1 Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications

Volume 5, Number 1, February 2020, p. 1-8

e-ISSN 2550-0570, © FSM UKSW Publication
NDT Testing Using Neutron Radiography Method
on Pure Nickel Collimator for BNCT Application
Ricky Fajar Adiputra*1, Sardjono Y.2, Budi S.3
1 Major Mechanical Engineering Faculty Science & Technology Sanata Dharma University Campus III Paingan, Maguwoharjo,
Depok, Kabupaten Sleman, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281
2Center of science and Accelerator Technology-BATAN Babarsari Street, Depok, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a targeted

radiotherapy technique developed to treat patients
Received: 16 August 2019
Received in revised form: 15 January 2020
with selected malignant tumors without any side
Accepted: 20 February 2020 effect. Collimator is one of important component used
in BNCT. In this research collimator made by
centrifugal casting processes which can cause any
Keywords: defect. Purpose of the research is to detect any defect
BNCT in collimator made by 99% pure nickel with Neutron
MNCP5 Radiography and processing with MNCP5 for imaging
Neutron Radiography the defect. The expected result of this research is
nickel displayed as image of defect caused by centrifugal
casting in collimator.

© 2020 IJPNA. All rights reserved.

1. INTRODUCTION

Cancer is a disease that is very dangerous
for humans, especially among the lower-
middle-class economic community. This is
following the opinion of Diana Sarfatia
(2018): “Cancer is one of the world’s most
pressing problems, with a substantial and
increasing burden carried by low and middle-
income countries (LMIC)” [1]. For example,
the case of cancer for the middle class is
down: “where data are available, cancer is a
leading cause of death. Despite recent
advances in these anticancer agents, cancer
remains a leading cause of disease-related
death worldwide. Only in the United States,
for instance, 1,735,350 new cancer cases and
609,640 cancer-related deaths will occur in
2018” [2].
Many medical treatments are all risky. This is
in line with the research of Si-Yong Qin
(2018: p.): “Medical intervention in the
clinical course of cancer using surgery,
radiotherapy, chemotherapy or their
combination, cancer interventions were
focused on diagnosis and treatment. A focus
on epidemiology, prevention, screening,
population medicine or social factors, were
not part of the early oncology agenda. The
clinical outcomes of conventional mono-
chemotherapy of cancers are usually far from
satisfactory due to some issues such as tumor
heterogeneity and resistance to
chemotherapeutic drugs” [3]. The oncogenic
mutations in patients enable replicative
immortality and activate invasion and
metastasis. Furthermore, mono13
chemotherapy usually induces the multidrug
resistance (MDR) that refers to a resistance
phenotype that cancer cells become resistant

*Corresponding author. E-mail address: rcky.fjr@gmail.com

Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications, Vol.5, No.1, February 2020
to different drugs with varying structures and
molecular resemblance.
Indonesia also has jamu as herbal
medicine. Jamu are attributed to the
sesquiterpene compound xanthorrhizol
isolated from this plant which was observed
to suggest that curcumin potential in the
prevention and therapy of cancer
significantly increases apoptosis in HeLa
cells [4]. A Combination of anticancer drugs
with some herbal extracts contributes to the
improvement of clinical outcomes in cancer
chemotherapy. But, the herbal medicine
given is not necessarily appropriate given
between one patient and another patient.
Herbal medicine is a non-medical
cancer treatment, while surgery,
radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and a moderates the fast neutrons to the epithermal
combination of all the above treatments are
medically treated. In addition to medical
treatment, other treatments are called BNCT.
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a
binary form of radiation therapy that involves
the selective delivery of boron to target
tissues, followed by irradiation with thermal
neutrons. When irradiated with low-energy
neutrons (b0.4 eV), 10B, a naturally
occurring isotope of boron, captures a
neutron and undergoes a nuclear reaction that
results in the release of an alpha particle and
a lithium nucleus. These particles have a high
Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and short track
lengths (5–9 μm), resulting in significant
radiation killing effect in an area roughly
equivalent to one cell diameter. In general, it
is intended that the boron delivery agents, as
well as the low energy neutron beam, have a
very little biologic effect by themselves
(Charles, 2017). In Kyoto University
Research Reactor Institute (KUR), more than
400 cancer patients have been treated with
BNCT since1990, obtaining good results
even after other conventional radiation and
chemotherapies (Jacob & Nicolaou, 2017).
The low-energy neutrons beam then
travels through a primary steel collimator, a
transmission chamber and finally passes
2
through a collimator. Nuclear reactors
provide high-intensity neutron beams,
however, they have numerous drawbacks:
Most of them are located far from a hospital
and don’t suitable for medical purposes and
are also very expensive and with a too huge
size to be used in hospital settings [7]. The
facility design was optimized concerning the
highest efficiency of the moderator, best
material selection, and their depth for gamma
and neutron filters which emitted in order to
satisfy the IAEA recommendation.
Spectrum shifting is one of two basic
techniques that are used to obtain the
appropriate neutron flux. In the spectrum
shifting technique, a spectrum shifter or a
moderator is placed close to the core,
energies, which gives a much higher flux-to-
power ratio. A typical spectrum-shifting
BNCT beam includes spectrum shifter,
thermal neutron filter(s), gamma filter(s),
reflector, collimator and shield [8].The first
necessary material is suitable and widely
used for to reflect scattered neutrons back
into the beam. Reflector should have a low
absorption cross-section, a high elastic
scattering cross-section for epithermal
energies and also a large mass number in
which no energy is lost with each elastic
collision [9].
In samples with a lower content, the
thermal expansion of the bitumen and its flow
through cracks can exceed the pore network's
capacity [10].
Therefore, the following work explores
the use of neutron radiography as a tool to
detect any defect in a collimator made by
99% pure nickel with Neutron Radiography
NTD Testing and processing with MNCP5
for imaging the defect. The neutron
radiography (NRG) has been regarded as a
favorable technique for inner corrosion and
defect of thick metal structures, which could
not be defected by the use of the X-ray
radiographic testing (XRT) [20]. Neutron
radiography is an important tool in non-
3 Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications
Volume 5, Number 1, February 2020, p. 1-8
e-ISSN 2550-0570, © FSM UKSW Publication
destructive testing which has been widely
used in industrial, metallurgical, nuclear, and
explosive inspection [21]
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is
a targeted radiotherapy technique developed
to treat patients with selected malignant
tumors using the 10B + n→7Li + He reaction
[13-16]. Encapsulation of hydrophilic borane
compounds in aqueous cores of liposomes or
incorporation of boron-containing lipids in
liposome bilayers can lead to selective
delivery of BNCT therapeutics to
tumors[13]. The criteria of neutron beam for
BNCT are given by the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) as shown in Table
1[14]. The radiation delivered in BNCT is a
complex mixed field of high and low LET
radiation which depends on the spatial and
angular characteristics of the incident beam,
and the geometry and elemental composition
of the target as well, they are which differ in
their LET: high LET protons, produced by
scattering of the fast neutrons and those from
thermal neutrons capture by nitrogen atoms
(14N(n,p)14C), high LET heavier-charged α
particles and Li ions released from 10B(n,α)
7
Li reaction, and low-LET γ rays resulting
primarily from thermal neutrons capture by
hydrogen atoms via 1H(n,γ)2H reaction. In
this work, Dfast, DN, DB, and Dstand for the
mentioned components, respectively.
Table 1. Neutron beam parameters
recommended by IAEA and those achieved
at several BNCT facilities including TRR.
B. Basic Principle of Collimator Design
In nuclear medicine, the collimator is a
crucial component of the gamma-ray camera.
A collimator resembles a lead (Pb)
honeycomb that is placed between the patient
and the gamma-ray detector. Unlike optical
photons, gamma rays cannot be refracted and
focused. Consequently, the images in a
gamma-ray camera are formed by selective
absorption. Radiation emitted by
radiopharmaceuticals within the patient must
pass through the collimator to reach the
detector.
Gamma rays that hit the collimator walls
(called septa) are generally absorbed. As a
result, only gamma rays traveling in the
direction of the hole axes appear in the
images. Although this selective absorption is
necessary for the creation of the images, it is
also very inefficient because most of the
gamma rays are absorbed in the collimator
only about one in ten thousand of the emitted
gamma rays pass through the collimator.
Thus, the design of the collimator has a
significant effect on the overall performance
of the gamma camera. Not only does the
collimator determine the resolution of the
camera, but it is also the major limitation on
the number of counts detected. Collimator
design requires detailed knowledge of the
relation between the collimator geometry and
the resulting imaging properties. In the
nuclear medicine clinic, collimators are
characterized by their imaging properties,
resolution and sensitivity. On the other hand,
the collimator manufacturer must know the
geometric parameters such as collimator
thickness, septal thickness, and hole
diameter. As we expect, simple geometry
dictates most of the imaging properties, so
the relation appears straightforward.
C. Centrifugal Casting
Centrifugal casting is a casting technique
used thicken thin-walled cylinders. The first
industrial application was dated in 1848 for
the production of cast-iron pipes. In 1918,
Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications, Vol.5, No.1, February 2020
De Lavaud invented a new centrifugal
casting technique, the process began to be
used for the manufacturing of a wide range
of castings and alloys. This simple foundry
technique consists of pouring liquid metal
into a rotating mold. The centrifugal force
induced by the spinning causes the melt to
be thrown against the inner mold wall, and
rotation is maintained until the metal
solidifies from the outer to the inner
diameter of the casting. Typically, in
centrifugally cast parts, the following zones
may be observed: l chill zone: a thin skin
characterized by a fine equiaxed structure,
formed almost instantaneously at the mold
wall; l columnar zone: next to the chill zone,
consisting of crystals oriented radially to the
mold surface; and l equiaxed zone: or final
formed region, occurring next to the
columnar zone and characterized by a large
number of uniformly grown crystals.
The process is conventionally used for
manufacturing hollow castings with axis-
symmetric shapes, without the use of cores
(such as pipes, tubes, rings, pressure vessels,
cylinder liners, bushings, bearings, etc.). The
external surface of castings can be round,
square or polygonal, and symmetrical with
the whole axis, while the central hole should
be round, as a consequence of the radially
symmetric forces, and formed without cores.
Because of the pouring method, no gating
system, runners, or risers are needed; the
centrifugal force acting on the rotating mold
guarantees complete filling and solidification
under the appropriate pressure. In the case of
parts characterized by irregular wall
thickness or internal diameter, a core should
be used to form the internal contours; in these
cases, risers should be introduced to
compensate for shrinkage. Casting sizes can
reach 3 m in diameter, 15 m in length, from
2.5 to 125 mm in thickness, and up to 5 tons
in weight. The outer diameter tolerances are
very fine (2.5 mm), while the inner ones are
higher (3.8 mm). Surface finish ranges from
2.5 to 2.5 mm rms (11). Rotational speeds
4
and metal pouring depend on the alloy used,
on the size and shape of the casting, and also
on the mold material (metal or sand), but they
usually can vary between 300 and 3000 rpm
(typically around 1000 rpm).
D. Nickel
Nickel is an important metal with the
total global consumption of about 2 million
tons per year which has grown rapidly since
the 1940s. Nickel is sourced from two
different types of ores that are sulfide and
laterite. Laterite ores as 70% nickel
resources in the world has complex and low
grade, and therefore treat using conventional
smelting and high temperature and/or high-
pressure autoclave methods are expensive
[20]. Because the amount of high-grade
nickel sulfide ore has been reduced, laterite
nickel is now more attractive to produce.
Nickel laterite mineralogy is complex,
and nickel often presents as ultrafine
inclusions in several mineral phases. The
CSIRO researchers have examined the
composition of 50 nickel laterite ore samples
and noted an extreme variability in both their
elemental and mineralogical characteristics.
Because of the low nickel concentration and
variable distribution in these phases,
effective upgrading by physical separation
processes would be challenging. In addition,
laterite ores often contain phyllosilicate
minerals such as talc, serpentine and
smectite. Therefore, a good knowledge of
phyllosilicates is helpful to understand the
mineralogy of such laterite ores [21]. Pure
Nickel material also has:
a. Unique magnetic and
magnetostrictive properties
b. High thermal and electrical
conductivities
c. Low gas content
d. Low vapor pressure
5 Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications
Volume 5, Number 1, February 2020, p. 1-8
e-ISSN 2550-0570, © FSM UKSW Publication
Pure nickel has flexible nature and has
unique characteristics such as unchanging
properties when exposed to air, its resistance
to oxidation and its ability to retain its
original properties under extreme
temperatures, nickel is commonly used in a
variety of commercial and industrial
applications. Nickel is particularly valuable
for its function in the formation of alloy and
superalloy metals, especially stainless steel
[22].
E. Non Destructive Test
Nondestructive testing is methods to
evaluate material integrity for surface or
internal flaws or metallurgical condition
without interfering in any way with the
destruction of the material or its suitability
for service. There are varieties of methods to
evaluate materials and components as per
their state of the application. The field of
Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) or Non-
Destructive Testing (NDT) involves the
identification and characterization of
damages or defect on the surface and interior
of materials without cutting apart or
otherwise altering the material.[26] Some
types of NDT among others: Ultrasonic Test
(UT), Radiography, Penetrant Test, Magnetic
Particle Test, etc. Here is an example of
NDT:
a. Radiography Test
b. Magnetic particle inspection / Dye
penetrant Test
c. Ultrasonic Flaw Detector
d. Vacuum Test
e. Holiday Detector
f. AAS
g. Rockwell Hardness test
h. Neutron Activation Analysis
F. Neutron Radiography
Neutron is a subatomic particle without a
net charge, with this fact Coulomb attraction
forces do not effect it, when it travels through
matter As neutrons interact with matter in a
different way than gamma and X-rays, the
resulting radiographs are also different.
Neutron radiography can, therefore, be used
as a complementary inspection method to X-
ray and gamma radiography[23]. The
penetration of neutrons through considerably
thick structures of materials enables the
inspection of objects, assembly and processes
in a nearly non-invasive manner. The
transmitted component of the neutron beam
is registered with a suitable two-dimensional
neutron detector [24]. Because the technique
is based on attenuation from a well-
collimated beam, either scattering or
absorption will result in intensity variations
to create an image. [29] The initial step is to
know, as accurate as possible, the neutron-
and gamma-ray distribution spectrum as well
as their intensities emanating from the source
(reactor/isotope/spallation source). [30]
Neutron Radiography has two basic
techniques to obtain an image with film, there
are direct and indirect methods. The direct
exposure method is a fast detection technique
but has a disadvantage because the film
detects interferent radiation like gamma
radiation. This disadvantage is avoided when
using the transfer exposure method. In the
direct method, a film is placed on the source
side of the conversion screen (front film) and
exposed to the neutron beam together with
the conversion screen. In the indirect method,
the conversion screen is exposed alone to the
neutron imaging beam.
Fig 1. Difference betwen direct and indirect neutron
radiography
Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications, Vol.5, No.1, February 2020
The methodical development in
neutron imaging follows trends in the X-ray
imaging field but highlights the specific
neutron features: higher penetration, specific
contrast for several isotopes, use of the
magnetic moment, interference features. The
higher spatial resolution, the access to the
third dimension (tomography) and the study
of time-dependent phenomena extend the
possibilities of modern imaging much. Since
almost all data are now in digital format, the
power of image processing is essential for the
extraction of the best information from raw
image data. [24]
Neutron transmission radiography work with
the universal law of attenuation of radiation
passing through matter. Neutron beam
passing through the matter can be used to
inspecting the microstructure of materials
because different materials have different
attenuation behaviour, the neutron beam
passing through a sample. The basic
experimental setup is given by the following
arrangement in Figure 2. It consists of a
neutron source, a collimator, the sample
object, and a detector. [26]
Fig. 2: Neutron Imaging in the radiography mode:
principle setting and essential parameters for the
image quality determination
Material thickness and radiation scatter
reducing the accuracy and precision of
measurements, To further minimize the error
due to neutron scattering, it is advisable to
position the sample as far away as possible
6
from the neutron detector when performing
quantitative neutron radiography. [28].
The neutron radiography in this research used
for fast detection of porosity in 2D, then used
tomography for detection of the porosity in
3D. Comparison between the X-ray and
neutron tomography, the neutron is much
better to penetrate the thick metal walls than
the X-ray. [27]
3. METHOD
For inspecting a collimator made by 99%
pure nickel, using neutron radiography and
neutron tomography test then using Monte
Carlo code (MNCP5) to simulate the NR
process and get the blurred image caused by
scattered neutron, and then uses MATLAB to
subtract this scattered neutron distribution
from the initial image to improve its quality.
MCNP5 proved to be a suitable tool for
simulating the neutron radiography process
in the case of using direct transmitted
neutrons distribution. For simple shapes and
sizes of samples, MATLAB is a very
efficient useful tool in imaging enhancement.
NI technique is a suitable tool for imaging
processing, enhancement and data extraction
for complex shape objects.
3.1 Samples description
The collimator made of pure nickel material
(99%) with an internal diameter of 16 cm and
an outer diameter of 19 cm.
3.2 Experimental procedure
Neutron tomography (NT) is a technique to
derive plane or volumetric maps of the
neutron attenuation coefficient values of an
object. Thereby the morphology or structure
of an object can be visualized non-
destructively. For that purpose, a series of
transmission measurements, at a sufficient
number of angular views, are taken. Neutron
Radiography Facility, RN1, has been
installed at the beam tube S2 of the RSG GAS
reactor at BATAN Serpong. One of the
7 Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications
Volume 5, Number 1, February 2020, p. 1-8
e-ISSN 2550-0570, © FSM UKSW Publication
tangential beam tube (beam tube S2) has been
selected for neutron radiography. This
facility is dedicated to non-destructive
inspections of industrial materials. The
neutron radiography in this research used for
fast detection of porosity in 2D, then used
tomography for detection of the porosity in
3D. The main apparatus in the neutron
tomography consists of scintillator screen
Li6ZnS 200 μm, CCD camera 1024 × 1024
pixel resolution, TiO2 high-quality mirror,
rotating table a 35-kg maximum load, rotary
table control device and computer set. The
apparatus schematic of the neutron
tomography is shown in figure 3.
Fig 3. Main apparatus in the neutron tomography
facility
In the neutron tomography, a specimen
rotated with a neutron beam to obtain images
taken by CCD camera.
3.3 MATLAB image enhancement method
In this method, two NR images, for two
similar high scattered objects, were used.
One of them was used as a reference image to
get the distribution of the scattered neutrons
by subtracting the distribution of the direct
neutrons, extracted from MCNP5 output,
from this reference image, after being
digitized and normalized. The other image is
the image to be enhanced. The following
steps represent the method for image
enhancement: (1) Two photographed images
were scanned for two similar objects, one
will be taken as a reference object and the
other will be enhanced. (2) A good geometric
description for the reference object (object
without centrifugal casting defect) was
formulated and introduced into the MCNP5
input file. The neutron flux distribution in
each pixel of the image surface was
calculated. (3) Directly transmitted neutrons
(DTN) was calculated, normalization was
performed and introduced into an input file to
the MATLAB. The MATLAB showed the
data as an image expressing the DTN image
from the MCNP5 output. (4) The resultant
image was subtracted from the digitized
reference image; to get an image related to
the effect of the scattered neutrons. Other
imperfections came from film developing or
scanning process was associated with the
output image (degraded image). (5) The last
image was subtracted from the other film
image, which needed to be enhanced, to get
the final enhanced image [25].
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the previous journal which
used neutron radiography and neutron
tomography for inspecting material, this
technique can obtain and sizing detail of the
internal condition of material and can
imagine the porosity. This technique can
provide a volume of porosity and its location.
Which is very useful for investigation about
the detail of internal material.
5. CONCLUSION AND REMARKS
Neutron radiography and neutron
tomography is a sophisticated NDT
technique which providing the internal
conditions of materials, this technique can
obtain detail porosity caused by centrifugal
casting in pure nickel collimator. Neutron
Indonesian Journal of Physics and Nuclear Applications, Vol.5, No.1, February 2020
8

radiography provides a fast result in two [7] A.M. Hassanein, et al., An

dimensions then neutron tomography can be optimized epithermal BNCT beam
sizing the porosity in three dimensions. design for research reactors. (2017).
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