UNIT V

SUSTAINABILITY
PRACTICES
 5 Steps of a product life cycle: From
Cradle To Grave

The 5 Steps of a Product Life Cycle (Cradle to Grave)

• Raw Material Extraction
• Manufacturing & Processing
• Transportation
• Usage & Retail
• Waste Disposal
 Different Life cycle models
Based on the stages you’re interested in or
have data available on, you can choose to
leave in or take out phases. There are
usually 4 product life cycle models you can
choose for your LCA.
✔ Cradle-to-grave
✔ Cradle-to-gate
✔ Cradle-to-cradle
✔ Gate-to-gate
Environmental Impact Assessment
GREEN ENGINEERING
Inclusive and Sustainable
Urbanization in India
Introduction

❏ United Nation has introduced 17 SDGS and 169 targets to

build a world which is a more secure, equal and prosperous
world by the year 2030. One hundred ninety-three
members of UN general assembly adopted these. The
eleventh goal is Sustainable cities and communities, and
one of the targets is inclusive and sustainable urbanization.
❏ The rapid growth of cities coupled with the increasing
migration from rural to urban has led to a boom in cities.
Why Urbanisation?
According to McKinsey Global Institute, cities
1
can produce more than 70% of GDP by 2030
and drive nearly a fourfold increase in per
capita income across the nation.

India – Focus on Villages or Cities? Urban

2
Economy would provide 85% of the tax
revenue by 2030 which will finance
development nationwide.

Cities are not only for the prosperous , 75%

3
of the people are from the bottom income
segments.

Urbanization is not an elitist endeavour but a

4
central pillar for inclusive growth.
Sustainable and Inclusive Urbanization
Rapid increase in rural to urban migration exerts pressure on resources
like fresh water supply, housing, energy etc.

Cities are not only for the prosperous , 75% of the people are from the
bottom income segments.

Unplanned urban growth causes strained infrastructure, growth of

slums, environmental degradation, traffic problems and high cost of
living.

We should prioritize quality of life for all, focusing especially on the

needs of vulnerable urban groups for employment, housing, sanitation,
healthcare and education.

Planning must incorporate long-term resource sensitivity and

community involvement at every step, while benchmarking smart and
measurable outcomes for all stakeholders.
Five Pillars for Sustainable Urbanization
Though India has its journey, there are some basic lessons which we can
imbibe in our policies and prosper further. For inclusive and sustainable
urbanisation, we need to consider a few objectives: environment
sustainability, social equity, economic growth with redistribution and
political empowerment of the disempowered.
Based on this, we identified five dimensions which need to be taken care
of, those are:
1. Funding (Where will the resources come from),
2. Governance (Leading and accountability),
3. Planning (Efficient usage of land),
4. Sector Policies (Economic growth, sustainable environment)
5. Shape (Distribution of population).
Inclusive Development

❏ Focusing on economic growth will lead to formation of

exclusionary cities
❏ With rising property prices people end up on the outskirts of
the cities without the availability of basic services, there is a
need for substantial public spending and private participation

❏ Sell land assets to fund urban infrastructure.

❏ Increase rate and compliance of property taxes

❏ Increase debt and private sector participation for

infrastructural projects
Structural Changes Required

Privatization/corporatization Planning committee to

of chargeable services be established at the
metropolitan level.

Clearly defined goals More power in the hands of A metropolitan head

and deliverables at the local government in terms of who oversees all the
local government level raising funds, hiring talent municipalities
and implementation of
projects
Affordable Housing for
Sustainable
Urbanization
Housing and Sustainability
Six out of every ten people expected to reside in urban areas by 2030

❏ Challenges lay in the poor quality and location of the stock

“ Housing is at the center of the sustainable usually far from job and livelihood opportunities, lack of
accessibility and services.

development agenda .” - World Bank

❏ Majority of people in need of housing are poor and they
continue addressing their housing needs by themselves,
incrementally and informally.
❏ Clearly a lot of what has gone wrong today in cities is related
directly or indirectly to housing.
❏ Positioning housing at the center of national and local urban
agendas will be instrumental in achieving inclusion and
equality of opportunities in the urban development process.
❏ From slums to gated communities, from overcrowding to
sprawl, from homelessness to the vacant houses, there is
much evidence that housing is shaping cities worldwide.
❏ The ‘Housing at the Centre' approach focuses on holistic
framework where housing is orchestrated with national and
urban development in a way that benefits all people.
❏ This often results in fragmentation and inequality.

❏ The social, environmental and financial costs far beyond what

the majority of cities can afford.
Facts at a glance
Buildings account for the Buildings contribute to 30%
consumption of one-third of the global greenhouse gas
of the global raw materials, emissions.
energy and water.

Average
“95% of households household size
own a house, but only in India being It is estimated that in
33% own a TV set.“
More than 40% of 4.9 for the 2021, electricity
However, in India households have just 2011 census. consumption due to
owning a house in
one room or no space cooling and
India does not mean This implies
unambiguous exclusive room in their
opulence. houses. that 40% of heating appliances will
households, five grow by 180%
people have to (compared to 2011
share a room in levels).
 Public Policy
❏ Systemic reforms, strong states and long-term policy and finance are
needed to enable access to adequate housing for all.
❏ Housing and slum upgrading policies should be accompanied by
national strategies with a detailed plan of action, time frame, and
available resources to implement.

❏ Affordable Housing has been granted the “Infrastructure” status in the

Union Budget 2017-18.
❏ Reduced cost of borrowing for real estate developers
❏ Incentive for more private players
❏ Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
❏ Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
❏ Smart Cities Mission
❏ Interim Budget 2019
❏ Relief to taxpayers with income up to Rs 6.5 lakhs
❏ Tax exemption on all affordable housing projects registered up to
2020
 Other Initiatives

❏ While we create housing

for the low and mid
income sections of the
society, they need to be
green too.
❏ The principles of of green
and sustainability should
look into:
❏ Careful handling of waste
India Awakening

India is in a state of inertia with regards to

urgency and scale of urban reforms due to
comfort with the status quo. It requires a
series of reforms which might require
repeated lobbying and financial incentives
for the state and centre governments. The
actions required depends upon the
category of reform inferred from the below
table.
India Awakening

Key Stakeholders
0 0
Urban Citizens

1 3
State Governments
0 Private Sector

2
State Governments
The Urban reforms and transformation should potentially provide the state
governments with a source of competitive advantage vis a vis other states.
These advantages can help a state in attracting investment and create
employment.

States should create enabling frameworks and apply reforms in a city-wise or

phase-wise manner learning from experiences
❏ Short Term-
States should create a holistic 2030 urbanisation strategy including a
model of governance and other sectoral policies.

❏ Medium to Long Term-

States should empower local administration, direct election of city
representatives in Tier one and two cities in the next five years. Cities in
return need to provide a push with the state governments for required
reforms. The reforms have a significant dependence on the current state
of the city. These steps have benefits which lead to significant economic
growth and tax revenues.
Urban Citizens

❏ The citizens also need to have access to metrics and

mechanisms to understand the current state of the city and
also the effectiveness of the leaders in providing services.

❏ The urban residents first need to understand and sympathise

with the government problems concerning the complexity of
urban transformation and difficulties managing it.

❏ The citizens must shift from making noninstitutional demands

to a call for fundamental institutional transformation. There
should be an unrelenting demand for institutional changes and
reforms by the citizens at every interaction with government
institutions and also media outlets.
Private Sector
Private sector will remain a key stakeholder in this transformation
process. Due to the ability of the cities to provide conditions that
attract and retain talent, both domestic and foreign investors (FDI and
FII) demand and lobby vigorously for urban transformation as a
prerequisite for investment.

India's rapid and unprecedented urbanisation provides a blue ocean

and an untapped market for investing activities for the private sector.

The rise of a new urban population with disposable incomes has

accelerated economic growth in all consumer markets. Also, the urban
reforms will provide new engagement opportunities for the private
sector to assist the government meets the demand for urban services
including water, transportation, utilities, housing, sanitation, and
waste management. Due to capacity constraints and limited capital,
the government requires assistance from the private sector for
infrastructure and services.
Learning Urbanization
Development from
China
Urbanization on rise

❏ By 2025 urbanized will

increase by another 1.6bn.
Major contributing economies
- Asia and Africa
❏ India and China accounting
60% of the growth.
❏ Need to maximize the
demographic dividend
❏ Identification of urbanized
cities and creating services
and opportunities
❏ Employment and educational
opportunities to absorb the
demographic dividend
 -Empowering city mayors
- 25% tax collected to city
Decentraliza -Redevelopment of run down cities
tion
-Modernisation of
Environme Investme
agriculture and countryside
nt quality nt -$116 per capita spend on
-Development of
urbanization compared
agricultural business
to$17 in India
entities including farming
-Green bond, private
households, farms and rural Public
Rural sector, franchisee, leasing
co-operatives Services
revitalisation
-Eco tourism
-Emissions inventories for model
carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases, setting -Privatising transport and
measurable emissions reduction delivery services
targets, green bonds,
establishing carbon emission
trading platforms
 Climate Change Mitigation in Urban India

• Mitigation > Actions to reduce and green house gases

• Urban problems like pollution, transportation, infrastructure, solid waste
management, urban planning
NAPCC
• Adopted on 30th June 2008

• India is the 1st country to release such

a plan and to combat the impacts on
climate change

• Focuses on 8 missions which form

the core of NAP which represent
multi prolonged ,long term and
integrated strategies .
• Shift in the public
Urban Transportation
transport, bus rapid
transport, rail and metro
can reduce the use of

Estimated Personal Vehicle

personal car
• Increase in the use of
electric cars, this could
reduce over 5 million
tonnes of CO2e.
• Adoption of
Electrification+
Automation +Sharing

Public Transport
model of transport
• High residential and
employment density
influence shorter
commuter journeys and a
reduction in private vehicle
 • Urban Green Space is a segment
Urban city Planning and Design
● Cluster design of city is a
selective densification which
will result people walking to
work and reduce the need
of vehicle travel
of green foundation. Green
spaces offer imaginative and
advance manageable ways of
life, improving both the
wellbeing and the prosperity of
urban inhabitants
• Smart City Mission
is initiative by the GOI to
drive economic growth and
improve the quality of life.
The focus is on sustainable
and inclusive development
through harnessing
technology