURCESTIDAL POWER ) * Tidal energy is produced through the use of tidal energy generators. e These large underwater turbines are placed in areas with high tidal movements, and are designed to capture the kinetic motion of the surging of ocean tides in order to produce electricity. Tidal power has great potential for future power and electricity generation because of the massive size of the oceans. » Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. ° Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal rangesWAVE POWER » Wave energy is produced when electricity generators are placed on the surface of the ocean. « Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work. « For example, electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into reservoirs).GEOTHERMAL 0) 2 » Geothermal energy is the use of the earth's internal heat to boil water for heating buildings or generating electricity. * Geothermal en is produced by tapping into the thermal energy created and stored within the earth. * Itis considered sustainable because that thermal energy is constantly replenished. PROCESS: Geothermal literally means "earth heat." Geothermal energy harnesses the heat energy present underneath the Earth. rocks under the. ground heat water to produce steam. When holes are drilled in the region, the steam that shoots up is purified and is used to drive turbines, which power electric generators. ars Le TEC International (Pvt.) Ltd No.05, 5" Lane, Nawala Road, NawalaBIOFUEL ic? » Biofuel and Ethanol are plant-derived gasoline substitutes for powering vehicles. * The ‘ind among other industries, are corn and other plants as a Dora al rat eee ure a that a be ap aape eink tie een ache of cars and trucks that ean replace earth: » The oldest of biofuel is called biodiesel, which was first ee out of | Das and ere: ‘oday, biodiesel is made out of ald poakae ail and Sh ee a plant materials that are not needed for other things. When it's burnii | made out of old cooking oil, the exhaust from a car's tail pipe smells like french fries. . ee asecond biofuel, is made by distilling pare ee sk EL corn) into tg sta is then mixed with small amounts fom itnaraaene energy can be used in cars, AG a a ‘TEC International (Pvt.) Ltd No.05, 5 Lane, Nawala Road, NawalaBIO FUEL STATIONS IN SRI LANKA? O ES Power station © ownersiny . aRae * Basaigama ——_(Recogen PL 25 Balapiiya fla Dendvo Biectic PL 26 unaia ‘ature Soutons P L A Dodangeda [United Dendro Enesgy PL ' Eewewa [Etewewa Power Company PL 10 Embapiiya [Future Energy PL 3 Mingurana (Gal Oya Plantations PL 2 Keatamuncncnang| AO Theappane Bower Pree Ketyapura (Pennant Pengum Denaro Power PL 10 Maniyanganaya [Tokyo Cement Lanka) United 5 Heeinotamulia _|Westem Power Company PL 10 Nonaragaia [Mega Ten Bioenergy PL 10 Neduntutam —|Sustainatve Green Energy PL 3 tunaver [Bo Energy Sokmon PL 2 Wayemba | Wayamnba Bendre Power PL 3GENERATORS « An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Electric generators for homes or for commercial use are normally driven by small engines that produce the rotational energy from burning fuel.GENERATOR: PROCESS 7 i) (a) Engine: source of the input mechanical energy to the generator (2) Alternator: produces the electrical output from the mechanical input supplied by the engine. (3) Fuel System: variety of fuels such as diesel, gasoline, propane (in liquefied or gaseous form), or natural gas. Usually has sufficient capacity to keep the generator operational for 6 to 8 hours on an average, (4) Voltage Regulator: Conversion of AC Voltage to DC Current (5) Cooling and Exhaust — Ss (6) Lubrication System: it ® requires lubrication to ensure durability and smooth operations @ - for a long period of time. rest. } 7) Battery : The start és fh ft nection of a generator is battery- s operated. (8) Control Panel: This is the = user interface of the erator Main Asse Frame