FLS EP Filter INSTRUCTION MANUAL

.
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Electrostatic precipitator 50001-08
Manual for Control Unit

PIACS DC mk.2, version 5
for HV-Supply and Rapping System
RAMSINGSVEJ 30 - 2500 VALBY - DENMARK 100 GLENBOROUGH DRIVE – 77057-3611 HOUSTON - USA CARRETERA DE LA COURUNA KM. 17-8 – 28230 LAS ROZAS – SPAIN ESPACE INDUSTRIEL, NORD – 80084 AMIENS CÉDEX 2 - FRANCE
50001-08 2
List of contents: Page:
SECTION A
Control of High Voltage Power Supply
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 4
2. PIACS DC'S CONSTRUCTION .................................................................................. 7
3. HV POWER SUPPLY CONTROL STRATEGY ........................................................ 10

3.1 Basic strategy.................................................................................................... 10
3.2 Spark detection ................................................................................................. 11
3.3 Progressive current reduction ........................................................................... 13
3.4 Energy Control (EC) .......................................................................................... 13
3.5 Back corona detection....................................................................................... 15
3.6 Optional functions.............................................................................................. 16
3.6.1 High Resistivity Mode (HRM-function) ........................................................ 16
3.6.2 Reduced Current Operation (RCO-function) ............................................... 17
3.6.3 Power Off Rapping (POR-function) ............................................................. 18
3.6.4 Voltage Limitation (VOL-function) ............................................................... 20
3.7 Manual current control....................................................................................... 20
3.8 Manual control of the firing angle ...................................................................... 20
3.9 Manual operation without voltage signal ........................................................... 20
3.10 Firing angle limitation ...................................................................................... 21
4. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................................. 22

4.1 Start/stop ........................................................................................................... 23
4.2 Man/machine interface ...................................................................................... 23
4.3 Display and setting of parameters ..................................................................... 24
4.3.1 Measured values and status indication ....................................................... 24
4.3.2 Display and setting of level 1 parameters ................................................... 27
4.4 Alarms and interlocks ........................................................................................ 37
4.5 Miscellaneous.................................................................................................... 40
4.5.1 Optimal set of parameters........................................................................... 40
4.5.2 Pre-programmed set of parameters ............................................................ 40
4.5.3 Messages.................................................................................................... 41
4.5.4 Language selection for display texts ........................................................... 42
5. COMMISSIONING AND TROUBLESHOOTING....................................................... 43

5.1 Commissioning .................................................................................................. 43
5.1.1 Visual check ................................................................................................ 43
5.1.2 Alarm check ................................................................................................ 48
5.1.3 Parameter settings ...................................................................................... 48
5.1.4 Start of T/R sets .......................................................................................... 50
5.1.5 Spark detection and reaction ...................................................................... 50
5.1.6 Internal alarms ............................................................................................ 51
5.1.7 Final control................................................................................................. 51
5.2 Troubleshooting................................................................................................. 52
6. SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................... 54
6.1 Signals............................................................................................................... 54
6.2 Voltage supply................................................................................................... 54
6.3 Environment ...................................................................................................... 54
3 50001-08
SECTION B
Control of rapping systems
7. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 55
8. CONTROL STRATEGY ............................................................................................ 56
9. CONFIGURATION .................................................................................................... 56
10. OPERATION .......................................................................................................... 57

10.1 Normal operation ............................................................................................. 57
10.2 Continuous operation ...................................................................................... 57
10.3 Synchronization between bus-sections ........................................................... 57
10.4 Delayed start ................................................................................................... 58
10.5 Delayed OFF function ..................................................................................... 58
11. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................... 59

11.1 Status of the rapping system ........................................................................... 60
11.2 Survey of status messages ............................................................................. 60
11.3 Level 3 parameters.......................................................................................... 61
11.4 Alarms and interlocks ...................................................................................... 62
11.5 Alarm delay ..................................................................................................... 63
11.6 Alarm overview ................................................................................................ 63
12. COMMISSIONING AND TROUBLESHOOTING..................................................... 64

12.1 Control and setting .......................................................................................... 64
13. SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................. 64
Performed by / Date Checked by / Date Approved by / Date

AEN / 2003-08-07 MRH / 2003-08-07 GPO / 2003-08-07
50001-08 4
SECTION A
Control of High Voltage Power Supply

1. INTRODUCTION
This manual describes the control unit PIACS DC (Precipitator Integrated Automatic Con-
trol System) used for the automatic control of the HV power supply and rapping systems of
electrostatic precipitators.
In Fig. 1.1 is outlined the HV power supply consisting of a control cabinet, where PIACS
DC is mounted, and a high voltage tank containing an oil-cooled high-voltage trans-
former/rectifier.
Fig. 1.1, Sketch of a HV power supply for an electrostatic precipitator
PIACS DC is a microprocessor-based control unit, which is programmed to maximize the

corona power into the precipitator in close accordance with the operating conditions.
Fig. 1.2 shows the block diagram of the HV power supply.
The control unit regulates the average value of the precipitator current in a closed loop
control system. The current is measured by means of (5) a current shunt
(mA-signal). The precipitator current and thereby the corona power is regulated by means
of two antiparallel thyristors controlling the AC voltage applied to the high-voltage trans-
former. The secondary voltage of transformer is rectified in a monophasic bridge rectifier
and then applied directly to the electrostatic precipitator with a negative polarity.
5 50001-08
Fig. 1.2, Block diagram of the HV power supply
It is well-known that the corona power is limited by the sparks occurring in the precipitator.
These are detected using the precipitator voltage, that is measured by a voltage divider
(kV-signal) (6). Apart from a safe spark detection, one of the most important tasks of
PIACS DC is a rapid recovery of the voltage level after a spark without unnecessary block-
ing of the precipitator current and without occurrence of multiple sparks. These functions
are performed by an interface PC board (1) and a microprocessor PC board (2).
Then, the task of PIACS DC consists in the determination of the optimal firing angle to the
thyristor, in every single half-cycle of the line frequency. This firing command is transmitted
as a frequency signal to a firing angle control board (4) where it is transformed to firing
pulses to be applied to the two antiparallel thyristors.
The man/machine interface is carried out via a keyboard/display (3). Besides, PIACS DC
comprises a number of other important functions, which are built into the control unit. They
will be described in Chapter 3, CONTROL STRATEGY OF THE HV POWER SUPPLY.
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Among these the following can be mentioned:
• Energy control via intermittent energization
• Back corona detection with automatic change to intermittent operation
• Fast recovery of precipitator voltage after sparks
• Direct measurement of the average, minimum (trough), and peak value of the
precipitator voltage
• Automatic turn on from the CPU (e.g. in case of line voltage dips)
• Optimal set of parameters
• Fast current rise (Fast Ramp Mode)
• High Resistivity Mode (HRM), allows selection between 2 set of parameters
• Reduced Current Operation (RCO), is used together with rapping of collecting

plates and CO-monitoring
• Power Off Rapping (POR), is used together with rapping of collecting plates
• Serial communication (PIACS Bus) with a supervisory computer, e.g. PIACS

Manager or via the PIACS Gateway (option).
• Energy Management Control System (EMCS, optional)

7 50001-08
2. PIACS DC'S CONSTRUCTION

As shown in Fig. 1.1 the control unit is mounted in the control cabinet. The PIACS DC is
mechanically built on a metallic front plate, that is fastened to the door of the control cabi-
net.
The main elements of the control unit are shown in Fig. 2.1:
Externally, there are a control panel (1) consisting of a keyboard (2), a display window (3),
start/stop buttons (4), and panel instruments (5). See Chapter 4, OPERATING INSTRUC-
TIONS for details.
Fig. 2.1, Main elements of the control unit
Fixed to the front plate (7) there are two PC boards (PCBs). Closest to the front plate is
placed the microprocessor PC board CU19 (8) on which a 16-characters liquidcrystal dis-
play (9) is mounted.
Fixed to PCB CU19 with four plastic spacers (10) is mounted the interface PCB CS28.1
(11) with the components side facing against the control panel (1).
The keyboard (2) is implemented with membrane contacts (12) and is connected to an
Euro-connector (16) in PCB CU19 (64 pins) via a flat cable (17). Communication with the
outside world takes place via two SUB-D connectors, one having 25 pins (18) and the
other one 37 pins (19).
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The two PC boards (8) and (11) are interconnected electrically via a Euro-connector (13),
which is mounted in the middle of both PC boards.
In order to protect the two PC boards from mechanical shock as well as dust and electro-
magnetic interference (EMI), these are covered by a metallic cover (14), which is fixed to
the front plate with three screws (15).
This part of the control unit is connected to the remaining part and to the main circuit of the
HV power supply as shown in Fig. 2.2.
Voltage
Supply
AA30.1
Thyristors
Relay
Control
System
Internal
Signals
External Signals
Fig. 2.2, PIACS DC connection diagram
The control panel with the two PC boards (CU19 and CS28.1) is connected to a terminal
and distribution PC board (HX02) via two multicore cables, terminated by SUB-D connec-
tors in both ends. The connectors X5 and X13 have 25 pins, while X6 and X14 have 37
pins.
The firing order from the microprocessor circuit is transmitted via the interface board to the
terminal strip X15 and further to the firing angle control PC board (AA30.1). This PCB
transforms the firing command to firing pulses, which are then applied to the phase control
thyristors. The firing pulse transformers are mounted on PC board AA30.1.
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The PC boards CU19 and CS28.1 are energized from a separate 24 V transformer wind-
ing like the PC board AA30.1. As shown in the example of Fig. 2.2 the relay control system
may in some cases be energized from a 220 V winding, but this depends on the particu-
lar plant. The AC supply can also be taken from a 24 V winding.
The external signals, e.g. the alarms from the HV tank, remote indication, remote control,
etc. are connected to the terminal strip X12 on the PC board HX02. Besides, there are two
BNC-connectors X17 and X19, which are intended for the connection of the unit to a su-
pervisory control computer.
Fig. 2.3 shows an example of an electric diagram of the control unit where all the signals
the PIACS DC can handle are shown. As the connection to the HV power supply depends
on the type used, please consult the delivered plant documentation for a complete descrip-
tion.
.1
Fig. 2.3, Example of PIACS DC connection to a HV power supply

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3. HV POWER SUPPLY CONTROL STRATEGY
3.1 Basic strategy

Fig. 3.1 shows the automatic control of the precipitator mean current (DC-current) accord-
ing to the various events occurring during operation.
1 Start-up 6 Type 2 spark

2 Type 1 spark 7 Quench time
3 Recovery time 8 Current upper limit
4 Current setback 9 Fast current rise (FRM)
5 Normal rate of rise
Fig. 3.1, Current control during typical events in precipitator operation.
Start-up
The start-up (1) begins when the main contactor is energized. During the first two seconds
the firing pulses to the thyristors are blocked; after that, the precipitator voltage is raised to
an adjustable starting value (parameter UDC start) during one half-cycle of the line fre-
quency.
Then the DC-current is increased at a rate of 200%/min. (100% corresponds to the rated
current). The starting sequence finishes when an adjustable current limit (8) (parameter I
DC Limit) is reached, or when a type 1 spark (2) or a type 2 spark (6) takes place.
Figure 3.1 shows an example of a start-up sequence finished by a type 1 spark. See sec-
tion 3.2 concerning spark detection.
11 50001-08
Current Setback
A spark causes a reduction of the DC-current (4) by an adjustable value (parameter

Set-Back). From the moment of the spark (2) to the moment the DC-current achieves its
reduced value (4), the so-called recovery time (3), the precipitator voltage is regulated in a
special way, in order to avoid a new spark. (See section 3.2).
Normal Rate of Rise
After that, the current is raised at a rate (5) corresponding to the desired spark rate (pa-
rameter Spk Set Rt). The rate of rise (5) is calculated internally in the PIACS DC and
corresponds to the product of the selected current setback and the spark rate (Set-Back
x Spk Set Rt).
In case of type 2 spark (6), the firing pulses to the thyristors are blocked during an adjust-
able time (parameter t-Quench); after that, the reaction is like in case of type 1 sparks.
After the recovery time, the current is increased at the rate of rise calculated internally (5).
If no spark occurs, the current is limited by the selected upper limit (8).
Fast Current Rise (FRM-function)
In case of fast changes in the operating conditions of the precipitator, many sparks may
occur in a short time, reducing the current to a low value. When the disturbance disap-
pears, it may take a relatively long time before the current can assume its normal value.
This is the case, particularly if the selected rate of rise is low. Therefore, the automatic
control includes the so-called FRM-function (Fast Ramp Mode), which increases the
DC-current fast at a rate corresponding to 200%/min. The FRM-function is activated, if no
sparks occur during an adjustable waiting time t-FRM (parameter t-FastRamp).
3.2 Spark detection

Sparks are detected by sensing the precipitator voltage which is measured by a voltage
divider as shown in Fig. 1.2. The sparks are classified as type 1 or 2 according to their in-
tensities. The PIACS DC detects a spark as a type 1, when the precipitator voltage drops
more than a certain value, adjustable between 8 and 40 kV, and the drop lasts longer than
1 ms. See Fig. 3.2.a. (The value is adjusted by means of the potentiometer R85 on the PC
board CS28.1). See section 1.1.b.
If the absolute value of the precipitator voltage (│uF│) falls and crosses the undervoltage
limit (11), as seen in Fig. 3.2.b, a 20 ms timer is started (12). The undervoltage limit is de-
termined automatically as 0.5 x UDC low.lim.
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Fig. 3.2, Classification of sparks
If the precipitator voltage does not exceed the undervoltage limit (11) before the timing in-
terval (12) elapses, a type 2 spark is detected (Fig. 3.2.b). As mentioned before, in case of
type 2 sparks, a blocking period for the firing pulses determined by the parameter
t-Quench is initiated. After sparks, the DC-current is increased to the reduced value dur-
ing the so-called recovery time. During this period, the precipitator voltage is regulated as
shown in Fig. 3.3.
Fig. 3.3, Precipitator voltage at spark
After a spark the precipitator voltage in raised to a value corresponding to:
• the mean voltage before the spark (13), or

• 80% of the peak voltage before the spark
during maximum 3 half-cycles of the line frequency.

13 50001-08
After that, there is a change from voltage control to current control (15). The rise of the av-
erage voltage to the value (17), corresponding to the reduced current value, takes place
during the selected recovery time (16). In this example it corresponds to five half-cycles
(parameter t-Recovery).
In the first of the three half-cycles where the voltage rise takes place, the aimed voltage
level (14) can be adjusted by the parameter RecoverCurve. It indicates at the same time
the recovery method used:
• RecoverCurve = xxo : Recovery according to mean value

• RecoverCurve = 9xxo : Recovery according to peak value
If the measurement of the peak voltage is not possible, the control unit changes automati-
cally to recovery after the mean voltage. (See description of STATUS messages).
In case of a new spark during the voltage recovery period the automatic control will con-
sider this as a type 2 spark. After the subsequent quench-time (parameter t-Quench) has
elapsed, the aim in the next three half-cycles, is to raise the precipitator voltage to a level
of approximately 75% of the original level (13).
3.3 Progressive current reduction

The spark rate can be adjusted up to 1000 sparks/min. (parameter Spk Set Rt.). To
safeguard that this value is not exceeded, a progressive current reduction has been in-
cluded in the automatic control unit. This function is activated by high spark rates. This
special reduction (parameter Spec.reduc.) is added to the normal current setback, if the
time interval between the sparks is shorter than 0.5 s and the total reduction is increased
progressively as long as this condition exists. As soon as the interval between two sparks
is greater than 0.5 s, the current is reduced by the normal setback value. The progressive
reduction is out of function if the parameter
Spec.reduc is set to 0.
3.4 Energy Control (EC)

During EC-operation, the thyristors are normally fired in one half-cycle of the line frequency
and then kept blocked during a number of half-cycles. This kind of operation is known un-
der the name "intermittent energization".
Fig. 3.4 shows the primary current (iP) and the absolute value (│uF│) of the precipitator
voltage, in relation to the AC line voltage (uN). It is seen that the primary current may con-
sist of an auxiliary and a main current pulse.
The current in this example is blocked during one half-cycle (T/2). When the auxiliary pulse
is required in order to avoid saturation of the core of the HV transformer, it typically leads
the main current pulse by 120°.
Another way to avoid saturation of the core is by using limitation of the firing angle used for
the main pulse. This is explained in section 3.10.
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Fig. 3.4, Waveforms with EC operation (Nec = 3)
The waveforms are periodical and are repeated with a cycle time corresponding to the in-
terval between two main current pulses equal to Nec x T/2. Nec is always an odd number
of half-cycles in order to avoid direct current in the AC power line. This is adjustable with
the parameter Nec min. This setting is limited by an upper limit determined by the pa-
rameter Nec max (max. value 25).
Nec = 1 corresponds to traditional DC-operation and Nec > 1 corresponds to EC opera-

tion. Therefore, Nec is often expressed as the degree of intermittence so that a high Nec
value is considered as a high degree of intermittence.
During EC-operation, the max. attainable current is the rated current multiplied by a factor
K = 1.5/Nec. The adjusted current limit and current setback are therefore automatically
corrected by the same factor when changing from DC-operation to EC- operation and
vice-versa.
The distance between the auxiliary firing (1) and the main firing (2) is adjustable by means
of the parameter α Aux/Main, and there is also a lower limit for the auxiliary firing (pa-
rameter α Aux.Min.). A value larger than 175° disables the auxiliary firing, making pos-
sible the activation of the back-corona detector (parameter BC Measure.). See also sec-
tion 3.5.
When changing to a lower degreee of intermittence, the firing angle is instantaneously in-
creased in order to avoid sparks (parameter α Nec Change).
After a spark, the precipitator voltage is increased using a single current pulse, to a level
determined by the parameter RecoverCurve, in the same way as during DC-operation.
Afterwards the thyristors are blocked during a number of half-cycles corresponding to the
current degree of intermittence. In the following main firing the firing angle is delayed in
order to avoid spark (parameter α EC Spark).
15 50001-08
3.5 Back corona detection

The presence of back corona is detected by comparing the minimum (trough) value of the
precipitator voltage before and after a spark as shown in Fig. 3.5. Furthermore, the inter-
mittence degree (Nec) is automatically adjusted so that it is increased as long as PIACS
DC finds back corona. (Nec can vary between Nec min and Nec max).
Fig. 3.5, Detection of the presence of back corona^
The value Ubs is the average of the last two minimum values before the spark and Uas is
the average of the third and fourth minimum values after the spark (but second and third
minimum values for Nec > 1).
Back corona occurs when Uas > Ubs, but the control unit includes a sensitivity factor (fBC)
and hysteresis (h) in the detection procedure. This means that the degree of intermittence
will change automatically as follows:
If Uas > (1 + fBC + h) × Ubs,

then Nec is increased by 2 (back-corona)
If Uas < (1 + fBC - h) × Ubs,

then Nec is decreased by 2 (no back-corona)
If the result of a detection procedure causes a reduction of Nec, a new detection proce-
dure is initiated immediately.
The sensitivity factor fBC is adjustable by means of the parameter BC Factor.

50001-08 16
The hysteresis value h is calculated as 0.15 times fBC.
Example: fBC = 5% means than h = 0,75%
The back corona detector is activated periodically with an adjustable frequency deter-
mined by parameter BC Measure.. The activation is not possible if the setting of parame-
ter α Aux.Min. is ≤ 175°. By setting BC Measure. to 0, the back corona detector is
deactivated. In this case, the intermittence degree is equal to the parameter
Nec min.
For the measurement of Ubs and Uas, the average value of four sparks is taken. In case of
double spark, defined as two sparks closer than 0.3 s, the value of the second spark is
disregarded.
Every time the periodical detection is activated, the parameter t-Fast Ramp is set to 10 s
thus allowing the current to increase rapidly to the spark level. In this situation it is possible
to choose between two states:
• U Limit 1 < U DC rated : valid upper current limit is respected

• U Limit 1 = U DC rated : valid upper current limit is disregarded
The first state is standard, while the second allows the current to increased up to rated
value.
However, if no sparks occur the thyristors are blocked during an adjustable time (parame-
ter t-Block BC), and the back corona detection is performed in the same way than in
case of sparks.
3.6 Optional functions

As shown in Fig. 2.3 there are three optional inputs (IN1, IN2 and IN3) in the control unit,
which can be used to activate various functions. These are activated when an isolated
contact connected to the unit's own +12 V (e.g. terminal X12-13 on HX02) is applied to the
respective input.
3.6.1 High Resistivity Mode (HRM-function)

The optional input 1 (IN1) is intended for activation of the HRM-function. This consists in
selection between 2 sets of values for the five most important operating parameters as
shown in the following:
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Normal set HRM set

(contact open) (contact closed)
Current limit I DC Limit HRM I Lim.
Nec Nec min HRM Nec min
Recovery time t-Recovery HRM t-Rec.
Spark rate Spk Set Rate HRM Spk Rt
Current setback Set-Back HRM Set Bck
The operating parameters pertaining to the normal set, have to be adjusted to the best col-
lection efficiency, e.g. under easy operating conditions where back corona is not present.
The HRM-parameters have to be adjusted to the best collection efficiency at high dust re-
sistivity. When the +12 V of the control unit is applied to the optional input 1 (IN1) via a
relay contact, the condition for selecting the HRM-parameters, is that the parameter HRM
function is set to 1. When this is 0, the normal set is always the valid one.
3.6.2 Reduced Current Operation (RCO-function)

The control unit can perform the so-called RCO-function. This function consists in reducing
the current in the respective precipitator bus-section:
• during rapping of the collecting plates, and

• when the CO-monitoring warning level is exceeded.
This takes place by choosing between two current limits as shown below:
Normal function RCO-function active

I DC Limit RCO I Lim.
See parameter code nr. 10.
The RCO-function can be activated in two ways:
1) Signal from the internal rapping control system
The activation occurs if the parameter RCO function is set to 1 and the rapping control
is commanding rapping of the collecting plates. This is not valid if the control unit is com-
manding continuous rapping.
The use of the option RCO function set to 1 excludes the simultaneous use of the op-
tion POR function set to 1.
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2) External signal
The activation of the RCO-function takes place
• if the parameter RCO function is set til 2, and

• the +12 V of the control unit are applied to option input 2 (IN2) via a relay contact.
The use of RCO function equal to 2 excludes:
• the simultaneous use of the option "Power Off Rapping", activated externally (i.e.
POR function set to 2).
• the simultaneous use of Cont.Rap.Mode in the rapping control system set to 1.
3.6.3 Power Off Rapping (POR-function)

For certain processes it may be advantageous to interrupt the high voltage applied to the
precipitator during rapping of the collecting plates. When this function is activated the
phase control thyristors are blocked. Just after the blocking period, the precipitator voltage
is recovered in the same way as after a spark.
The POR-function can be activated in two ways:
1) Signal from the internal rapping control system
• If the parameter POR function is set to 1 or 3, it starts a count of the number of rap-
ping cycles commanded by the timer 1 (but not in case of continuous rapping).
• The use of POR function equal to 1 or 3 excludes the simultaneous use of RCO
function equal to 1.
2) External signal
• If the parameter POR function is set to 2, it starts a count of the numbers of rapping
cycles by detecting the activation of the option input 2 (IN2). It means that during rap-
ping, the external rapping system has to connect a relay contact between the +12V of
the control unit and IN2.
• The use of POR function equal to 2 excludes:

- the use of option RCO function equal to 2, and
- the use of option Cont.Rap.Mode.
POR function equal to 0 means that POR is not active.
The function is controlled by the parameteren POR Period (adjustable between 1 and
500), which permits to choose the rapping "n" where POR has to take place.
19 50001-08
The parameter value corresponds to

the time between to blocking periods,
expressed as a number of rapping cy-
cles. A rapping cycle is defined as:
t-ON + t-OFF
E.g., a setting of POR Period equal

to 15 means that the precipitator cur-
rent is blocked once out of 15 rappings
of the collecting plates.
Fig. 3.6, Principle of the POR-function The blocking period can be delayed in
relation to the start of the rapping pe-
riod by means of the parameter t-delay POR (adjustable between 0 and 200 s). When
parameter POR function is set to 1, it is recommended to set the time delay to 0.
The blocking period takes place immediately after the time delay has
elapsed and it has a duration determined by the parameter t-ON POR (adjustable be-
tween 10 and 200 s).
When POR function is set to 3 the following happens:
• Besides the above-mentioned function description, a new rapping is commanded by

means of the timer 1, and at the same time, the phase control thyristors are blocked.
Therefore, when this function is used, the time delay determined by
t-delay POR has to be equal to the rapping ON-time of the collecting plates. In this
way, it is achieved a so-called "double rapping", with a blocking period occurring in the
last rapping.
• If the parameter t-ON is changed, the parameter t-delay POR is changed accord-
ingly by the automatic control unit.
50001-08 20
3.6.4 Voltage Limitation (VOL-function)

For some processes (such as coal mill precipitators) it may be necessary to choose be-
tween different pre-set voltage limits. The VOL-function (VOltage Limit) allows selection
between two different upper limits.
If the parameter VOL-function is set to 1, the VOL-function is selected, which means

that U limit 1 is the active voltage limit.
If VOL-function is set to 2, it is possible to choose between two different voltage limits

through the optional input IN3. If IN3 is activated by means of a contact, the VOL-2 func-
tion is active and so the limit U limit 2 is activated. Otherwise, VOL-1 is active.
The use of the parameter VOL-function set to 2 excludes the use of the option
Rap.Sync.Mode in the rapping control.
3.7 Manual current control

The precipitator current can be controlled manually by means of the current limit, when the
parameter Manual Mode is set to 1. This function can be used during measurement of
current-voltage characteristics.
When Manual Mode is active, the current is not reduced after sparks and therefore the
spark rate cannot be controlled. For this reason, the automatic control must not be left in
this mode of operation. An automatic change to normal current control takes place if the
keyboard is not operated in a period of 3 minutes.
3.8 Manual control of the firing angle

The precipitator current can be varied by direct control of the firing angle of the thyristors,
when the parameter Manual α Mode is set to 1. In this case, the firing angle is adjusted
by means of the current limit; 0 mA corresponds to an angle of 180° and rated current to
30°.
When Manual α Mode is active, the spark rate cannot be controlled; therefore, the
automatic control may not be left in this state. An automatic change to normal current con-
trol takes place if the keyboard is not operated in a period of 3 minutes.
3.9 Manual operation without voltage signal

When the parameter Manual Mode is set to 2, the current can be regulated independ-
ently of the precipitator voltage level. This mode of operation is especially useful when a
shortcircuit test of the HV power supply has to be performed.
This mode of operation is indicated by displaying the text WARN.: TEST MODE
instead of I DC, and by displaying TEST on characters 3 to 7 when the key
STATUS
is pressed.
This test mode is automatically reset 18 hours after its activation or after the power to the
control unit has been switched off. In case of automatic reset the main contactor is tripped
automatically and the parameter is set to 0.
Manual reset is possible at any time by setting the parameter Manual Mode to 0.
21 50001-08
After the connection of the main contactor, the current is regulated from 0 to the selected
upper limit, at the normal rate of rise. The current is kept at this level independently of the
voltage level; i.e. no tripping occurs in this undervoltage condition after the normal time
limit of 30 s has elapsed.
Nevertheless, if a voltage signal is connected and a type 1 spark is detected according to

the normal criterion, a current setback followed by a voltage recovery are performed. The
aimed voltage level in this case is very low.
3.10 Firing angle limitation

The normal working range used by the ESP current controller in the determination of the
firing angle is normally 150°, i.e. from 30° as earliest firing, to 180° in relation to a half-
cycle of the line frequency.
This range can be limited to 120°, in such a way that the earliest firing occurs at 60°. This
can be used in certain cases to avoid saturation of the HV transformer.
The parameter α Aux.Min. is used for activation of this facility, and the firing range is
calculated by means of the parameter α Aux/Main plus an offset of 30°. The activation
of the auxiliary firing occurs only if the parameter α Aux.Min. is less than 175°.
α Aux.Min. Firing angle range

DC operation (Nec=1) EC operation (Nec≥3)
180° 150° (normal) 150° (normal)
179° 150° (normal) α Aux/Main + 30°
(max 150° )
178° α Aux/Main + 30° 150° (normal)
177° α Aux/Main + 30° α Aux/Main + 30°
176° Reserved
≤ 175° The auxiliary firing pulse is calculated as usual based on

current main firing and α Aux/Main.
The normal firing angle range is: 150°
Example:
The following settings:
α Aux/Main = 96° and α Aux.Min. = 179°
give a normal firing range with DC operation (Nec = 1), but in case of EC operation (Nec ≥
3), it is limited to 126° (96°+ 30°) corresponding to an earliest firing of 3 ms (at 50 Hz).
50001-08 22
4. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
The operation of the control unit takes place from a control panel as shown in Fig. 4.1 be-
low.
Fig. 4.1, Control panel of the control unit
The HV power supply is switched on and off by means of pushbuttons (1) lighted by built-
in LEDs.
Parameter readouts and entering of new parameter values are carried out via a keyboard
(2) with membrane keys.
The readouts are normally displayed on a 16-characters digital display (3). The mean cur-
rent and the mean voltage can also be read on analog panel instruments (4).
Further, there is a window (5) for LED indication of faults detected internally by the micro-
processor and a field (6) for indication of rated values (current and voltage) and identifica-
tion of the precipitator bus-section controlled by the PIACS DC.
23
50001-08
4.1 Start/stop
A prior condition for switching the HV power supply on, is that no external or internal
alarms are reported. These alarms are shown blinking on the display. If the unit is not
ready to start and an alarm message is shown, this can only be removed by pressing the
ENTER/
RESET
key after the cause of the fault has been corrected (see section 4.4).
Alarms messages can be temporarily removed, e.g. by pressing a parameter key. But they
will be again displayed automatically after 20 s without use of the keyboard, or after press-
ing a read-only key or STATUS.
Note that the message INTERLOCKING is automatically reset when the activation signal
disappears.
The HV power supply can be turned on by pressing the ON button I , unless remote op-
eration has been selected.
The HV power supply is turned off by pressing the OFF button O . The OFF button has a
mechanical interlock to prevent remote start. If the "alternative wiring" has been used in
connection with stop caused by alarms, the display will show INTERLOCKING when button
O is pressed, as described in manual 50101.
When the HV power supply is turned off, O is lighted and I is off. The order is re-
versed when the HV power supply is in operation; then I is lighted, deflections are ob-
served in the panel instruments and the precipitator current is shown on the display.
The ON and OFF buttons activate auxiliary relays that form part of the relay command
system of the precipitator. These are shown in the electric diagrams for the respective in-
stallation. Remote operation can also be performed via the relay command system.
4.2 Man/machine interface

In the following please refer to Fig. 4.1.
The keyboard (2) is the operator's direct access to communication with the microprocessor
control. As a safety measure against erroneous settings, the access to parameter changes
is limited to three access levels:
• Level 1: Accessible to any operator

• Level 2: Accessible to plant specialists
• Level 3: Only accessible to FLS Airtech specialists
To change parameters pertaining to level 1 (9), no password is required. To change pa-

rameters at level 2 (10), the password 222 has to be entered. If it is desired to make
changes at level 3, another password is required.
50001-08 24
All the parameters can be displayed without any kind of access limitation. All measuring
values and status indications (7) as well as level 1 and level 2 parameters, have a dedi-
cated key. Level 3 parameters require a code (see section 4.3.4). When a key is pressed,
a "beep" sound is always emitted.
During use of the operating keys (8) the following messages may be displayed:
PASSWORD
ENTER PASSWORD
When the key is pressed the display shows:
When an illegal password is entered, the display ILLEGAL PASSWORD
shows:
When more digits than programmed are entered, TOO MANY DIGITS
the display shows:
When a parameter value outside the allowed range ILLEGAL VALUE
is entered, the display shows:
When pressing a key not expected in a given se- ILLEGAL KEY
quence, the display shows:
This message is displayed, e.g. when the user attempts to change a level 3 parame-
ter from level 1.
4.3 Display and setting of parameters

The keyboard is used for displaying measured values, status and parameter settings as
well as change of parameters.
4.3.1 Measured values and status indication

When the PIACS DC is switched on, the display will normally show the mean value of the
U DC
precipitator current. When pressing another key, e.g. , this value is shown instead.
The value will remain displayed, until a new keystroke displays other values or parameters
or until a period of 3 min. without entries has elapsed. The following values and messages
can be observed on the display:
25
50001-08
I DC mA
I DC When this key is pressed, the mean value of the precipi-

tator current is shown. The last digit is always shown as a
0 or a 5.
U DC kv 1th keystroke
U DC min kv 2nd keystroke
U DC max kv 3rd keystroke
The 1st keystroke shows the mean value of the precipitator

U DC voltage.
The 2nd keystroke shows the minimum value.
The 3rd keystroke shows the peak value.
When the key is pressed once more the mean value is
shown again. The decimal number is always displayed as a
0 or a 5.
U DC min and U DC max are not displayed if
α Aux. min < 175° and Nec is larger than 1.
Spark-Rate /m
SPARK- When this key is pressed, it displays the average spark

RATE rate. The averaging time is dependant on the spark rate
setting.
H FRM BC 3 13 A1
STATUS It shows the status of the control unit, i.e. the various
events that may occur during operation, alone or simulta-
neously. Here are shown some of the possible messages.
A complete survey is given on the next page.
50001-08 26
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
H _ F R M _ B C _ 1 • 1 3 ^ A 1
1: type 1 spark
2: type 2 spark
A: special reduction per-

formed
F: AC power supply fault
S: line synchronization
fault
^: voltage recovery based on

peak value
The number indicates the current degree of

intermittence (Nec)
•: active serial communication
The number shows the active functions.

Function: VOL POR RCO HRM
Value: 8 4 2 1
The values of active functions are added and the re-
sult is shown as hexadecimal number (0, 1, ...9, A, B,
...F). For instance, AH means 10 in the decimal sys-
tem; this indicates that VOL and RCO-functions are
active.
BC: A back corona detection measurement is being performed
FRM: function Fast Ramp Mode activated

POR: function Power Off Rapping activated
TEST: operation without voltage signal
RCO: function Reduced Current Operation activate
H: IDC is limited by I DC Limit

E: IDC is limited by EMCS-function
M: IDC is limited by HRM I Lim.
V: UDC is limited by a voltage limit
C: current limit exceeded during a BC-measurement
27
50001-08
4.3.2 Display and setting of level 1 parameters

These parameters and their settings can be displayed by pressing the corresponding key
as shown in the following schemes.
After that, the setting can be changed by entering the new value and then pressing the key
ENTER/
RESET
.
As an indication of accept of a new setting, the display is turned off during one second
which is perceived as a blinking.
The parameter with the new setting is shown on the display during 3 minutes.
If the keyboard is not operated in this period of time the display automatically changes and
shows the precipitator current.
For the sake of clarity, related parameters are grouped under the same key. This key acti-
vates a scrolling stack that shows the parameters in a definite sequence.
For instance, there are two upper current limits:
• the normal limit, and

• the HRM-limit.
The first keystroke displays the active limit.

50001-08 28
I DC Limit mA
HRM I Lim. mA
By pressing this key the currently valid current limit is shown.

This is adjustable between 0 and rated value, depending on
I DC the degree of intermittence.
LIMIT (See section 3.4).
If the HRM-function is not activated, the two limits are shown
in the indicated sequence.
If the HRM-function is activated, HRM I Lim. is shown first
and afterwards the parameter I DC Limit.
Set-Back mA
HRM SetBck mA
By pressing this key the currently valid setback after spark is

shown. This is adjustable in mA, between 0.1 and 25% of the
I DC rated current, depending on the degree of intermittence. (See
SET-BACK section 3.4).
If HRM is not active, Set-Back is shown first and after a new
keystroke, HRM SetBck.
However, if HRM is active the first keystroke shows the
HRM setback value.
Spk Set Rt /m
HRM Spk Rt /m
By pressing this key the spark rate current setting is shown.

SPARK This is adjustable between 0.2 and 999.9 sparks/min. This
SET RATE means that the precipitator current is raised at a rate deter-
mined by the product of the parameters
Set-Back and Spk Set Rt.
Or HRM SetBck and HRM Spk Rt, if HRM is active.
29
50001-08

Analogously with level 1 parameters, level 2 parameters and their settings can be dis-
played by pressing the corresponding key. This normally activates a scrolling stack that
shows the parameters in a definite sequence.
RAPPING See Section B concerning rapping control
BC Measure. /h
This key shows and sets the frequency for the back corona
detection measurements. The frequency can be adjusted be-
BACK tween 1 and 60 times/hr, but only if
CORONA α Aux.Min. > 175°. The detector is put out of operation
by entering the value 0.
t-Recovery ms
HRM t-Rec. ms
t-FastRamp s
t-Quench ms
TIME
SETTINGS
t-Recovery sets the recovery time after a spark in the
range 40 to 1000 ms. HRM t-Rec. is the valid one when the
HRM-function is active.
t-FastRamp sets the waiting time for fast regulation of the
precipitator current, in case sparks do not occur. The setting
range is 2 to 300 s.
t-Quench sets the blocking time for the firing pulses after
type 2 sparks. The setting range is 5 to 500 ms.
Nec min
HRM Nec min

ENERGY
CONTROL This key shows the lower limit of the degree of intermittence
(EC operation), expressed in half-cycles of the line fre-
quency. The setting range is 1 to 25 (odd numbers). The
parameter shown at the first keystroke depends on whether
HRM is active or not.
50001-08 30
Level 2 parameters (option)
Extinction % 1st keystroke
ExImin % 2nd keystroke
ExImax % 3rd keystroke
EMCS mode 4th keystroke
Rem.Ctrl:#,Set:# 5th keystroke
The first 4 parameters belong to the EMCS-function. This op-

tion is covered on its own manual. The 1st keystroke displays
the extinction in the range 0 to 100%.
If the received signal is out of this range, the message
Ext: out of scale is displayed instead; in case
a calibration is registered the message
Ext. calibration is displayed.
The 2nd and 3rd keystroke display the settings of the lower and
upper limit of the extinction, respectively. The setting range is
0 to 90 % and 10 to 99,9%, respectively; However, it is re-
quired that ExImax > 1,1 x ExImin.
The 4th keystroke shows the activation parameter
EMCS EMCS mode. This can be set to 0, 1 or 2.
0: EMCS-function is not active.

1: EMCS-function active; signal input via PCB HX02 and the
EMCS-interface PCB AA31.
2: EMCS-function active; signal input via the serial communi-
cation.
The 5th keystroke shows the configuration parameter used in

start/stop control and parameter setting via the serial com-
munication. The 2 functions can independently be set to 3 dif-
ferent states:
0: Local control/setting
1: Remote control/setting
2: Both Local and Remote control/setting
See also a description in a separate instruction.
Note: Above-mentioned concepts local and remote are not

valid in case of remote control performed via the relay
command system placed in the control cabinet.
31
50001-08
Parameter changes at level 2 require entering of a password. The password is 222 and it
is entered by means of following keystrokes:
PASSWORD 2 2 2 ENTER/
RESET
As an indication that the user is at this level, the message Level 2 is shortly displayed
and thereafter the parameter setting is shown blinking at 1.5 Hz.
The parameter to be changed is displayed by pressing its respective key, as shown before
and the new value is entered.
ENTER/
RESET
Finally, the value is stored by pressing in the same way as in case of level 1 pa-
rameters.
A return to level 1 occurs automatically if the keyboard is not operated within 3 min. or by
PASSWORD
ENTER/
RESET
pressing followed by .
In this case there is not a dedicated key and the parameters can only be displayed by en-
tering a code. Level 3 parameters are considered as factory settings and eventual
changes are reserved to FLS Airtech specialists; therefore the display text is only shown
in English. The parameters can only be displayed by means of following keystrokes:
PASSWORD
X ENTER/
RESET
where X is the parameter code (one or two digits), whose value is shown in the follow-
ing survey:
50001-08 32
Level 3 parameters
CODE DISPLAY FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
1 Language: It sets the desired language on the display. Level 3
parameters are only shown in English. Settings be-
tween 0 and 99. See section 4.5.4.
2 Frequency Hz This parameter is set to the line frequency of the
plant. Only 50 and 60 Hz are allowed.
3 IDC rated mA This parameter is set to the rated current of the HV
power supply.
Adjustable between 50 and 2500 mA.
4 IDC ScaleFac It indicates the scaling factor of rated current
IDC rated related to full scale value for a current
measurement (1 V mean value). The standard value
is 1.00 but values between 0.75 and 1.25 can be
selected in case of special client demands.
5 UDC Rated kV The parameter is set to the rated voltage of the HV
power supply. Adjustable between 60 and 150 kV.
6 UDC upp.lim kV If this limits is exceeded for more than 1 s an over-
voltage alarm is repported. Adjustable between 15
and 150 kV.
7 UDC low.lim kV It indicates the limit used for the alarm "undervoltage
during 30 s", and it is also used as undervoltage
limit in the detection of type 2 sparks (50% of the
parameter value). Adjustable between 2 and 15 kV.
8 UDC start kV It determines the aimed level for the precipitator
voltage immediately after the connection of the main
contactor. Further, it determines a lower voltage limit
used in the voltage recovery after sparks (50% of
the parameter value).
Adjustable between 10 and 55 kV.
9 Spec.reduc. mA It determines an aditional current reduction that is
added to the normal setback, in case of a spark is
closer than 0.5 s from the preceeding one. Adjust-
able in mA between 1 and 25% of the rated current.
10 RCO I Lim mA It indicates the current limit valid when the RCO-
function is active. Adjustable between 0 and rated
current. It can be used in connection with the rap-
ping of the collecting plates
(RCO function), or CO-monitoring. In the last
case a typical setting is 0.01 mA/m2 of collecting
plate surface. See also the ESP operating instruc-
tions.
33
50001-08

11 U limit 1 kV It indicates the voltage limit when the VOL-1 func-
tion is active. (See VOltage Limit function). Adjust-
able between 9 and 150 kV. Besides it is used in the
determination of the current limit under a BC-
detection, as follows:
• U limit 1 < UDC rated
: the valid current limit is respected
• U limit 1 = UDC rated
: the valid current limit is cancelled
This limit is normally set 1 kV lower than the rated
voltage.
12 U limit 2 kV It indicates the voltage limit when the VOL-2 function
is active. Moreover, see U limit 1.
20 Kp IDC reg. It is used in the determination of the proportional
factor (Kp) used in the controller for the ESP current.
Adjustable between 0 and 16.
21 Ki IDC reg. It is used in the determination of the integral factor
(Ki) used in the controller for the ESP current. Ad-
justable between 0 and 16.
22 RecoverCurve ° It indicates the offset angle of the curve that deter-
mines at which level the precipitator voltage will be
raised after a spark. The curve can be displaced
between 0 and 50°, where 50° rises the voltage to
highest possible level.
Entering a 9 before the offset angle (i.e. values be-
tween 900 and 950°) means that the peak value
before spark is used in the voltage recovery.
If the value entered is in the range 0 to 50°, the
mean value is used instead.
23 α Aux/Main ° It indicates the firing angle by which the auxiliary
firing leads the main firing during EC operation.
(Used in order to avoid saturation of the HV trans-
former). Adjustable between 100 and 140°.
It is also used for limitation of the main firing (also
used to avoid saturation) when the auxiliary firing is
not active. See the description of the parameter
α Aux/Main and section 3.10.
24 α Aux.Min. ° It determines the lower limit of the auxiliary firing
during EC operation, when adjusted between 90°
and 175°. It is also required that parameter
BC Measure. = 0.
A setting in the range 177° to 179° enables the limi-
tation of the firing angle by means of the parameter
α Aux/Main. See section 3.10.
The setting 176° is reserved.The setting 180° is
standard and means that neither the auxiliary firing
nor the firing angle limitation are active.
50001-08 34
25 α Nec Change ° It determines the increase in the firing angle when

the degree of intermittence (Nec) is changed from a
higher to a lower value during EC operation. Adjust-
able between 0 and 40°.
26 α EC Spark ° It determines the increase of the firing angle in rela-
tion to the value before a spark, immediately after
the recovery of the precipitator voltage to the level
determined by parameter RecoverCurve.
Adjustable between 0 and 20°.
30 Nec max It determines the upper limit of the degree of inter-
mittence (Nec). Adjustable between 1 and 25 half-
cycles.
31 BC Factor % It determines the sensitivity of the back corona de-
tector, i.e. the difference between the minimum volt-
age before and after a spark, necessary before the
measurement is interpreted as back corona. Adjust-
able between 1 and 20%.
32 t-Block BC s It determines the blocking time of the precipitator
current during the detection of back corona when
sparks do not occur in the precipitator. Adjustable
between 0.25 and 5 s.
40 HRM function It enables the HRM-function. Setting to 0 or 1.
0:HRM-function not active
1: Activation via optional input 1
41 RCO function It enables the RCO-function. Setting to 0, 1 or 2.
0: RCO-function not active
1: Internal activation in the control unit
2: Activation via optional input 2
42 POR function It enables the POR-function. Setting to 0, 1, 2 or 3.
0: RCO-function not active
1: Internal activation and normal rapping
2: External activation via optional input 2
3: Internal activation combined with double rapping
(remember to set parameter nr. 89 to a value
equal with the rapping ON-time).
43 VOL function It enables the VOL-function. Setting to 0, 1 or 2.
0: No voltage limitation
1: VOL-1 function active
2: VOL-1 or VOL-2 function active, depending on
the state of optional input 3.
44 Autostart En. It enables the reconnection of the main contactor
after a large drop of the line voltage. Setting to 0 or
1, for disabling and enabling the function, respec-
tively. See section 4.5.3.a.
35
50001-08
45 Manual Mode It activates the manual control of the precipitator cur-

rent. Setting to 0, 1 or 2.
0: Out of function
1: Current level determined by the setting of the pa-
rameter I DC Limit.
2: Enables operation without voltage signal.
46 Manual α Mode It activates the direct determination of the firing an-
gle, by means of the setting of the parameter I DC
Limit. A setting equal to
0 mA gives 180°, while rated current gives 30°.
Setting to 0 or 1 (0 means out of function).
Parameters 50, 51 and 52 are used together with the EMCS-function.
50 I Low.lim mA It determines the lowest value at which the current

limit can be regulated by the EMCS. Adjustable in
mA between 3 and 30% of the rated current.
51 ExTimeCon s It determines the time constant of a low-pass filter
passed by the extinction signal, before it is used in
the EMCS. Adjustable between 100 and 1700 s.
52 EMCSinput #-20mA It determines the lower limit of the current signal
delivered by opacity meters. These meters use
normally a signal range of 2 to 20 mA or 4 to 20
mA.
Adjustable between 0 and 4 mA.
Parameters 61, 62 and 63 are used together with the PIACS Bus.
61 Sect.ID:C#F#B#_# It identifies the controlled bus-section, i.e. Cham-

ber, Field and Bus-section. Combinations between
C1F1B1_0 and C9F9B9_9 are allowed.
62 Bus address It indicates the communication address of the re-
spective bus-section on the PIACS Bus. Adjust-
able between 0 and 31. Setting 31 indicates a
broadcast address having the effect that the PI-
ACS DC does not respond to requests from the
PIACS Bus.
63 t-offline s It determines the time limit tolerated without bus
communication, before the PIACS DC reverts to
its preprogrammed basic settings. A previous
condition is that the parameter
Rem.Ctrl:#,Set:# is set to Set:1.
50001-08 36
The following 3 parametere are primarily used as readouts and so they have no influ-
ence in the automatic control.
60 µP-Error This flag (which can only assume the values 0 and
1) shows 1 after a fault detected in the µP-system.
The condition is that the fault has been corrected
and the HV power supply has been put into opera-
tion again.
70 Ty1 Spk This readout shows the number of type 1 sparks.
The maximum value is 299.999.999 and the
counter can be reset by entering 0.
71 Ty2 Spk This readout shows the number of type 2 sparks.
The maximum value is 299.999.999 and the
counter can be reset by entering 0.
87 t-ON POR s It determines the duration of the blocking interval
when the POR-function is activated. Adjustable
between 10 and 200 s.
88 POR period rc It indicates the time interval between 2 POR-
blocking intervals expressed as the number of
rapping cycles (rc).
Adjustable between 1 and 500 rc.
89 t-delay POR s Time delay before the blocking interval can occur.
Adjustable between 0 and 200 s.
When a particular level 3 parameter is shown on the display, the subsequent parame-
ENTER/
RESET
ters can be displayed merely by pressing .
Changing of parameter values requires the use of password. This is entered by means
of the following keystrokes:
PASSWORD
X X
X X ENTER/
RESET
Afterwards the display will shortly show Level 3, and the parameters readouts will be
shown blinking at 1.5 Hz. A particular parameter is displayed by using its parameter code
shown in the above table. The new value is entered in the normal way and is stored by
ENTER/
RESET
pressing . While staying at level 3, level 1 and level 2 parameters can be displayed
and changed in the usual way without leaving level 3.
Return to level 1 occurs automatically if the keyboard is not operated in a period of 3 min-
PASSWORD
ENTER/
RESET
utes. Return to level 1 can also take place by pressing followed by .
37
50001-08
4.4 Alarms and interlocks

The figure below outlines the alarm messages and interlocks the control unit has been de-
sign and programmed to receive, in connection with the monitoring of a HV power supply.
Fig. 4.2, PIACS DC's alarms and interlocks

50001-08 38
When using the existing facilities for remote control (start/stop) via the serial communica-
tion bus (PIACS Bus), sometimes the so-called "alternative wiring" has to be employed.
See a separate manual for more details.
In case of fault or interlock activation, the respective contact will open deenergizing relay
(e), and causing the disconnection of the main contactor. Moreover, the fault indication is
transmitted to the microprocessor PC board via the interface PC board (CS28.1), as the
+12 V disappears from the alarm input in question. Afterwards, an alarm message is
shown on the display (blinking at a frequency of 1.5 Hz) and the microprocessor discon-
nects relay (e) too, via the relay contact shown in Fig. 4.2 as "CPU-alarm". See section
4.4.
Because relay (e) is disconnected directly by the alarm signalling contact, extra safety is
obtained. When the cause of the fault has been corrected, the alarm message on the dis-
ENTER/
RESET
play can be reset by pressing . This is not necessary when the cause of the discon-
nection has been an interlock.
In case of simultaneous alarms, only the first registered alarm will be indicated on the dis-
play. The display will show the next alarm message after the first fault has been corrected
and the respective alarm message has been reset.
There are some internal alarms, detected by the microprocessor, which results in the a
disconnection of the relay contact "CPU-alarm".
All the alarms and interlocks are described in the following survey:
Alarms and interlocks overview
ALARM TYPE DISPLAY DESCRIPTION

Overpressure in the HIGH P OIL TANK This text is displayed in case of
HV oil tank overpressure in the HV tank. It
causes disconnection of the main
contactor. This message is also
present if the fuses F2 and F3 on
PCB CS28.1 are burnt.
(See section 5.2).
Overtemperature in HIGH T OIL TANK This text is displayed in case of
the HV oil tank overtemperature in the HV tank. It
contactor.
Low oil level in the HV LOW OIL LEVEL This text is displayed in case of
oil tank low oil level in the HV tank. It
contactor.
Grounding switch con- T/R SET GROUNDED When the grounding switch is in
nected to ground its grounded position the main
contactor is disconnected.
39
50001-08

Overcurrent in the MAINS OVERLOAD This text is displayed in case of
mains supply burning of the main fuses. When
using protection with thermal re-
lays, the 2 fault indication con-
tacts are connected in series.
Optional alarm OPTIONAL ALARM This alarm message is displayed
when a reserve alarm input is ac-
tivated. This can be used on cli-
ents's request, but it is normally
reserved for temperature monitor-
ing inside the control cabinet.
Fault in micro- µP CHECK ERROR This internal fault message ap-
processor circuits pears when the self-check rou-
tines find internal faults during
control of the memory circuits.
The alarm can be reset in the
usual manner and the HV power
supply can be restarted, however
under special precautions. The
red LED will flash as long as the
fault is present and the parameter
µP-ERROR will be set (1).
Undervoltage for more UNDERVOLTAGE 30s This internal fault message ap-
than 30 s pears, if the precipitator voltage is
lower than the selected under-
voltage limit for more than 30 s.
Overvoltage for more OVERVOLTAGE 1s This internal fault message ap-
than 1 s pears, if the precipitator voltage is
higher than the selected overvolt-
age limit for more than 1s.
Unsymmetrical pri- UNSYMMET.CURRENT This internal fault message ap-
mary current pears, if it is found a considerable
unsymmetry in the primary cur-
rent. This fault is determined from
the current signal, i.e. the secon-
dary current.
Key or external inter- EXT.INTERLOCKING This interlock disconnects the

lock. Or activation of main contactor in case of the con-
the stop contact on the tact connected to the input in
front panel, when the question is opened. This function
"alternative wiring" has is intended, e.g. for a key inter-
been used in con- locking system. No reset of the
nection with the alarm- fault message is required after
stop system. the situation has been nor-
malized.
50001-08 40

Mains supply synchro- MAINS SYNC.FAIL. This fault message is displayed if
nization fault the synchronization signal (from
PC board AA30.1) disappears for
more than about 150 ms. This
alarm can also appear if the fuse
F3 on PC board CS28.1 is burnt.
(See section 5.2).
4.5 Miscellaneous
4.5.1 Optimal set of parameters

After control and optimisation of the parameter settings, these can be stored as an optimal
set of parameters. After that, the set can always be called and it will replace the current
parameter settings, for instance, after an unfortunate chosen combination or in case of
erroneous keystrokes.
a) Storage
Storage is carried out at level 3.
At this level, the following should be entered:
PASSWORD
2 7 X X X ENTER/
RESET
where X X X is the three-figure code for level 3.
The display will shortly show: SAVE OPT.PAR.SET
b) Call
The optimal set of parameters can be called at level 2 or 3. At one of these levels, the
following should be entered:
PASSWORD
9 2 2 2 ENTER/
RESET
and the display will shortly show: CALL OPT.PAR.SET
4.5.2 Pre-programmed set of parameters

After production, repair or replacement of the components D13, D14 or D16 on the PC
board CU19, the parameter settings may be outside the usual limits.
In this case, the control unit itself will set the parameters (both the normal and optimal
set of parameters) to the pre-programmed values.
41
50001-08
The function is shown on the display as:
SYSTEM_INIT
Note that the pre-programmed values are not adjusted to suit the particular precipitator
plant. The rated values of the T/R set, for instance, will be set to 90 kV, 1000 mA and
50 Hz. Therefore, a "system initialisation" should always be followed by a control of all
the parameters. Afterwards, they should be stored as an optimal set of parameters.
This function can also be activated from the keyboard. Being at operator level 3 the
following should be entered:
PASSWORD
2 5
7 X X X ENTER/
RESET
where X X X is the level 3 password and the display will also show:
SYSTEM_INIT
4.5.3 Messages
a) Line voltage disturbances
After certain voltage disturbances described in the EMC directive, the control unit will
command an automatic reconnection. This reconnection affects the main contactor of the
T/R set and the rapping systems, respectively.
This automatic reconnection takes place only when local start from the PIACS DC is al-
lowed. This reconnection can be disabled by setting parameter nr. 44
Autostart En. to 0.
In case of reconnection the display shows AUTOMATIC START. This message disap-
pears, when any key is pressed.
b) µP-fault
When the fault µP CHECK ERROR has occurred, after reset, the HV power supply can be
started again. If the keyboard is not operated during 3 minutes, the display will show µP
ERROR WARNNING and the red LED will flash (position 5 in Fig. 4.1). This indicates that
the microprocessor system is not 100% in order and operation can proceed under special
attention. Besides, the keyboard can be operated in the normal way. If only the red LED is
flashing, the position of the jumpers J5 and J6 has to be checked.
c) Test mode
If the function "operation without voltage signal" is activated by setting parameter

Manual Mode to 2, after 3 min. without operation of the keyboard the display will show
WARN.: TEST MODE instead of I DC as usually. In this mode, the keyboard can be oper-
ated in the normal way.
This operation mode is also indicated on the display as TEST when the key
STATUS
is pressed.
50001-08 42
4.5.4 Language selection for display texts

With exception of level 3 parameters, the display texts can be shown in different lan-
guages. These are selected with the parameter Language.
Following languages codes are reserved:
0: Danish 1: English 2: French 3: German

4: Spanish 5: Portuguese 6: Swedish 7: Finnish
8: Dutch 9: Norwegian 10: Ungarian 11: Italian
12: Greek 99: Option
The number of languages implemented depends on the version of the component D17 on
PC board CU19. Therefore, please consult the documentation for the particular plant for
more details.
If the EPROM D17 is not mounted, or the desired language code is not implemented in it,
the texts are displayed in English.
43 50001-08
5. COMMISSIONING AND TROUBLESHOOTING
5.1 Commissioning
5.1.1 Visual check

At the commissioning start, all external connections should be checked according to the
system documentation. Likewise, the connectors X5, X6 and X7 on the PC board CS28.1
and X1 on CU19 should be checked (see Fig. 2.2). The SUB-D connectors X5 and X6 on
CS28.1 as well as X13 and X14 on the terminal board HX02 have to be secured by
screws. The jumper positions and the potentiometer settings on the PC boards should be
checked according to the following instructions:
a) PC board CU19
50001-08 44
Jumper J1 J2 J3 J4 J5* J6*

Standard 1-2 2-3 2-3 2-3 1-2 1-2
position
Normal D14 is an D15 is a D16 is an Software Software
CPU EPROM RAM 5564 EEPROM defined defined
control 27256 2864
Other 2-3 1-2 1-2 1-2 2-3 2-3

position
"Free run" D14 is an D15 is a D16 is an Software Software
test EPROM RAM EEPROM defined defined
27128 6116 2804
or 2816
* Only J5, J6 and S1 can be controlled without dismounting the PC boards. Therefore,
jumpers J1 to J4 should only be checked in case of unnormal operation.
J5 and J6 are mounted on the back of the PC boards. When the jumper is not
mounted, this corresponds to a virtual mounting in position 1 - 2.
Change-over switch S1: is used for setting the communication speed in the serial
line; its standard position is 2. For more details please
consult the respective manual (50101).
Pot. R21: allows a change of the crystal direction of the display

(factory adjustment).
45 50001-08
b) PC board CS28.1
Remote Remote
indication IDC indication UDC
Signal range J1 J2 J3 J4 J5 J6
4 – 20 mA* A A A A A A
0 – 20 mA A A B A A B
0 – 10 V B B B B B B
*) Standard jumper position
Fuse Size/type Protection
F1/1, F1/3 125 mA (F) Data communication

F1/2 125 mA (F) Remote indication
F1/4 1,5 A (F) Microprocessor
F2 og F3 400 mA (T) Command relays/
alarm signals
F1 are "picofuses", serie 275, and consists of 4 pieces located in a row with F1/1 on the
top.
F2 and F3 are 5x20 mm miniature glass fuses.

50001-08 46
The signals for remote indication of UDC and IDC are galvanic isolated from the other
electronic circuits, but not mutually.
Pot. R75 and 138: are used for calibration of the panel instruments on the control
panel (factory adjustment).
Pot. R85: adjusts the sensitivity of the spark detector according to the follow-
ing curve:
47 50001-08
c) PC board AA30.1
Jumper J1 Jumper J2
1-2 2-3
When line frequency is 60 Hz Manual firing angle control by R30
2-3* 1-2*
When line frequency is 50 Hz Aut. firing angle control by PIACS DC
*) Standard position
Pot. R30: adjusts the firing angle, when J2 enables this function. (Stan-
dard setting is 3).
Pot. R11 and R43: are factory adjusted.
Some functions can be tested when the control unit is energized and the main contactor is
disconnected. But if the main contactor becomes energized without pressing the start but-
ton, the AC supply has to be turned off and the control system must be checked.
50001-08 48
5.1.2 Alarm check

If the control unit is ready to start, the display will show IDC 0mA. After that, the external
alarms can be tested by opening the alarm circuits, one by one, see Fig. 4.2 (section 4.4).
By so doing, the following alarm indications and interlocks can be tested:
• Overpressure in the HV tank

• Overtemperature in the HV tank
• Low oil level in the HV tank (if installed)
• Grounded T/R set
• Optional alarm (if installed)
• External interlock (if installed)
5.1.3 Parameter settings

Afterwards, the settings of the parameters related to the precipitator operation have to be
checked. Adjust these according to "Manual for Adjusting of PIACS DC Control Unit for
HV-Supply and Rapping" and the expected operating conditions.
Check then the level 3 parameters. These are shown in section 4.3.4. A complete descrip-
tion of each parameter is found in the same section. Some of them should be considered
factory settings (IDC rated, UDC rated, Frequency, etc.). These factory adjusted pa-
rameters should be checked and changed only in case of divergences between the setting
value and the rating plate of the T/R set.
Other relevant level 3 parameters are described below:
IDC ScaleFac
A HV power supply delivered by FLS Airtech uses a current signal level of 1 V at rated cur-
rent. Therefore, the parameter has to be set to 1.00.
When upgrading HV power supplies from other manufacturers, special demands may be
met; e.g. in a T/R set with a rated current of 800 mA, 1V could correspond to 1000 mA
(fuld scale value). In this case the parameter has to be set to a value equal to the relation
between the rated current and the full scale value:
i.e. 800/1000 = 0.80.
UDC upp.lim
This parameter monitors the maximum permissible average value of the precipitator volt-
age. The main contactor is disconnected if the voltage has been higher than the set level
more than 1 s.
Use 90 % of U DC rated as initial setting. If the maximum average voltage during opera-
tion is known, use this value plus 10 kV as setting.
49 50001-08
Kp IDC reg. and Ki IDC reg.
These two parameters determines the proportional and the integral factor respectively, in
the PI controller used in the automatic control of the precipitator current. This controller is
realized in the software of the unit. The 2 parameters have to be set in a way that the regu-
lation is fast and the overshoot is acceptable.
RecoverCurve
By means of this parameter it is possible to choose the aimed voltage level used for the
regulation of the precipitator voltage after sparks.
A high parameter value gives a high voltage level and viceversa. A criterion for the optimi-
zation of this setting is that it may not cause multiple sparking, i.e. a new spark during the
voltage recovery after the previous one. A spark occurring in the recovery period is indi-
cated as type 2 spark on the display (character nr. 16).
If possible the voltage recovery should be checked by means of a digital oscilloscope.
A correct setting depends on rated voltage and the capacitance of the precipitator bus-
section.
The setting is about 15° as standard, (or 915° in case the voltage recovery is performed
according the peak value). See section 3.2.
The following setting rules can be recommended:
- about 5° lower if high current density is installed, i.e. > 0,5 mA/m2 (the current density is
the rated currrent divided by the bus-section collecting plate area).
- about 5° higher in case of high precipitator capacity, i.e. small duct spacing (e.g. 250
mm) or special discharge electrode type or configuration (e.g. 2 electrodes pr. plate).
α Aux/Main and α Aux.Min.
These parameters can only be used during EC operation and have the purpose of avoid-
ing saturation of the HV transformer. α Aux/Main determines the time interval between
the auxiliary and the main firing angle of the thyristors, and
α Aux.Min. determines a lower limit for the auxiliary firing angle.
A high value of α Aux/Main and a low value of α Aux.Min. give a greater effect, but
the waveform of the precipitator voltage is less pulsating (lower riple). α Aux.Min. >
175° (preset value) puts the auxiliary firing out of operation, which causes a more pulsating
precipitator voltage (higher riple). This setting is necessary if the minimum (trough) value of
the precipitator voltage has to be measured or/and the back corona detector has to be
used. The consequence is that some types of HV transformers get saturated. See section
3.10 about the correct setting in order to avoid saturation.
α EC Spark
This parameter determines the number of degrees by which the firing angle is delayed af-
ter spark (EC operation), just after the voltage recovery. In order to obtain a faster reaction
after spark, α EC Spark has to be as small as possible.
50001-08 50
t-Block BC
This parameter determines the thyristors blocking time used in detection of back corona
when sparks do not occur. In case of severe back corona, the parameter value should be
increased if the PIACS DC does not detect its presence.
Autostart En.
This parameter activates an automatic reconnection of the main contactor after a short
drop of the line voltage, according to the European regulations in force. See section
4.5.3.a. These reconnection of the HV power supply and rappers is enabled when the pa-
rameteren is set to 1.
The recommended setting for Autostart En. is 1 and this may only be changed to 0 in
case of the client demands it.
5.1.4 Start of T/R sets

The current limit is temporarily adjusted to a low value, e.g. 25% of the attainable current
and the T/R set is started by pressing the ON-button. After a few seconds, deflections of
the panel instruments will occur and the current will be raised to the selected limit. When
this is reached, the current limit has to be increased until spark occurs and the spark reac-
tion has to be checked.
5.1.5 Spark detection and reaction

The detection principle is explained in section 3.2.
Normally, most of the detected sparks should be type 1. It is recommended to check that
these are real and they are not caused by a too sensitive setting of the potentiometer R85.
This can be controlled by:
• Checking the voltage signal with an oscilloscope, or
• Listening to the sparks at the precipitator, or
• Turning R85 c.c.w., which gives a less sensitive detection. If the precipitator cur
rent level gets higher, with an stable display of current and voltage (i.e. neither
real og false spark are detected), this should be considered as indication that the
setting of R85 was too sensitive.
The precipitator current has to be reduced after a spark. The adjusted reduction may be
STATUS
increased so as to see clearly that it is actually taking place. Press to verify that
mainly type 1 sparks are occurring.
Measure the spark rate and if the FRM-function is not activated between the sparks, the
measured value should correspond to the adjusted value.
51 50001-08
5.1.6 Internal alarms

Alarm indication of overvoltage and undervoltage can be checked in the following way:
a) Undervoltage
• Switch off and ground the HV power supply

• Switch the HV power supply on while it is grounded
• Keep the precipitator current at the set current limit
• The HV power supply has to disconnected after 30 s and the fault has to be dis-
played.
b) Overvoltage
The HV power supply is brought back to its normal state and the overvoltage alarm is con-
trolled in the following way:
• Switch the HV power supply on

• Read the precipitator mean voltage
• Set the parameter UDC upp.lim to a lower value than the measured operating
voltage
• The HV power supply has to disconnected after 1 s and the fault has to be dis-
played.
5.1.7 Final control

Set parameter UDC upp.lim back to its original value and check the functions in the
automatic control related to the particular precipitation plant.
Perform this control according to Chapter 3, CONTROL STRATEGY OF THE HV POWER

SUPPLY, to the extent the operating conditions and time allow it.
This control is normally performed by observing the panel instruments and the status mes-
sages on the display (see section 4.3.1).
Finally, check the parameters in such a way that their settings correspond to the existing
or expected operating conditions and then store them as an optimal set of parameters
(see section 4.5.1).
50001-08 52
5.2 Troubleshooting
The control unit can control HV power supplies of different manufactures. Therefore, the
user is referred to the respective instruction in case of faults which lie outside the unit.
In case of faults in the control unit, the troubleshooting procedure should be based on lo-
calizing the problem in one of the three PC boards which the control unit consists of. After
that, the faulty PC board should be replaced.
It is a prior condition that the AC supply voltages delivered by transformer in the control
cabinet are in order (see Fig. 2.3 and the system documentation) and the various connec-
tors are correctly mounted.
It is important to be able to determine if the fault exists inside or outside the control unit.
The control unit makes it possible to distinguish if the fault resides in the inter-
face/microprocessor part, in the remaining part of the HV power supply or in the electro-
static precipitator.
As mentioned in section 5.1.1 c) the firing PC board AA30.1 can control the firing angle of
the thyristors directly with potentiometer R30, when jumper J2 is mounted in position 2-3.
An internal oscillator is used and it can vary the firing angle between 165° og 33°. A late
firing (towards 165°) is obtained when R30 is turned clockwise. (CW).
If the precipitator current can be controlled by turning R30, the fault resides on the PC
boards CU19 or CS28.1.
However, it is also possible to check if fuses F2 and F3 (on PCB CS28.1) are burnt, by
measuring the 24 VDC between terminals X15-20 and 21 on terminal PC board HX01. As
alternative, the following visual check can be performed:
• If F3 is burnt, the panel instruments show full scale deflection and alarm MAINS
SYNC.FAIL. is given.
• If F2 is burnt, the panel instruments deflects in the wrong direction and analog
measurements on the display are showing between 50 and 200% of rated values.
• If both F2 and F3 are burnt, there is no light in the ON/OFF pushbuttons and alarm
HIGH P OIL TANK is given.
On PCB CS28.1 are located 4 pcs. fuses F1 for protection of internal circuits. Therefore,
they are not important during troubleshooting, because in case of burn-up the PC boards
CS28.1 or CU19 are considered to be defective. Therefore, the following procedure must
be followed only in case the service personnel is familiarized with the circuits of the sys-
tem.
• If the output lines for remote indication or data communication had been ex
posed to external voltage sources, fuses F1/1, F1/3 and F1/2 may be burnt.
• If a fault has occurred in the microprocessor circuits of PC board CU19, fuse

F1/4 may be burnt.
To determine in which of the two PC boards the fault has occurred, the following main rule
can be utilized:
53 50001-08
If the man/machine communication is working, i.e. if the display and keyboard is in order
and no microprocessor faults have been reported, the fault very probably resides in the
interface PC board CS28.1; vice-versa if the man/machine communication does not work,
then the fault is located in the PC board CU19.
When requiring assistance from FLS Airtech, it is important to indicate the version num-
ber of the software. This can be displayed by means of folowing keystrokes:
PASSWORD
1 X
6 0 ENTER/
RESET
and the display will show the version number, e.g.
PIACS DC.1 v5.3

50001-08 54
6. SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 Signals
Current input: +1 V at rated current
Voltage signal:
Signal amplitude -10 V at rated voltage
Input impedance 1.5 MΩ (pure resistive)
Voltage divider:
Type resistive/capacitive or pure resistive
Rise time (step response) <600 µs

Firing signals:
No-load voltage 15 V (peak)
Short circuit current 1 A (peak)
Alarm signal contacts: +24 VDC
Relay output (24 V DC):

Max. load 50 mA (pr. output)
Max. total load 150 mA (continuously)
Note: The "local start" relays (for HV power supply and rappers) gives only a start impulse.
Remote indication of measured signals I DC and U DC
Output level Load

0 - 20 mA max 500 Ω
4 - 20 mA max 500 Ω
0 - 10 V min 500 Ω
6.2 Voltage supply

For CS28.1 and CU19: 24 VAC/1.5 A (±10%)
For AA30.1: 24 VAC/0.5 A (±10%)
For AA31 (when EMCS is incl.): 24 VAC/2.0 A (±10%)
Line voltage for AA30.1: 380-690 VAC (-10%,+6%)
Line frequency: 50/60 Hz
6.3 Environment
Ambient temperature: - -25°C to 70°C (storage)
0°C to 45°C (operation)
Relative humidity: IEC 654-1 group B2
Max. height above sea level: 2000 m
55 50001-08
SECTION B
Control of rapping systems

7. INTRODUCTION
Apart from the control of the HV power supply, the PIACS DC also includes the control of the rap-
ping systems in electrostatic precipitators.
Functionally, the rapping control is a subsystem, but is fully integrated into the control of the HV
power supply.
Fig. 7.1 is an example of a simplified electric diagram of the rapping control.
As the lay-out in each case depends on the particular precipitator plant, for a complete description,
please consult the electrical documentation.
a) Motor M main contactor e) Ready to start (alarm/local stop)

b) Motor M main contactor f) Local start
c) Command relay, timer 1 g) Rapping systems ON
d) Command relay, timer 2 Q) Safety switches
Fig. 7.1, Simplified electrical diagram of the rapping system control

50001-08 56
8. CONTROL STRATEGY
The rapping control consists mainly of two time sequence functions (timers), where the operation
RAPPING
and pause periods can be set individually by means of parameters grouped under the key.
Each timer has an output to a command relay (c or d in Fig. 7.1), which can control the rapping mo-
tors for discharge and collecting systems or vibrators for gas distribution screens. Besides, the op-
eration of the motors can be determined by commands ordering forced pause or operation.
9. CONFIGURATION
The two timers have a configuration number corresponding to the rapping motors they control. The
configuration is performed by means of the level 3 parameters RAPtimer1: and RAPtimer2:,
having parameter codes 83 and 84, respectively. Following possibilities exist:
• The timer may have assigned names from M0 to M9M9M9, by entering a number between 0
and 999 for the respective configuration parameter.
• M0 means that the timer is not used, i.e. its output is not active. The control unit does not ac-
cept numbers in the range 1 - 999, that are multiplum of 10. For instance, following combina-
tions are possible:
M0, M1, M2, M9, M1M2, M2M1, M8M9, M1M3M9, M7M8M9.
The normal configuration is:
RAPtimer1:M1 and RAPtimer1:M2
RAPPING
Then the parameter texts belonging to key will be:
t-OFF M1 m
t-ON M1 s
t-OFF M2 m and
t-ON M2 s
57 50001-08
10. OPERATION
10.1 Normal operation

When the rapping system is turned on, the pause period begins, e.g. t-OFF M1 (setting range: 0 -
720 min.). When this period has elapsed, a start order is given to M1 via command relay (c) and M1
should be in operation during the time t-ON M1 (setting range: 0 - 400 s); after this period the se-
quence starts again from the beginning.
10.2 Continuous operation

A rapping motor can be operated continuously in two ways:
• by setting its pause time to 0, e.g. t-OFF M1 0m, or

• by activating the optional input IN2.
The activation takes place, when parameter Cont.Rap.Mode is set to 1 and +12V are applied to
the optional input IN2 via a contact relay.
If Cont.Rap.Mode is set to 1 and IN2 is not activated, the operation and pause periods will be de-
termined by the respective parameter in the usual way.
The use of Cont.Rap.Mode equal to 1 excludes the possibility of using the option
RCO function and POR function equal to 2 in the control of the HV power supply.
10.3 Synchronization between bus-sections

Via the optional input IN3 it is possible to avoid that the rappers for the collecting plates, e.g. in the
two outlet sections, are operating simultaneously.
If the parameter Rap.Sync.Mode (setting 0 or 1) is set to 1 and IN3 is activated, the pause period
in the timer controlling M1 will continue so long as IN3 is active. If the timer is on its operation period
when IN3 is activated, it will remain in operation.
The synchronization function should be used carefully in order to avoid a pemanent blocking of the
rapping system in a particular bus section of the electrostatic precipitator.
The use of Rap.Sync.Mode equal to 1 excludes the possibility of using the option VOL Function
equal to 2 in the control of the HV power supply.
50001-08 58
10.4 Delayed start

Independently of the above-mentioned functions it is also possible to start the rapping systems of
the individual bus-section asynchronously.
However, this function can only be fully utilized, if the rapping of all the precipitator fields is turned
on simultaneously. The asynchronous start is obtained by adding the value of the parameter
t-DELAY-ON (setting range 0 to 720 min.) to the first pause period after turning the rapping sys-
tems on.
Therefore, different values for the various bus-sections have to be entered.
10.5 Delayed OFF function

The delayed OFF function makes possible a forced rapping of the discharge and collecting systems
during an adjustable time, after the HV power supply has been turned off.
If the parameter t-DELAY-OFF (setting range 0 to 720 min.) has been set to a value greater than
0, the control unit will activate the delayed OFF function approximately 5 s after the HV power sup-
ply is turned off, provided that the rapping systems has not been turned off.
Activation of the delayed OFF-function means that the rapping systems are continuously operating
during the adjusted time t-DELAY-OFF, after which they will be in continuous pause.
The delayed OFF function is reset if the HV power supply is turned on, or if the rapping systems are
turned off. The delayed OFF function is not activated if the normal continuous operation is acti-
vated.
59 50001-08
11. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

The operation of the rapping system control takes place from the control panel by means of the ON
RAPPING
and OFF buttons, as well as the key and the keyboard. The same principles for setting and
display of parameters used in the control of the HV power supply are valid here.
If the automatic control of the rapping systems has received an alarm, the respective text is shown
RAPPING
blinking when is pressed or if the keyboard has not been operated during 3 min.
The following scrolling stack functions are obtained with a normal timer configuration, after pressing
RAPPING
key :
Rapping Status 1st keystroke See overview in

section 11.2
t-OFF M1 m 2nd keystroke This timer function is

RAPPING configured by
means of:
t-ON M1 s 3rd keystroke parameter code 83

(level 3)
t-OFF M2 m 4th keystroke This timer function is
configured by
means of:
t-ON M2 s 5th keystroke parameter code 84
(level 3)
The 1st keystroke shows the status of the rapping system control, which may be
RUN ON OFF ___,
or an alarm message in case the system is in the alarm state. A detailed description follows.
The 2nd and 4th keystroke give the pause periods for the two timers. Continuous operation is ob-
tained by setting them to 0 min. The longest pause period is 720 min.
The 3rd and 5th keystroke give the operation period of the timers, which can be set between 0 and
400 s. Setting them to 0 gives a permanent pause state. It is not possible to set a timer to continu-
ous operation and permanent pause at the same time.
The permanent pause state may be chosen only as a temporary setting, e.g. during the measure-
ment of I-V characteristics. This setting is not longer valid after a start-up following an interruption of
the line voltage.
50001-08 60
11.1 Status of the rapping system

The status display is divided into four fields, each containing four characters.
The first field indicates the status of the rapping system control, field two and three indicates timer 1
and timer 2 status, respectively, while the fourth field is reserved.
11.2 Survey of status messages
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
R U N O N O F F _ _ _
OFF : timer in OFF period (pause)

ON : timer in ON period (operation)
CON: continuous rapping: t-OFF=0 or external activation
COF: continuous OFF-state: t-ON=0
CDO: continuous operation and delayed-OFF
WDO: rapping motor stopped (wait-state) after delayed-OFF
SYD: synchronization delay of ON-period
OUT: timer not utilized (out of function)
___ : rapping control disconnected
RUN: the rapping control system is turned on

RDY: the rapping control system is turned off, but it is "ready to start"
61 50001-08
11.3 Level 3 parameters

Display and setting of level 3 parameters are performed in the same way as for the HV power sup-
ply. See section 4.3.4.
Parameter survey

80 t-DELAY-OFF m Delayed OFF function. Time setting between 0 and 720
min.
81 t-DELAY-ON m Start delayed function. The time delay can be set bet-
ween 0 and 720 min.
82 ALARM DELAY s Time delay for alarm indication when feedback signal is
missing. The delay starts when the command relay is
energized or when an already registered signal disap-
pears. Adjustable between 2 and 90 s.
83 RAPtimer1:M#M#M# Configuration of timer function 1.
84 RAPtimer2:M#M#M# Configuration of timer function 2.
85 Cont.Rap.Mode Continuous operation. Setting to 0 or 1 (0 means out of
function).
86 Rap.Sync.Mode Synchronization between bus-sections. Setting to 0 or 1
(0 means out of function).
50001-08 62
11.4 Alarms and interlocks

The figure below outlines the principle of the rapping alarm interlock.
a) Timer function 1 OK
b) Timer function 2 OK
e) Ready to start (alarm)
Q) Safety switches
Fig. 11, Rapping system alarm interlock
When using the remote control facilities regarding start and stop via the serial communication bus,
in certain cases the so-called "alternative wiring" has to be used. See a separate manual for more
details (50101).
The basic principle is the same as in the control of the HV power supply, i.e. an electrical interlock
circuit which is monitored by the control unit.
If there are no alarms or other interlocks, the relay (e) will be energized.
Of particular interest in this monitoring system are the contacts (a) and (b), which are intended for
monitoring of the rapping systems operation, both the feedback signal from the main contactors as
well as thermal overload and a possible monitoring with a speed monitor.
63 50001-08
11.5 Alarm delay

In relation to the last section, with the parameter ALARM-DELAY (setting range 2 to 90 s), it is pos-
sible to adjust a time delay during which the control unit does not expect alarm activation (contacts
(a) and (b)).
A timer is started when a start command is given, or if a previously registered activation signal dis-
appears. If the activation signal has not arrived before the time determined by ALARM-DELAY has
elapsed, the CPU will indicate an alarm via relay (e). See Fig. 11.
The mentioned alarms are also shown blinking on the display when the status of the rapping sys-
tem control is read out.
11.6 Alarm overview

Interlock RAPPER INTERLOCK This alarm message is shown when the safety
switches or similar interlock are operated.
Fault detected by FAILURE M1 1) This alarm message is shown in case of a
the monitoring missing feedback signal from the monitoring
system circuit. A disconnected main contactor can
cause it. Another possibility may be dis-
connection of thermal relays or missing feed-
back signal from a speed monitor.
Fault detected by FAILURE M2 2) Like FAILURE M1
the monitoring
system
Note that the 2 alarm messages 1) and 2) are determined by the configuration parameters RAP-
timer1: and RAPtimer2:.
In case of RAPtimer1: for instance is configured to control M4 and M5, the alarm message dis-
played is FAILURE M4M5.
50001-08 64
12. COMMISSIONING AND TROUBLESHOOTING

The control unit should be checked according to the prescriptions given for the control of the HV
power supply. The principle in these prescriptions should also be followed during troubleshooting,
i.e. localization of the fault in a PC board or a connector, etc.
12.1 Control and setting

If the rapping system control is ready to start, its status on the display will be shown as
RDY ___ ___ ___ .
Then the interlock system can be tested. Disconnect the signal on the terminal strip and check the
alarm message on the display and check that the system cannot be started.
Remove the interlock and switch the system on.
Set operation and pause periods to a small value and check these.
Disconnect the monitoring signal during operation and check the alarm.
The parameter settings at delivery are carried out based on the expected conditions of operation
and the precipitator operating instructions. The operation period (ON time) should normally have a
duration corresponding to a complete revolution of the rapping shaft.
The optimal set of parameters is stored as described for the control of the HV power power supply.
See section 4.5.1.
13. SPECIFICATIONS
These are described in Section A covering the control of the HV power supply. See Chapter 6.
---o0o---

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Electrostatic precipitator 50001-08

Manual for Control Unit

List of contents: Page:

Control of High Voltage Power Supply

2. PIACS DC'S CONSTRUCTION .................................................................................. 7

3. HV POWER SUPPLY CONTROL STRATEGY ........................................................ 10

4. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................................. 22

5. COMMISSIONING AND TROUBLESHOOTING....................................................... 43

Control of rapping systems

8. CONTROL STRATEGY ............................................................................................ 56

10. OPERATION .......................................................................................................... 57

11. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................... 59

12. COMMISSIONING AND TROUBLESHOOTING..................................................... 64

13. SPECIFICATIONS .................................................................................................. 64

Performed by / Date Checked by / Date Approved by / Date

Control of High Voltage Power Supply

Fig. 1.1, Sketch of a HV power supply for an electrostatic precipitator

PIACS DC is a microprocessor-based control unit, which is programmed to maximize the

Fig. 1.2 shows the block diagram of the HV power supply.

Fig. 1.2, Block diagram of the HV power supply

Among these the following can be mentioned:

• Energy control via intermittent energization

• Back corona detection with automatic change to intermittent operation

• Fast recovery of precipitator voltage after sparks

• Optimal set of parameters

• Fast current rise (Fast Ramp Mode)

• High Resistivity Mode (HRM), allows selection between 2 set of parameters

• Reduced Current Operation (RCO), is used together with rapping of collecting

• Serial communication (PIACS Bus) with a supervisory computer, e.g. PIACS

• Energy Management Control System (EMCS, optional)

2. PIACS DC'S CONSTRUCTION

Fig. 2.1, Main elements of the control unit

Fig. 2.3, Example of PIACS DC connection to a HV power supply

3. HV POWER SUPPLY CONTROL STRATEGY

3.1 Basic strategy

1 Start-up 6 Type 2 spark

Fig. 3.1, Current control during typical events in precipitator operation.

A spark causes a reduction of the DC-current (4) by an adjustable value (parameter

Normal Rate of Rise

Fast Current Rise (FRM-function)

3.2 Spark detection

Fig. 3.2, Classification of sparks

Fig. 3.3, Precipitator voltage at spark

After a spark the precipitator voltage in raised to a value corresponding to:

• the mean voltage before the spark (13), or

during maximum 3 half-cycles of the line frequency.

• RecoverCurve = xxo : Recovery according to mean value

3.3 Progressive current reduction

3.4 Energy Control (EC)

Fig. 3.4, Waveforms with EC operation (Nec = 3)

Nec = 1 corresponds to traditional DC-operation and Nec > 1 corresponds to EC opera-

3.5 Back corona detection

Fig. 3.5, Detection of the presence of back corona^

If Uas > (1 + fBC + h) × Ubs,

If Uas < (1 + fBC - h) × Ubs,

The sensitivity factor fBC is adjustable by means of the parameter BC Factor.

The hysteresis value h is calculated as 0.15 times fBC.

Example: fBC = 5% means than h = 0,75%

• U Limit 1 < U DC rated : valid upper current limit is respected

3.6 Optional functions

3.6.1 High Resistivity Mode (HRM-function)

Normal set HRM set