LESSON 3: GREEN MARKETING

Introduction

Green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus green
marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production
process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. Other similar terms used are Environmental
Marketing and Ecological Marketing.

Green, environmental and eco-marketing are part of the new marketing approaches which do not just refocus,
adjust or enhance existing marketing thinking and practice, but seek to challenge those approaches and provide a
substantially different perspective.

Green, environmental and eco-marketing belong to the group of approaches which seek to address the lack of fit
between marketing as it is currently practiced and the ecological and social realities of the wider marketing
environment.

Green Marketing
The marketplace is greener now than ever before and will become even more responsive to products and services
promising environmental responsibility well into the 21st century.
The reasons are many.

People are Worried

In the 1980s environmental calamities dominated the news. Almost daily, headlines trumpeted oil spills, toxic-
waste dumps, and nuclear meltdowns. A hole punctured the ozone layer, a garbage barge searched in vain for a
dumpsite, apples were not considered safe to eat. The issues were no longer in someone else’s ‘backward far
away, but in our own.
The environment rose to the top of the public worry list. Children picketed the United Nations with Ronald
McToxic in effigy. The 20th-anniversary celebration of Earth Day in 1990 attracted 100 million participants
around the world, and Time magazine named spaceship Earth, Planet of the Year.

In Maine, aseptic juice boxes were swept from grocery shelves because they were not broadly recycled. To
preserve its markets and safeguard its reputation, industry quickly greened up its products and issued
environmental communiques and ads asserting its commitment to a cleaner Earth.
Consumers felt listened to. They began to recycle their Pepsi cans and aluminum foil, cut down on
disposables, and take other environmental steps that gave them a sense of control over their day-to-day lives.
The environment-related hysteria of the late 1980s and early 1990s is now behind us, but consumers desire to
quell their concerns is actually higher now than at the peak of the eco-craze. Their motivation: trepidation for
what they see as a very shaky future.
Since the 1980s, the headlines have shifted away from wandering garbage barges and medical waste
washing up on the New Jersey shore to genetic breakthroughs and Hollywood murders. However, people
still worry about any number of such specific environmental issues as industrial air and water pollution,
ozone layer depletion, radiation from nuclear power plants, and destruction of rain forests (see Exhibit).

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Green Marketing Opportunities
Equipped with a better grasp of ecological issues, enlightened business people voluntarily adopt
environmentally responsible business practices.

A growing number of CEOs now appreciate the link between environmental responsibility and more
efficient and profitable business practices. And more and more business communicators know how to use
green marketing strategies to take advantage of opportunities to boost their corporate environmental images.

More Profits
Many companies, and especially those in such highly polluting industries as chemical, oil, and electrical
power generation, now have management systems in place to make sure corporate environmental profiles
and products exceed consumer’s expectations.

Today, major conduct environmental audits and recycle their waste.

Others upgrade their facilities with energy-efficient technology. Such steps reduce operating costs and
liability while boosting profits.
Producing eco-efficient products creates less waste, uses fewer raw materials, and saves energy, too. Thanks
to innovative manufacturing processes suggested by highly motivated and environmentally trained
employees.
The changes required to make and market environmentally sensitive products enhance employee morale and
productivity with a payoff in improved customer relations and overall returns on investment. Enhanced
corporate imagery ensues, and this can help attract investors and top talent.

Competitive Advantages
Many marketers now know that being the first to the shelf with an environmental innovation brings
competitive advantage.
Examples:
 Reusable alkaline batteries and redefined the market for rechargeable.
 Phosphate-free detergents.
 Philips Lighting, inventors of compact fluorescent lighting technology, stood ready when
business and electric power utilities came calling for replacements for energy-guzzling
incandescent.
 Wellman, Inc., has expanded its business definition from plastics recycler to pioneer in the
market for branded polyester fiber made from used Coke bottles.
Many of these leaders are being showered with any number of eco-accolades now offered by
industry, media, government, or environmental groups. One example is the Special Edison Award for
Environmental Achievement bestowed by the American Marketing Association. It has been won by
Fortune 1000 firms including 3M and Procter & Gamble as well as by a raft of up-and-coming firms
with a deep-green orientation, such as Natural Cotton Colours, Patagonia, and Tom’s of Maine.
Young, aggressive competitors adept at capturing the imaginations and winning the hearts of highly
desirable environmentally and socially conscious customers are introducing some of the most
exciting green products.

The success of Patagonia outerwear, Stony-field Farm yogurt, and Tom’s Maine toothpaste
suggests that consumers now have higher expectations for the products they buy and that quality is
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an image that no longer stands apart from environmental impact.
Looking to cash in on the potential for future green-oriented sales, well-established mass marketers now
shop for green companies with promising green brands; recent acquisitions include Earth’s Best Baby
Foods (by Heinz), Murphy’s Oil Soap (Colgate-Palmolive), and Earth Rite Cleaning Products (Reckitt &
Colman). After nearly two decades of compromising on quality and languishing on once-dusty health-
food-store shelves as a result today’s crop of green products finally embody all that consumers’ demand:
an opportunity to clean up the mess without having to give up price or quality. With the deepened
consumer confidence in green products that results, the market becomes legitimized.
Increased Market Share
Time are tough for marketers of branded products. Brand loyalty is near all-time lows, and the percentage of
customers who feel that some brands are worth paying more for is declining.

In this tough competitive climate, environmental compatibility breaks ties at the shelf.

Pragmatic consumers skew purchases to those products and packages that can be recycled or otherwise
safely disposed of in their communities.

All else being equal, the biggest group of consumers do their bit by happily switching brands, companies and
products deemed environmentally sound and boycotting the brands of companies with disappointing
environmental track records.
These growth opportunities have not been on such market leaders as Procter & Gamble, McDonalds, and
Compaq. They offer the greenest of mainstream products and take pains to project environmentally
appropriate corporate images.

Examples:
 Laundry detergent and learn how it is phosphate-free, contains biodegradable cleaning agents, and is
packaged in a recycled-content bottle.

 Check out the basic brown paper carry out bags and speckled (recycled) napkins at fast foods (they
are now testing compostable food wraps

 Compaq PC emblazoned with the ENERGY STAR energy-saving designation.

Many executives would be shocked to discover just how many consumers are aware of and act upon their
knowledge of corporation’s track records for environmental and social responsibility.

In one poll conducted by the Porter Novelli public relations firm, for example, consumers were five times
more apt to think that a company’s record on the environment was an important factor in their purchasing
decisions that corporate executives believed.

Better Products
While much brand-switching is conducted in the name of altruism, what attracts most consumers to
greener products is quite simply the prospect of higher quality: water-saving shower heads slash
energy bills, concentrated laundry detergents are easier to carry and store, and nontoxic garden
products are safer for children. Expect these enhanced primary benefits of performance, convenience,
price, and safety, for example that accompany environmental improvements to continue to propel the
market for environmentally preferable products in the years and decades ahead.

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Personal Rewards, Too
Green marketing offers a rare opportunity to integrate our values into the workplace. Creating
products that are more in sync with nature allows us to personally contribute to environmental cleanup
and helps ensure a more secure future for our children.
A mind once expanded never goes back to where it was. No longer content to promise consumers that
their clothes will become whiter than white or that their breath is fresher than fresh, green marketers
like their bosses who manage for a double bottom line cultivate higher levels of satisfaction and
reward. They offer their consumers the prospect of healthier, more fulfilled lives, and the power to
make the world a better place. These promises the personal rewards for the marketers.

Why Conventional Marketing Won’t Work

Conventional marketing is out. Green marketing is in. Effectively addressing the needs of consumers
with a raised environmental consciousness cannot be achieved with the same assumptions and formulas
that guided consumer marketing in the high production-high consumption postwar era. New strategies
and innovative product and service offering are required.
Conventional marketing entails developing products that meet consumers need at affordable prices and
then communicating the benefits of those products in a compelling way. Environmental marketing is
more complex. It serves two key objectives:
 To develop products that balance consumers’ needs for quality,
performance, affordable pricing, and convenience with environmental
compatibility, that is, minimal impact on the environment.
 To project an image of high quality, including environmental sensitivity,
relating to both a product’s attributes and its manufacturers’ track record for
environmental achievement.
These objectives cannot be met using conventional marketing strategies. Marketers in the age of
environmental consumerism face tough new standards.

Environmental consumerism represents deep psychological and sociological shifts, as did its
predecessor Naderism and feminism. Naderism spurred marketers to product safer, higher-quality
products and to advertise those products with more credible claims. Feminism forced marketers to
develop convenient products and to portray women with a new respect. Meeting the challenges of
environmental consumerism presents its own mandates for corporate processes, product quality, and
promotion.

To realize that conventional strategies won’t succeed, one need only recall the unsavory backlash that
pioneering green marketers incurred over what was perceived by environmentalists, regulators, and the
press as inconsistent and often misleading labels and claims.

Marketers, desirous of keeping in step with competitors and encouraged by polls erroneously suggesting that
overwhelming majorities of consumers would pay hefty premiums for greener goods, rushed headlong to
underscore the environmental benefits of their offerings, however insignificant or coincidental.

Indeed, according to J. Walter Thompson Company, green claims quadrupled between 1989 and 1990. Trash
bags and diapers were touted as degradable and hair sprays were branded as ozone friendly. One product
label even claimed earth friendly since 1889.
The resulting deluge of skepticism, confusion, and regulatory nightmares that these green claims spawned
quickly proved that environmental marketing involves more than tweaking one or two product attributes
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and dressing up packages with meaningless (and often misleading) claims.

Too many marketers learned the hard way that partaking of environmentally related opportunities requires a
total corporate commitment to greening one’s products and communications.

It affects how a corporation interacts with all the groups and individuals who may be affected by its
environmental practices. As such, this commitment needs to be founded on a thorough greening of one’s
entire company and values.

The New Marketing Paradigm

A new paradigm is now in the making. Basic assumptions about how best to cater to consumer needs are in
question. Successful green marketers no longer view consumers as individuals with insatiable appetites for
material goods, but as human beings concerned about the condition of the world around them, how they
themselves interact with the rest of nature, and cognizant of how material goods impact their lives positively
as well as negatively, short term as well as long term.
Products are no longer designed in a linear cradle-to-grave fashion, with no regard for the long-term impact
on society of their eventual disposal or no appreciation for the value of natural resources they represent.

A one-size-fits-all system of nationally marketed brands now gives way to more flexible product offerings
the best fit regional environmental considerations.

Yesterday’s resource-intensive products are being replaced by innovative products with radical new designs,
even with dematerialized services. These offerings are marketed with ads and promotions that derive added
value from the educational messages they impart and the values they project.
The corporations that excel at green marketing are those that are pro-active in nature. Aiming to surpass
minimal compliance standards, they define the rules by which they and their competitors will be judged.

Ideologically responsive corporations consider themselves to be like nature’s processes interdependent.

These corporations join with corporate environmental stakeholders in cooperative, positive alliances, and
they work hand in hand with suppliers and retailers to manage environmental issues throughout the value
chain.

Internally, cross functional teams convene to find the best possible holistic solutions to environmental
challenges. Long-term rather than short-term in their orientation, these companies manage with a double
bottom line one bottom line for profits, the other one reflecting their contribution to society.

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The Seven Strategies of Green Marketing Success
The currency of the green business world is innovation, flexibility, change, and heart. New rules
have emerged from the cloud of green marketing dust kicked up in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
We know better what works and what does not.

Seven strategies that work are listed. Using these strategies, eco-entrepreneurs Gary Hirshberg and
Samuel Kayman set a greener pace that others now must follow.
J. Ottman Consulting’s Seven Winning Strategies of Green Marketing
1. Do your homework. Understand the full range of environmental, economic,
political, and social issues that affect your consumer and your products and services
now and over the long term.
2. Create new products and services that balance consumer’s desires for high quality,
convenience, and affordable pricing with minimal environmental impact over the
entire life of your products.
3. Empower consumers with solutions. Help them understand the issues that affect
your business as well as the benefits of your environmentally preferable technology,
materials, and designs.
4. Establish credibility for your marketing efforts.
5. Build coalitions with corporate environmental stakeholders.
6. Communicate your corporate commitment and project your values.
7. Don’t quit. Continuously strive for zero environmental impact of
your products and processes; learn from your mistakes.

Green by Design
Environmental product issues are varied and complex. They span every phase of a product’s life
cycle, and include a plethora of sub-issues, such as conservation of natural resources like water and
land, energy efficiency, and protection of natural habitats and endangered species.
Upgrading products and packaging to minimize environmental impact can be tricky. What may
appear to be an environmental benefit may actually result in little or no added value to the
environment. For example, plastic trash bags that are technically designed to disintegrate in the
presence of sunlight will not degrade when buried in a landfill.

Sometimes, the presumed greening of one attribute can actually increase overall environmental
impact. CPC, the makers of Mueller’s pasta, found that converting to recycled carton material
would actually add about 20 percent to the width of their packaging material. This would at least
partially offset savings to the environment, considering the added energy needed to ship the new
boxes. For these reasons, and also to prevent backlash from consumers, environmental groups, and
other stakeholders, all of whom may be quick to point out the short-comings of products and
packaging touted as green, a thorough approach to greening is required.

A tool called life cycle inventory (LCI) can help:

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An LCI, the first step in conducting a full life cycle analysis of a product, is a process that quantifies
the use of energy, resources, and emission to the environment associated with a product throughout
its life cycle. It accounts for the environmental impact of raw-material procurement, manufacturing
and production, packaging, distribution, and in-use characteristics straight through to after-use and
disposal.
An LCI of cotton versus disposable diapers, for example, would quantify the amount of pesticides
and water used to grow cotton, as well as the water and energy needed to manufacture the diapers
and transport them to stores and homes.

Finally, it would consider the amount of water and energy used to launder the cloth diapers. An LCI
of disposable diapers would take into account the environmental implications of cutting down and
processing trees for wood pulp, along with the environmental burdens of extraction and refining the
petroleum required to produce the plastic back sheets. It would quantify the energy used in
manufacturing and transportation, as well as the amount of solid waste eventually sent to landfills.
Initially developed during the 1970s to help reduce the amount of energy used for developing and
distributing products, an LCI is extremely useful for
 Comparing the costs associated with energy and resource usage and environmental emissions
associated with existing products and their alternatives.
 Identifying significant areas for reducing energy use and waste
 Comparing energy and resource usage and environmental emissions associated with possible
alternative ways to manufacture of package products

Green Product Development Issues

Raw Materials Acquisition and Processing

 Conservation of natural resources like water, land, and air.
 Protection of natural habitats and endangered species.
 Waste minimization and pollution prevention, especially the use
and release of toxins
 Transportation
 Use of renewable resources: sustainable use to resources
 Use of recycled material
 Energy consumption

Manufacturing and Distribution Issues

 Minimal use of materials
 Toxic use/release
 By-product/waste generation and handling
 Energy consumption
 Water use
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  Emissions to air, land, and water

Product Use and Packaging Issues

 l Energy efficiency
 l Conservation to natural resources such as water required for the use of the product
 l Consumer health and environmental safety

After-Use/Disposal Issues
 l Recyclability; ease of reuse, remanufacture, and repair
 l Durability
 l Biodegradability/combustibility
 l Safety when incinerated or landfilled.

Ideas for Action

Use the following checklist to explore the myriad opportunities for refining existing products
or developing new ones that meet environmental imperatives and satisfy consumers' primary
demands.

Raw Material Procurement

 Can we minimize the potential for our raw-materials procurement process to avoid tropical
deforestation? Land stripping? Oil spills?
 Can we use renewable resource or resources that are sustainably managed?

Manufacturing
 What steps can we take to prevent or otherwise reduce the production of solid and hazardous
waste in our manufacturing processes?
 How can we reduce our use of water?
 Emissions to air and waterways?

Use
 Can we redesign our products to make them more energy- or resource-efficient and thereby
reduce operating costs?
 Can we make our products safer or more pleasant to use?
 Can we use alternative ingredients that help to minimize risks to health and the environment ?

After-Use Recovery and Disposal

 Can we design our products to be durable? Refillable? Reusable? Repairable?
Remanufacturable? Rechargeable?
 Can we redesign our products or packages to reduce the need for landfilling?
 Can we make our products and packaging safer to landfill or incinerate?
 Can we use materials and ingredients that are inherently biodegradable or compostable?

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Green Marketing's Challenges

While public opinion polls taken since the late 1980s have shown consistently that a significant
percentage of consumers in the U.S. and elsewhere profess a strong willingness to favor environmentally
conscious products and companies, consumers' efforts to do so in real life have remained sketchy at best

The lack of standards or public consensus about what constitutes "green,” In essence, there is no
definition of "how good is good enough" when it comes to a product or company making green
marketing claims. This lack of consensus—by consumers, marketers, activists, regulators, and
influential people—has slowed the growth of green products.

This is because companies are often reluctant to promote their green attributes, and consumers are often
skeptical about claims. As green products and messages become more common there is confusion in
the marketplace because “consumers do not really understand a lot about these issues.

Marketers sometimes take advantage of this confusion, and purposely make false or exaggerated "green"
claims. Critics refer to this practice as "green washing

Despite these challenges, green marketing has continued to gain adherents, particularly in light of
growing global concern about climate change. This concern has led more companies to advertise their
commitment to reduce their climate impacts, and the effect this is having on their products and services.

The Green Marketing Mix

A model of a green marketing-mix should, of course, contain all 4P’s:

Product: A producer should offer ecological products which not only must not contaminate the
environment but should protect it and even liquidate existing environmental damages.

Price: Prices for such products may be a little higher than conventional alternatives. But target groups
may be willing to pay extra for green products.

Place: A distribution logistics is of crucial importance; main focus is on ecological packaging.

Marketing local and seasonal products e.g. vegetables from regional farms is easier to be marketed
“green” than products imported.

Promotion: A communication with the market should put stress on environmental aspects, for example
that the company possesses a CP certificate or is ISO 14000 certified.

i) Publicized e.g. CP certificate or ISO 14000 certification to improve a firm’s image.

ii) The fact that a company spends expenditures on environmental protection should be advertised.

iii) Sponsoring the natural environment is also very important.

iv) Ecological products will probably require special sales promotions.

In their book of Sustainability Marketing Belz and Peattie go one step further in terms of not just
marketing but operating “green”. They transformed the 4 P's into the 4 C's. The four C's –

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  Customer solutions,
 Customer cost,
 Communication and
 Convenience are taking the point of view of the customer (not the producer).

Typically, the firm can change its price, sales force size, and advertising expenditures in the
short run. It can develop new products and modify its distribution channels only in the long
run. Thus the firm typically makes fewer period-to-period marketing-mix changes in the short
run than the number of marketing-mix decision variables might suggest.
Note that the four Ps represent the sellers view of the marketing tools available for influencing
buyers. From a buyer’s point of view, each marketing tool is designed to deliver a customer
benefit.

Robert Lauterborn suggested that the sellers four Ps correspond to the customers four Cs.
Four Ps
Product
Price
Place
Promotion

Four Cs
Customer solution
Customer cost
Convenience
Communication

Customer solutions: These solutions go beyond selling physical products and present solutions to
customer's problems. They imply knowing customers and their needs well and offering products and
services that satisfy customer needs and that take into account social as well as environmental aspects.

Customer Cost: Customer Cost does not only include the financial price a buyer has to pay for a
product or a service, it also considers the psychological, social and environmental costs of obtaining,
using and disposing of a product.

Communication: “Green” communication goes beyond promotion, which is a form of persuasion and a
one-way communication from seller to buyer.

-Communication is a process of interactive dialogue within which it is essential to build trust and
credibility.

Convenience: Means that customers want to use products and services that meet their needs and that are
easy and convenient to access and use.
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The level of greening-strategic, quasi-strategic, or tactical dictates exactly what activities should be
undertaken by a company.

Strategic greening in one area that may or may not be leveraged effectively in others. A firm could make
substantial changes in production processes but opt not to leverage them by positioning itself as an
environmental leader. So although strategic greening is not necessarily strategically integrated into all
marketing activities, it is nevertheless strategic in the product area.

2.5 Eco Labels

An individual's belief that an environmental claim lacks honesty can have a negative effect on attitude
toward a brand. If, on the other side, the consumer grants credibility to the claim, the individual will
behave more respectfully toward the environment. The problem in extending that credibility to a brand is
that consumers interested in ecological products generally are skeptical of commercial advertisements.

This skepticism is due to various factors such

As lack of language,
The absence of scientific knowledge necessary to interpret advertising meaning, and, in
particular, the falsehoods and exaggeration of some advertising techniques.

-To resolve this problem, independent organizations may choose to guarantee messages on the
environmental benefits of brands with environmental labeling systems sponsored by independent
organizations.

-This practice tries to diminish perceived biases in environmental information by promoting

standardization of the information with the aim of improving confidence in the evaluation of
environmental benefits of products—all of which should positively affect the purchase intention

2.6 Life Cycle Assessment

-Life cycle assessment) allow ecological considerations to be introduced into marketing decisions.The life
cycle assessment model seeks to identify the main types of environmental impact throughout the life
cycle of a product.

-LCA was developed according to ISO 14040.

-The main goal of the LCA is to define the energy and environmental profile of the finished products. The
reasons to use LCA arose from the need

To have a precise process accounting and

To highlight potential improvements that could be used in order to increase the environmental,
energy and economic efficiency and overall effectiveness of the processes. In addition, the
purpose was to

Quantify the environmental advantages deriving from the use of recycled raw material

Example for LCA

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LCA is used for example in the building sector. Buildings today account for the 40% of the world’s
energy use. The resulting carbon emissions are substantially higher than those of the transportation sector.
New buildings using more energy than necessary are being built every day, and millions of today’s
inefficient buildings will remain standing until at least 2050. It’s therefore necessary to start reducing
energy use in new and existing buildings in order to reduce the planet's energy-related carbon footprint.
Growing interest, space, and attention in the architecture sector are directed to environmental issues
according to the principles of green building. Mineral, vegetable, or animal materials such as perlite,
vermiculite, rock wool, glass wool, cork, plant fibers (cotton, flax, hemp, and coconut), wood fiber,
cellulose, and sheep's wool can be used for the production of insulation panels.

2.7 Aspects of Green/ Environmental Marketing

Unfortunately, a majority of people believe that ecological (green) marketing refers solely to the
promotion or advertising of products with environmental characteristics. Terms like Phosphate Free,
Recyclable, Refillable, Ozone Friendly, and Environmentally Friendly are some of the things consumers
most often associate with green marketing.

While these terms are green marketing claims, in general green marketing is a much broader concept that
can be applied to consumer goods, industrial goods and even services.

Thus, green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including

 Product modification,
 Changes of the production process,
 Packaging changes, as well as
 Modifying advertising.

-Green or Environmental Marketing consists of all activities designed to

 Generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs or wants, such that the
satisfaction of these needs and wants occurs, with minimal harmful impact on the natural
environment.

-Now companies are offering more eco-friendly alternatives for their customers. Recycled products for
example, are one of the most popular alternatives that can benefit the environment.

Benefits of green marketing

These benefits include

Sustainable forestry,
Clean air,
Energy efficiency,
Water conservation, and a healthy office.

5.3 Green-washing

The term “green-washing” refers to all industries that adopt outwardly green acts with an underlying
purpose to increase profits. The primary objective of green washing is to provide consumers with the
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feeling that the organization is taking the necessary steps to responsibly manage its ecological footprint.
In reality, the company may be doing very little that is environmentally beneficial.

The term green-washing was first used by environmentalist Jay Westered when objecting to hotelier's
practice of placing notices in hotel rooms which asked their guests to reuse towels to “save the
environment”.

Westerveld noted that there was little else to suggest that the hoteliers were interested in reducing their
environmental impacts, and that their interest in washing fewer towels seemed to be motivated by a
concern to save costs rather than the environment.

Since then green-washing has become a central feature of debates about marketing communications and
sustainability, with “awards” for green-washing established and numerous campaigns, law and advices
developed in an attempt to reduce or curb it..

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