CHAPTER FIVE: RESULT

5.1 SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC

This study was conducted in kalisha kebele, which have a total number of households 368 and a
total population of 1805 and 910 are females and 895are males. A total of 206 HHs were
included with a non-response rate of 0%. Males 501(49.6%) and females 509(50.4) were
respectively. Among our respondents majority of them are Protestant. There are 737(73%)
peoples who are followers of protestant and 101(10%) followers of Muslim the remains
172(17%) are orthodox. Majority of people 340(34%) are students while small number of people
42(4%) merchant. Among 340, 321 (32%) are Primary while 46 (5%) are children’s who are
under 7 year and attend kindergarten school..

Table 5.1: Socio-demographic data of Kalisha Kebelele, Hadiya zone, Apr,2023

Variables Options Frequency Percent%

Relationship to the Father 190 18.8
household Mother 198 19.6
Children 560 55.4
Grand child 22 2.2
Grand parent 17 1.7
Other relatives 23 2.3
Total 1010 100
Sex Male 501 49.6
Female 509 50.4
Age 0-5year 134 13.3
6-14year 201 19.9
15-24year 169 16.7
25-49year 253 25.04
50-64year 178 17.6
>65year 75 7.4
Total 1010 100
Religion Protestant 737 73

Orthodox 172 17

Muslim 101 10

Catholic - -
Other - -
 Total 1010 100
Marital status Married 219 21.6
Single 357 35.3
Divorced 2 0.2
Separated 30 3
Widowed 9 0.9
Under 18 not eligible to 393 39
married
Total 1010 100
Education status Unable to read and write 172 17

Can read and write 276 27

Primary 321 32

Secondary 65 6

Above 12 92 9

Under 7yr 38 4
A, not attended
kindergarten

46 5
B.attend kindergarten
Total 1010 100
Farmer 163 16
Occupational status
Government employed 146 14.5

Merchant 42 4

House wife 121 12

Under 18 who are not 106 10.5

eligible for work

Under 18 and who works 60 6

Student 340 34

Other 32 3
 Total 1010 100

5.2 Vital statics

From total population of the community 1805. There is 32(2.89%) birth last 12 months and
15(1.48%) is found death from last 12 months and majority of death is taken an age above
46(44.44%).

Table 5.2:Child birth status among households of Kalisha kebele, Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone,
Southern Ethiopia, Apr 2023

Variable Options Frequency percent%

s
Birth 32 2.89
last 12
month M 12 58.5
F 20 41.5
Children 134 15.73
who are
<5 year
in HH

Death 15 1.48
last 12
month
Sex M 9 61.11
6 38.89
F
Age of <18yrs 2 16.62
death 18-35yrs 1 11.11
36-45yrs 4 27.83
>46yrs 8 44.44
Cause of Sickness 9 50
death Accident 3 16.66
Age 5 27.77
5.3 Environmental condition

Among 206 households 5 (2%) had one rooms,51(25%)had two rooms and 150(73%) had three
and greater than three rooms. From the sampled households 91(32.6%) has poor illumination.
The households who have kitchen are 196(95%). Among this kitchens 80(39%)have smoke
exhale. From 206 households in Kalisha kebele 90(44%)are using wood and 10(5%)are using
electric. Among 206 households who live in in Kalisha Kebele 206(100%)have latrine.From 206
households who live in Kalisha Kebele 122(59.2%)dispose waste in private hole outside the
compound while 78(37.9%)are dispose waste in the field. Among 206 household who lives in
Kalisha Kebele,206(100%) house hold uses tap water and 0(0%) of the household uses stream
water.. Water consumption of 39(18.9%)the households were <40 liter per day. Among 206
households 125(61%) have domestic animal, from these 111(89%) households have separated
households for animal. Among 206 household of Kalisha Kebele have 159(77%)rodents and
206(100%) insects.

Table5.3:Housing condition of Kalisha kebele in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia,
Apr 2023

Variables Option Fre pe

que rce
ncy nt
%
Design of Attached to fence or 12 59
house neighbor house 2 .2
Some distance from 84 40
fence or neighbor .8
house
Total 20 10
6 0
No of 1 5 2
rooms 2 51 25
>=3 15 73
0
Total 20 10
6 0
Ventilati Good 16 80
on 5
Fair 29 14
Bad 12 6
Total 20 10
6 0
Illuminati Sufficient 15 77
on 9
Medium 47 23
Poor - -
Total 20 10
6 0
Cleannes Good 13 67
s 9 .5
Fair 67 32
.5
 Bad - -
Total 20 10
6 0
Small R Yes 15 77
insects a 9
and t No 47 23
rodent in Y Mosquit 6 3
the house e o
s Coacroc 45 22
h
Lea 10 5

House 14 70
fly 5
N - -
o
T 20 10
o 6 0
t
a
l
Presence Yes 12 61
of 5
livestock No 81 39
around
Total 20 10
the house
6 0
Have Yes 11 89
separate 1
living 14 11
for live No
stock Total 12 10
5 0
Source of Fire wood and muck 60 29
fuel for Fire wood 90 44
cooking Electricity and fire 46 22
wood
Electricity 10 5
Total 20 10
6 0
 Is there Yes 19 95
separated 6
kitchen No 8 5

Did the Yes 80 39

kitchen No 12 61
has 6
opening Total 20 10
6 0
If you Yes 53 95
use No 3 5
electric
did the Total 56 10
cable 0
intact or
open
inside the
wall
Is there Yes - -
any No 20 10
things 6 0
that Total 20 10
makes 6 0
fire in the
kitchen

5.4 Water supply

Table5.4: Source of Water supply Kalisha kebele households in lemo woreda, Hadiya zone,
Southern Ethiopia, Apr ,2023

Variables Options Frequency percent%

Source of water supply Tap 206 100%

Stream - 0
 Tap and - 0
steam

Pipe - 0

If you get the water from Boiling - -

the river what did you do
before using it for drinking Exposed to - -
sun

Chlorine - -

None - -

Where did you put a water Jar 201 97.6

that you used for drinking
Pitcher 0 0%

Barrel 5 2.4

Other 0 0%

How did you pour By pouring 0 O

By jogging 5 100

Did you pour through a Yes 5 100

separated equipment
No 0 0

Daily water consumption <40lt 39 18.9

per litter per HHs
40-80lt 145 70.4

>80lt 22 10.7

how long it takes round <10 min 53 2.89%

11-20min 135 65.5

>20 min 18 8.8

By what you wash food Only water 43 20.9

equipment
Soap and 163 79.1
 water

Other 0 0%

Is there separated place for Yes 4 1.9

cooked and row food
No 202 98.1

How did you dry up the Drying with 98 47.6

cleaning equipment towel

By help of 108 52.4

air

Where did you put dry tool on floor 26 12.6

On shelf 4 1.9

On modern 176 85.5

kitchen shelf

Did you eat remaining Yes 112 54.4

food again
No 96 46.6

did you heat well while Yes 112 100%

you use the remaining food
No 0 0%

Did you cook while you’re Yes 0 0

sick(diarrhea ,cough ,woun
d) No 206 100

Did you cover your hair Yes 153 74.3

and take off jewelry while
you cook No 53 25.7

Did you touch Yes 15 7.3

face ,eye ,ear while you’re
cooking No 191 92.7

When did you wash your before 206 100

hand preparing
meal

after using 206 100

toilet

after 54 26.2
washing
children

after 41 19.9
touching birr
&other
things

after 32 15.5
touching
nose, face,
ear

By using what did you water &soap 187 90.8

wash your hand
only water 19 9.2

Does not 0 0
wash hand

5.5 Waste Disposal

Table 5.5: Waste disposal characteristics of households of Kalisha kebele in Lemo woreda,
Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia, Apr,2023.

Variables Option perce

s F nt %
r
e
q
 u
e
n
c
y
Presence of latrine Yes 2 100
0
6
No 0 60
Yes 8 39.3
Do you use latrine 1
properly No 1 60.7
2
5
Type of latrine Pit 1 96
latrine 9
8
VIP 8 4
Flush 0 0%
Distance of latrine from <20m 2 97
the house 0
0
>20m 6 3
Is latrine clean Yes 1 54.4
1
2
No 9 45.6
4
Where did you dispose Field 7 37.9
dry west 8
Private 1 59.2
hole 2
2
Comm 6 2.9
on
dispos
al area
5.6 Child Vaccination

From total households those who had under 1yr old children, 28(87.5%) children had vaccinated
and 25(89.3%) had vaccination card. Out of vaccinated children 17 of them got vaccine against
polio virus and 15 child completed all dose whereas 9 were against measles virus.

Table 5.6:Child and maternal vaccination in Kalisha kebele,lemo woreda,haddiya zone,southern

Ethiopia,Apr 2023.

Variabl Options Result %

es
No of 28 87.5
children
<1yr
had
vaccinat
ed
Among 25 89.3
those
who
have
vaccine
card
Had BCG 25 89.3%
vaccine P 17 68
card O P1
represe L P2 17 68
nts I P3 15 60
vaccinat O
ed in

P P1 17 68
E P2 17 68
N
T P3 15 60
A
V
A
L
E
N
T

R R2 17 68
O
T R3 15 60
A

P 17 68
C P1
V P2 17 68

P3 15 60

MEASLES 9 36
No of yes 135 63
women No 78 37
from Total 213 100
15-49
age had
tetanus
vaccine
How 1 26 19
 many 2 45 34.4
time did 3 19 14.3
they get 4 32 23.8
vaccinat 5 13 9.5
ed Total 135 100

Yes 23 88
Among
pregnan
No 3 12
t
women Total 26 100
vaccina
ted
tetanus
vaccine

5.7 Morbidity

Among 1010 total population studied in 206 HHs, there was morbidity in 24(11.7%) HHs
population in the last two weeks; among those 8(33.3%) and 16(66.7%) were male and female
respectively. According to the study age group who faced morbidity with age group of 21-60 are
6(25%). From those majority of morbid individuals who are susceptible to typhoid/typhus
diseases was scored 4(16%) and from 206 total HHs 195(95%) were seek help from health
institution.

Table 5.7: Morbidity status in the last 2 weeks(including under five children) of Kalisha kebele,
Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia, Apr 2023.

Variables Options Freque Perc

ncy ent
%
Morbidity Yes 24 11.7
With in 2 week No 182 88.3
Total 206 100
Sex of sick M 8 33.3
F 16 66.7

Age 0-4 years 8 33.5

 5-20years 7 29
21-40 4 16.7
41-60 2 8.3
>60 3 12.5
Total 24 100
What was the Typhus/ 4 16.7
disease? typhoid
Cough 6 41.6
Diarrhea 10 25
Other 4 16.7
Total 24 100
Physic Y Eye 1 0.5
ally e
Brain 5 2.4
disabl s
ed N 200 97.1
person o
in Total 206 100
HHs
HI 195 95
Seek help where? Traditional 2 1
Religious 9 4

Magicians - -
Total 206 100
From where you Pharmacy 196 95
got drug when Traditional 6 3
you feel ill drug store
Shop - -
Other 4 2
What will happen Don’t recover 181 87.6
if you not take it Drug 10 5
properly resistance
Relapse 9 4.47
No problem 6 2.93
Have you use Yes 11 5
cultural herbs
No 195 95

If you use for Common cold 5 45

 what disease? Abdomen 5 45
ache
Fever 1 10

5.8 Mental Illness

Out of 206 HHs 186 (90.3%) had heard about mental illness, 20(9.7%) has no idea about the
cause of mental illness. 1(1%) HHs had mental illness in their family. 112(72.7%) were seek
help from religious places while 41(26.6%) from health institution.

Table 5.8:Mental illness of Kalisha kebele in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia,
2023.

Variables Options Frequency percent%

have you heard about Yes 186 90.3
mental illness No 20 9.7
Do you know cause Yes 42 22.6
of mental illness No 144 77.4
Do you believe Yes 7 16.7
mental illness is
No 35 83.3
communicable
disease
Is there anyone who Yes 1 1
have got mental No 205 99
illness in your family
Do you believe Yes 154 82.8
mental illness seek No 32 17.2
help
Where you take HI 147 95.5
when someone Traditional treatment 41 26.6
affected by mental Magician 0 0%
illness Religious institution 112 72.7
Other 0 0%
Is there anyone yes 23 11.2
who addicted in Chat 15 65.2
your family(chat, Alcohol 5 21.7
alcohol, smoke, Smoke 3 13
cannabis) Cannabis 0 0%
NO 183 88.8
Do you believe this Yes 143 76.9
addicted brought in No 43 23.1
mental illness
5.9 Eye disease

Out of 206 HHs 151(73.3%) had knew about trachoma whereas 55(26.7%) had not knew about
trachoma disease.

Table 5.9:About eye disease of Kalisha kebele in Lemo woreda, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia,
2023.

Variable Options Frequency Percent%

Do you Yes 151 73.3
know about No 55 26.7
trachoma
If you say Env’t 132 87.4
yes, do you unhygienic
know about Personal 143 94.7
method of unhygienic
transmissio Contact 23 15.2
n with other
Through 149 98.7
fly
Other 0 0
Do you Yes 139 92.1
believe No 9 6
trachoma is
preventable Don’t 3 1.9
know
Way of Env’t 128 92.1
preventable hygiene
if you said HI 138 99.3
yes Traditional 0 0
drug
Self-limit 13 9.4
Is there Yes 14 6.8
anyone who
affected No 192 93.2
 trachoma in
your family

5.10 Nutrition status of women and children

From the total of 206 HHs, 40(20.2) HHs maternal had anemia symptoms. Out of 206 HHs,
12(15) women did not get iron supplement.

Table 5.10:Nutritional assessment on mothers and children on Kalisha kebele, lemo woreda,
haddiya zone, southern Ethiopia, February 2023.

Nutritional Options Frequency %

Assessment
Have you feel Vision blurred 5 2.5
symptom of anemia Ear blare 6 3
Dizziness 15 7.6
Weakness 11 5.6
Tachycardia 3 1.5
No 158 79.8
Total 198 100
Have they sign of Eye paleness 3 1.5
anemia Palm paleness 2 1
No finding 193 97.5
Total 198 100
Do you get iron Yes 68 85
supplement during No 12 15
pregnancy Total 80 100
For how long 3 month 2 3.17%
2 month 3 4.77%
1 month 2 3.17%

Once - -
Daily number of
meal during Twice 15 19
pregnancy Three times 53 66
More than three times 12 15
 Total 80 100
Daily number of meal Once - -
during breast feeding Twice - -
Three times 16 30
More than three times 38 70
Total 54 100
Is there any food you Yes 32 59
don’t eat during
pregnancy No 22 41
Total 54 100
Is there any food you Yes 9 16.98%
don’t eat during beast
feeding No 44 83.02%

Have a problem to Yes 6 8

see bright light
No 74 92
Total 80 100
What type of salt you Rock salt 20 9.7
use in your home Iodized salt 160 77.7
Un iodized salt 26 12.6
When you use salt During cooking 165 80.1
After cooking 41 19.9
Where you put salt In covered material 197 95.6
Uncovered material 9 4.4
CHAPTER SIX: Discussion

Cross-sectional study conducted in Kalisha kebele among the total sample households, there
were 1010 family members. The mean family size of the households is1010/206=4.9≈5
members/ HHs which is near to the national mean family size (4.9 member/HH). The majority
age group is between 15 and 49 which account 422(41%) of the population While age above 50
accounts253 (25%).also, majority of the population are Protestants 737(73%) , Muslim religion
followers include 101(10%)and orthodox 172(175).

Majority of the households responded that they use water and soap for both hand washing and
for cleaning food preparing materials which is 90.8% and 79.1% respectively. Studies show only
20% of the population globally and only 8% of Ethiopia’s population practice proper hand
washing.

There is also a high proportion of households with poor ventilation 0 (0%) and also this
accompanied by most of the sampled households with kitchen do not have smoke exhale
126(61%) while 80(39%) have exhales. Studies show that these are one of the most significant
risk factor for the prevalence of acute lung respiratory infection in the form pneumonia which is
also confirmed by our secondary data that this particular disease is one of the top 5 diseases in
south Kalisha kebele.

According to our study 0(0%) of households do not have latrine, even though most of them have
206(100%) latrine 81(39.3%) of them use properly and 94(45.6%)of them are unclean. In our
study majority of HHs 78(37.9% )of households dispose wastes in the field this may also be due
to lack of knowledge and lack of community interest to participate in building a shared disposal
area. As we mentioned above from the selected households 206, 0% don’t have latrine, while
EDHS 2016(4) Overall, 32 percent of households have no toilet facility at all. This may be due to
inadequate health education about latrine construction and utilization by co- coordinating health
extension worker, health development army, health center, also health office. From the total
under five children who were sick in the last 2 weeks found in the selected households 10(25%)
of them have encountered diarrhea.

In Ethiopia twelve percent of children under age 5 had diarrhea in 2 weeks and 44% of them
sought treatment(4). There is 19.5% increment from national level this is due to lack of
awareness on diarrhea disease in the community and failure to seek treatment on time. According
to the survey conducted in Kalisha kebele by kebele’s health office typhoid/typhus took majority
rate of morbid individuals which is 91(46.2%).Among women who were pregnant in the last 2
year in the 206 households only 68(85%) have received iron supplement. According to 2016
EDHS, 58% of women did not take any iron supplementation during their last pregnancy.

According to our study there is no maternal death related to pregnancy and delivery but the
maternal mortality rate of Ethiopia is 412 deaths per 100,000 live births in the 2016 EDHS. The
result may indicate that health extension worker, woreda health office, hospital and other
supporters of community create awareness on maternal health. There was severely low
utilization of TT vaccination which was 0%( but according to the 2016 EDHS results show that
51% percent of women didn’t received sufficient dose of tetanus toxoid to protect their last birth
against neonatal tetanus [4]). This may be due to decreased awareness of the pregnant women. In
our study ___%of the pregnant mothers gave birth in a health facility compared with 38.1%
percent delivered in their homes, in EDHS 2016 the results of the study also revealed that the
proportion of women currently using IUCD 0(0%) in the study area. This result is lesser when
compared to 2016 EDHS which is 10%. This could be their religion affairs, fear of its side
effects or partners not agreeing. (4).

ANC coverage in Ethiopia is 43% EDHS 2011.(42)When we compare our result which was
conducted in currently pregnant women with EDHS 2011 it suggests that it is relatively fair
which is ___(81.48)%. There is also low prevalence of anemia among women in reproductive
age group who exhibit symptoms of anemia which is 106(21.01%) according to EDHS 2016 in
which it was 24 %.( 4)
Conclusion
From our study we can conclude that the proportion of female population in dijo demela kebele
is greater than that of male population..This study demonstrates that majority of the population
follows protestant religion. They have access to tap water supply and stream water is the mostly
used source of water among the households found in our study area .The major type of fuel used
is wood. Most of the households have latrine with major use of traditional pit latrine in type. FP
utilization is low according to our study. Most of pregnant mothers found in dijo demela kebele
deliver their child at health center. According to our result most of households have kitchen, an
many are separated from the house hold, but majority of them which have poor ventilation. Most
of the HHs have rodents and insect.

Recommendation

The various health problems prevailing in dijo demela kebel eare discussed in the discussion part
of this study. Since the health problems generally need effective intervention from governmental
or non-governmental organization as well as the community, association of those organizations
is needed.

FOR THE COMMUNITY

The community should collaborate with the officials and community leaders to avoid
malpractices that affect environmental sanitation and personal hygiene of HHs.

Also they should strengthen their capacity in collaboration with HDA to sustain health
promoting activities, strengthen practice for what they get information.

FOR HEALTH WORKER

They should create awareness to reproductive age women about the benefit of family planning,
ANC follow up, impacts of early initiation of complementary food and early weaning, and
collaborate with women.

They should also educate the community about negative health impacts of improper waste
disposal.

They to need plan and design mechanism in order to minimize and eradicate the identified
problem.

FOR GOVERNMENTAL & NON GOVERNEMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

The government and NGOs should focus on sustainable strategies, like training and construction
of model latrines and waste disposal systems, follow-up, supervision and monitoring activities.

Need to full fill health equipment for health center to intervene the identified problem and also
control the overall activities of health center and listen the feedback of the community.

The Keble leaders should arrange cleaning campaign in collaboration with HEW by using
community mobilization

The Keble should arrange additional municipality waste disposal system

Identified problems

High proportion of improper usage and unclean latrine

High proportion of poor ventilated households

High proportion of poor environmental sanitation

Low usage of soap for hand washing and for cleaning food preparing materials

Low utilization of family planning method

High prevalence of diarrhea among under five children

Lack of iron supplement among pregnant women

Prioritizing criteria

1. Magnitude

5= It covers very high percentage of the identified problems

4= It covers high percentage of the identified problems.

3= It covers medium percentage of the identified problem.

2= It covers low percentage identified problem.

1=It covers very low percentage of the identified problem.

2. Severity

5= Very high consequent suffering and disability from the identified problem

4= High consequent suffering and disability from the identified problem.

3. Moderate consequent suffering and disability from the identified problem.

2= Low consequent suffering and disability from the identified problem.

1= Very low consequent suffering and disability from the identified problem.

3. Feasibility

5= highly feasible considering available resource

4= more feasible considering available resource.

3= feasible considering available resource.

2=Less feasible considering available resource.

1= Not feasible considering available resource.

4. Community Concern

5= Very high in terms of political and social acceptability with consideration of equity from the
identified problem.

4= High in terms of political and social acceptability with consideration of equity from the
identified problem.

3= Moderate in terms of political and social acceptability with consideration of equity from the
identified problem.

2= Low in terms of political and social acceptability with consideration of equity from the
identified problem.

1= Very low in terms of political and social acceptability with consideration of equity from the
identified problem.

5. Government concern

5= Very high involvement of government is required.

4= High involvement of government is required

3= Moderate involvement of government is required.

2= Low involvement of government is required.

1= Very low involvement of government is required.

 Table 7: Showing the prioritized problem of djjo demala kebele in feb 2023 GC.

Score criteria Ran

S. no tota k
Problem Magnitude Severit Communi Feasibilit Government
l
identified y ty concern y concern
1. High proportion 4 3 2 3 2 14 2
of improper
usage and
unclean latrine

2. High proportion 3 3 2 3 2 13 4
of poor
ventilated
household
3. High proportion 4 2 1 5 1 13 3
of poor
environmental
sanitation
4 Low usage of 4 4 2 3 2 15 1
soap for hand
washing and for
cleaning food
preparing
materials
5. Low utilization 4 2 2 1 2 11 4
of family
planning method
6. High prevalence 3 4 2 3 2 14 2
of
typhoid/typhus
among

7. Lack of iron 4 3 2 2 1 12 3
supplement
among pregnant
women
Problem prioritization

Low usage of soup for hand washing and for food preparing materials

High prevalence of typhoid/typhus among

High proportion of improper usage and unclean latrine

High proportion of poor environmental sanitation

High proportion of poor ventilated household

Lack of iron supplement among pregnant women

Low utilization of family planning method

Recommendation

The various health problems prevailing in dijo demela kebele are discussed in the discussion part
of this study. Since the health problems generally need effective intervention from governmental
or non-governmental organization as well as the community, association of those organizations
is needed.

FOR THE COMMUNITY

The community should collaborate with the officials and community leaders to avoid
malpractices that affect environmental sanitation and personal hygiene of HHs.

Also they should strengthen their capacity in collaboration with HDA to sustain health
promoting activities, strengthen practice for what they get information.

FOR HEALTH WORKER

They should create awareness to reproductive age women about the benefit of family planning,
ANC follow up, impacts of early initiation of complementary food and early weaning, and
collaborate with women.

They should also educate the community about negative health impacts of improper waste
disposal.

They to need plan and design mechanism in order to minimize and eradicate the identified
problem.
 FOR GOVERNMENTAL & NON GOVERNEMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

The government and NGOs should focus on sustainable strategies, like training and construction
of model latrines and waste disposal systems, follow-up, supervision and monitoring activities.

Need to full fill health equipment for health center to intervene the identified problem and also
control the overall activities of health center and listen the feedback of the community.

The Keble leaders should arrange cleaning campaign in collaboration with HEW by using
community mobilization

The Keble should arrange additional municipality waste disposal system

SWOT analysis

Strength Opportunity

Wise use of resources by group members. Willingness of kebele leaders to provide information
Active participation of group members. Willingness of respondents during data collection
Close supervision of our advisor and providing us the period
right comment at the right time Preparation of data collection tools by the university

Weakness Threats

Unable to find the actual map of digo demala. Absence of respondents in their house during data
shortage of time collection time.
In Completeness of data collection tool