Need of modulation, Co sideband, Demedhiaton pinion ust 4 FM modulation ; , a x Dotinition, Math modulation Index. Concept of ASK’ PSK. FS, fen Baseband and Car, Communication Le) ‘In baseband communication, the baseband signals are “transmitted “without modulation. The example of ‘baseband communication i telephony. ‘Communication that uses modulation to shift the frequency spectrum of the information signal known as carrier communication, Modulation is the process by which some ‘characteristics of a cartier are varied in accordnce with ‘a modulating wave, ‘The three characteristics of the cartier are amplitude, frequency and phase. So one of these characteristics is varied in proportion with the modulating signal (ie. message or information signal). University Prescribed Syllabue wvetorm, Mathematet expression of AM, Concept ot AF and! super-hoterodyne receiver. resentation, Frequency spectrum, Bandwidth and , PWM, PPM, PCM. = The message signal is referred to as the modulating signal and the result of modulation process is referred to a modulated signal. = It is important to note that all the information is contained in te “varying characteristics” of the carrer ‘but the carrier itself does not contain any information. [62 Need of Modulation = ‘A question may be asked as, when the baseband signals can be transmitted directly why to use the modulation? — The answer is that the baseband transmission has many ‘imitations which can be overcome using modulation. It is as explained below. In the process of modulation, the baseband signal is “translated” i.e. shifted from low frequency side to high frequency side of the frequency spectrum. = This frequency shift is proportional to the frequency of, carrier. The modulation process has the’ following advantages: Advantages of modulation Reduction in the height of antenna ‘Avoids mixing of signals Increases the range of communication Multiplexing becomes possible Improves quality of reception, © Scanned with OKEN ScannerJoa - ll (MU-S.Y.8.S0.-Sem = This is as shown t * ‘Channel T 62 in Fig, 62.1. Thus modulation avoids mixin ‘Channel I AM and EM ‘Channel it 01 Fig. 6.2.1 : Modulation avolds mixing of signals 1. Reduction in helght of antenna ~ For transmission of radio signals, the antenna height ‘ust be a multiple of (W/4). Here 2. is the wavelength. ‘2 = off where ¢ is velocity of light and f is the frequency of the signal to be transmitted. ~The minimum antenna height required to transmit & ‘baseband signal of f= 10 kHz is calculated as follows : ce | 3x10" 48 4x 10x10 Minimum antenna height = 7500 meters ie. 7.5 km ‘The antenna of this height is practically impossible to install. Now consider a modulated signal at f = 1 MHz. The ‘minimum antenna height is given by, A 3x10 448 “Fx10x1F = 75 meters This antenna can be casily installed practically. Thus modulation reduces the height of the antenna 2. Avolds mixing of signals ~ If the baseband sound signals are transmitted without using the modulation by more than one transmitter, then all the transmitted signal by multiple transmitters will be in the same frequency range ie, 0 to 20 kElz. ~ Therefore the signals from different stations get mixed together and a receiver cannot separate them from each other. So if each baseband sound signal is used to modulate a different carrier which corresponds to a different station then they will occupy different slots in the frequency spectrum (different channels). Increases the range of communication ‘The frequency of baseband signals is low, and the low frequency signals cannot travel a long distance when ‘they are transmitted. They get attenuated (suppressed quickly. - ‘The attenuation reduces with increase in frequency of, the transmitted signals, and they travel longer distance. ‘The modulation process increases the frequency of the signal. Hence it increases the range of communication. Multiplexing becomes possible Multiplexing is a process in which two or more signals can be transmitted over the same communication channel simultaneously. This is possible only with modulation, “The ‘multiplexing allows the same channel to be used by ‘many signals. So many TV chanzls can we the same fequency range, without getting mixed with each other, ot different frequency signals can be transmitted at the same time. Improves quality of reception With Frequency Modulation (FM), and the digital Communication techniques like PCM, the effect of noise reduced to a reat extent. Ths improves quality of reception, © scanned with OKEN Scanner3 WUS.¥-8.S0.S6m Wy, 4 TyPe8 of Modulation syerom " pepending on Which character teing changed, the modulation g, the amplitude of a high freque sinusoidal carrier Signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of es the camer i 5 ‘Stems are clag ‘modulating signal ee sified as | Fig. 63.1 shows the ‘amplitude modulated wave when Moan Same the modulating signal is a sinusoidal signal. a 1. "The frequency ofthe sinusoidal carir is much higher tee Sect ate ue than that ofthe modulating signal. : ae 2. Im AM the instantancous amplitude of the sinusoidal high frequency carrier is changed in proportion te wa instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. This Sint (Srdaestans i Seecteran aoremccaroy SEB ty gh isthe principle of AM. fi se a cians ps0 Fig. 6.2.2: Classification of modulation, ite) | 3. ‘The time domain display of AM signal is a8 systems Fig. 63.1, This AM signal is transmitted by & ‘transmitter. The information in the AM signal bad contained in the amplitude variations of the carrier of the envelope shown by dotted lines in Fig. 63.1- 4, Note that the frequency and phase of the carrier remain constant. 5. AM is used in the applications such as radio transmission, TV transmission etc, an ‘Amplitude Modulation (AM) or Amplitude Modulati : : litude Modulatio with Full Carrier (AM-FC) is the process of changing idUlating Signal te eer Preah Pe Tee “TAA nn WV fee eles |ampltude moda (AM) sonal VW aera 5 on Fig. 63.1: AM waveform for sinusoidal modulating signal © scanned with OKEN Scanner6.3.1 Mathematical Representation of an AM Wave Expression of AM wave Let the modulating signal be sinusoidal and be represented as, (63.1) is the instantaneous amplinude of the modulating signal, Bis the peak amplitude, a, = 2f, and f, = Frequency of the modulating signal. Let the carrer signal also be sinusoidal at a much higher frequency than that of the modulating. signal ‘The instantaneous cartier signal ¢,is given by, & = Ejcosat where E, = Peak carrier amplitude, £ = Cami frequency and o, =2 2. ‘The AM wave is expressed by the following expression, em = Aces 2nft) Where A = Envelope of AM wave Where A represents the instantaneous value of the envelope. The modulating signal either adds or gets subtracted from the peak carrier amplitude E, as shown in Fig. 63.1. Hence we can represent the instantaneous value of envelope as, (6.3.2) (633) A= Ete E, +E, cos 2f,1) — Hence the AM wave is given by, ena = Acos(2nft) = (B.+E, cos Qaf,t)] cos nf t) E ey a [1+Basexto| cos (2 nf) Letm=E.,/E, be the modulation index. ae = EB, [1+meos (2 1f,,0)} cos (2 nf, t) (63.5) ‘This expression represents the time domain representation of an AM signal. 6.3.2 Modulation Index or Modulation Factor Jn AM wave the modulation index (m) is defined asthe ratio of amplitudes of the modulating and carrier waves as follows : = (6.3.6) m= (63.6) When E, $ B, the modulation index “m has values between 0 and 1 and no distortion is introduced in the AM wave. = Butif E, > B, then mis greater than 1. This will distort the shape of AM signal. The distortion is called as “over modulatio ‘The modulation index is also called as modulation factor, modulation coefficient or degree of modulation However if modulation index is expressed as percentage itis called as “percentage modulation.” (6.3.1) F100 Note that “m’ is a dimensionless quantity + % Modulation = 6.3.3 Frequency Spectrum of the AM Wave ‘The frequency spectrum is a graph of amplitude on Y axis versus frequency on X axis. The frequency spectrum of AM wave tells us about which frequency ‘components are present in the AM wave and what their ‘amplitudes are so consider the equation for AM wave. Can = E+E 608 @yt) cos 0, t En B= [1+ Fees o,t os ot ‘AS per the definition of the modulation index, m=E,/E,. y= E, (1 +mcos @,t) cos at (6.3.8) Simplifying we get, = E, cos t+ mE, cos a, t cos @ t (63.9) ~ For the second term in the above expression use the = following standard identity : 20s A.cos B= cos (A+B) + cos (A~B) ~ Therefore Equation (6.3.9) gets simplified as follows : on © scanned with OKEN Scanner