SYNTHESIS No.

1
Title: Evolution of Philippine Education: A Synthesis of Historical Backgrounds from Pre-
Spanish to Present Period

This synthesis paper delves into the evolution of education in the Philippines across
distinct historical periods, spanning from pre-Spanish times to the present day. It examines the
diverse influences that shaped the educational landscape during each era, including pre-colonial
traditions, Spanish colonial rule, American occupation, Japanese occupation, the post-war era,
martial law under the New Society, and the contemporary educational context. By analyzing
these historical backgrounds, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
multifaceted journey of Philippine education.
The Philippines' educational history is a tapestry woven with threads of indigenous
traditions, colonial influences, and modern aspirations. This synthesis paper explores the
evolution of Philippine education, offering insights into the cultural, political, and societal
dynamics that have shaped the educational landscape from pre-Spanish times to the present
period. By analyzing each era's historical background, we can glean a deeper understanding of
how education has been a vehicle for both continuity and transformation.
Pre-Spanish Period: Indigenous Systems of Learning:
Before Spanish colonization, education in the Philippines was deeply rooted in
indigenous systems of learning. Communities placed high value on transmitting cultural heritage,
social norms, and practical skills through oral tradition, tribal apprenticeships, and ritualistic
practices. Elders served as knowledge bearers, passing down wisdom to younger generations.
Education was holistic, encompassing not just cognitive skills but also spiritual and communal
development.
Spanish Colonial Era: Evangelization and Colonial Education:
The arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century brought profound changes to
Philippine education. The Spanish established religious orders and built schools primarily to
spread Christianity. Education became a tool for cultural assimilation, with the curriculum
centered on Catholic teachings and Spanish language. The Friarocracy controlled education,
limiting access to elites and perpetuating social hierarchies. The creation of universities like the
University of Santo Tomas laid the foundation for formal education.

American Colonial Period: Democratization and Secularization:

The early 20th century saw the Philippines transition from Spanish colonial rule to
American occupation. The American colonial government aimed to democratize education,
emphasizing secular education, English language, and vocational skills. The establishment of a
public school system paved the way for broader access to education. However, it also introduced
cultural and linguistic challenges as English replaced Spanish as the medium of instruction.
Japanese Occupation: Disruption and Resistance:
During World War II, the Philippines experienced Japanese occupation, disrupting the
educational system. The Japanese attempted to instill their ideology, but resistance movements
emerged, preserving Filipino culture and identity. This period highlighted the resilience of
educators and students who continued learning despite the challenges posed by war.

Post-War Era and the Commonwealth: Rebuilding and Reform:

After World War II, the Philippines regained independence and embarked on rebuilding
the nation. The educational system underwent reforms to address the issues of access and quality.
The 1940s Commonwealth era saw the expansion of schools and efforts to provide free
education to Filipinos. The integration of Filipino history and culture into the curriculum aimed
to promote national identity.

New Society and Martial Law: Centralization and Control:

The 1970s marked the declaration of Martial Law under President Ferdinand Marcos,
leading to the "New Society" era. Centralization of power extended to education, with the
curriculum reflecting government ideologies. The introduction of the Bagong Lipunan
Educational System aimed to inculcate values of discipline, nationalism, and loyalty to the state.
However, the period also saw limitations on academic freedom and a focus on technical skills
rather than critical thinking.
Contemporary Period: Challenges and Aspirations:
The present period is characterized by efforts to address persisting challenges while
embracing global trends. The shift towards the K-12 system, introduced in the 2010s, aims to
provide a more holistic and internationally competitive education. Educational policies focus on
inclusivity, multilingualism, and the integration of technology into learning. However, issues
such as inadequate infrastructure, teacher shortages, and unequal access to quality education
remain.

To conclude, the evolution of education in the Philippines reflects a journey marked by

cultural heritage, colonial influences, resistance, and aspirations for progress. Each historical
period has left an indelible imprint on the educational landscape, shaping the way knowledge is
transmitted, identities are formed, and societal aspirations are realized. By recognizing the
lessons of the past, understanding the present challenges, and envisioning a more equitable and
quality-focused future, the Philippines can continue its journey towards an education system that
empowers its citizens and enriches its society.