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RCC 5th Sem B.tech
RCC 5th Sem B.tech
Retaining wall is a structure that are designed and constructed to withstand lateral pressure of soil
or hold back soil materials. The lateral pressure could be also due to earth filling, liquid pressure,
sand, and other granular materials behind the retaining wall structure. There are various types of
retaining wall structures which are used for numerous goals.
7. Hybrid Systems
Gravity retaining wall depends on its self weight only to resist lateral earth pressure.
Commonly, gravity retaining wall is massive because it requires significant gravity load
to counter act soil pressure.
Sliding, overturning, and bearing forces shall be taken into consideration while this type
of retaining wall structure is designed.
It can be constructed from different materials such as concrete, stone, and masonry units.
Crib retaining wall, gabions, and bin retaining wall are also type of gravity retaining walls
Fig. 1: Gravity retaining wall
They are constructed of interlocking individual boxes made from timber or pre-cast
concrete.
Then, the boxes are filled with crushed stone or other coarse granular materials to create a
free draining structure.
Basic types of crib retaining walls include reinforced precast, and timber retaining walls.
It is suited to support planter areas, but it is not recommended for support of slopes or
structures.
Fig. 4: Crib retaining wall
Gabion retaining wall walls are multi-celled, rectangular wire mesh boxes, which are
filled with rocks or other suitable materials.
Cantilever retaining wall is the most common type used as retaining walls.
Cantilever retaining wall is either constructed on site or prefabricated offsite i.e. precast.
The portion of the base slab beneath backfill material is termed as heel, and the other part
is called toe.
It requires smaller quantity of concrete compare with gravity wall but its design and
construction shall be executed carefully.
Similar to gravity wall, sliding, overturning, and bearing pressure shall be taken into
consideration during its design.
Fig.7: Cantilever retaining wall
It is a cantilever retaining wall but strengthened with counter forts monolithic with the
back of the wall slab and base slab.
Counter fort spacing is equal or slightly larger than half of the counter-fort height.
This type of retaining wall is employed when the space is limited or thin retaining wall is
required.
Considerably high retaining wall can be constructed using this type of retaining wall
structure system.
deep cable rods or wires are driven deep sideways into the earth, then the ends are filled
with concrete to provide anchor.
Pile retaining wall are constructed by driving reinforced concrete piles adjacent to each
other as shown in the Fig.
Piles are forced into a depth that is sufficient to counter the force which tries to push over
the wall.
Piled walls offer high stiffness retaining elements which are able to hold lateral pressure
in large excavation depths with almost no disturbance to surrounding structures or
properties.
Sheet pile walls are built using steel sheets into a slope or excavations up to a required
depth, but it cannot withstand very high pressure
It is among the most economical and most commonly constructed retaining walls.
Mechanically stabilized earth retaining wall is supported by selected fills (granular) and
held together by reinforcements, which can be either metallic strips or plastic meshes
Types of MSE retaining wall include panel, concrete block, and temporary earth retaining
walls.
9. Hybrid Systems
Retaining walls that use both mass and reinforcement for stability are termed
as Hybrid or Composite retaining wall systems.