Ol ako CoN AUN ea ea Lee elle ao 12, 24, 36, 48 8 is a multiple of 4 and 7. 30 is a multiple of 6 and 5. Itis always true, Ax Bisa multiple of A B times) and of B (A times) ‘The missing numbers are: ‘ , 7 : tis sometimes true but not always true. Aaa Mand Itis true when A=4 and B=7, then “The lines can be in any arrangement. ‘AX Bis 28 and this is the LCM, Leamners awn diagram: A counterexample is when A and Learner's own check. B=4, then Ax B=24 but the LCM is 12 36 (0. There are two possible answers: | and 21; 3.and 7. ‘There are four possible answers: 1 and 30; 2and 15;3 and 10; $ and 6. Reflection: Learner's own answer. 1,2,3,4,6, 8, 12,24 1,2,5, 10, 25, 50 9,15, 45 ‘There ate four possible answers. Going 1/9 clockwise from the top left-hand circle, the 1,3,11,33 Paap possible answers are: 1, =10, 3, “8; =1, 10, =: 8:2,-5, 6, ~4; -2, 5, -6, 4. 1,5,7,35 1,2,3,4,6,9, 12, 18,36 24,27, 30, 33, 36, 39 30, 35 For example: If you divide the numerator and the denominator by the highest common factor, you have the fraction in its simplest form. CEE Oe pee Lon eat» CO cake ten Ae Rasen a cele 46 ord 2e + 4d Marcus is incorrect. Every block can be filled in by working backwards. a Learner's own answers, oa y 5 a 166 1s b 3-3 2844p d Sy-15 Advantages: good if you like multiplicati boxes, easy method to follow Disadvantage: takes a long time to draw the grid. Advantages: quick way to show workings, ‘easy method to follow. Disadvantages: must draw the arcs to show workings and to check all parts have been multiplied Advantages: easy method to follow. Disadvantages: takes a long time to show all wor Learner's own answer. Byt18 ob dw +8 3b-3 26-16 242g 12-6x. ax+2 1sy=10 14g+63 16q~44+4r 6x43 12y#20 low +15 Mody 54 6-8 Be-12 30d-6 Dhe-48+16F 3a+6f 156+20¢ 42e-49h 45+ 27h 367 Bethan did 4+4 when it should be 4%4. Correct answer is dx +16. Bethan forgot to multiply the ~3 by 2 Correct answer is 12-6. Changed the~to a +. Correet answer is 6- 15x You can’t subtract 6x from 12. Correct angwer is 12~6x. Reflection: Learner's own answer. No: three of the expanded expressions give 30+24x, but 4(6x +26) expands to give 104+ 24x. 34b+ 5) and 3(54+46) are the same as 12b+15=15+ 128, 2(Se~ 1) and 2(1 ~ Se) are not the same as 1e~222=10¢ 2dy+32em? 6y+24em (k= 14m 4x427 x=4,4+6=10 x=16, 16-6 Eee eeDect tc an ee aon eit as ‘Type of music \ } almond 3 30 ftres Favourite type of film Learner’ own answer. For example No, all you need is the number of degrees to draw the pie chart. There is only one value missing and you know the total is 360°, so the missing value is 140". Learner's own answer. For example: Looking at action -2 people= 40°, so 1 person: 20=4 people; comedy: 20=5 people. 100= 18 20°, Science fiction: 80> Colour of car = Fe mee Tbiue green yellow white People at a tennis tournament, Bwomen Gimen Deirls Biboys Learner's own answer. For example: There isa total of 120 people in this diagram, so I worked out that itis 3° per person. (Other methods are to ‘work out the fraction or percentage for euch group, then work out the degrees) ii Learner's own answers. 45 4s 45 x100= 30% of 30% | 360= 108 90 | 5.100 = 60% 50 [60% of 360-216 15 15 400= [#5100 = 10% of 10% }360= 36 150 100% 360 er eee Learner’ s ow: De re eeOW el ake eee A Ne Ua ea a ciel The 10 people might not be representative of all the members. This would take a long time. You might not be able to see members who do not ‘come to the gym often. For example: You could choose members at random from the membership list. You could ask a few members at different times of day. You could choose every 10th or 20th member until you have 50, For example: You could give members a paper questionnaire when they visit the gym, You could send a questionnaire electronically, using an email or social media. Marcus. Advantage: have to compare only simple fractions; disadvantage: have to first convert both fractions to mixed numbers. Arun, Advantage: have to convert the fractions to give only a common denominator; disadvantage: might end up with large numbers to calculate b Learner's own answers. Reflection: Learner's own answers. Se ee 2 io Learner's own answer. Order of cards: L727 virw’s ‘As many decimal places as are needed to put the decimals in order of size 0.83 0.93, 172. 08,18 13 16, 8,68, Second mark: any two of 2, # 2 5 ©7127 BBs DeLee» (opel ake eto PAN eae ona el a Number of holidays: Learner's own answer. For example: Chinara is better because she got a greater total score than Adaku OR Adaku is better because she got more consistent scores 35 Number of holidays sold over two weeks 70% safari Geity sport beach S Learner's own chart, For example: ‘Cakes sold by café wturday Sunday Chocolate vanilla ‘Type of cake ‘Number of cakes sold ‘Cakes sold by acafé chocolate} vanilla Saturday Sunday Day Number of cakes sold Learner's own answer. Learner's own chart. For example (Cakes sola by w ate fasaranaay lasunday Te ae Number of eakes sold Cakes wld bya cate factocoi] lavanita ee ae [Number of cakes sod Learner's own answer, Learner’s own answer, Total number of cars= 12+ 18+ 10+20= 60 cars Number of degrees per car=360 = @=6° Number of degrees for each sector: Ford 2x6 ‘Vauxhall 18%6= 108° Toyota=10%6= 60° Different makes of car ina car park Toyota D OT Sea» COWL cake a SiG A ee rer eae ta Reflection: 1+3+2=1, They form three oe 6 ‘mutually exclusive events and one of them must happen. on 06 o4 09 1 Because 150% of 0.4 is 0.6. The probabilities could be written as fractions or as percentages, ‘Marcus is incorrect because the three ‘outcomes are not equally likely. ‘gees i a fors% 50% 35% (there are seven factors) ‘They are three mutually exclusive events and one of them must happen. For example: a number greater than 5. For example: multiples of 6. oF 875% 080875 4 90.250 25% na 5 wre not mutually exclusive outcomes. included in every outcome. The sum of the probabilities is more than 1. % b 18% 81% 2 a-d Learner's own answers. Answers in this exercise could be given as percentages, decimals or fractions. 65% 30% 65% 36% Se eS a 5% For example: The chance of winning depends on how good the opposing team is This will vary from match to match, Learner's own answer. 9% 0% iii 12% ‘The two are not mutually exclusive. You may have counted some students twice, 50% or 0.5 or heads 600%, tails 40”/ Toby thinks that the probabilities should be close to 507. The sample size of 40 is too small to justify Toby's statement. white 20%, black 20% red 60% white 12%, black 16%, red 72% ‘The most likely number is five red balls IF there are five red balls, then the theoretical probabilities are white 14%, black 14! red 72%, and these are lose to the experimental probabilities. On b 02 © 0125 ‘The values, rounded to three decimal places (where necessary), are 0.117, 0.113, 0.1, 0.117, 0.121, 0.119, 0.117, 0.12: Learner's own answer: Learner's own answer 1 Learner's own answer For example: 90% zer0 For example: 25% ou 02 zero iw 05 Any two letters that have the same probability. For example: A and C, or Band R, or [and T. Leamers could sve these answers as fractions or percentages. De Cocca]PRO cakes toon a ues Nera ea elt a it should be 3 squares right and 6 squares down, but itis actually 2 squares right and 6 squares down, Example method: Enlarge straight ‘edges first. Then, for each sloping ‘edge, count the number of squares as across and down (or up) and double Rey ASA these, Don't try to draw the sloping edges, Learner's own answers. straight away but count squares across and down, put a point for the vertex then join this point to the end of the “The height of C is three times the height Previous edge. of A, but the base of Cis not three times the base of A. 1x3=3em and 2x3=6em, not Sem scale factor 3 Learner's own answers. ‘The height of D is four times the height of A, and the base of D is four times the base of A. 1<4=4em and 2x 2 ji 4 AB 2 6:12=1:2 Arc 3 618-13 A:D 4 6:24=1:4 The ratio of lengths is the same as the ratio of perimeters. ‘Yes. For example: The perimeter is the total length of all the sides, so if all the lengths are multiplied by any seale factor, then the total will also be multiplied by the same scale factor. ‘Yes, For example: It doesn't matter what the shape is, the perimeter is always the total length of all the sides, and ifthe sides are all enlarged by a scale factor, 5 a The bottom right vertex is in the incorrect then the perimeter will also increase by place. Compared to the top right vertex, this scale actor. Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathomatics 7 — Byrd, Byrd & Poarco€Reflection: 1418 d 397 7.1, 83.3 26.4, 4x 69=27.6, 9.99) 3.67 0.67 12.56 127.06 e 3.21 g 18.45 0.043 0.09) 10.49, 10.64, 10.65, 10.73, 10.74, 10.75 b Shelly-Ann Fraser ‘No; looking at the tenths, 2 is less than 4. a 2009,2.15,2.7 3.2, 3342, 345 € 17005, 17.1, 17.128, 1742 0.52, 0,59,0.71,0.77 5199, $2,5.212,5.219 9.03, 908, 9.7, 9.901, 9:99 Advantage: easy method; disadvantage: could take a long time Learner's own answer. 300mL, 38.LeL, 0.385L 7.3¢m, 0.705m, 725mm 519000mg, $308, 5.12kg, 0.0058 0.45m, 4450mm, 0,0046km, 461.5em Any three numbers between 3.071 and 3.082, 12 Se Pe lc ake ie eo Da eR Xen ea colt cod All of the three decimal numbers are between 3.07 and 3.083 (but not including 3.070 and 3.083): ie. 3071, 3.072, 3.073, 3.074, 3075, 3.076, 3.077, 3.078, 3.079, 3.080, 3.081, 3.082. 1 72 34 80 Learner's own answer. 10.36 1-0.28 0.64, 1-0.78=0.22, 1-0.44=0.56, 1716, 1-0.432=0.568 48 54 27 94 No, she must subteact the extra 0.210 give 12.3, 185 10s 4.66 86.53kg b 33342 Marcus’ method: Advantage is that it works with numbers of all sizes; disadvantage is that itis still time- consuming even for simple numbers, Arun's method: Advantage is that itis a quick method to use for numbers that have a small number of decimal places; disadvantage: can be confusing to use for numbers that have lots of decimal places. Learner's own answer. Learner's own answer 358 2545 $1.38 86m DCEpe edt Reco an een eh eet as 3 vertical or horizontal 1 ivy 0 1 a A circle has an infinite number of lines of diagonal symmetry. A circle has an infinite order of rotational symmetry. Learner's own answers. Ritesh Alli didn’t reflect all of the shape, Some of the shape has just been redrawn, 4s ' horizontalDec ake ee Ga ee rer oe coll tad 814 29,41 20,17,11 $8, 42 16, 24, 48, 56 33,18, infinite finite finite d_ infinite 49,19 b 10, 12,24 24, 16,12 ‘A.c and iv; B, d and i; CF and v; D, a and vi oe E, band i: Fe and ii Multiply by 2 would give 4, 8, 16 (and the third term is 20). Add 4 would give , 8, 12 triangles; cight edges five vertices (and the third term is 20), Sofia and top view front view side view ‘must look further than the first two terms and check that their rule works for the ‘whole sequence and not just the first two terms Term-to-term rule: Multiply by 3 then subtract 4 five faces (one square and four isosceles You need at least three terms, For example: 2,6,... could be+4 or x3 or%4 then 2 orxS then-4, ete. 3, 10, .. could be +7 or 2 then +4 or %3 then +I orx4 then~2, ete. 19, 19, 55 For example: Add 4: 12, 16. Multiply by 2: 16, 32. Multiply by 3 then subtract 4: 20, 56. Divide by 2 then add 6: 10, 11 For example: Add 7: 16, 23. Multiply by 2 3 then add 5:23, 51. Multiply by 3 then add e 3: 30,93. Multiply by 4 then add 1: 37, 149. ‘Ada 4; 23, 27 For example: Add 10: 27, 37. Multiply by 2 then add 3: 37, 77. Multiply by 3 then Sublet Ale Subtract 4:47, 137. Add I, then multiply Add 2. by 2, then add 1:37, 77 Add 3 18 Add 4. Reflection: Learner's own answer. aaa, Activity 9.1 Subtract 2. Learner's own answer. Subtract 3. i 5,2 1.611 45,38, 31 12,24 60, 30,15 Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathematics 7 - Byrd, Byrd & Pearce © Cambridge University POW el Re seo AN ea eal a ele N ‘There are two possible lines. both shown here: 6.D,6,-3) (4, D.C For example: (1, 6), (5, 6), (5, 2) or (1, ~2). (5, (5,2), or (1, 6), (-3, 6), (-3, 2) or (1, ~2), (3,2), 3, 2), ete Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathomatics 7 - Byrd, Byrd & Poarco © Cambridge University Pete tc are erent ees ereen t or 12.5%; pink + or 25% 62.5% green 9%; pink 27% blue 64% The experimental probabilities are similar to the theoretical probabilities. green 10.8%; pink 24%; blue 65.2% Learner's own comments, In soil A, the probability that a seed grows successfully is $3 = 69%, In soil B, the oS Do probability that a seed grows successfully is $2=83%4. This shows that soil B has 4 better suceess rate 8000m © 3.25km 2em on the drawing represents 2% 3= 6m in real life Sem on the drawing represents 5x 3= 15m in real life. Sem on the drawing represents 8 3= 24m in real life. Se ee ee ‘8m in real life represents 8~ the drawing. 12min real life represents 12 the drawing. 20m in real life represents 20 = the drawing. 130m Sem 19cm b 76km Sofia is correct because she is the only person ‘who uses the same units for the | and the 20. The scale 1 to 20 means that lem on the scale drawing represents 20cm in real life, or 1mm. represents 20mm, or Im represents 20m, etc. am 1$m_ iii Im osm v 2m 2m 2em Tem 3km 48cm Learner’ own answer. For example: Aika Advantage: easier to divide by 100 and 1000 after the multiplication; disadvantage: dealing with large numbers Hinata Advantage: first does the conversion between units; disadvantage: dealing with decimal numbers. Learner's own answer. Lem 0.88km 15em Faisal should multiply 8.5 by 50000, he should not divide. He must then divide by 100 and then 1000 to do the units conversion, 8.5% 50000=425000cm, 425000 100: m 4250= 1000=4.25 km ‘They are 4.25km apart. De ee eratePcl dhe te a ae ole a Itshould be 1:4, not 4:1 “The ratio of margarine to flour is 1:4.’ Or “The ratio of flour to margarine is 4:1." Reflection: a-c Learner's own answers 38 Bryn has the darker blue paint. 1 Melania. One method is to change 2:5 to 6:15 and change 1:3 to 5:15, then compare. bb 3:4 Avondalle; compare 7:28 and 6:28. Borrowdale; Borrowdale has a ratio women :men of 22:66. Avondale has a ratio women men of 24:66. Correct; both can be divided by Sx Learner's own answer. 9:9, $36 Ethan 1 $9. Julie 4 $36 Total 5 $45 $8 and $16 ¢ $36and $12 $25 and $5 e S3and $18 $56 and $8 $13 and $52 Reflection: a,b Learner's own answers Raine pays $40, Abella pays $32. Check: 40+32 $72 a Sid4and S21 $21 and $28 ¢ $20and $12 $63 and $27 4 5 b Learner's own answer. 1s Activity 12.1 Learner's own answers. ree eos Pd ‘Simplify the ratio from 80:40 to 2:1 Total parts: 2+1=3 Each part: $630~3=$210 Brad gets 2% $210=$420 Lola gets 1x $210=$210 Check: $420 +$210=$630 Learner's own answer, Mass; for example: closer to half each. Age: Arun gets $112. Mass: Arun gets SIG. Yes, Arun gets most when the mass ratio is used, This year the youngest gets $96. In $ years? lime the youngest gets $128. $128-$96=$32. For # xe or 5x. Bed ede DE for = xed or 4x. eed eed ea 125g, 125g and 1000g or 1kg si20 b $6 a ZAR 885.08 s4s 2708 a-e Learner's own answers Learner's own answers. 5, 4000 400, 400, 1200 S430 $2400 Irene forgot to add on the rice for six people. She worked out the mass for nine people, not 15. 750g of rice is needed. No, it's $112. Possibly, the teacher accidentally mixed the digits of 112 to get 121 1:30 b 6:1 Kim, Guy’s ratio 1:4 is equivalent to 2:8, so hhas more parts of water than Kim's, Dee eer eeCoV el ake eos PA Nea eae rel os $5and $10 27kgand Ike d $0.70 0r cents b S: 48kg $20 and $5 1Slitres and 9 litres throw less than 5 even chance or 50-50 Throw a 6 and throw less than 5 because only one of them can happen. The numbers are not all equally likely, Some numbers are more likely than others. 10 out of 50 0r 20% 15 out of 500r 30% 4 out of $0 or 8% 2 0.8 and 80% 0.3 and > io el Learner's own answers For example: extremely unlikely, 50-0, more likely than not even chance certain very unlikely Learner's own answer, depending on where they live. Learner's own answer, E,A,CD,B rain 4; sun 3 mas 1 United, because 0.7= 70%, which is larger than the other two probabilities. Rovers ee Reflection: P15% or 0.15 of 33 Q40% of 0.4 of 2 R 65% or 0.95 or 2 20 oF 0.65 or 8; $ 95% 2 cA u Learner's own answer. Learner's own answers Learner's own answers ‘Weather forecasts are based on detailed ‘measurements of the current situation, ‘These measurements are used to run computer models on supercomputers, Learner's own answers Statement A is correct. The probability is 50%. The coin has no memory. It cannot be influenced by what happened in the past heads or tails yes ‘There can be rain and wind at the same time. Because rain is less likely than wind. ‘They have different probabilities, See Petre)De oc ake ee Ua ee rer oo ell] ad 6 c 4 The cost each is the total electricity bill divided by four. , F (correct answer 0.12) T F (comet answer: 3.46) T F (comet answer 4 150, 15, 15000, 150, 0.15, 1.5, 150 ‘Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathe mati 1000 ii one thousand 100000 one hundred thousand 10000000 i ten million 10 ii ten 10° 10° 108 30000 5000000 4500000 291000 2300 b 7680000 9000000 420 65000 12700 2870000 Learner's own answers ‘Marcus’ method doesn’t work because the number being multiplied has decimal places. 47000 91500 3300000 1500 8 b 805 Yes, as long as there are enough zeros to cross off, 8 510 e000 023 0.065 6.09 B 80 7000 9000000 18 Byrd, Byrd & Pearce © Cambridge University PresCOW el Ro eo A Newall ele 1 1 1 3 Isaac did not turn the second fraction upside down, Isaac turned the first fraction upside down rather than the second, Learner's own answers. Activity 7.1 Learner's own answers. No; any number divided by a larger number gives an answer smaller than 1. Any number divided by a smaller number gives an answer areater than 1 Learner's own answer ‘Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathematics No; 8x 3=24, not 8%4, The answer is Arun works out! and multiplies hat anor bythe numerator (5) 10 ave of 180 1 Sovia works out and takes it vay rom the whole to leave of 180 240 i 840 Learner's own answer. Arun, Advantage: by dividing first, you use small numbers; disadvantage: doing this mentally could be difficult, especially the multiplication Sofia. Advantage: subtraction might be easier than multiplication; disadvantage: not so easy for more complicated fractions, such as when the numerator is 2 ris smaller than the denominator. Learner's own answer, 170 768, Zara Sofia did not use order of operations rules and did the addition before the multiplication, uw a is 2 Dee ron» COW el aR oN ANU eae ee el ed ke Learner's own answers. 3 a S16 20 x or y=0.75x $18.50 v $24.95 S(x+10) =x+10 15cm 60cm The perimeter is the length of one side multiplied by 3. p=as Learner's own rectangles. For example: the sides could be 4em and Tem, or Sem and Sem, et. I=w+3orw=!-3 Learner's own rectangles. For example, the sides could be 2cm and Gem, or 3em and 9em, p= 80, where p is the length of the perimeter. Learner's own answers. Learner's own answers. Learner's own answers, For example and y= or Learner's own answer. For example: they could be the ages of two children or the masses of two objects or two times, etc Learner's own answers 1500 yen y= 150% 21 pesos ys2ly You can exchange | dollar for 1.5 dinars. 20+1=-19, When x=20, y=x+1=20+1=21, so (20, 21) is on the line but (20, 19) is not on the Tine. =4 T4507 8 Ft OE eee Lepe edt Reco an een eh eet as Activity 14.1 1c Reflection: a, t Exercise 14 6 units Learner's own answers. 6 units B G e Learner's own answers. For example a Sofia is correct. The distance is 8 units. -8 is incorrect, as you cannot have a negative distance. Agree, As long as the answer given is positive, it doesn’t matter which way you do the subtraction. Itis usually easier, however, to do largest number ~smallest number. a Gand/ EandH © Candy d dandD Activity 14.2 Learner's own answers, ee so distance =6, Learner's own answer, 8 units 6 units 14 units 10 units Learner's own answer Learner's own answer, For example: as both x-coordinates are negative, it’s easier just to do 9-4=5, A and iii; Band i; Cand v; D and iv; E and i units, 4 to B: C=9-5=4, 3,9); coordinate: A to 9 and x values the same or x-coordinate: Cto =4=3 and y values the same, 8m i 4m Cand GK CeesDec ake etree rer aa colt] ca Add? i 14,16 Add 6. ii 33,39 Subtract 3 1 5, 10,25, 70 an 30 5,10, 15, 20 input: 8; outputs: 5, 7 o] 1 o| 4 Divide the numerator and the denominator by 10, or by 5 and then 2, or by 2and then 5 Learners own answers oo Ms, O4 16%, 0.16 ¢ Leamer’s own answers. 4se cag ee 3g 60 $90 25%= 10m; 50%=20m; 2 10%=4m c Learner's own answers. ‘You could say 60% is 2 30% and so 60% of $70 is 2821 =S42. a 25% b 12.5% (ie. half of 3237.5%:5=625%: 3=37.5%; 3=62.5yDe edt Rca ane een oe ett as e 4. S282 fi $28 =?x18 $528.21 is better, as it gets closer to the actual bill (but 20% $28.21 =S56 =Tx10+7x8 will be 5 cents below the actual bill) = 10456 126 4x76 =4x7044x6 = 280424 ae 2°, a 5.29 35.65 6 424 a 0.326 4.22 6.09, 6.45, 6.481, 6.5, 6.549 Forexample, when you multiply two numbers. 5a 0.08 0.021 together: a 13398 133.98 ‘© Ifyou multiply one of the numbers by 10 and divide the other number by 10,itkeeps 7 25493 the value of the calculation the same. 7.356 If you multiply one of the numbers by 100 and divide the other number by 100, it keeps the value of the calculation the 18.365 13, 26, 39, 52, 65, 78, 91, 104, 117 18,365 13= 238.745 2070, 1035, 345 6 or 2070+ 1035 +345=3450 46-4.6=414 73-7.3=65.7 B08 a 612 b 42.3 90° 250° Learner's own answers. ‘obtuse acute a 252 b 39 2 ¢ right d teflex dom 10° ~(54°+20°) = 180°—74°= 106° = 1.35210 "50-10 ons =1.347 8936100 When you divide both the numerator and the denominator by 10, it is equivalent to dividing the fraction by I and so it keeps the answer the same, but makes the calculation easier todo. 223° 53° ‘The angles must all be 90°, It must be a square 45.6010 _ 456 ora rectangle wel Fe ee ee etDee ake ee Ga ee rer ea coll cad ~Gl- Output 36 and 63. A: 9x4=36 and 9x7=63; B (see part a); C: 16+20=36 and 43+20=63, Also 40 and 100. B (see part a); C:20+20=40 and 80+20= 100; 7 D: 20% 2=40 and 20%5= 100, oe A has only 36 and 63; B has all the numbers: C has 22, 36, 40, 63 and 100; D has 20, 40 and 100, Deo Reflection: Learner's own answer. Ck Output Sand9 b Sand3 i IWand30 d Sand 10 24 inputs: 5, 9; output: 9 inputs: 10, 15; output: 2 inputs: 5, 10; output: 12 pe TET Ea Learner's own answers. oupur 012345678910 input 012345678910 Input + Ourput ae ouput 012345678910 Input (x6 C6 fourm 7 | 8 [10 r[2]4 Input -{>)- Output [8) ~ oor: Learner's own answer. Example: | filled in the table of values first, using the mapping diagram. Then I compared the input values and output values and noticed that the output values were all 6 less than the input values. 3 [output 448212 b x3 ‘Two, Learner's own answer. Example: If you only have one input and output value there could be at east two possible functions. As soon as you have two input and output values, oniy one of the possible funetions will work and the other(s) won't Learner's discussions, Eee eeOW el ake eee A Ne Ua ea a ciel Reflection: a, b Learner's own answers. 5; 30em* 20; 70m? 30cm? 150mne ¢ 88m? d 30cm? Yes, they will get the same answer doesn't matter when you divide b as you do it once. If one of the dimensions is an even number, er to halve this first and then do the Marcus or Sofia b 10sm? ¢ 17.Sem Budi has used the height as 9em and not Sem, The height must be the perpendicular height, 48em* 400mm? 5, 25; 6, 60; 25+ 60=8Sem? a 39cm S2em* 500m? S85kg (S468, Natasha is correet; 20% 15 -0.5* 18%9= 219em 18.Sem* No. If you double the base length of a triangle and double the height of the triangle, the area of the triangle will be four times as big, because you are doubling both dimensions. 27em' 125m’ 240em? 480mny Socm* 90cm? Steph didn’t change 35mm to 3.Sem; volume=378erm Se ee ‘Sem émm_[_3600mm? 38.4cm* 432m 180000em* Bem) ém i2em am 12m 4em Top cuboid: V=xwxh=5%4%3 60em* Bottom cuboid: V=[xwXh=11%4%6=264em* Volume of shape: 60+264=324em! a 786m b 582mm Activity 15.1 Learner's own answers. For example: Can take a long time, especially if the height is not an integer. b Divide by 21 or divide by 3.and then divide by 7. Smm 120em* Any cuboid with volume 120cni 12cm by 2em by Sem, 3em by Sem by Sem, 6em by 2em by 10cm, 6cm by Sem by 2.5em For example: 2x2x2 [2 ax3x3 [F axaxa [# Sxexe |S Bem! 2m hem? 25cm? cm gem 4cm Som b Yes; to find the volume of a cube, you work out the cube of the side length. So if you know the volume, you do the opposite and take the cube root of the volume to get the side length 10cm 6cm Reflection: Learner's own answer. Oe eee eneDec ake ee UM ee rer oa oll] cad bgp? rerio otye22e So, the answer to L smaller greater than 2 but is small than 4, 5 Bpst02q s between 5 and 6,72 is between 7 and 8052+ 72isberwoen $47(12) dccate fash and 6+8 (14), Zara is correct. 2s grater than 1 butis Learner own answers smaller than b Zs ereater than zero, but is leaschen Oand 1 of Lis! So, the answer to 2x1 must be oXs ‘greater than zero but is smaller than L, ¥ ; i ; ag ona 36S Fup cashew nuts cup of water, cup of : {8 greater than zero but is vinegar, | tablespoon of honey, teaspoon of > smaller than 5.7 5 is preaterthan 3, but is es 3x3 For example: 253 or oF 0.75%0.15, ete. 4 1 6 © Yes: a proper fraction is always less than 1. Multiplying two numbers that are both smaller than I will always give a number smaller than L Reflection: Learner's own answers. imbridge Lower Secondary Mathematics 7 ~ Byrd, Byrd & Pearce © Cambridge University Pres> ON irc tees ans eater ea sel a Amount each pays= total cost=five a=fora=c5 si7 T=total pay, hours worked Cost per week = cost of petzol +cost of 832 Sissi siaz $205, P=M+E 36 8 If xis the cost of an adult ticket, then y is the cost for a child ticket. But if x was actually the cost of a child ticket, then y ‘would be the cost for an adult ticket. x can represent the cost of cither the adult ticket of the child ticket, and y represents the other ticket. C=a+e, or still use x and y, but write down what each letter represents. No; p has to be the large piece because the small piece is taken (ie. subtracted) from it W=I-s, or still use p and g, but write down what cach letter represents. Learner's own answers, 4a > 3b 2a+2e or Yate) 3u42b b+2 and v; b and iv; eand isd and vise and i; f and iii lox +159 2d+2h sp+i3r 3a42b—3e Sa+5b Set3d Te+10 mtn o 6k+3F 5q48 9 Sr+3st5r 6+3h+5k xy means xy and yx means » Xx so xy=y Tay or 7s Spar Ade ot Sqp+ ted Sst + 16pur < Ghv+2ad 9n+2gh fe ty+3e2 4a+ Sac gm The ‘8x44’ is correct, but you cannot add 8x to 4, so 8x44 is the answer Dai added 26c to the 3c, when he should have subtracted. Also, you can simplify Shd-+3dh to Shd. Correct answer is be 8bd, 8kj + 6mp 3kj+ Smp| 3ki + mp 2kj— mp kj + 3p | jk + 2pm Activity 2.2 Learner's own answerspe ett tec ae eee eet ed circumference diameter - centre 2 90 cube cuboid cylinder sphere cone tetrahedron square-based pyramid triangular prism —_- square | rectangle parallelogram trapezium | isosceles shone Cl] LT trapezium Number of lines of symmetry ‘Order of rotational symmetryPye ako on Mea en eR oll 5 hours from the start ative $4.30 The cost of electricity for each hour is the $0.20 $33.60 positive I3em Learner's own answers Learner's own answers. Imm or O.Lem Learner's own answers 130 minutes or 2 hours 10 minutes For example (but using learner's negative he lines are x i ‘The line meets the cost axis at $4, and y=5. The length of the rectangle 2=9 and the width is 10 | 20 | 30 2, so the area is 9x2= 18, 10 | 16 | 22 Bande $0.60 Cand F Learner's own answer, x=-dand y=-4 Learner's own answer. Learner's own answer. positive °C Learner's own answer. It slopes downwards from left to right. As the time inereases, the temperature decreases oO] S| 10] 15] 20 7o| s2| 40] 33] 30 80| 160] 240} d_ The water cools most quickly during the first 10 minutes and then cools more 80 metres per minute slowly as time passes. The graph shows this because it is steepest atthe start and gots less steep as time increases For example: In 12 minutes the boy walks About 30°C is a reasonable estimate. 1280m=960m, which is less than 1 kilometre. So he takes more than for the last 7 or 8 minutes, 12minutes. 800m e d=80r for the first 20 minutes positive between about 20 and 22 minutes 30 litres: l6em after 37.5 seconds 6 litres per hour 0.8m per second CeesCON ol ako oN AUN Ue eee ee el ed a 125°-+ 160° +90" = 375°. This is impossible. The sum of the three angles should be less than 360°, Learner's own answer. 360° —(S0° + 50° +60") = 200". ‘The only possibility is 30°, 60 Six possible sets of angles: 30°, 30°, 90°, 210°; 30°, 90°, 90°, 150°; 30°, 90°, 120°, 120°; 60°, 60°, 90°, 150°; 60°, 90°, 90°, 120°; 90°, 90°, 90°, 90° 3 a=110°, b= 110", e= 120°, d Reflection: Learner's own answer. a i 60%, 120%, 60°, 120° 60+ 120+ 60+ 120= 360 Possible shapes: 30°+ 150°+30° +150" 90°+ 120° +90° + 6 30°+ 60" + 30° +240 Reflection: Learner's own answer. wilds, 2 87°, 93°, 93° 3 a=180°-(61° +46" line; b=61°, opposite angl angle; d=73°, opposite a angles on a straight c= 46°, opposite CCombridge Lower Secondary Mathematics 20°, 150°. a= 1188, b=67°, e=67° a=77P, b= 77, €= 103° 5=75°, 1= 105° For example: If the lines are parallel, the angles add up to 180°. But 56° + 126° = 182°, so the lines are not parallel. Other explanations are possible b Learner's own answer, ‘There are three sets of three parallel lines. 18 30° is ‘Yes; the two marked angles in the triangle must add up to less than 180°, If one angle is 60°, X must be less than 120° ‘This angle could be a fraction more than 119®, such as 119.5°, but it cannot be 120° 1 C=113°, D=135° 2 a The angles add up to 90° +-90° + 60° + 60° + 60° = 360°. De ee te eraDe nett Rca an ean ent as 40% 62.5% 38% $80 4 108% 130% 160% because 125% 1.6=200. on Learner's own answers, a 00 6kg kg 2k 13.2ke The other answers are easy to find when you know 1%. 70m 30_[ 2500 36 [| 3000 375 | 3125 Learner's own answer. 0.15 | 125 140m Im 1 + Log 335 0F 33.333, 335% Reflection: Write 80% as 4 and then The anseris wounded othe nearest $6565 +SedaS2kg hole umber a : The answer is rounded to one decimal . ae a place, 662% oF 66.666. ..% A(T, 3), B(2, 3), C(2, 2,0) (-4,-2) Se ee ee ee eee Lone eenNese ec ua ee eet ete @e@e@0 60 openese,e eeneecece e@eee 4,7, 10, 13, 16, © Add 3, Three extra dots are added to the end of the previous pattern, 14,17 Add 3. 2» 26 Sofia adds two dots to each pattern to get the next pattern, She counts the number of dots in each pattern and records the numbers in the table, Advantage: easy way to show each pattern Ye and the number of dots; disadvantage: Learner's own answer. takes a long time to draw and fil in the arid. -3,-2,-1,0,1 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, ¢ Learner's own answer, Learner's own answers. 4,8, 12, 16,20 ‘A and ill; Band v; Cand i; D and vi F and iv No, 42 is not a multiple of 4 93 is an odd number and no odd number isa multiple of 4, For example: multiple of 4 Activity 9.2 Learner's own answers nth term Je nti2 nth term © =n-5 nth term=4n @ th term eco ecoeo th term -e = n-15 Marcus; 1x2+3=5,2x2+3=7,3%243=9, [nth term 424311, and so 20%2+3=43, [> 160 Dee ed» COW cl aR oN AN ea Nen ea elle Yess a face for each edge of the front face of the prism (eg. 3 for a triangle) +2 (the two congruent front faces, eg. two triangles). Double the number of sides to give the number of vertices. Vor V=28. Triple the number of sides to give the number of edges. 38=E or E=38. ‘The number of edges of a prism is always a multiple of 3 Learner's own answers, cuboid b pentagonal prism square-based pyramid top view front view side view front view side view top view front view top vie [ jes ‘cube, sphere ‘A: pentagonal prism because it has only two faces showing, B: octagonal prism. C: hexagonal prism; the centre face for both the octagonal and hexagonal prisms are the same, but the faces either side of the centre face are at different angles, where the octagonal prism has the steeper faces, so appear narrower from above. a side view ii top view front view front view side view top view front view top view Reflection: Learner's own answers.» lA |e ec |p E (4, 3) [(-1, 3-1, C3, -2)|-4, 2) ae |e io IE 4,3) [1.3 Jo) J@,-2 faa The x-coordinates of the vertices of the object and its image are the negative of each other, The y-coordinates of the vertices of the object and its image are the same. Yes. Example of reason: A reflection in the ‘pstxis means the shape is being transformed only horizontally and not vertically, so the y-coordinates stay the same. However, the x-coordinates are the negative of each other because the imi istance from the s~axis, But in the opposite irection as those of the object. Yes. Example of reason: There is no ‘change in the size of the shape during the reflection, So the object and the image are always congruent Elisa reflection of A in the y-axis, Fis a reflection of H in the x-axis, Cisa refleetion of H in the y-axis Gis reflection of B in the y Disa reflection of A in the Activity 14.3 Learner's own answer. a For example: easy to use this method and not likely to make a mistake For example: no. COW el ako ten AN een ee ell le "ek a3 Comment: When you rotate a shape, the object and the image are always congruent. For example: a rotation doesn’t change the size of the shape, it changes only the position, ‘Comment: When you rotate a shape 180°, it doesn't matter whether you turn the shape clockwise or anticlockwise, aa you will end up with the same image. For example: A full turn is 360", so a 180° turn is the same as a half turn. Whether you turn clockwise or anticlockwise, the shape will end up in the same place Maksim has rotated the kite 90° clockwise and not 90° anticlockwise about centre C CeeDe ett treet an ee eens eit as eo” O1334 5 bx Gem > 12em* 12cm" No. For example: If you use a centre of rotation inside the rectangle, the image will overlap the object and so the ‘combined area will be less than 12cm Sem T4567 Sx ‘Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathomatics 7 — Byrd, Byrd & Poarco ©PRL Pel ako e180 AON eae en el a For example: The lines are all parallel The angle with the x-axis is always 45°. The line crosses the y-axis at ¢. The line ‘erases the x-axis at ~¢ Learner's own answers. For example: The line goes through the origin (0, 0). The larger the value of m: the steeper the line. ‘The lines cross at (1, 2) For example: When a=3, the lines y= and y=x+3 meet at (3, 6). For example: 2.9) 2 40 ‘Swiss franes Learners could draw the axes the other way around. Learners might have a different scale on ea Cambridge Li PerOW el ake eee A Ne Ua ea a ciel Itcan be done with three angles and two sides or two angles and three sides. These surements need to be chosen carefully 100° and 160° or 130° and 130° 46° 4_4om__p ge ve 8.2or8.3em a= 108°, b= 72 Cane eee Peed A set of questions used in a survey, To investigate a statistical question or to test a prediction, For example: What type of vehicles use the road? How busy is the road? How ‘many people are in each vehicle? How fast are the vehicles travelling? How old are the vehicles? For example: There are more cars than trucks, There are more than ten cars each minute. Most cars have only one person. All the vehicles are travelling under the speed limit. Most of the cars are less than 4 years old. ‘You need to choose some 12-year-old girls and some 12-year-old boys and measure their masses and heights. You could have ‘two tables, one for boys and one for girls ‘You could put the masses of the boys and the masses of the girls in a comparative bar chart, You could do the same thing for the heights. You could also find the ‘mean mass or modal mass for the boys and compare it with the same average for the girls. You could do the same thing with the heights, 18 15 290=20= 14.5 continuous categorical discrete discrete discrete continuous continuous categorical For example: colour, type of brakes, fuel used number of doors, number of cylinders, number of seats length, width, engine size, fuel consumption It does not say whether I means very clean or very dirty 33 DePe TRON AON eae ea ee ele Activity 8.1 Different length sides; one pair of parallel sides; different-sized angles; order 1 rotational symmetry Six sides the same length; six angles the same size; six lines of symmetry; order 6 rotational symmetry tangent ss 10, 10, 10, 10 circumference 10 Learner's own answers, siameter Learner's own answers e The angle between a tangent and a radius is always 90°, ‘There are six identical triangles. a-c Learer's own diagrams. 5 ac Learner's own answers d__ The longest chord is alv pentagon hexagon heptagon (7 sides) octagon nonagon (9 sides) ‘Two pairs of parallel sides; four sides of decagon equal length; all angles are 90°; four lines of symmetry; rotational symmetry of order 4. Learner's own answer, eens eeeYou simpy 2 by aviding 25 and 36 by a.common factor. Since | is the onty ‘common factor, the fraction cannot be simplified, There are four possible pairs: 12 and 28, 12 and 32, 16 and 28, 16 and 36. Learner's own answer. 4 4 8x 12=96 HCFx LCM =96 ‘The answers are equal. This is always true. Learner’ own answer 3 isa factor of both numbers, so each number is a multiple of 3 49 is a multiple of both numbers, so each a factor of 45. 24+845+7+2=24; this is a multiple of 3 but isnot a multiple of 9. 28575 has a total of 27, so is divisible by9. S+744+2+3=21, which is a multiple of 3. 21 is odd, so 6 is not a factor Oor6 ‘The final digit is even, so itis divisible by 2: the last two digits are 64 and this is visible by 4, so the number is divisible by The last three digits are 764 and 764=8= 95 1. 4, so itis not a multiple of 8. 24543+2+0=12, which is a multiple of 3:20 a multiple of 4 Possible answers are 2, 5, 6, 8 und 10. Learner's own answers, odd 9+4=13; even=2; 13- een eat ete tc are erent ees odd=4+0+6=10; even=8+1+1=10; 10-1 ivis a multiple of 11 258-2%3=252 and 252+7=36 385-22= 381 and 381=7=54r3 The number is odd, so 2, 4, 6 and 8 are not factors. The last digit is 9, so 5 is not a factor. The sum of the digits is 2 3 and 9 are factors. so 7 is not a factor. only factors between I and 10. 99.522 has the same digits as (the number in part a), so 3 and 9 are still factors. It is even, so 2 isa factor. 6 is also a factor, but 4 and 8 are not factors. Sis not a factor. 7 is not a factor. The factors are 2, 3, 6and 9, 12 2,3,4,6 123 3 1234 2 12345—*([3,5 123886_[2,3.4,6.8 For example: 4675 because 4+7=6+5=11 ‘There are seven other possibilities 2521 is odd and so not divisible by 2, 4, 6,8 or 10. The sum of the digits is 10, s0 it is not divisible by 3 oF 9. The last digit is 1, so it is not divisible by 5: 2521 =7= 360 r. 1, 14+5=6 and 2+2: so it is not divisible by 11 Any number with these digits that ends ins. Any number with these digits that ends in 12or32. 2512 or 2152 2526 2530 Because the last digit is 4, itis even and is divisible by 4. ‘The last digit is always 4 and never 0 oF 5. 444 is possible. 444.444 or 444444444 and so on because the sum of the digits is 24 and so on. Always a multiple of 3, De ee eet eeDe oc ake ee UM ee rer oa oll] cad Learner's own answer. For example: Line Distange dycied eagh day/in|May raph is best to show how something ‘changes over time, 4 2 10 Learner's own answer. For example: The 10-minute interval when the most air is used is between 20 and 30 minutes. Frequency Learner's own answers. For example a Easier to compare the individual types of appointments, 310 15 20 More difficult to compare the total Hsp number of appointments Learner's own answer. For example: Data are continuous. Easier to compare the total number . of appointments. Learner's own answer. For example: Most often Javed eycled between 10 and 1Skm. More difficult to compare the tach day, individual types of appointments, ° In general, tocompare totalamounts Activity 16.4 itis best 10 usea compound chart Tic in ai ox escape QL infosraphie or pie chart; Q2 bar chart or pie chart, Q3 frequency diagram; Q4 Venn diagram, Learner’ own poster. Learner’ own In general, to compare individual amounts itis best to use a dual bar shart, a Learner's own answer, Example: You have two sets of data to compare. Time to run 100:m and spelling test score Length and mass of 10 hedgehogs amd 1000 20 ‘Time to run 100m (seconds) Student's explanation. Example: You have two sets of data to compare. € Student’s comment. Example: The time Lenzth (em) it takes to run 100m doesn't seem to have Student’ tine of Bese be any effect on the spelling test score. Correct reading from student’ line of best fit. 2 minutes 5 minutes 5.3 minutes eee See one eralPe Po Ako oN A ea enlace ie 15.5 Sdem? Sor xxx 6x or 6X xxx Learner's own answer. August. —¢ February to March For example: Sales in skateboards are increasing each month from January to August, then decreasing each month until Yes. You got the same answer when December. you add together the area of the three Vednes different faces then double the result as Monday ‘Wednesday when you double all the areas of the ¢ Tuesday and Thursday three different faces then add them together. No. For example: the pie chart shows the proportion of emails Preety received, not Learner's own answer. the actual number. 1620mm* 24 years b 6 years 66 tins 12 years 30 years Activity 15.2 ‘Shape has (wo lines of symmetry and all angles are 90°: Rectangle, square Shape doesn't have two lines of symmetry and not all angles are 90°: Rhombus, trapezium, kite, 8m parallelogram mm, 2% 156+ 2x 10%6+2x 15x 10= 600mm", Reflection: Learner's own answer. 800mm? 50000cm? 42cm 30000m= 46000m? 800m? 2ha 94ha O.s6ha Sdem* 15Smm= I4em' 180m ‘Nawal added the dimensions instead of 1; the units should be mm*, not mm; ee eee eesN OAT el Re eo AN Ue a eal ele ‘Type of hot drinks sold in a café Witca Weofiee hot chocolate 120°= 180 students, so 180+ 120= 1.5 students per degree 120+42+90+38=290° so Other=360 290=70° = 105 students India b 4.8 million tonnes India produces 4.7 million tonnes more bananas than Brazil 15% b 3% No, hall ig 50%, 45% of trains arrive on time, this is less than half, 120 140 84% 12 crocodile 16 years old Russia India South Korea has six times as many ears per 1000 people as China. 29% relationships Speech bubbles get bigger as the percentage gets bigger. Learner's own answer, Learner's own answer. For example: The youngest group has the largest percentage that ‘don’t visit the dentist. This could be because they don't think they need to or they don't have any problems with their teeth, As the people get older, they visit the dentist more often. This ‘could be because they start to have problems with their teeth or they want to keep their teeth in good condition as they get older. The oldest ee group has the largest percentage that have two ‘or more visits to the dentist in Learner's own answers. For example: There is no key for the pictogram, so itis impossible to say how many people, or what percentage of people, missed a doctor's appointment. The chart for the missed nurses’ appointments is very misleading because the heights of the cylinders do not represent the size of the Activity 16.3 Amount of air (litres) Learner's own answers. Bar chart. For example: Discrete data. Easy to compare heights of bars. Scatter graph. For example: Two sets of data points to compare, Easy to see if there is any correlation between the two sets of dats ‘Compound bar chart, For example: Easy to compare the total number of cakes, sandwiches and drinks sold in the café on the two different days. Can also compare the individual amounts, Pie chart. For example: Shows clearly the proportions of students who travel to college by ear, bus, bicyele or on foot. a Learner's own Venn diagram. Learner's own answer, For example: Best diagram to use to sort data into groups. Learner's own answer. For example: Chloe is the only one who plays all three sports Amount of air in scuba tank over time 20] [30-40 ‘Time (minutes) DeesOW ela Re see A Ne Ue as eal a el a 44s possible. 4444 or 444444 or ... IF there is an even number of digits, the difference calculated in the testis 0 Itis false. 12 is divisible by 2 and 4, but it is not divisible by 8, Itis true, A number divisible by 10 has a st digit of 0. Hence, it is even and also divisible by 5 Tis true, Learner’s own answer. Band 14 289 289 =17 324 = 18 529 = 23 3B =7 1000 = 10 4and 5 400 = 20 676 = 26 M9 =9 0728 =12 ‘The factors are 1, 36, 2, 18, 3, 12,4, 9, 6. 1,16,2,8,4 1,9,3 i Usually example, 2 18= 36 gives two factors, 2 and 18, Only for a square number can ile factor from a product. so the total number is odd. Re ee Reflection: Impossible No; a counterexample is 8, which is 2° and has four factors, 1, 2,4 and 8. Learner's own answer, Learner's own answer. ‘The differences are 3, 5,7, 9,11 ‘They are odd numbers. They inerease by two each time. Add the two numbers that are squared to find the difference. ‘The differences are 7, 19, 37, 61, 91 1 3 ji 6 The answer is the sum of the numbers cubed Try adding 4° and so on. Learner's own answer. VI3+5 =3 VIF3+5+7=4 VIF3S54759 and so on. The numbers in each part are 1+3+5+7=16, which equals a square. Compare with part b 5 J isan integer, 0 VN x Savare number. N=6e 32s divisible by 4 or4or7 De es» (opel ake eto PAN eae ona el a When x=25, y=x-2 point is on the line, 1 ES 7 (45,9) (8.5, 17) above above © y=Tx 350 Reflection: For example: Use one pair of values to plot a point ona grid, Draw a straight line that passes through that point and the origin, c, d Learner's own answers. OT Seaete tc meee erent ess 48m a Sunits Iem 3 units PE, 6), 06,8), RUS, 10), S14, 8) EE Poe et 800 an? 75mm Gem" 05cm 30000em? b 81000em? © Tm 0.0782 Learner's own answer. 600 720 30000 54000 9 8.65 2 h 48 Rs a Suyin is correct. ‘When Tam converted from mm? tocm’, he divided by 10 instead of by 100. Learner's own answer, 960 mm? 96cm? 3560mm? b 35.6cm* No; 0.25 x 1000% 1000 = 2500000. ¢ Learner's own answers. 60.000? 112000 300m 46000? 8000 m? ¢ 750m? d 250m? Tha 13.5ha 8.9ha Aha 0.09ba 126.Sha 429000m* 42.9ha 2.8 hectares Yes, it will cost $34720, which is more than $3400, 7800m: bb 65m 580m? Learner’s own answers, ‘Area of land is 950ha, which eosts $4.94 million. The company can afford it because $4.94 million is less than $5 million. De eee ene» COW cl aR oN AN ea Nen ea elle For example: too vague, no time period, does not include less than 1 hour For example: How many hours of homework dil you doon Monday? Tick one box Less than T hour 7] Atleast f hour but less than 2 hours] At Teast 2 hours but less than 3 hours] 3 hours or more [~] Learner's own answers. The gender and the estimate for each person. These need to be recorded together. The teacher could have two separate tally charts: one for boys and one for girls The teacher could draw joint bar chart for the boys and girls. She could caleulate an average for the boys and another for the girls, Learner's own answer. For example: ask friends, use a questionnaire, send emails to contacts, use social media. For example: bar chart, waffle diagram, pie chart, Its difficult to see the frequency for each number. You could use a tally chart. Here are the frequencies: 213] 4] Sle] 7] 8] spiofiifi2 asf fralsfizfahalisl 3[o SRR REEeEE Total acetic Paes Sofia’s prediction is correct. 7 is the mode. Zara's prediction is not correct. There are big differences. Learner's own answers. Wei can ask people or she can give them a questionnaire, b A sample takes less time. It might be difficult to see everyone in the population. How much time each person took to do their homework. Wei should ask about a particular evening or perhaps several For example: Hours spent doing homework each evening Tess tha) betwesa betwee Vand? Dand3 "Number of hours 16 out of 25 learners took at least 2 hours, which is 64%. This supports Weis prediction, ‘The whole population is too large, b Sofia needs to know the month of birth. She could get the data from school records, € Sofia wants to know the total for each season, It would be better to use a tally chart, as shown here, Each season is three months, Spring ‘Summer ‘Autumn Winter 820 ‘The numbers are simi Itdoes not support Sofia’s prediction. for each season Byrd, Byrd & Pearce © Cambridge University Presee ede ten Can erat et etd lac.2)_[e,4)_[oe, 4) ]06, 2) ACA, -2)|8°2, -4) |, -4) |D%6, -2) Zara is correct. The x-coordinates of the is correct vertices will be the same for the object and the image. Example of reason: A reflection in the x-axis means the shape is being transformed only vertically and not horizontally. Sofia is incorrect. The p-coordinates of the vertices for the image will be the negative of the y-coordinates for the object. Example of reason: A reflection in the ‘axis means the vertices ofthe image will be the same distan in the opposite direction as those of the object. Da erCAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY MATHEMATICS 7: TEACHER'S RESOURCE Activity 2.1 Learner's own answers. order of operations Equivalent to 2n+3is: A, D, G, K. Equivalent to 2n—3 is: By Equivalent to 3n+2is: CH, J.L. Equivalent to 3~2nis: E, F. Pedro multiplied instead of adding, Correct answer is St+Ss He has confused two T-shirts and four shirts with four T-shirts and two shirts. Correct answer is $4r+ $2s, 21+ 4b, where 1=cost of a taco, b= cost of a burrito, 8x+ Sy, where x=cost of a lemon cake, y=cost of a carrot cake 2 4 12g, where ¢=cost of a gold coin. 15s, where s=cost of a silver coin. 2 Learner's own answers. xtyory+x m+2n or n+ m Pa 6x-Qy+3) oF @—) u 31 Is For every day, there are 24 hours. h=2Ad 120 hours number of minutes = 60% number of hours E+Sorys4e3 m= 60h Learner's own answers. 300 minutes a ee ee eee enedPe Reo Ae Ua ena cele 2.138 oie 1.308 6.094 4307 6.585 $1.16 $3.65 $24.25 2321 3.125 31313 Lara forgot to write the ‘0" above the 4, 7.025 2761.3 276.13, Kyle forgot to add a ‘0’ to the end of 251.55 to put the remainder next to. 52.1 x 53=2761.3, the answers are the same. 5.675 521 is 1005.21 and 0.53 is 53~ 100, Rounding ot approximating; for example: so the x 100 and + 100 cancel each 60= 10, 56~9, 54+9 other out For example: Work out 9x 6.258 and it 5508 should equal 56.322. 550.8 $8.08 ii 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126 350.8 55.08 9.028 Activity 4.1 126+ 14=9; 9.028% 14= 126.392 Learner's own answers, 235 BS a Advantages: simple step-by-step method, 2.38 0.235 easy to see any mistakes; disadvantages: a slow method. Learner's own answer. Learner's own answer. nd oe) ae Ce Learner’s own answer, 1s 135 3.982 Po 64 1.507 Reflection: Learner's own answer. 166.4; check: 3 x 50=150 3110.4; check: 8 400= 3200 31.98; check: 0.8 x40=32 ‘An approximate answer of 50%20= 1000. CaaS 85.23 is too far from 1000 for it to be SB.0:42 correct. 1.699 852.3 ska os 8.28¢ Reflection: Learner's own answer. 1 He will get $354.75, which is just over $350, so. yes he is correct. 2 $91+S97.75+$88+$108=$384.75, Cee Ce en ee ee ent et eeDe oc ake Reo UM ee rer ool cad Favourite type of transport Distance travelled (km) Price and distance travelled of eight used cars 60000 0000 40000 10000 3000 4000 5000 Price (8) mbvidge L 60007000 eee Learner's own answers, Example: There are two sets of data to compare. Learner's own comment. Example: The further the car has travelled, the cheaper the price of the car: 340000 (China produces three times as much, electricity from wind power as USA ‘There are three modes: $26000, $2000 and $30000. The median is $29 500. The ‘mean is $32700. Learner's own answer, but median chosen For example: Median is best because there are five salaries above and five below, so it sits centrally in the whole data. The mean is too high, as it has been affected by two very high values. There are three modes, so these aren't useful enCOW el Ro eo A Newall ele 8km number of km=number of mm-+10* 90 156 iti 0.77 Group 1: 78000= 10%, 780~ 10, 0.0078 10%; group 2: 7.8% 10", 78000000~10', 780% 10; group 3: 0.00078 « 10, 7800000 000 = 107, 78% 10, The left-over card is 780 10% For example: 0.078 10, 0.78% 10, 7810, 7800 10° Advantage: you will get all the answers; disadvantage: this method takes a long time, You could start by matching the rounded numbers to the degree of accuracy. This is easy, just by counting the number of decimal places. You could then find which original number rounds to 6 d.p., then Sdp, then 4 dip, ete 1.29 45333 1310 Activity 3.1 jon: Learner's own answers 842 138.22 Sofia Arun rounded to one decimal place, as he has only written one digit aller the decimal place. Any distance from 9.545 km to 9,554999999. . km, 12,894 127.997 0.201 9.350 Learner's own answers. Easy to follow method that shows workings. ‘More difficult to make a mistake because the rounding is done in easy steps Learner's own answers. Draw a line after the digit in the sixth decimal place, circle the digit in the seventh decimal place, then decide whether to increase the digit before the line by 1 (if the circled number is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9) or leave it unchanged (if the circled number is, 1, 2, 3 or 4), B b C 126.9923 08 782.030 3.1415927 4.00 100.0 A.and ¢ and iv; B and a and iii; Cand ¢ and i; D and b and vi; E and f and ii; F and d and v ‘Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathematics Learner's own answers, Sofia=$15, Marcu ‘Arun =SI5.49 $15.50, ‘Marcus, as his is the only amount that covers the bill (enough); Arun's way is 3 x 15.49=S46.47 (not enough). Learner's own answers, For example: You could round up to $16 each, which would leave a small tip. 10000 ten thousand w 10" 40000 12000000 390000 4660 7 340 14 0312 7893 0.6674 154,829 6.505050 15.0, 15.3, 15.6, 15.9 eeeS ON el ake eo A Ne Ue ea eae ele >» Learner's Book answers -7,-5,0,3,6,9 9, 18, 27, 36, 45 3,515 For example: 1 and 0; 2 and ~1; 3 and ~ and ~3; 5 and 4 One integer will be positive and the other integer will be zero or negative. If you nore the~sign, the difference between them is 1 and the~sign is on the smaller integer. Learners could check this with some particular values for the two integers. They could use one positive integer and cone negative integer or they could make them both negative integers. Only if the answer is 2er0, otherwise they have different signs. ~4[ 6 [2 =ife ti -9[ 1 [7 Missing numbers from top to bottom. ~6,-4 -3,-3,2 Reflection: You have to work backwards from the answer or do « subtraction. wo od -19 1200 700 ‘Three numbers can be added in any order. Itis true for any three integers. + i 1 =3 4 “14 114-844=6 4434-54753 b=2xe(6=2%3) Reflection: Learner's own answer. a There are three possible answers. They are 2,13 and 17 Learner's own check -16 5 There are four possible pairs: 2 and ~5; -2 and 5; 1 and -10;—1 and 10. Reflection: First, find all the pairs of numbers. with a product of 10, Then think about if the sign is positive or negative. Cee eee ee ere Cen erDec ake ee UM ee rer oa oll] cad Activity 16.2 Learner's own table, For example: 5 Leamer's own answers. Examples of Hair colout of the students in ‘Miss Awan’s class is there is only one set EI Boys Sofia could represent her data in a bar chart, showing months along the horizontal axis and number of books on the vertical Number of students brown” black ~ other colour Colour of hair Learner's own table. For example: Learner's own answers How students in class 7 eit ela walk Ih bus "bicycle Method of travelling to school Learner's own answer. Number of students. tober ge Learner's own answers Learner’s own answer, 9 32 14a_| 128 [ 16 240 [192 | 48 Learner's own answer, For example: 42-28=14 Learner’s own answer, Reflection: Learner's own answers. ‘shours fs cance b 3hours Beth Duyen ¢ 3hours Learner's own answers. test3 ‘Yes, they all played ten matches. You add the tests | and $ number of matches each girl won and lost. £5 "Visanietown'aceer' Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathematics 7 - Byrd, Byrd & Pearce © Cambridge University PrOL el ako eee A Ne Ue a ena ciel a s cc Reflection: Learner's own answer. d- Leamer's own answer, 6em, 4.Jem fi 3.7em Learner's own answer, Learner’s own answer, Sem Learner's own answer. a os Many answers possible. Reflection: Learner's own answer. Because 120° + 120°+ 120° = 360", the diagram. will look similar to this: fy] 20) ‘The two lines are parallel ee eee ee ee Leneett mere een et ets Larissa (S) The vase will fill more slowly where it is wider and will fill more quickly where itis graph Y For example: \ NWO Learner's own answers, 80km/h SOkm/h 9 seconds from 0 to 26km/h Between 4 and 6 seconds as the curve is climbing most steeply during that period. ‘The final column has the learner’s own numbers T2395 5789 Jeff (8) 17.5em ‘The graph is a straight line, 0.25em 1 2:4, 7:14, 10:20 1:3 and 2:6; 4:1 and 12:3; 2:5 and 6:15; 3:2 and 6:4 $1.60 b $4 S16 660 square metres, eeeFor example: “The service was helpful’ or “The service was not helpfut’ Numbers are easier to analyse than words. You can find the frequency for each score You can find an average score. Not everyone will fill in the questionnaire Only those people who used the helpline during a particular time period can be asked, Depends on learner's prediction. The majority of users of the helpline are not satisfied. The mode is 2 out of 5. 22 out of 33 users or 67% gave a score of only 1 or 2. Only five users out of 33 or 15% gave a score of 401 All the words in book A and all the words in book B, For example: Dakarai could open the book to a page at random, He could ask a friend to give him a page number in the correct range. He could use a calculator or a spreadsheet to generate a random page number. Dakarai could use a tally chart. If he has a partner's help he can call out the length and the partner can fill in the tally. For example: bar chart or pie chart ‘The mean is the best average to use because it uses all the word lengths. The median could also be used because itis casier to calculate If book A has a larger average than book B, then Dakarai’s prediction is probably correct. A typical page in a book could have about 300 words. That is probably enough If there are alot fewer words for some reason, then Dakarai should use more than one page. ‘There is not enough data to say whether the prediction is correct or not. A sample size of 20 is too small If the dice is fair the frequencies should be similar. The average of 100 throws would be 16 or 17. There is variation in these frequencies but not enough to give support to Emily’s prediction, Learner's own answer. eres COWL el ake ee PA Neal ona cel os 100 is quite a small sample in this case. A larger sample would be better. A large sample will be more representative of all the patients. A small sample might not represent all opinions, A large sample will take longer and will cost more, Learner's own answer. For example: find an average or draw a chart Learner's own answer, Learner's own answer. For example: by email or in person when they come to the theatre or using social media, Learner's own answer, Learner’s own answer, For example: discuss the type of chart they will draw or an average they will calculate. Reflection: Allarge sample size will be more representative. Plan how you will analyse and present the data before you start, Decide how much time it will take and how much it will cost. Make some predictions to test continuous discrete gorical {continuous For example: number of brothers; shoe size; age, in years height, mass, time spent doing homework hair colour, eye colour, favourite sport For example: The meal was good value. The customers enjoyed the meal. The service was good. The customers liked the atmosphere in the restaurant, The customers will recommend the restaurant to their friends, ‘The numbers can be analysed in a way that words cannot. ‘You can draw a chart, such asa bar chart. You can calculate an average, for example the mean number of stars eee eeDec ake ReGen oo colt] ced [think of a number and subtract 8 The answer is 3. Tthink of a number and add 5. The answer is 12, [think of a number and multiply my number by &. The answer is 96. ne n= i but 2-7-9; 5-9 Should have added 6, not subtracted x4 352527, but -355=~7,x=-7 a=4 c=4 apes i ass ii 6p~10=26 n=3=%6 2n=48 2» 13 24km 16 years old Activity 2.3 ‘Learner's own answers. 2m~6 and 44 to given 6m-+2 and 20 to give m=3 All solutions are in this table, xis less than 10, xis greater than 10. xis less than “4, dis greater than ~4, ee x>2 x<9 x>-1 dox<-4 In part i the smallest integer must be greater than 7, which is 8 In part ii,» could be any integer greater than 7, which is 8, 9, 10, 11, Learner's own answer. 5.6.7, -6, 3.4.5 -1,-8,-9, 11, 10,9, 43, There is not a greatest integer because as Jong as y is greater than the values shown, it can be any integer, There is not a smallest integer because as Jong as is less than the values shown, it can be any integer, a and C and ii; band and ize and A and iv; d and D and vi; e and F and iit; and Band v Advantage: easy to see the answer, disadvantage: takes along time. Learner's own answer. Cee eee Lent eet eeCOW el koe AN Ue eas eal ee ele Learner's own answer, but either the median or the mean chosen (not the mode). Nine of the times are above $ minutes and nine are below 5 minutes, so either 5 or 5.3 sit nicely in the middle of the data, 8 minutes May Sl years 53.5 years 54 years Learner's own answer, but agree with Marcus. The median (53.5) and mean (54) sit nicely in the middle of the data, but the mode (51) is at the lower end of the data and doesn't represent the whole of the Mode is zero days; median is 1 day; mean is 2.03 days. Learner's answers. For example: Choose the median, as there are as many values above as below. The mean is 2.03 but is affected by a few high values. The mode is too low, as there are 22 values higher than the mode and only 13 values that are lower than the mode. The median and the mean formulae are used in both, Learner's own answer. For example: The most useful average is the mode, which is 38cm because itis the most commonly sold belt (median = 38cm, mean =38,77), 20 The modal number of people per ear is | not 28; 28 is the largest frequency, not the ‘number of people in the car. There are 60 cars. Half of 60 is 30, The first 28 cars have one person per car and the next 20 have two people per ear Therefore, the median must be 2 people. 1x28+2%20+3%3+4x645%2+ 6 1=117, 117+60=1.95 Learner's own answer. Could choose ‘mean, median or mode with an appropriate reason, ‘mode=10, median=9, mean=8.4 40 none iti 70 Learner's own answer, but mean or median chosen. For example: Mean is best because there are 70 above and 50 below the mean, so it sits quite centrally in the whole data, For example: Median is best because there are 40 above and 50 below soit sits quite centrally in the whole data. 2 12 Learner's own answers chocolate i vanilla ii chocolate Pie chart. For example: Clearly shows the proportions Line graph, For example: Shows how the sales of DVDs change over time. Bar chart. For example: Discrete data. Easy to compare heights of bars, Frequency diagram. For example: Data are continuous. ‘mango juice lime juice 150mL 100mL 1 3 De erePL Po ko AN Ue aa eae ele Reflection: A tangent is on the outside of the Yes, Arun is correct. Congruent shapes circle (ouching the circumference just once) are identical in shape and size, so they A chord ison the inside of the circle (touching the ‘must have the same perimeter circumference at the start and end of the line). This ateas of coksieot chatiesars te Is inside the circle, and it touches the same, circumference at the start and end of the line ‘There are different ways to group the shapes. For example: Group 1, cireles: A, 1, L Group 2, squares: B, N, P Irs not on the outside of the cirele and touches the circumference twice Group 3, congruent hexagons: E, J Group 4, congruent isosceles triangles: C, G, K Group 5, congruent trapezia: H, Q Group 6, right-angled triangles: D, F, M b, A and ii DE DFE ©, Dandi d,Bandiv 65em ili 7.8m six congruent square faces; 12 edges; eight 6 ili 95° vertices 180°~57°—42°=81°, not 84°, which is what it would be if they were congruent. Activity 8.2 Learner's own answers Sofia is incorrect, Even though all the angles are the same size, the side lengths of the J ‘equilateral triangles can be different and so the triangles are not congruent. :: Sofia is correct. If all the sides are the same Jength, then the triangle has to be congruent because the angles will all be the same triangle triangular 6 9 rectangle rectangular 8 12 pentagon pentagonal 10 15 hexagon hexagonal 12 18 heptagon heptagonal 14 2 octagon ‘octagonal 16 24 Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathema rd, Byrd & Poarce © Cambridge University Prose 2021COAT aR oN AUN Ue ea Lee el ed K 3 squares left and 5 squares up. 5 squares right and 3 squares down, Learner's own answer, v5 bx Reflection: Learner's own answers. ‘oD AG, 6), BAN, 6), C6, 10) 2 A and ii Band ii; C and i; D and iv PO, 4), 0.4), RO. 1), 84,1) 4 Learner's own answer. For example: B (8, 3). Dan added 4 to the y-coordinate, not subtracted 4. C’is (11, 2). Dan did (5-4, 6+6), not (5+6, 6-4) Learner's own answer. For example: Dan should show some working and not try to do all of the working in his head. Learner's own answer. For example: Draw a grid or reverse the translation. IA, 1), K(6, 1), L416, 3), MY N@,3) TiS 9567 os Learner's own answer, CEE Ce ee Leet