PAGE OF A CAROLIN G IAN B OOK

( w ri t t e n fo r C ha r l e ma g n e
’
s son D ro g o )
 EI NHAR D S
’

L I F E OF C HA R L E MAG N E
T H E L A T I N T E XT

E D I T E D,
'

W I TH I N TR OD U CTIO NS AND N O TE S ,

H . W . GA RR OD
F E LL OW A ND TUT O R O F ME R TO N CO L L E GE
F OR ME R LY A S S I S TA N T ‘
T U TOR O F CO R P U S C H R I S T I CO L LE G E

AND

R . B . M OW A T
F ELL OW A N D AS S I S TA NT T UT O R O F CO R PU S C H R I S T I CO L L E GE
OX FO R D

‘
Un u s q u i s q ue l eg en s t a n t o c i t i u s s p i r i t u a li t e r i n t ell eg i t qu an t o
r i u s i n l i t t e ra t urae m a i s t e ri o u s i n s t ru c t u s fu e r i t
’
p g p l en i .

C H A R L E MA G N E .

OX F O R D
AT TH E C L A R EN D O N PR E S S

I 1
9 5
 O XF O RD U N I VE R S I TY PR E S S
L O N D O N D N R G H G L G O W N W OR K
E I BU AS E Y

TO O N TO M L O RN OM '

R E B U E B B AY

H U MP H R E Y MI L F O R D M A . .

PU B L I S H E R T O TH E U NI V E R S I TY
 P R E FA C E

TH E p ri mary o bje ct o f this b o o k is t o satisfy t h e

n ee d s o f stud e nt s in th i s U nive rs i ty r ea d in g for t h e
P r e vio us E x amination in Mod e rn H ist o ry S o me .

o f th e s e a r e n o t fi nish ed L atin scholars and t his

w ill e x p lain w hy t he t e xt has o ccasi o nally b e e n
ann o tat e d or translat e d wh e r e it w o u l d p r e s e nt
, ,

littl e o r n o d i fficulty t o stu de nts m or e familiar with

L atin i d io m o r v o c a b ulary .

I t is h o p e d ho w e v e r that t he b ook ma y s e rv e t o
, ,

intro d uc e t o a rath e r w id e r p ublic a work w hic h

ma y fairly b e call e d t he lit e rary m ast e r p i e c e of t he
Mi d d l e Age s .

S e ct i ons I I V o f t h e I ntro d uction t o ge t h e r w it h

— ,

t h e Te x t an d t h e No t e s u p o n t h e P r o l o g u e s a n d

cha pt e rs i x i x xi—x x vi a re t he w o rk of Mr Garr o d

—
, , . .

Mr Mo wat is r e s p o nsib l e fo r S e cti o n V o f t he I ntr o

.

d uction a n d fo r t h e No t e s u po n cha p t e rs x i i x x
,
—
,

—
x x vii x x x i ii . B u t e it h e r e dit o r ha s r e vis e d t he w o rk
o f t he o t he r .

I n t he p r e p a rat i o n o f t he Te x t w e o w e muc h t o
t h e e d i ti o n o f Wa itz ( Wait z H o l d e r E gge r )
- -
. I n t he
No t e s a n d I ntr o d uct i o ns w e ha ve tr i e d t o f o ll o w
me d i a e val rat he r than mo dern a uth o r i ti e s But
.
 PREFA C E
a mong mod ern books of which w e hav e mad e u se
should b e m e ntion e d : R icht e r s Z ei ttafeln der dea t ’

s chen Ges chzchte i m M i ttela lt er

’

L a vi s s e H i s t oi r e
’

; s

d e F r a n ce , ii
; R a nk e s K ri ti k fra n ki s ch deu ts cher
. I
’
-

R ei chs a n n a l i s ten ; Wa i t z s D eu ts che Verf a ssa n gs ge

’

s chi chte iii ; t h e L iv e s of C harl e magn e by Dr H odgkin .

a n d Mr H W C Da V1S a n d H odgkin s I t a ly a n d
’
°

. . .

her I n va ders ,
an d V 111 I n S e cti on I V of t h e I n
vn .

t ro d u c t i o n , and occasionally in t h e N ot e s Traub e s ,

’

E i n l ezta n g i n di e l a t ei m s che P hi l ol ogze des M i tt el a lt er s

’ ’ ’

has b ee n he l p ful .

Th e E ditors ind e bt e d t o Mr H W C
are much . . . .

Davis who r e a d this volum e in p roof a nd ma d e

valuabl e sug ge stio ns Th e y hav e also t o thank .

t h e C o m mitt ee of t h e New P ala e o g raphical S oci e t y

for p e r m issio n to r ep ro d uc e t he facsi mil e which

for m s t h e fro ntisp i e c e .

The E d itors hav e throu g hout e l e ct e d t o s p e ak of

C harl e ma g n e a n d n o t of C harl e s t he Gre at —to
follow that is a tra dition s anction e d by Milt on a nd
, ,

by Gibbon rath e r tha n a fashion c e rtainly n ew a n d

p robabl y p e da n tic T h e y ho p e that th e y.may b e

ac q uitt e d of a n y sinist e r desi gn t o o bscur e t he e ss e n

t i a l l y Te ut o nic charact e r of t he lif e an d actions of

C harl e ma gn e .

OX F OR D F ebru a ry ,
1 91 5 .
 C O N T E NT S
P A GE

TH E TE XT OF TH E VI TA K A R OLI

I N TR O DU C TI ON

I . E I N HA R D
II . TH E G O OD FA ITH O F E I N H A R D

III . O TH E R A U TH OR I TI E S F OR TH E L I FE OF
C H A R L E MA GNE xxx
IV . G E RMA N C U LTU R E I N THE E A R LY MI DD LE
A GE S xxx ii
V . TH E C A R OL I NGI A N E MPI RE : I TS L I MI TS

A ND A D MI N I S TR ATI O N

TE X T

NO TES .

I NDE x OF PL AC E S A ND P E OPL E S
I ND E X OF P E R S ONA L N AME S
 I L L U S TRA TI O NS
P A GE C A R OL I NGI A N F r on tzspi ece
’

OF A B oox

TH E EMP I RE OF C H A R L E MA GN E a t en d
 TH E T E X T OF TH E VI TA K A R OL I

THE Vi t a K a roli ha s b een pr e s e rv e d to u s in mor e tha n

e ighty MS S of whi c h n o l es s th an s i x ty wer e employed
.
,

by G H P er t z i n hi s e dition of 1 8 2 9 (M on Germ H i s t
. .
, . .
,

SS . ii pp 443
, , P er t z s A pp a ratu s C riti cu s i s a
.
’

magn ifi c en t mo n um en t of th a t kind of i n du s try whi ch ,

s e eki n g no en d s av e it s e lf c o n c e iv es it s elf to h a v e i n fi n it e
,

right s a n d almo s t no duti es I t s m ercil es s proli x ity .

c a ll e d forth t h e s h a rp a n im a dv e r s io n of P Jaffe who .

, ,

in 1 867 S w eepi n g a s id e t he whol e of P ert z s s i x ty MS S

,
’

produc ed a t ex t ba s e d upo n a s i n gl e a uthority t he ,

e x c ell en t P a ri s MS whi c h he ha s t he m erit to hav e

,

di s cov ere d (B i bl R er Germ iv pp 4 8 7 . . I n 1 88 0.

,
.

a pp e ar e d t h e e ditio n of P er t z W a itz ( n o w P e r t z W a itz - -

H old e r Egg e r H a nov er a n d L eip s i c

-
, Waitz em ,

ploys s om e twenty MS S mo s t of th em u s e d a lr ea dy by .
,

P er t z a n d s om e of th em too h a s tily s et a s id e by J a ffé

, .

B u t hi s twen ty MS S en d by b ei n g almo s t a s tir es om e a s

.

t he s i x ty of P er t z I n o n e r e s p ect th ey a re mor e s o
.

he emp l oy s fo r th em a n ot a tio n s o c ompli c a t e d that hi s

A pp a r a tu s i s b a r ely i n t elligibl e Eac h MS i s d enot e d . .

by a t l ea s t two s ymbol s a n d a fair n umb er by a s m a n y ,

a s thr ee ( e g A3 E3 h
. . Th e r e vi s io n of W a itz
61
,

by H old er—Egge r a dd s littl e an d t a kes n othing away

,

Waitz m an a ged to p ers u a d e hims elf th a t t he t ex t of

t he Vi ta h a d b e c om e d eeply d epr a v ed in t he s hort int e rval
be tween t he dat e at which t he work w as c ompo s ed an d
th a t a t whi ch our ea rli es t MSS of it wer e writt en ( p xvii . .
,

I t i s tru e th a t th er e i s a good d e a l of d epr a v e d

s p elli n g I t is tru e th a t w e h a v e m an y MS S writt en by
. .

s c rib es who w e r e car el es s or ignor an t or both I t i s al s o

, ,
.

tru e that i n o n e or two pa ss a ges w e h a ve s om e r ea s o n to

s u s p ec t trivial int e rpolatio n s Y e t o n t h e whol e it would .

be hard to fin d a work dati n g from s o ea rl y a p e riod wh e r e

w e h a d s o littl e room to doubt wh a t t he a uthor him self
wrot e An d a proof of it is thi s th a t b etween t he
.
 TH E T X T E OF TH E VI TA K A R OL I

e ditio n of J affe b as ed o n a S in gl e MS an d th a t of W a itz

, , ,

b a s ed o n tw en ty th er e is re ally n o importa n t di fferen ce

,
.

Th e f a c t i s th a t th e r e a r e a t l e as t h a lf a d o z en MS S of t he .

Vi t a writt e n with i n fifty y e a r s of Ei n h a r d s d e a th a n y

’

, ,

o n e of whi c h woul d with a r e v i s e d orthogr a phy f u r n i s h

, ,

a n exc ell e n t work i n g t e x t .

Wa itz d ivi d es t he MS S in to thr ee cl as s es which he .

,

c a ll s AB C Th e foll o wi n g f ac t s s upply t h e prin c ipl e of

.

this th r ee fol d c l a ss i fic a tio n

( )
1 T h e M S S of C l a s s es A an d B l a ck t h e Pr e f a c e to
.

t h e Vi t a ;
( ) Th2e as l t two t en c es in chap x i x are fou n d I n
s en .

MS S t he A
. of an d B C l a s s es but a re a b s en t from MS S
,
.

oft he C C a ss l
(3 ) A t c a h p xv i i i li n es 2 2 —3 t he C Cl a ss MS S h a ve
.
, ,
.

a whol e c l a u s e n o t fou n d i n t h e t e x t s of t h e oth e r two

c l a s s es ( a n d o ffer qn a tt n or fo r tr es
)
(4) Th e MS S of C l a s s B d i ff e r f ro m tho s e of both t h e
.

A a n d t h e C C l a ss by a s t r iki n g o m i s s i o n i n c h a p i x fi n .
, .

Th e y w a n t th er e t h e c l a u s e i n whi c h t h e d ea th o f Rol an d
i s m en tio n e d
( )
5 T h e B C l as s MS S a pp e n d to t h e V i t a s i x
. e l e g i ac
c oupl e t s i n h o n ou r of Ei n h a r d writt en by o n e Ge r w a r d u s , ,

L ibr a ri a n to C h a r l em a gn e a n d to L o u i s t h e Piou s .
1

Th es e f a c t s u n d oubt e d ly p oi n t to t h e c o n clu s io n th a t
a ll o u r MS S a r e d e ri v e d f r om th r ee d i s ti n c t c opi es m a d e
.
,

s om e tim e i n t h e e a rly p a rt of t h e n i n th c en tu r y Our .

i d ea l S houl d cl ea ly b e to r es tor e by a c omp a ri s o n of t he

r ,

r ea di n gs of t he MS S of e a ch cl a s s t he three lo s t c opi es
.
,

th a t l i e b ehin d our t ex t s Th e purs u i t of this id eal is t h e .

r a i s on d ét r e of Wa i t z s t ex t a n d a fford s t h e e x pl a n a tio n
’ ’

of t he e xtr a or d i n a ry s ys t em of n ot a tio n whi ch he employs .

B u t W a it z mu s t b e s a i d to p eri s h i n t h e purs uit of a n

i d ea l whi ch i s fr an kly u natt a i n abl e Th e thr ee cl a ss es
, ,
.

1
Th e vers e s a r e a s fo llo w s
H o s t ib i v e r s i c u l o s a d l a u d e m m a xi m e p ri n c e p s , ,

e d i d i t a e t er n a m m e m o r i a m q u e t u a m
Ger w a r d u s s u p p l e x f a m u lu s q u i m e n t e b e n i g n a ,

e g r e g i u m e x t o ll i t n o m e n a d a s t r a t u u m .

ha n c p ru d e n s g e s t a m n o ri s t u s c r i b er e l e c t o r
, , , ,

E i n h a r d u m m a g n i m a g n i fi c u m K a r o li .
 TH E TE XT OF TH E VI TA K A R OLI ix

whi c h he es t a blis h th ey r e al
es — an d h ave a re en ough —
a lr e a dy e v en i n our e a rli e t codi es
,
s c — b ec om e i n finit ely
c o n tami n a t e d th a t is to s a v t h e MS S of e a ch c l as s .

h ave fus ed t he tr a ditio n of th e ir o w n with th a t of t h e

oth er two cl a ss es On e or two MS S of t he A Cl a ss ha ve
. .

t h e Pr e f ac e d e rivi n g it n o doubt from s om e MS of t h e

, , ,
.

C C l ass Som e MS S of t he C C l a s s ha ve t h e l a s t s en
. .

t en c es of c h a p x i x Som e MS S .Of t h e B C l a s s h a ve n ot
. .

t h e v e r s e s of Ger w a rd u s or h a v e o n ly a p a r t of th e m , .

Y et mor e s e riou s i s t he f a c t th a t wh e r e w e a r e c o n fro n t e d ,

with vari an t l ec tio n s it ve ry ra r ely h a pp en s th a t t he

,

s a m e r e a di n g i s fou n d i n a l l o r e v en mo s t of t h e MS S , , .

whi ch a r e of t h e s a m e C l as s Th er e i s en dl ess c ro s s .

divis io n I t m a y b e s a id i n f a c t th a t t he five co n
.
, ,

s i d e r a tio n s n ot e d a bov e
,
whi c h en a bl e u s to di s c ern ,

a thr e e fol d groupi n g of MS S

-
f a il to c a rr y u s very mu c h .
,

b e yo n d th ems elves Ei n h a r d s work mu s t h a v e b een.

’

e n d l e s s ly tr an s c rib e d from t h e tim e of i t s fir s t publi c a

,

tio n ; an d i t s n um e rou s tr an s c rib e rs h a v e as it w er e , ,

c o n s pir e d tog e th e r to oblit e r a t e t h e d i s ti n c tio n s b e tw e en

t h e d i ffer e n t c l a s s es of MS S .

Thi s b e i n g s o an el a bor a t e a rr a y of MS S lik e th a t of

,
.
,

Wa itz s e rv es n o r ea l purpo se I n d ee d hi s v as t c oll ee

,
.
,

tio n of va ri an t s r a th e r ob s c ures th an illu s tr a t es t he c o g

n a tio n of t h e MS S We n ee d a n Appa r a i n s Cri nca s whi c h
’

s h a ll t a k e a middl e c our s e b e tw een W a itz a n d J a ff e j ust a s ,

Wa itz en d ea vou r e d to t a ke a middl e c ours e b e tw een P er t z

a n d J a ff e A mo n g t h e tw e n ty MS S e mploy e d i n t he l a s t
. .

e d itio n of W a itz two a r e c l e a r ly mu c h s up e rior to a n y

oth ers Th es e a re firs tly t he P a ris MS I O7 58 of t he n i n th

.
, , .
,

or t en th c en tury t he MS u s ed by j a ffe c all e d in this

-
.
,

e ditio n C a n d s e c o n dly t h e V i e n n a MS
,
B i bl P a l 5 1 0
, ,
. .
,

writt en i n t he n in th c en tury c all ed i n this editio n A ( This ,

.

MS l a c ks ch a p i Gen s M er oi ng orn m to et eam

. .
,

lin e 1 8 as w ell a s c h a p i x i mpedi men torn rn li n e 1 3

, .
, , ,

to c h a p x i fili a lin e 4 both lo s s es h a v e b een r ep a ir ed

.
, ,

by a s c rib e of t he tw elfth c en tury ) E ach of th es e MS S . .

i s ea s ily t h e b es t r epr es en t a tiv e of t he c l a ss to whi c h it

b elo n gs A r epr es en t s Wa it z s A C l ass C r epr es en t s
— ’

Wa i t z s C C l ass i n a man n er mu c h mor e s a ti s f a c tory th a n

’

tho s e cl a ss es would be re pres ent ed if we cit ed t he r eadi n gs

 TH E T XT E OF TH E VI TA K A ROL I

of t he oth er MS S Of Wa i t z s third c l ass n o s in gl e MS is

.
’

e v en a tol e r a bl e r epr es ent a tiv e n or t ak en togeth e r , , ,

would t he MS S of thi s cl ass furnis h an ything s a ve a ve ry

.

f a ulty t ex t Wh eth er this C l ass h as an y criti ca l v alu e

.

a t a ll i s a qu es tio n t he an s w e r to which d ep en d s en tir ely

o n t he V i e w whi c h m a y b e t a k en of t h e g en ui n en ess of
t he c lau s e i n chap i x whi c h r e f e rs to Rol a n d. If th a t .

c l a u s e b e a l a t e r i n s e rtio n th en t he B C l a ss are cl ea rly ,

n o t n egligibl e We h a ve n o cl e a r m e a n s of d e t e rmin i n g
.

this qu es tio n a n d it ha s b een thought b ett er th e r efor e

.
, ,

i n thi s e dition to t a k e s om e a ccou n t of MS S of t h e

, .

B Cl ass Th a t C l ass i s a ccordi n gly r epr es en t e d by two

.
, ,

of i t s MS S which s eem o n t he wh o l e l ess f aulty th an

.
, , ,

t he oth e rs On e of th es e c a ll ed h er e B i s t he Mo n t
.
, ,

p e l l i e r MS 3 6 0 of
. t h e n i n th or
,
t en th c e n tury a s c ollat e d ,

by Wa itz The oth er i s a Vi en n a MS B i bl P a l 473

.
,
. .
,

s a ec . x I t c on t ai n s o n ly c h a p x viii cetera qn e li n e 4
. .
, , ,

to t he en d I t i s cit e d i n our App a ra tu s as 6 Th es e

. .

two MS S will if th ey s erve n o oth e r purpo s e a n d w e

.
,
—
a r e n o t c l e a r that th e y do — s how c l e a rly t h e i n f e rior
c h a r a c t e r of t h e tr a dition of th eir c l a s s Thi s i n f e riority .

i s t h e mor e n ot eworthy b e ca u s e w e might w ell h a ve

hop ed a goo d d ea l from a cl ass of MS S whi ch pr es ervi n g .
, ,

a s it do es t h e v ers es of Ger w a r d u s mi g ht h a ve b e en
, ,

s uppo s e d to go b ac k to s om e c opy of t h e Vi t a pr es e rv e d

i n t he L ibr a ry of L oui s t h e Piou s B u t t h e Roy a l .

L ibr a ry a t A ach en c ert ainly n eve r o n t ai n ed un l ess

c —
Ger w a rd u s w a s a ve ry i n c o mp et en t ibr a ri an a book
L —
s o b a dly c opi e d a s mu s t h a v e b een t h e p a r en t of t h e

B C l a ss Gerw a rd s e ems to h a ve b een a p ers o n al fri en d

.

of Ei n h a r d (s ee Epp E i nk 52 Du emml er EM) K ar A ev . .

, , . . .

iii p 1 3 5) a n d it i s po ss ibl e th a t he m a y h a ve po ss es s ed
,
.

a copy of t h e work s om ewh a t car el es s ly m a d e for priv a t e

u se — wh a t w e s hould c all , i n publi s hi n g a n a dvan ce ,

c opy Such a copy mi ght v ery w ell l ack Ei n h a rd s ’

Pr e f ace a s do both t h e A an d B C l as s es
, .

Th e Prolo g u e of Wa l a fr i d i s fou n d o n ly i n thr ee

fift een t h cen tury MS S of t he B C l a s s
-
.I t i s pri n t ed .

i n thi s e ditio n a ccording to B d e Sim s o n s c oll a tio n

’
.

of t he Freiburg ( B r ei s ga u ) MS 46 8 The orthography . .

h a s b een t ac itly a m en d e d a n d i n t he followi n g pl ac es

 TH E T X T E OF TH E VI TA K A ROL I Xi

v a ri a n t s h a ve b een a dopt ed from eith e r of t he oth e r

two MS S .

Lin e 3 p a l a ti n es ( for pa la ti n n s ) ; 1 7 phi l os opha r en tn r

( for phi l os opha r en t ) 39 g i n o r et ( for i g n or a i ) 4 fi
; 0 r m s
ci a a m for p ra eci p u u m ; 4 1 S tr a bo ( for s cr i ba ) Oth r
p ( ) e .

w i s e w e h a ve a d h e r e d to t h e Fr e iburg MS throughout
,
. .

The thr e e c opi e s from whi c h a ll our MS S a r e d e s c end ed .

we re almo s t c ert a i n ly writt en i n G e rm an y an d i n a r e as , ,

it eems prob abl e wh e re a t Fuld

s ,
— s a a— A n glo Sa x o n
-

influ en ce w a s s tro n gly felt Thi s I s t he n a tural i n fer en ce

.

from s uch a n e rror a s a n tern for en nn i n c h a p xi x li n e 2 4 .

, ,

a n d from s u c h s p elli n gs a s t o n i ca m p eccn m a rn

’

,
occea n i , ,

i n eolon ns r en n n en dn rn a bor eba t di ss erti s s i mi s excel en

'

, , , ,

t i ss i n n P ect a mn rn comi n a tn s
'

l a ces ceba n t
’

, , , et c : s ee ,
.

Hellm a n n S eda l i a s S coti a s pp 1 1 8 s qq

, ,
I t is i n co n
. .

formity with thi s hypoth es i s of A n glo S a x o n i n flu en c e -

th a t hav e pri n t e d throughout s u c h form s a s N ora

we
‘

rn a n n i ( a tt es t e d o n ly o c c a s io n a lly by our I t
s ho ul d b e n ot e d th a t i n pl a c e s i n our t e x t wh e r e w e

h a ve m er ely corr ec t ed a trivi al e rror of s p elli n g t he ,

re a di n g of t he MS S i s given i n t he App ar a tu s Cr i ti cu s
.
,

but it ha s n o t b een thought worth whil e to i n di c a t e

t h e s ourc e of t he corr e c tio n .
 I NT R O D U C T I O N

E I N HA RD
THE Vi ta K ar oli M agn i w a s writt en a t s om e d a t e
b e tween t he yea rs 8 1 4 an d 8 2 1 — C h a rl em a gn e d i ed in 8 1 4 ,

a n d w e k n ow th a t by 8 2 1 a c o py of Ei n hard s work
’

h a d alr e ady fou n d a pla c e i n t he Libr a ry of t h e mo n as t ery

of S i n dl eo z eS Au v a Ei n h a rd w as born a t Mo i n gew i
— .
1
,

a vill a g e of e as t e r n Fr an kl a n d a bout t h e y e a r 7 7 0 He , .

w a s s en t to s chool i n t he n eighbouri n g mo n a s t e ry of
Fulda th en u n d e r t he s way of t he A bbot B a u gu l fu s
,
.

He r e h e r em a i n e d u n til 7 91 wh en h e w a s a dmitt ed ,

to t he P a l a c e School of C h arl em a gn e The P a l a ce

‘ ’
.

S chool t he c en tr e from whi c h ra di a t ed t he edu c a tio n a l

,

r eform s whi c h w e m a y s till p erh aps with Gibbo n , , ,

r e gard as co n stituting t he n obl es t p a rt of C h a rl em a gn e s ’

glory ha d b een for eight yea rs dir ect e d an d i n form ed

,

by t he l e arni n g a n d en thu s iasm of t he grea t Alcu i n .

Alcui n w a s a n E n gli s hm an a n d Fuld a ( fou n d ed by ,

B onifa ce) w a s a c en tr e of E n gli s h lit e r a ry a ctivi t y It .

was p erhaps to t he co n n exio n of Fuld a with E n gli s h

, ,

s c ho l a r s hip that Ei n hard ow e d hi s promotion to t h e _

Palac e S c hool Alcuin s p e aks of him i n a l ett er to

.

C harl ema gn e as B es el eel v es t e r immo et no s t er f a mili a

‘

ris a di u t o r ( EM) 1 7 2 p 2 83 Du emml er) The referenc e

’
.
,
.
,
.

&
He is o ft e n re ferred to in c o rre ct ly as E gi nh ar d . But t his
fo r m o f t h e n a m e ( E g i n h a r d u s , A gen ar d u s ) has no a u t hor i t y

o u t s id e l a t e a n d i n f e rio r MS S .
 xi v E I N HARD
i n t he m e B es el eel i s to a profici en cy whi ch prob ably
na

w as a s u seful i n r ecomm en di n g Ei n hard to C harl e m a gn e

as w e r e hi s lit e r a ry m erit s Ei n har d lik e B ezal eel of
.
,

old w a s s kill ed to d e vi s e c un n i n g works to work i n

, ,

gold an d i n S ilver an d i n br a ss a n d i n c utti n g of s to n es

, , ,

for s etti n g an d i n ca r vi n g of wood ( E xod xxx i 4

,
. .

He n o d oubt as s i s t e d i n t h e a d ornm en t of m a ny of
t he a r c hit e ctur a l works which C harl em a gn e u n d ertook ,

a mo n g th em of t h e C a th e dr a l to whi c h A i x la C h a p ell e - -

owes i t s n a m e Ei n h a r d s p eaks of hims elf a s living in

.

u n brok en fri en ds hip with C h arl es hims elf an d hi s chil d ren ’

( P r a e f V
. i t K . I t i s s a id th a t it w a s upo n Ei n h a rd s
’

a dvic e th a t i n 8 1 3 C h a rl em a gn e a dopt e d a s co n s ort in

t h e e m p ir e hi s s on an d s uc c es s or L oui s t h e Pious On .

t he d e a th of C harl em a gn e Ei n har d c o n ti n u ed to live

&

u n der t h e imp eri al f a vour L oui s s hower e d upo n him .

a bb ac i e s a n d e s t a t es an d b e tw een th es e a n d t h e Pal ac e
,

S chool Ei n h a rd divid ed hi s time un til t h e yea r 83 0 wh en , ,

u n h a ppy a mid t he plot s an d f ac tio n s which assail ed his

m as t er he s ought an d obt ai n ed hi s d i s mi s s al from court
, ,

retiri n g to Mu li n hei m ( o n e of t he prop erti es b es towed

upo n him by L oui s fift een yea rs pr e vi ou sly) Mulin .

h eim i s n o w c a ll ed S eligen s t adt t he city of t he S ai n ts ,

.
’

To Mu li n h ei m Ei n har d c a rri ed t h e r eli cs of S Ma r c elli n u s .

an d S P et er Th es e r eli cs w er e t h e s ourc e of m an y
. .

miracl es a n d th es e miracl es t he th em e of a s till ex t an t

,

work of Ei n hard t he Tr a n sla ti o 5 5 M arcelli n z et P etri

'

.
, ,

writt en i n 8 3 0 Si x yea rs lat er Ei n h a r d compo s ed

.

a n oth e r work which w e s till po ss ess t he L i bella s d e

, ,

a dora n da Crn ce d edicat ed to S ervat u s Lupu s s u bs e

, ,

qu en tly f amous as A bbot of F errl eres an d a s cholar ,

whos e en thusi a s m a n d many S id ed activity pl ac e him -

o n a l e v el with t h e gre at h e ro es of fift een t h c entury -

Hum a n i s m .
 TH E GOOD F A I TH OF E I N H A RD
He sa ys how ev er th a t he h as taken p ai n s to omit
, ,

n othi n g whi ch c oul d h ave c om e to his kn owl e d ge The

‘

thi n gs which c om e to our kn owl ed ge a re commo n ly ’

tho s e whi ch w e t a ke t he p ai ns to fet c h the re ; an d it i s

n o t di ffi c ult e v e n for a tol e r a bly ho n es t m a n
, to avoi d ,

k n owi n g f a ct s whi ch it woul d be impoliti c or u n gr a t eful , ,

to r elat e The s chol a rs of C h a rl em a gn e s P a l a c e School

.
’

w er e oft en men of t h e world as well as s chol ars Al cui n .

,

t h e pr es i d i n g g en iu s of t h e S c hool w as s uch a m an a n d it ,

i s n o t improb a bl e th a t hi s fri en d a n d h elp e r Ei n h a r d

‘

r es embl e d him The typ e w as o n e whi ch for obvi ous

.
,

r ea s on s C h a rl em a gn e a d mired gen ui n ely I t mus t

, .
,

furth e r be r em emb er e d th at wh en Ei n h a rd wrot e hi s

, ,

Life of C har l emagn e h e w a s s till livi n g upo n t h e bou n ty

,

of C h arl em a gn e s s on To wh at e x t en t c an w e tru s t
’
.

eith e r hi s judg em en t or hi s n a r r a ti v e of f a c t s P

I t m a y b e s a i d a t o n c e th a t both hi s s tyl e an d m etho d

l en d th ems elves e asily to a pres en t a tio n of hi s tory
an d ch a r a c t e r whi c h without d elib er a t e f a l s ific a tio n
, ,

c a n a c c ommod a t e f a c t s to pr edil ec tio n s He h a s taken .

for hi s mod el Su eto n ius I n doi n g s o h e h as fr eed .

2

hims elf from t he limit a tio n s of t h e an n ali s tic m ethod ,

th a t pl a gue of c o n t empor ary hi s tory an d a chi eved n o t ,

o n ly a d elightful li terary lib erty but a ls o t he fr eedom ,

to look a t gr e a t even ts through ga p s whi ch h e crea t es

i n t h e r etro s p e c t a t hi s o w n p l e a s ur e H e emph a s iz es s

hi s a n x i e ty to b e bri ef a n d hi s m e tho d an d s tyl e m a d e

it po ss ibl e for him if he wi s h e d to do s o to a void very

, ,

oft en i n o n e an d t he s a m e m a n oeuvr e proli xity an d

, ,

s om e awkw a rd f a ct Famili a r Hi s tory i n f a ct furni s h es

.
, ,

i n fin it e opportunity to t he di singenuou s though w e ,

1
Alcu in E pp 1 7 2 p 2 8 3 D u e m ml er
, .
, .
,
.

2
F u l d a w he r e E i n ha r d w a s e d u c a t e d
, , p o s s e s s e d wha t w a s
pro b a bl y t he o n ly MS o f S u et o n iu s L i ves hich t hen ex is t e d
’
. w .
 THE GOOD FA I TH OF E I N HA RD x vn

mus t n ot lightly r egard every pr a ctition er i n thi s s p eci es

a s s elf co n d em n e d
-
Our j udgem en t of Einh a r d s hould
.

be t h e mor e circums p ect i n proportion a s w e a re j udging ,

in e very c ritici s m which w e pass upon him o n e of t he ,

supr em e figures of history C harl em a gn e hims elf ; and

—

w e a r e n e c ess a rily j udging eith e r on e vid enc e very

d efective a n d by a d efective m ethod The d efect of .

m ethod pro c eeds partly from t he d e fect of evid enc e and

partly from a weakn ess of human n a ture i n con n ecting -

fact s whi c h our r ecords pr es ent in di s conn exion w e c a n

n eve r wholly fr ee ours elves from s om e u n cer t i fied p re
co n ception of t he motives which ordinarily govern
politic a l and mora l actio n We n eed to r emind ours elves
.

that t he diplom a c y of ki n gs i s oft en mor e accid en tal

th a n it a pp ea rs a n d th a t w e h a ve not y et e xh a u s t ed
,

in our e thical catalogu es t he po s s ibl e contradictions in

human natur e .

D elib er a t e f a l s ehood i s n o t we may tak e it all eged

, ,

a gain s t E i nhard . Hi s art i s n o t m endacity but a tal ent ,

for s upp res si o vem Thi s talent it m a y be s a id i n pas sing

'

.
, ,

i s o n e which Ein h ard if he h a s it c ert a i n ly sh a r es with

, ,

t he chro n icl ers of t he tim e —

The L ors ch A n n a ls our
.

mo s t compl et e record of t he e vents of C harl emagn e s ’

r eign a re highly di s ingen uou s : w e can oft en d et ect

-

t he o mi s sion s of th eir parti a l historia n by comparison

with t he amplification of t he work s om etim es attribut ed
to Einhard hims elf t he s o c a ll ed A n n als of E i n hard
,
-
.

B eing as th e y a re ann a li s tic in form t h e L ars en A n n a l s

, , ,

c a n l es s e asily cov e r up or e x cus e th eir omi ss ion s than

, ,

can Einhard a n d it is all eged again s t t he a uthor of t he

Vi ta that in hi s account not only of t he priv a t e lif e but
, ,

a l s o of t he politic a l a ctio n s of hi s ma s t e r he h a s fail ed ,

to put b efor e hi s r ea d er s facts or con sid erations which

&

, ,

could hardly hav e escap ed hi s memo r v Let us consid e r .

b
xviii TH E GOOD FA I TH OF E I N HARD
this charge first in s o far as it affect s t he public caree r
of C h a rl em a gn e .

Th er e a re thr ee conj unctur es i n t he public car eer of

C h a rl em a gn e a t whi c h he s eem s es p ecially expos ed to
criti ci s m Th es e co n cern hi s r elatio n s ( 1 ) to hi s broth er
.

C a rlom an ; ( 2 ) to Didi e r ki n g of t he L omb a rd s ; (3 ) to

,

Ta s s ilo duk e of B a v a ri a
,
I n ea c h co n n ex io n t he n a rra
.

tive of Ei n h a rd i s l ess full than w e coul d h ave wi s h ed ,

an d s e em s to j u s tify s om e s u s pi c io n of hi s motiv es We .

will t a k e firs t t h e c as e of C a rloman .

Th e world i s a lw a ys ki n dly dispo s e d tow a rd s d i s

po ss ess ed youn ger broth ers ; an d it i s n o t un n atural
th at C a rlom an S houl d have fou n d fri en ds an d champion s .

No o n e s uppo s es that Einhard h as s aid all that th ere i s

to be s aid for C a rloman an d i n d eed it would be hardly
,

r e as on abl e to ex p ect it from him B u t what e xcit es .

s om e s u s picio n ag a i n s t him i s n o t th a t h e do es not s tat e

a c as e for C a rlom an but th a t h e do es n o t s t a t e o n e for

,

C harl em a gn e That th e r e w er e s eriou s an d op en diffe r

.

en ces b e tw e en t h e two broth e rs i s c e rt a i n — i t i s s ufh

c i en t l y cl e a r from t h e l e tt e r addr es s e d to th em by Pop e

St eph en ( Codex Car oll n n s 46 p 1 55 J affe) I f t he f ault

, ,
.
, .

l a y with C a rloma n it w a s n a tural for Ei n h a rd to s p e cify

,

it H e d o es i n d ee d i n ch a p xviii c h a rge C arlom an

.
, , .
,

va gu ely with c re a ti n g s i mu l t a t es et i n vi d i am — u n
pl ea s an tn es s es whi ch he t ell s u s no doubt truly th a t , ,

C h a rl emagn e en d ur e d with S i n gul a r e quan imity B u t n o .

d efin it e ch a rge of a n y kind i s pr eferr ed I t i s u s u a lly .

s uppo s ed th a t t h e qu a rr el b e g an i n t h e r e fu s a l of C arlo
—

m an to a ss i s t hi s broth er in A quit a i n e i n 7 6 9 A bout .

thi s two thi n gs m a y b e s a id ( 1 ) Thi s r efu s a l app ears i n

Ei n h a rd s accou n t r a th er as a r es ult th an as a caus e of
’

t he qu a rr el ( c h a p v fm t ) h r i di atio n s
’

.
, ( )
2 T e. e a re n c

t hat thi s i ncid ent was no t altogeth er of t he charact er

 TH E GOOD FA I TH OF E I N H A RD
suppo sed by Einh a rd s version of it Tw o Of our
’
.

annali s t s actually go s o far as to r epr esent t he sub

j uga tion of A quitain e a s an en t erpri s e u n d ert a ken and
carri ed through by a c o op eration of t he two broth ers :
-

s ee not e o n chap v zm t I n t he L ors ch A n n a ls again

’ ’

. .
, , ,

w e are giv en to und e rstand that t he affair in A quitain e

—
w a s trivi a l C h a rl em a gn e cum F r an coru m pauci s
qu ickly m a d e an en d of t he conspiracy : he th en had
a m e e ti n g with hi s broth e r a t Du as d i v es a ft e r which
,

Ca r lo m an n u s s e r e v ert e ndo F r a n ci a m it er arr 1p 1en s

i vi t whil e C harl em a gn e fortified Fron s ac an d s ent an
e mb a s sy to L oup I n thi s account th e r e i s no sugg es tion
.

of an y b ehaviour o n t he p a rt of C arloman eith er fals e or

u n fri en dly That s ugges tion com es in with t he r e vis er
.

a n d c o n ti n uator of th es e A n n a l s suppo s e d to b e Einhard

, .

The L orsch A n n als i n th eir fir s t form imply that all

, ,

di fficulty w a s practically at an en d wh en t he m eeting

at Du asd i ves took pl a c e I t i s furth er to be ob s e rved
.

that even t he Vi ta K aroll do es n o t s a y that C arloman

r efu s ed to h elp C harl em a gn e but rath er that he promi s ed
,

h elp which he s ub s e qu en tly fail ed to s en d ( chap v

,
. .

I t i s w e think prob a bl e that t h e broth ers had con c ert ed

, ,

s om e j oi n t a c tion that C h a rl em a gn e w as r e ady firs t

that fin di n g hi s tas k nothing lik e s o formid a bl e a s had
b een s uppo s ed he struck without w a iting for hi s broth e r .

Such a vi ew r econcil es all exi s ting a ccou n t s a n d it i s ,

e a s y to s ee how Ca rl o m a n s f a ilur e to p a rticip a t e in t h e

’

A quita n i a n action may hav e given a h a n dl e to m a lic e .

I n chap 111 w e a r e told that C arloma n w as surrou n d ed

.

by bad a d vi s ers w ho wi s h ed to m a k e an en d of t he s yst em

,

of divid ed ki n gs hip an d even to bri n g about a fr at ri

,

c i d al w a r
. H e r e thr ee c omm en ts s ugges t th em s e lves :
( )
1 Ei n hard go e s out of hi s w a y wh en h e t e
,
ll s u s thi s ,

to ass ure u s that th er e w a s n o r e al d a nger to be a p pre

b2
xx TH E GOOD FAI TH OF E I N HA RD
h end ed from th es e plot was merely that sus picion
s — it
w a s en g en d er e d ( )
2 W e k n ow n o mor e of t h e a dvi s e r s

of C arlom an than Ei n h ard t ells u s We do kn ow how .

,

e v e r that amo n g t h e pri n c ip a l p e r s on s a t hi s c ourt th e r e

,

wer e a t l ea s t four who w er e th er e i n t he i n t er es t s of

C h arl em a gn e an d who w er e i n s trum en tal i n s ecuri n g t h e
s ucc es s io n to C harl emag n e t h e mom en t that C a rlom a n

w as d e ad ( th e y w e r e V i l ch a r i u s
V
bi s hop of Sitt en , ,

F o l ra d u s t he ki n g s c h a pl a i n a n d t h e two c ou n t s
’

, ,

Wari n u s an d A d alhard A n n L an ri s s a 7 7 1 p 1 4 8
, . . .
, .
,

P er t z ) .Th es e a gent s b e ar a s i n i s t e r look I t i s d i ffi c ult .

n o t to b eli ev e th a t C h a rl e m a g n e h a d c a s t e y es o n hi s

broth er s po s s ess ion s an d h a d matur ed hi s pl an s s o m e

’

, ,

tim e b efor e C arlom an di e d I t w a s a ft er al l t he .

, ,

Franki s h w a y P epi n an d t he eld er C a rlom a n s wiftly

.

rid th ems elv es of Grifo a n d o n e h a s an u n eas y s u spi cio n

th a t t he eld er C a rlom an did n o t r etir e to hi s mon as t ery
( c hap . ii 1 5 s qq )
.
,
s a v e to t h
. e gr e a t r e li e f— an d p e rh a p s

o n t e soft ugg es tio

h s n — o f P e pi n (3 ) T h e o n ly ov e rtur e

of fri en ds hip whi ch w e kn ow C harl em a gn e to h a ve m ad e

to hi s broth er ( tho s e mad e t hrough Qu een B erth a) t he
broth er s eems to h a ve rec eived mo s t willi n gly Of thi s .

r econ ciliatio n Ei n h a rd t ell s u s n othi n g Hi s s il en c e .

h ere m ay be wholly i n n o cen t B u t it ha s b een s ugges t ed

.

th a t th er e wer e circums t an c es co n n ect ed with t h e r ec o n

c ili a tio n which mad e it impolitic to m en tio n t he s ubj ec t
a t all . O f th es e cir cums t an c es t he mo s t n ot eworthy a r e
t h e a lli an c e s form e d by C h a rl e m a gn e i n t h e e arly y ea r s ,

of hi s r eign with Didi er an d Ta ssil o The tr a i n of ev ent s

,
‘

i s c o n c eiv ed to b e s om e t hing of thi s s ort .

To prot e ct him s elf or to s tr en gth en him s elf agai n s t

, ,

C a rlom an C h a rl em a gn e ent er ed i n to a n a lli an c e with

,

both t he L omb a rd s a n d t he B ava rian s Th en n o t .

,

f eeli n g v ery s ecur e as to t he fid elity of th es e two alli es ,

 TH E GOO D FA I TH OF E I N H A RD xx
he r econcil ed hims elf with hi s broth er B u t i mmed i .

at ely conc eiving t he s am e mi s trus t of hi s broth er a s he

,

h a d f elt of Didi e r a n d Ta ss ilo h e proc e ed ed with con , ,

s umm a t e duplicity to e nt e r into n ew e ng a g em ent s with

,

t he L omb a rd ki n g .

Such i s t he r econstruction of events accept ed by a

r ec en t historian of C h a rl emagn e who i s o n e of hi s mo s t ,

di s c erni n g admir ers O ur records h er e are very i m

.

p erfect a n d in particular t he chro n ology of even t s i s

,

highly uncertain All that w e kn ow of t he B a v a ri a n

.

alliance i s d erived from an u n i n forming r efer enc e to it in

ch a p xx11 of t he Life of S t S tu rm ( writt en by a B ava rian
. .
,

it may be n otic ed ) Th er e t he alli a nc e i s d a t ed in o n e

.

of our MS S ve ry va gu ely by t he Words illi s t emporibus

.

and in anoth er as f a lling in t he fourth ye ar of C harl e

.

magn e s r eign ( i e aft er t he d e ath of C arlom a n ) Aga i n

’
. . .
,

th ere i s nothing to S how th a t t he arrangem ent with

Didi er was di rect ed again s t or not participat ed in by , ,

C arloman We ma y be co n t ent p erh a ps wh er e s o much

.
, ,

i s doubtful to gI V e C harl emagn e s om e b en e fit of our

,

r e ason a bl e doubts ; a n d a t l eas t to s u s p end our j udge

m ent on t he S il ence h er e of his biograph er .

Einhard s want of fulln es s or of fr an kn es s in narrating

’

, ,

t he circumstanc es und e r which C harl emagn e cam e i n to

conn exion with Didi e r i s som e embarra ss m ent to him
wh en at t he b egi n n i n g of c h a p vi he has to n a rrat e t he
, .
,

c a u s es of C h a rl emagn e s firs t e xp edition into I t a ly The

’
.

e v en t s pr e c e di n g that e x p e dition w e r e bri efly th es e , ,

C harl em a gn e h a d a lli ed hims elf a s a lr e ady n oti ced ,

a n d from wh a t e v e r motiv es — with Didi e r an d t he L o m

bard s He c em en t ed thi s a lliance o r s om e n ew allian ce

.
,
-

by marryi ng Didi e r s daught er Thi s marriage gave ’

.

grave o ffenc e to t he Pop e and it w as pr es ently to give ,

s till g rav e r— and just e r— o ff enc e to Didi e r for C harl e

xxii THE GO O D FA I TH OF E I N HARD
magn e almost imm ediat ely divorc ed his wife O n t he .

d ea th of C a rloman in 77 1 Didi er ga ve a r efuge to his

,

widow an d children an d end ea voured t o i n duce t he

,

Pop e to c rown t he l a tt er Wh en t he Pop e r efus ed

.
,

Didi er m a d e war upon him The Pop e a pp eal ed to .

C h a rl em a gn e for ass i s t a nc e and C harl emagn e invad ed

,

an d overthr ew t he L ombard kingdom All that .

Ei n h a rd t ells u s of t he caus es of thi s Lomb a rd war is

that C harl emagn e und ertook it at t he urgen t entr eaty
of t he Pop e He do es n ot t ell u s that C harl emagn e
.

had by his a llia n ce with Didi er expos ed t he Pap al power

,

to t he p eril of which it s tood in p erp etual fe ar Lombard ,

a ggr es s ion a p e ril f rom whic h as a Fran ki s h king h e h a d

, ,

a h er edi t ary obliga tion to prot ec t t he R oman s ee He .

do es n o t t ell u s that C h a rl emagn e had a quarr el of hi s

own with Didi er no r th a t i n th a t quarr el though Didi e r
, ,

w a s p e rh a p s n o t altogeth e r guiltl es s C h a rl em a gn e w a s
, ,

to s a y n o wors e d eeply to bl am e A littl e c an dour h ere

,
.

on t he p a rt of Ei n hard might p erhaps h a ve ass i s t ed u s in

forming a judgem en t of C harl emagn e s b eh a viour mor e ’

gentl e than s eems with t he m at erial at our di s posal

, ,

possibl e .

Th e r elation s of C harl emagn e to Duk e Tassilo a re

rath er mor e ob s cur e than are hi s r elatio n s with Didi e r .

Whil e C a rloman w as still alive C harl em agn e had al ready

,

p erhap s tre at ed Tass ilo in a f a shion n o t particul a rly

straightforward I t i s thought by many that even at
.

thi s e a rly p eriod C harl emagne h a d d es tin ed t he duk e for

t h e f a t e w hich ove rtook him tw enty y e ars lat e r The .

po s s es s ion of B avari a w as impor t ant for t he s ecurity

of t he Franki s h kingdom B u t it i s h a rdly po ssibl e to
.

d et ermi n e what d egree of fa r s ight ed policy m a y or -

,

may n o t be pr esum ed in C harl em a gn e s e arly p eriod

,
’
.

I t i s conc eivabl e that t he guilt of Ta ss ilo w a s r eal a s -

 xx iv TH E G O OD FA I TH OF E I N HA RD
a lso be r em emb er ed th a t t he brevity h ere of Ei n h a rd s ’

account involves no mor a l is su e —i t i s o n e thi n g to c over

w

up a misfortun e a n oth er to p alliat e c rimi n al ambition

,

an d i t s co n s t a nt c o n c omit a nt s habby diplom acy

,
1
.

Wh eth er it i s by a ccid en t or d esign th a t he has f a il ed

to i n s truct hi s r ead ers that t he C hri s tian king C h arl e
m a gn e w as i n thi s exp edition l eagu ed with Sar acen s ,

i s a qu es tion which w e h a v e no obviou s m ea n s of d e t er

mi n ing The oth er incid en t i n con n exion with which
.
,

th ere i s som e doubt wh eth er Einh a rd might n o t h av e

l et u s s ee mor e than h e h a s i s that of C harl emag n e s
’

c oro n atio n .The di fficulty h a s b een en d l es s ly di s cu ss ed ,

nor n eed it be rai s ed an ew h er e D esign a n d ac cid ent .

,

it i s worth r ep eati n g are s o i n ex tricably mi x ed i n a career

,

which grows from so c ompl ex a charac t er as th a t of

C h arl em a gn e t h a t it mus t s om etim es have b een di fficult
not mer el v for hi s biograph er but for t he king hims elf , ,

to di s tingui s h between plot an d t he pl ay of circums ta n ce .

Som e of t he public a c tio n s of Charl emagn e are d is

'

figured by a vice which whil e i n s ome d egr ee it was

,

a vic e of t he tim e a pp e a r s in him to a d e gr ee b e yond

“

what even t he cu s tom of t he Middl e Ages c an e xcus e

cru elty The utt er di s app ea ranc e of Carl o man s widow
.
’

and children i s a s i n i s t er epi s od e On thi s epi s od e .

Einhard is w ho ll v s il en t a n d w e h av e to draw our con

,

cl u s i on s from our g en e r a l conc eption o f C h a rl em a gn e s

’

charact er B u t w e c an s c arc ely a c quit Ei n h a rd of a

.

c ertai n d i s mgen u ou sn ess wh en h e go es out of hi s w a y i n ,

sp e aking of t he flight of th es e un h appy p ers o n s to I taly

( chap . iii f )
,
i n to
,
t ell us th a t t h e q u e e n h a d n o c a u s e

a t a ll to f e ar h er broth er i n law - The f a t e what e v e r it

-
.
,

w as — —
and it was known t o Einhard which ultimat ely
overtook h ers elf and her childr en suffici ently j us tifi es her
1
Th e L ors ck A n n a l s ha ve no referen ce t o R o n c es vall es .
 TH E GOOD FA I TH OF E I N HA RD x xv

prud ence a n d r efut es her hi s t o ri an Ei n hard app ea rs

,
'

.
,

a g a i n to employ an int ention a l vagu en ess wh en h e r e f e r s

,

to t he fat e whi c h overto ok C harl em a gn e s f a th er i n l aw ’

- -
,

Didi er H e sp eaks cas u ally of e xil e an d t he u n h a ppy

.

king s eems to have b een s till a liv e i n 7 87 ( c h a p x i ) He . .

probably found a p erp etu a l pri s on i n s ome Fr ench

mo n as t ery C harl em a gn e as Dr Hodgki n r em a rk s
.
,
.
,

highly valu ed for hi s en emi es t he opportun iti es for

— -

m editation a n d pr a y er afford ed by t he m on otonous

s eclu s ion of t he cloi s t er
C harl emagn e s cru elty in w a r i s c ertai n ly not con
’

c e al ed from u s by Ei n h a rd though he omits i t i s true -

, ,

to s ay anything of t he Mass acr e of Verd en The a ccou n t .

,

in chap viii of t he s ubjuga tio n of t h e Sa x o n s an d

.
, , ,

again in ch a p xiii of t he conqu es t o f t he A vars is

, .
, ,

suffici ently frank For Einhard s r eputation o n e c ould

.
’

wi s h it l es s s o He p erhaps s har ed s om e thi n g of that

.

r eligiou s enthu sias m which i s prob a bly t he d eep est ,

motive in t he charact er a n d a ctio n s of hi s mast er t he —

e nthu s i a sm which baptiz es childr en i n t he blood of
th eir fath ers a n d tak es a p e culi a r pl e a s ure in i n tro
, (

d u ci ng t he h e ath en to t he bosom of t he C hurch at t he

point of t he sword
The privat e lif e of C harl emag n e was probably a s well
known to Einhard as to a n y man in Europ e The .

num erou s wiv es and co n cubi n es of t he ki n g ( though

s om etim es Einhard forg e ts t he n a m e of s om e o n e of t he

latt er) are c a talogu ed i n c hap x viii Of C harl em a gn e s . .

’

virt ues chastity as Gibbo n says w as not t he mos t ,

conspicuous We ma y allow a good d ea l h er e to t he

.
’

mann ers of t he tim e and s om ethi n g to wh a t p eopl es ,

s eem to e x p e ct from th eir princes ; and Ei n h a rd s ’

catalogu e will n o t e xcit e s urpris e On ly at o n e or two .

points can w e accus e his frankn ess He t ells u s that .

xx vi THE GOOD FA I TH OF E I N HA RD
he has no notio n why C harl emagn e divorced D esirée at
t he e n d of a s i n gl e y ea r C h a rl em a gn e w as tired of her
.

a n d h e w a n t ed to m a rry H i l d e g a rd —th a t i s t h e whol e

rath er h ea rtl ess s tory Of anoth er of C h a rl em agn e s

.
’

wives Fa s tra d a Ei n h a rd gives a n account n o t en t irely

, ,

c o n vin c ing Th e c ru elty of h er d i s po s ition is a ss ign ed

.

a s t h e caus e of t h e Thuri n gi a n co n s piracy of 7 8 5 — 6 an d ,

of t he r eb ellion of Pippi n t he Hun chb ack in 7 92 We .

a r e told that from u n du e conjugal a ffe ction C h a rl em a gn e

, ,

w as l ed to s tr a y an imm en s e di s t a nc e from hi s natur a l

goodn es s of h eart an d from hi s a cc u s tom e d cl em ency
We have s een s om ethi n g alre ady of t he accu s tom ed
cl em ency of C h a rl em a gn e ; a n d w e must h es itat e to
put too mu ch trus t i n a hi s tori an who tri es to throw t he
blam e for C h a rl em a gn e s e x cess es o n a wife from whom
’

what ev er her ferocity her hus ban d h a d littl e h er e to

,

l earn Aft er all t he mos t cru el a ct of C h a rl em a gn e s

.
,
’

life t he massacre of
,
S a x on s was prior to his
marri a ge with Fas trad a .

I n t he matt e r of hi s wiv es and concubin es C harl e ,

magn e s conduct however littl e d efen s ibl e morally i s

’

, ,

at l eas t int elligibl e I t is l ess easy to und ers t a nd that

.

part of his dom es tic life which touch es hi s daught ers .

No o n e of th em was allowed to marry Even Einhard .

confesses hims elf p erpl exed h ere C harl em a gn e he .

,

t ells us us ed to say that he could not do without th eir

,
‘

comp an y ( chap xi x) On e s u sp ec ts th a t C harl em a gn e

. .

s pok e with grim humour — a king who s o quickly got rid

of hi s wives w as lik ely to b ecom e proportio n a t ely tired

of hi s d aught ers An d he ha d s om e r ea son for wi s hi n g
.

to s ettl e th em in life Not allowed to go fa r and m a rry

.
, ,

th ey f a r ed wors e and b ecam e a s cand al to t he court

,
.

Th er e i s no r e ason to cr edit a lat e l e gend which con

n eot s t he n am e of E inhard with o n e of C harl em a gn e s ’
 THE G O OD FA I TH OF E I N HA RD x x vn

p ro fli ga t e daught ers B u t it i s notic eabl e that in

.

that s ection wh er e Einhard s p e aks of t he king s ’

daught ers th er e in no m ention of an y s cand a l in c o n

,

n exi o n with th em s av e in two s ent enc es whi c h a re not

to be found i n our b es t MS Wh en w e r em emb e r .

E inhard s occas ion al ins piration s of S il enc e el s ewh er e

’

w e s hall p erhap s b e right in suppo s ing th a t th ese t w o

s ent enc es a r e from t he p en of s om e rath e r l a t e r and ,

more ingenuou s writ er C harl emagn e s tr eatm ent of

, .
’

hi s daught ers may probably be ex pl a in ed in two ways

( )
1 H e r e g a rd e d t he m as p erm an en t p oss i bi l i ti es of
p oli ti cal alli an ce He k ept th em at home i n ord er that
.

any On e of th em might be r eady at any mom ent to s e al

a n ew diplomatic enga gem en t Marri a ges wer e ac tu ally
.

arranged for two of th em— i n e x change for politic al

alliances That th ey all of th em di ed s ingl e i s to be
.

attribut ed to t he genius which C harl emagn e po s s ess ed

for dropping alliances which s om e s udd en chan ge in t he
political s ituatio n re nd er ed no lon ger n ec essary to him
( ) he Frankish nobl es or t he d ep end ent duk es of t he
2 T ,

Frankish empir e wer e t he p erson s a mong Whom C harl e

,

magn e might most naturally have thought to find

husbands for hi s daught ers B u t by m a king any o n e
.

of th em hi s son i n law he was prob a bly s en s ibl e that he

- -

would el evat e a pot enti a l us urp er whil e at t he same time

,

ali enating thos e no bl e suitors whom he pass ed by .

Th e S u et o n i an s tyl e and m e thod which w e have ,

alr eady s poken of as t he mo s t notabl e ex t ernal char

a ct eri s t i c of Einhard s work i s es p e c i a lly m a rk ed in t h e
’

s e c tio n s d e a ling with C harl e magn e s priv a t e lif e ( if w e

’

e x c ep t ch a p x viii )
. So clo s ely do es Einhard reproduce
.
,

i n th e s e s e ctions n o t only t he m an n e r but t he m a tt e r

, ,

not o n ly t he gen eral s tyl e but t he dictio n in d etail of , ,

Su eto n iu s th a t criti cs h a v e b een oblige d to a s k th em

'

,
 xx viii TH E GOOD FA I TH OF E I N H A RD
s elves wh eth er in following Su etoniu s s o s lavi shly he
, ,

h as not imp a ir ed t he v a lu e of hi s work as hi s tory

wh ether i n f a ct i n his d ep en d en c e upon hi s L ati n mod el
, ,

h e has n o t b een l ed to a ttribut e to C h a rl emagn e qu a liti es

a n d a c c ompli s hm en t s n o t o n ly mor a l an d int ell e ctual
, ,

but ev en phys ical which did not chara ct eriz e him :

,

wh eth er he has not mad e t he found er of t he Holy R om an

Empir e a gr eat d eal mor e lik e t he foun d er of t he Anci ent
Rom an Empire than t he fact s would w arrant We 1
.

h a ve h er e a lit era ry probl em r e quiri n g for its prop er

s olutio n s om e t a ct an d d elica c y — t h e qu estion i s n o t
o n e m er ely for t he hi s tori a n but involves t he whol e ,
.

ps ychology of imitative lit era tur e A few gen eral con .

sid er a tio n s mu s t s uffic e which m ay afford broad prin

,

ci p l es of guidan c e I t m a y b e s aid s a f ely that Einhard

.
,

wh a t ev er hi s d e fect s po s s es s ed genui n e lit erary tal ent

, .

C lo s ely a s h e mod el s hi s s tyl e a n d di c tio n o n Su etoniu s ,

he i s n ev e r a c lum s y imit a tor We may dismiss a s idl e .

t he notio n that hi s voc a bulary of pur e L ati n was so

limit ed that i n d es cribi n g t he eye s or n eck or hair of , , ,

C h a rl emagn e h e had to accommodat e th em to thos e

,

of s om e Roman emp eror portrayed by Su etoniu s We .

mu s t rath er con ceive of him a s a writ er s o d eeply

s a tur a t e d i n Su etoniu s th a t h e i n sti n ct i v e ly put t h e

result s of hi s ow n p ersonal ob s ervatio n i n to t he phra se s

to whi ch hi s readi n g had habituat ed hi m I t must be . .

r em emb ered th a t Su eto n iu s oft en imitat es him s elf

a lmo s t a s clos e ly a s h e i s imit a t e d by Ei n hard H is .

d e s criptio n s of t he p ers on a l a pp ea ra n c e a n d habit s of

1
Th e m a t eri a l fo r a d is c u s s io n of ll ect ed i n
t h e q u es t io n is co

J a ff e
’
s n o t e a t p 5
.0 1 o f t h e B R G v o l iv
. S ee a
. l s o H o
. d g ki n . . ,

I t a ly a n d her I n va der s viii 1 2 7 a n d D a vi s p 2 3 7

, .
,
Mr D a vis , . . .

re fers t o R u d o lf s u s e o f Ta c it u s W e m a y c o mp are a lso t h e

’
.

ma n n er i n whi c h R a h e w i n emp lo ys S a llu s t a n d H eg esi p p u s i n hi s

d escrip t io n s o f B ar b a r o s s a s b a t t l e s
’
.
 TH E GOOD FA I TH OF E I N HA RD xx i x
di fferent emp erors rep eat o n e anoth er i n phra s eology
wh ere t he charac t eri s ti c s of o n e emp eror happ en to r ecur
i n a noth e r Su eto n iu s i n fa c t u s es S u et o n i an t a gs
.
, ,

a lmo s t a s mu c h a s Ei n hard I t s hould al s o be n oti c e d

.

as writ r
e s hav lr
e a e ady n oti c e d — th a t though Ei n hard s ’

c hi e f mod e l i s t h e L if e of A u gu s t u s o t h e r s of t he S u et o n i an
,

Li ves a r e l a id u n d e r fr e qu en t c o n tributio n I n t he .

s tr a n g e g a ll e ry of port en tou s ki n g s pr e s e n t e d i n t h e

Vi t ae Ca es arn m Ei n hard could fi n d if hi s o w n voc a bul a ry ,

fa il ed him word s for almo s t a n y p eculiarity of hum a n

,

habit or occ up a tion Still employi n g t he phr a s es of

.

Su etoniu s he c ould if h e h a d wi s h e d it hav e given u s

, , ,

a v e ry di ff e r e n t portr a it of C h a rl em a g n e The i n flu en c e .

of Su eto n iu s i s i n f a c t a good d ea l mor e s ubtl e a n d

’

, ,

e lu s iv e tha n t h e c riti c i s m s whi c h w e h a v e h er e b e en

a n s w e ri n g pr e s um e I n a mor e s ubtl e fa s hio n it i s

.

prob a bl e that Ei n hard s c lo s e d ep en d en c e o n Su e toniu s

’

may h a v e l ed him to giv e a f a l s e c olour h e r e a n d th e r e

to hi s pi c tur e of h i s h ero Ei n h a rd s two mo s t a ttr a ctiv e
.
’

qu a liti e s a r e wh en a l l i s s a id a gen erou s lov e of C harl e

, ,

m a gn e a n d a gen ui n e en thu s i a s m for a n tiquity H e .

would t en d n a tur a lly to look upo n hi s m a s t er with

ey es which habituat e d to t h e c o n t e mpl a tio n of a n c 1e n t
,

gr e at n es s w er e a p t to s e e i n him t he r efl ectio n of that

,

gr ea t n es s I t is lik ely en ough th a t he w a s over a n x iou s

.
-

to fin d res embl a n c e s b e tween C h a rl em a gn e a n d Augu s tu s

wh er e s uch res embl a n c es wer e e ith er v ery r emot e o r ev en ,

n o n ex i s t en t H i s pi c tur e of C harl em a g n e s h a bit s a n d

’
-
.

di s po s itio n wh e re it di ffer s from oth er pi c tures s eem s

, ,

to di ffer from th em pr eci s ely i n tho s e res p ec t s i n whi c h

it a grees mo s t with t he S u et o n i an portr a it of Augu s tu s .

We mi s s i n p a rticular s om e of tho s e c h a r a c t e ri s tic s or

, , ,

s uppo s e d c har a c t eri s tic s of C h a rl em a gn e whi c h m ak e

, ,

him if n o t a mor e ki n gly a n d dig n ifi ed figure yet a more

, ,
xxx TH E GOOD FA I TH OF E I N HARD
living and exub eran t —
p ers onality hi s
boundl es s en ergy ,

hi s rud e en j oym en t of n a iv e pl ea s ur es hi s blunt and , ,

ev en coar s e humour ,
On t h e oth er h a nd it s hould not
.
,

b e forgott en that Ch a rl em a gn e s ch ar a c t er has a s w e

’ '

hav e already h a d occasion to n otic e a curiou s m edia eval ,

compl exity A t tim es he a pp ears t he mo s t s impl e of

.

ki n gs— a plai n and p a s s io n at e Fran k Y et a t oth er .

tim es w e d et ec t in him not o n ly a mi n d working in

politics i n a fa s hio n ex traordi n arily tortuou s but a l s o ,

a s piritu a l di s po s itio n n o t p erh a p s of gr ea t profundity

, ,

but full of s tra n ge con tra s t s Hi s en thu s i a s m for r eligio n

.
,

and for l ett ers a s t he va s s al of r eligio n w as wholly ,

gen uin e an d it is lik ely that hi s i n timat es i n t he Palac e

School saw him oft en er th a n w e s uppo s e i n tho s e d eep er
moods of ki n gs hip whi c h mak e t he a nci en t R oman titl e ‘

of Augu s t a n app ellation not m er ely courtly .

O TH E R A U TH O R I TI ES FO R THE L I FE
O F C HA R LE MA GNE

B E S I D E S t h e Vi ta K ar oli of Ei n hard our prin cip a l ,

a uthoriti e s for t h e lif e of C harl em a g n e a n d t he g en e ral

,

hi s tory of hi s reign a re t he followi n g

,

( 1 ) T h e L or sch A n n a l s ( A n n a l es L a n r i ss en s es ) cov e ri n g
t h e p e riod from 7 4 1 8 2 9 — Thi s r ecord b egi n s to be a
con t empor a ry a n n u a l only from t he y ea r 7 8 8 Down to .

79 6 t h e a uthor would app e a r from

, i n t e r n al e vid en c e ,

to be s om e o ffici a l of t he C a roli n gi a n c ourt H e writ e s .

a s a p a rtisa n with an obviou s hostility toward s t he

,

B av a ri an duchy The r e cord from 7 97 to 8 1 3 i s i n a

.

s tyl e n o t unlik e that of Ei n hard a n d Einhard h a s b een

conj ectured to be t he author of this portio n The r ec ord .

 xxxn GER MAN C U LTURE

GER MAN C U LTURE I N THE EARLY

MI DD LE A GES
E I NHA R D s p eak s of him s elf i n t h e Pr efac e to t he Vi ta
,

K a roli a s homo b a rb a ru s et i n Roma n a l o cu t i o n e p er

,

p a rum ex erci t at u s Y e t n o oth e r writ e r of t he Middl e

A g es h a s c om e s o n ea r to r epro d u c i n g t he purity
a n d p er s pi cuity of t h e old R oma n a l o cn t i o Wh en w e
.

c omp a r e him with t h e b e s t of h i s c o n t empor a ri es — for

e x a mpl e with A lcui n — w e f e e l a t o n c e th a t w e a r e com

,

p a ri n g a gen ui n e a rti s t with m er e fumbl ers an d bot ch ers .

A l cui n w a s n o doubt a gr ea t e r for c e i n th a t mov em en t

, ,

of lit er a ry a n d e duc a tio n a l r eform whi ch w e c a ll t he

C a roli n gi a n R en ai s s a n c e B u t if A l cui n w a s t he prim e
.

c u se a n d thi s i s n o t a ltogeth er s o c ert a i n a s w e

a —

c ommo n ly s uppo s e— Ei n hard i s t h e c hi e f produ ct of ,

th i s mov em en t I t i s worth a ski n g ours elves wh en c e

.

thi s mov em en t c a m e a n d wh a t a re t he ch a r a c t eri s ti c s

,

of it i n th a t a r ea es p ec i a lly i n whi ch Ei n h a rd lived an d

wh er e C h a rl em a gn e him s e lf w a s mo s t truly a t hom e
for i n hi s virtu es a s well a s i n hi s c ryi n g f ault s C h arl e
, ,

m a gn e i s a ft er a ll es s en ti a lly G erm an
, ,

Th e s itu a tio n of G erm a n y i n r es p ect to t h e fortu n e s

,

withi n i t s bord ers of L a ti n cultur e i s wid ely di fferen t

,

from th a t of t h e oth er Rom a n provi n c es of t h e c o n ti n en t

it a pprox im a t e s s om ewh at c lo s ely to that of E n gl an d .

P a rt s of G erm a n y ea rly s ubmitt ed th em s elve s to Roma n

i n flu en ce s Su c h town s a s Ma i n z Treves S a lzburg
.
, , ,

R a ti sbon r ec eiv ed a d efi n it ely Rom a n culture B u t .

th es e i n flu en c es w er e n o t s uffi c i en tly s tro n gly es t a bli s h ed

‘

to s t a n d a ga i n s t t he barb a ri an irruptio n s Th ey p eri sh ed

.
 I N TH E E A R L Y MI DD L E A GES xxx iii
-
e x actly as t he p a rtial Roman culture of Engl an d
p erish ed in t he con flict with Angl e Sa x on a n d Jut e , .

Th ey w e r e r es tor e d i n t he s ev enth a n d e ighth c en turi es

by t he s am e a gen ci es a s in t h e S i x th c en tury res tore d
, ,

—
th em in E n glan d t he mi s s ion a ry movem ent of Chri s
t i an i t y . B u t t he r es tor a tio n of thi s cultur e c am e to
G erm a n y by a n obliqu e path a n d n o t a s to Engl a n d
, , ,

dir ect from Rom e I t c a m e to G erm an y with t h e book s

.

a n d pr e a c hi n g of t h e E n gli s h a n d I ri s h mi s s io n a ri es .

The s itu a tion of G ermany pr es en t s th e r e for e a s tro n gly , ,

m a rk ed co n tr a st with th a t of oth er con tin ent a l countri e s .

I n I t a ly of cour s e th er e i s a n u n brok en L ati n lit e r a ry

, ,

traditio n s a v e i n that n a rrow a re a of t he south whi ch

—

con ti n u ed to m a i n t a i n i t s Greek s p eech a n d s ymp a thi es

a ll through t h e middl e ages ( a n d i n part s of which t he

Greek l a n gu a ge i s s till i n u s e to day ) G aul in t he third

- .

and fourth c en turi e s c r eat e d a lit eratur e s u p erI Or I n

quality to th a t of Rom e it s elf a n d po s s es s i n g i n s tyl e
, ,

a n d di a l e c t a mark e d n a tio n al ch a ra c t e r
,
Sp a i n from .
,

t he e n d of t he fir s t c entury o n w a rd ha d a g en ui n e ly ,

individual c ulture a n d a b s orb ed a s tim e wen t o n va lu

, , ,
&

a bl e i n flu en c es from t h e gr e a t rh etori c al s chool s of A frica

— i n p a rt tr a n s mitti n g th es e i n flu en c es to Fr a n c e I n n o .

c en tury of th e ir hi s tory did e ith e r I t a ly Fr a n c e or Sp a i n ,

c ea s e to produ c e L a ti n lit er a ture I n all three r egio n s .

s u c c e s s iv e b a rb a ri a n i n v a d e r s e n cou n t e r e d a tr a ditio n

of s p eec h a n d writi n g whi c h th ey w ere powerl e s s ha d —

th ey wi s h e d i t — to br e ak down Th er e we re r ea s o n s .

why th ey s hould n o t wi s h to ov erthrow it a n d th es e

d e s erve c o n s id er a tio n h er e s i n c e th ey e xpl a in t he
,

tr a n s itio n from wh a t we c a ll cla s s ic a l to m edi a ev a l

‘ ’

L a ti n a n d i n c id en t a lly s om e of t he di ffe r en c es b e tw ee n
, , ,

t he m e di a ev a l L a ti n of G e rm a n y and th a t of oth e r p a rt s
of t he Empir e .
 xxx iv GER MAN C U LTURE
The L ati n lan gu a ge a s t he u n iv ers al s p eech of t he
,

West ern world su rvi v ed t he f a ll of t he Wes t ern Empire

,

for two r ea s on s
( )
1 I t w a s t h e l a n guag e n o t m e r e ly of t h e Empir e,

but of t he C hurc h
( )
2 I t w a s t h e la n guag e both of t h e c ivil a n d of t h e

cano n law .

I t en shrin ed in oth er w o r d s b ot h t he s ecr et of orthodo x y

, ,

( t h e V i s igoth s ,
wh e n th e y l e ft th e ir A ri a n i s m a b an don ed
,

t h e v er s io n of t h e S c ri p t u r es whi c h U l fil a s had m a d e for

th em ) a n d t he s ecret of orga n izi n g c o n qu es t To p en e .

tra t e th es e two s ec ret s it w a s n eces s ary to p a s s through

,

t he old Roma n s y s t em of e du c a tio n i n wh a t ev e r r es p e ct s

,

modified Th e old curri culum of t h e s c hool s with th eir

.
,

s t a n da rd author s ( who w e r e t h e s a m e a s our s ) could

,

n o t b e a llow e d wholly to p eri s h .

Th es e f a c t s s e rv e to e x pl a i n a t o n c e t h e g en er a l chara c
t e r of wh a t w e call t h e m e di a e v a l L a ti n Th e basi s of it
.

i s t he la n guag e of t h e s tandard a uthor s abov e a ll

’
‘
,

C ic ero a n d Vergil Thi s l a n gu a ge i s modi fied firs tly

.
, ,

by t he l an gu a g e of t he L a ti n tran s latio n s of t he B ibl e

( an d h en c e that s tro n g ti n ctur e of both Ea s t ern and
Gr eek idiom which i s t he mo s t di s ti n gui s hing c har
,

a c t eri s t i c of m e dia eva l lati n ity ) and s eco n dly by t he

, ,

l a n guage of law Thi s latt er i n flu en ce i s illu str a t ed i n

.

p a s s i n g in a good m a n y of our Not es to t h e V i t a K a r oli

but an ex a mpl e which will oc cur to a n y o n e will be t he
fondn es s of t he m edi aeva l writ ers for t he expres s io n
t h e afor em ention ed p r a e d i ct n s s,
u p r a d i c t a s ,p fr a e a t n s
,

memor a ta s & c — u s ed i n co n t ex t s pur ely lit erary wh er e

,
.
,

no pr eci s ion or formality i s a im ed at The last gr eat .

in flu enc e in t he d ev elopm ent of m edia eval L a tin i s

human natur e H uman nature d emand s instrum ent s
.

of ex pres s io n which a re fl ex ibl e which a re adju st ed to

,
 I N TH E E A R L Y MI DD L E A GES xxx v

t he n eeds of ev eryday life and which can be employed ,

by t he s impl e a s well as by t he highly train ed h ence

a con s id e r a bly increas ed vocabu la ry a n d modific a tio n s ,

of gra mm a r a n d s ynt a x All th es e e l em en t s go to form

.

what I s idor e c all s t he li ngu a mi xta qu a e po s t imp e rium ,

l a t i u s p ro mo t u m S imul c u m m o r i bu s e t ho mi n i bu s i n
R o m a n a m c i vi t a t e m i n ru p i t ( E ty m i x 1 . . .

Thi s li ng n a mi xt a w a s t he u n ive r s al m e dium of L atin

cultur e i n t he a ge of Ei n h a rd B u t h ere w e r ecur to .

a di s ti n ctio n which w e b eg an by m aki n g I n I t a ly .

,

Fran c e a n d Spai n thi s li ngn a mi xt a w a s from t he s i x th

, , ,

to t he n inth c en tury a n i n t egral p a rt of t he n a tio n a l life

,
.

I t w as n ot s o in G e rm a n y— j u s t a s it Wa s n o t s o i n
Englan d A n d h er e w e h a ve what ma y be c a ll e d the
.

exp l an a ti on of E i n ha rd H i s L a ti n ow e s t he gr e a t e r
.

purity of di c tion by which it i s di s tingui s h ed from oth er

,

m edia eva l L atin pr eci s ely to t h e f a ct th a t it i s n ec es s arily

,

mor e artifi c i a l th a t it i s dra wn with labour from t he

,

sourc e and n o t fetch e d from a n y commo n co n duit of

lit erary traditio n I t i s t h e L atin of t h e fift een t h
.

c entury R en a i s s an c e a n d t h e lik en e s s proc ee d s from

,

a s imilarity i n t he co n ditio n s of its origi n Ei n hard s .

’

G erma n L a ti n i s t he L ati n of a pl a c e a n d tim e which

has n e ver a c quire d t he R en a i s s a nc e L a ti n that of a pl a c e
,

a n d tim e which h a s lost t h e R om a n tr a ditio n

, We mu s t .

al s o a llow lib erally Einhard s i n dividu a l t a len t The ’

.

oth er G erman L ati n i s ts i n compari s o n m er ely s t a mm er

, ,

L atin .

A u s eful crit erion of cultur e ov er and b eyond langu a g e

, ,

i s handwriting H e r e I s s om e thi n g i n whi c h C harl emagn e

.

d eeply int eres t ed him s elf (s ee chap xx v with n ot es ) .

,
.

Throughout t he e arly Middl e A g es th er e w er e two hand ,

writings in u s e in t he Wes t : t he handwriting of t he C hurch

( he s o call e d u nci a l and half uncial d ev elopm en t s of
t - — -

C2
xxx vi GER MAN C U LTURE
ca pit a l writi n g) a n d t he han dwriti n g of t he world
1
,

t he c urs iv e s cript u s e d for t h e purpo s es of busi n e s s an d

of l aw I t w a s t he s econ d of th e s e two h a n d s th a t t he
.

b arb a ri a n p eopl e s s et th ems elves to a c quir e an d th ey

a pp e a r to h a v e tak e n it with th em to t h e mo n a s t e ri e s .

Th er e th e y a ppli e d it to t h e purpo s es both of r eligio n

a n d of lit er a tur e H en c e wh a t a re c a ll ed t h e thr ee
.

gr ea t n a tio n a l han d s : t he L ombardi c or B en ev en t a n , ,

i n s outh e r n I t a ly t h e Vi s igothi c i n Sp a i n a n d i n Fr a nc e
, ,

t h e Merovi n gi a n Of G erm a n writi n g prior to t he

.
,

C roli gi a re form e h a v e a lmo s t n o e x a mpl e s until

a n n w ,
—

v e ry r ec en tly it w a s n o t k n own th a t a n y ki n d of G erm a n

n a tio n a l ha n d h a d e volv e d it s e lf H e r e a ga i n th er e for e .
, ,

w e h a v e t h e s am e w a n t of tr a ditio n a s w e fou n d in t he
G erm a n u s e of t he La ti n l an gu a ge The obj ec t of t he .

C a roli n gi a n r e form w a s ( 1 ) to r emod el t he old Me ro

vi n g i a n h a n dwriti n g whi c h w a s of a ll t h e n a tio n a l
, ,

h an d s t he l ea s t l egibl e a n d (2 ) to c r ea t e a h a n d writi n g
,

for t h e G erm an mo n a s t eri e s Thi s r eform w a s carri e d .

out m a i n ly with t h e a s s i s t a n c e of E n gli s h a n d I ri s h

s c hol a r s who wer e to be fou n d i n pl en ty n o t o n ly i n
,

t he P a l a c e S c hool a n d i n t h e G e rm a n mo n a s t eri e s but ,

a l s o i n s om e of t h e lit er a ry c en tr e s of Fr a n c e Th e s e .

s c hol a r s ultim a t e ly r emod e ll e d t h e h a n dwriti n g of t h e

whol e of Europ e modifying it o n t he patt ern of t he

,

h a n d out of whi c h th eir o w n had origi n a lly d evelop ed

t he old h a lf u n ci a l writi n g of t h e C hur ch
- .

Th e impul s e tow a rd s thi s r e form which i n volv e d

— -

a compl t
e e r e form of e du c a tio n — u n doubt edly c a m e
from Rom e I t s motiv e i s a n i n t er es t not i n lit erature
.
,

a s s uch but i n r eligio n

, B ett er copi e s of C hurch book s
.
,

a b ett e r e du ca t e d c l e rgy — th a t w a s wh a t both C harl e

1
C p i t l w ri t i g
a a rviv d i t t h ixt h
n su t ry b t
e n o ly e s cen u , u on

as a ha n d fo r edi ti o n s d e l a xe of t he g r e a t c la s s ic s .
 I N TH E E A R L Y MI DD L E A GES X x x vl l

m a gn e a n d A l c ui n we r e pr im a rily i n t e res t e d i n Y et .

it i s po s s ibl e to ex a gger a t e t he purely e cc l es i a sti c a l

n a tur e of thi s gr e a t mov e m e n t I t c ove r s a wid e a r e a
.
,

a n d a mo n g t h e a s s i s t a n t s of C h a rl e m a g n e mu s t have

b een m a n y who lik e Ei n h a rd h a d en t ere d by an i n n er

, ,

li n e i n to t h e s pirit of t h e a n ci en t s ecul a r lit er a ture

or of p a rt s of it More over t he n a ture of a n y lit er a ry
.
,

i n t ere s t i s s u c h th a t it i s n ever s ati sfi e d with presc rib ed

bou n d s Th e en thu s ia s m for a n tiquity i n e vit a bly c a rri e s
.

tho s e who fee l it furth e r th a n th ey d es ign to go O n ly .

s o c a n w e e x pl a i n t h e pr e s erv a tio n i n c opi es m a d e i n t h e

,

C aroli n gi a n p eriod of s o ma n y a n c i en t L a tin writ ers who

,

w er e of n o s ervic e to r eligion an d could n o t be recko n e d

,

a mo n g t h e f ew s ta n d a rd a uthor s who w er e t h e ba si s
of s chool t ea chi n g -
.

On e grea t effect of t he e duc a tio n a l r e form s of C harl e

magn e whi c h s eem s s om e tim es to be lo s t s ight of i s t he
, ,

li n ki n g u p of t h e gre at mo n a s t eri e s of Europ e We .

en t er upo n a gr e at e r a of i n t e rcommu n icatio n b e tw ee n

both n e ar a n d di s t a n t lit er a ry c en tres The l ett er s of .

t h e tim e s uffici en tly illu s trat e thi s — i n p a rti c ul a r t h e

c orr e s po n d e n ce of S er va t u s L upu s G erm a n y r eap ed .

t h e full b en e fit of thi s i n t e rcour s e with oth e r cen tr e s of

l earn i n g importi n g n o t o n ly s chol a r s a n d books but
, ,

a tr a ditio n u n til i n t he t en th c en tury t he G e rman

mo n a s t eri e s (Ma i n z Fuld a Trev es C ologn e B a mb erg
, , , , ,

H er s fe ld L or s ch Wii rzbu rg R ei c h en a u St G a ll) a r e

, , , ,
.

amo n g t he pri n cipal copyi n g s chool s of Europ e .

Ei n hard m en tio n s c a s u a lly i n c h a p xxi x a s ubj ec t .

mor e i n t ere s ti n g to po s t e rity th an he p erhap s with his , ,

v ry ti outlook w a s lik ely to s uppo se t he n a tiv e

e L a n ,
—

G erma n lit e r a ture H e t ell s u s that C harl em a g n e

.

c au s e d to b e c opi e d a n d that he l ea r n e d by h e art

, ,

barb a ra e t an t i qu i s s im a c a rmi n a quibu s vet eru m ,

xxx viii GER MAN C U LTURE
regum actu s e t b ell a c a n eban t u r a n d that h e e v en

s et a bout pr e p a ring a gr a mm a r of t h e G e rm an la n gu a g e .

Th a t th e r e e x i s t e d i n C h a rl em a g n e s tim e a c o n s id er a bl e
’

body of Fran ki s h h er 01c po etry i s att e st e d by t he fa c t

th a t t h e l a t e r G erm a n s a ga ha s i t s th em e i n t h e warfa res
a n d migr a tio n s of t h e fifth c e n tury a n d th er e for e gr ew , , ,

from thi s ea rli er po etry Th ere exi s t e d a l s o i n t he .

C a roli n gi an p eriod a c ert a i n a mou n t of G erm an pro s e

lit er a tur e whi ch Ei n h a rd do es n o t h ere m en tio n I t c o n
, .

s i s t e d m a i n ly of r eligiou s writi n g s s e rmo n s tr a n s l a tio n s )

( , ,

whi c h wer e a we ak v ern a c ul a r imit a tion of L ati n mo n a stic

work of t he tim e On thi s it i s lik ely that C h arl em a gn e
.
,

i n hi s z eal for t h e Rom a n C hur c h look e d with n o par ,

t i cu l ar favour . Hi s s o n a n d s uc c e s s or L oui s t h e Piou s , ,

look ed with great di sfa vou r o n t he barb a r a c armina

whi c h hi s fath er tol erat e d n e c l e g er e n e c a udir e n ec
‘
, ,

doc er e vo lu i t s ays Th egan ( ch a p x i x ) I t i s po s sibly . .

owi n g to thi s pr eju d ic e of L oui s th a t th ese l ays h a ve b een

lo s t to u s C h a rl emagn e s i n t ere s t i n th em s ay s n othing
.
’

of c ours e for th eir m erit s H e ma y v ery well hav e b een

, .

guid ed h er e n o t o n ly by hi s Fra n ki s h t emp er a m en t but ,

al s o by A lcui n B ed e who w a s t he t ea ch er of Alcu i n s

.
,
’

t ea c h er Egb ert a n d who s e a uthority liv ed lo n g i n York

, ,

wh ere A lcui n w a s e ducat ed took t h e s am e lib eral vi ew ,

of t h e v er n a c ular lit eratur e of hi s o w n c ountry .

1

We a pp en d h er e t he C apitul a ry of C harl em a gn e De
Li tteri s C ol en di s s om e tim es call e d t h e Lett er to B angn lfn s
, ,

but i n r ea lity a n E n cyc li c a l A S t he o ffi cial ex pres s io n .

o f t h e e du c ation a l id ea l of t h e a ge it i s a docum en t of firs t

'

rat e i n t er es t a n d importa n ce i n volvi n g t he whol e fat e ,

of Europ e an l e tt e rs I t i s giv en i n P ert z Mon n men ta ,

Germa n i a e H i s t ri
o ca 111 pp 52 3 a n d i n J affé B i bli otheca
,
— , .
, ,

1
S ee B e d e E col H i s t
, . . iv . 24, P l u m m er I, lxxiv c lxi , ,
x1 GER MAN C U LTURE
s aep i u s script a d i ri geren t u r ,
in qui bu s quid pro n obi s
fratres ibid em c ommo ran t es in s a cri s et p n s o r a t i o n i bu s

s i gn i fi c a r e t u r , mu s i n p l u r i mi s p r a e fa t i s c o n
c o gn o vi

s cri p t i on i bu s e o r u n d em e t s en s u s r ec to s e t s ermo n e s

i n culto s qui a quod p i a d evo t i o i n t eriu s fid el i t er di c t a

,

b a t hoc e x t eriu s propt er n egl egen t i a m di s c endi i n erudit a

,

e x p r i mer e s i n e r ep r eh en s i o n e n o n v a l eb a t .

U n d e fa ctum e s t u t tim er e i n ci p er emu s n e fort e s i cu t ,

mi n or er a t i n s criben d o prud en ti a i t a quoqu e et multo ,

mi n or es s e t qu a m es s e d ebu i s set i n S an ct a ru m S cri p t u

r a r u m a d i n t el l ege n d u m s a pi en ti a .

Q u a m o b r em h o r t a mu r vo s : L i t t e r a r u m s tu d ia n o n

n egl eg er e v erum e ti a m hu millima et Deo pl a cit a i n

,

t en t i o n e ad ho c m d i sc er e u t fa cili u s
c er t a t i ,
et r ec t i u s

d i vi n aru m S cr i p t u r a ru m m y s t eri a v a l ea t i s p en etra re .

C um en im i n s a cri s p a gi n i s sc h em a t a tropi e t c e t era hi s

S imili a i n s e rta i n v en i a n t u r n ulli dubium quod ea u n u s
,

qui s qu e l egen s tan to ci t i u s sp i ri t u ali t er i n t ell egit qu a n to

priu s i n l i t t era t u r a e m a gi s t erio p l en i u s i n s t ru c t u s fu erit .

Ta l e s v ero a d hoc Opu s viri eli g a n t u r qui e t v o l u n t a t em

e t p o s s i bili t a t em di s c en di e t d e s id erium h a b ea n t a lio s

i n s t r u en d i . E t h o c totum e a i n t en tio n e a g a t u r q u a
d ev o t i o n e a n obi s p r a ec i p i t u r Op t a mu s en im v o s s i c u t
.
,

d ecet milit e s e t i n t e riu s d e voto s e t e x t eriu s d o c to s

,

c a s t o s q u e b en e viv en do e t s ch o l a s t i co s b en e l o q u e n d o ,

u t q u i c u n q u e vo s propt e r Nom en Domi n i e t s a n c t a e

c o n v er s a t i o n i s n o bi l i t a t em ad vi d en dum e x p e t i eri t s i c u t ,

d e a s p ect u ve s t r o a e d i fic a t u r vi s u s i t a quoqu e d e ,

s a pi e n tia v e s tra quam i n l egen d o s eu c a n t an do p er

,

c ep er i t i n s t r u c tu s Omn i p o t e n t i Domi n o gr a ti a s a g endo

, ,

gaud en s r ed ea t .

Hu i u s i t a q u e e p i s t u l ae e x empl a ria a d omn e s s u ffra

‘

ga n t es t u o s qu e c o ep i S COp o s et p er u n iv ers a m o n a s t er i a
dirigi n o n n egl ega s s i gra t i a m n o s t ra m h ab ere vi s E t
,
.
 I N TH E EA RL Y MI DD L E A GES x li

n ullu s m o n a c hu s for a s mo n a s t erio i u d i c i a ri a t en ea t u r

n ec p e r mallo s et public a placita p erga t .

L e g en s v al eat
’
.

The d ebt of L i t e ratur e

to t he C aroli n gian copyi n g
s chool s m a y b e b es t br o ught hom e to u s by a v ery s impl e
c o n s id e r a tio n I f w e s et a s id e C a tullu s Tibullu s Pro
.
, ,

e r t i u s a n d Siliu s I t a l i c u s t og e th e r with t h e Tr a g e di es
p , ,

of S en ec a a n d p a rt s of St atiu s a n d Cl audia n w e o w e ,

t he pr e s e rv a tio n of pr a c ti c a lly t h e whol e of L a ti n po e t r y

to t he s chol a r s of t he tim e of C h a rl em a gn e Th es e s a m e .

s cholar s hav e pr e s e rv e d to u s e x c e pt for Va rro Ta c itu s

, , ,

A pul e iu s pr a cti c a lly t he whol e of t h e pro s e lit e r a tur e

,

of R om e Without wh a t th ey thu s pres e rve d to u s w e

.

s hould n o t h a v e h a d t h e R e n a i s s a n c e a n d w e s houl d ,

have h a d a s a c on s e qu en c e e ith er n o lit er a tur e of mod ern

, ,

Europ e or a lit eratur e wholly di ffer en t both i n form a n d

s ub s ta n c e .

I t would b e u n grat e ful h e r e how e v e r n o t to r em emb e r

, ,

t he c o n tributio n to L ea r n i n g of a p a rt of t he Rom a n
world which n eve r c am e withi n t he empir e of C h a rl e
n —
m g e t he L o mba r d Du c hy of B en even to The B en e
a
‘

v en t a n s d e v e lop e d a book h a n d of th eir o w n of gr ea t

-

b ea uty a n d for three c en turi es littl e i n flu en c e d by t he

, ,

C aroli n gi a n r e form th ey c opi e d i n thi s h a n d t he gr e a t

,

c la s s i c a l writ e r s of Rom e Th e y h a v e pr e s erv e d to u s

.

s om e a uthor s whom t h e C a roli n gi a n s mi s s e d ; an d of

authors c opi e d by t he C a roli n gi a n s th ey h a ve s om etim e s
pr es erv ed to u s a b ett e r t ex t The c hi ef c en tre of .

B en e v en t an c ultur e w a s t h e mo n a s t ery of Mont e C a s s i n o

— that mo n a s t ery in which C arlom a n t he uncl e of ,

C harl emagn e fou n d a r e fuge from t h e c ares of ki n gship

, .
x lii TH E CA R O L I NG I A N E MP I RE

THE CA R O LI NG IA N E MP I R E : I TS L I MI TS
A ND A D MI N I S TRATI O N

I .
—LI MI Ts .

E I NH A R D in chapt er xv of t he Vi ta K aroli d es crib es

t he limits of t he C aroli n gian e mpir e a s th ey w er e i n t he
las t yea rs of t he Emp eror s life aft er t he gr eat w a rs ’
.

C harl em a gn e s ays Einhard h ad doubl ed t h e t erritori es

, ,

of hi s fath er P epin I n hi s empire were i n clud e d .

Gaul from t he Rhin e to t he Pyren ees Spain from t he ,

Pyr en ees to t he river Ebro ; G erman y from t he Rhin e

to t he Elb e from t he North S ea to t he Alp s all I taly
, ,

e x c e pting C alabria ; on t he eas t ern s hor es of t he

Adriatic I s tria Libu rn i a a n d Dal mati a e x c ept t h e
, , , ,

maritime citi es B es id es th es e th er e wer e a s tribut a ri es

.
, ,

all t he lands of t he Slavs b etween t he E lb e an d t he

Vi s tula and al s o Pannonia and Daci a
,
Thu s t he .
1

west ern limit of t he Empire w a s t he Ebro t he e as t ern ,

limits t he Vis tul a and Th eiss

, .
2

1
S t t h p xv A i t D i l y t t h E t f t h
ee n o es o c a . . n c en ac a a o e as o e

R iver The is s b u t i t i s u n like ly t ha t Cha rl em a g n e h a d a n y re al

,

a u t h o ri t y t h er e .

2
The o d u lf B i s ho p o f Orl ea n s i n hi s Ver s u s con tr a i n d i ces
, ,

( P oet a e L a ti n i M ed i i A evi e d D u e m m l er i s t a t es t h e , .
, .

rivers o f Cha rl em a g n e s d o min io n s t hu s w it ho u t m e n t io n in g’

,

t h e E b ro
Cu i p a re n t W a li s R o d a n u s Mo s a R e n u s e t H e n u s
, , , ,

S eq u a n a W i s u r gi s W a r d o Ga r o n n a P a d u s
, , , , ,

R u ra , Mo Se ll a L ig er V o lt u r n u s Ma t ro n a L ed a s
, , , , ,

H is t er A t a x Ga b a ru s Ol i t i s A lb i s A ra r
, , , , , .

W l M hi i W r r ri
'

I . a a R h o n e, e u s e R n e I n n S
, e n e e s e G a d ( t b,
u , , , ,

t a ry o f R ho n e) Ga ro n n e P o R o er Mo s ell e L o ire V o l t u rn o ( n o r t h
, , , , , ,

o f N a pl e s ) M a r n e L e z ( n e a r Mo n t p e lli er ) D a n u b e A u d e ( i n L an
, , , ,

g u e d o c
) G, a ve ( i n B ea m ) L o t E l b e S a on e ] , , , .
 I TS L I MI T S A ND A D MI N I S TR ATI ON x liii

In thi s impress ive picture of Einh a r d s om e ex c eption s

mu s t be n otic ed Spai n b etween t he Ebro a n d t he
.

Pyr en ees was n o t c onqu e re d by C h a rl em a gn e The .

e x p edition of 7 7 8 w a s a s trong milit a ry d emon s tration ,

but it a ccomplis h ed n o p erman en t s ubj ection of t he

c ountry Only s o much of Spain as l a y b e tween t he
.

Pyr en ees an d a li n e d r a wn from P a mp elu n a to B arc elona

w a s a ctu a lly a dmi n i s t e r e d by C h a rl em a gn e s o fficials
’
.

I n Gaul it s elf t h e i s ol a t ed rocky cou n try of B ritt a ny

, , ,

a n d t h e l an d of t h e imp e tuou s G a scon s w er e l e ft to

1
,

th eir native duk es I n I taly t he Eas t ern (B yzantin e)

.
,

Emp erors h eld in a ddition to N a pl es Venice which

, , ,

C h a rl em a gn e r en ounc ed i n 8 1 2 The Duchy of B en e .

vento whic h hover ed b etween a ll egi an c e to t he Eas t ern

,

a n d Wes t e r n Emp e ror s w as o n ly tribut a ry (s i n c e ,

a n d i n t h e Stat e s of t h e C hurch ( t h e E x arch a t e of

Rav en n a t he P en t a polis t he Patrimo n y of St P et er )

, ,
.

Pop e Leo I I I en j oyed pr a ctically c ompl e t e ind ep end enc e

from C h a rl em a gn e .

B u t e v en with th es e qu a lifi c ation s t h e Empir e of ,

Ch arle ma gn e rem a i n s p erh a p s t h e mo s t impr ess iv e fa c t

‘

i n Europ e a n hi s tory Un d e r his vigorou s h an d Europ e

.
,

c a m e n e ar e r th an e v e r b e for e or S i n c e to t h e id e a l of

C hri s ti a n u n ity I n s pit e of his priv a t e fault s and hi s

.

a lmo s t co n ti n u a l war s C h a rl emagn e built up a huge

,

s tat e gov er n e d e x pli c itly thro u gh pri n cipl es of mor a lity

, ,

p eace C hristian ity The u n ity of t he E mpir e l a y in

, .

hims elf in t he a c kn owl edgm ent of his powe r and of

, ,

th es e principl es on which he bas ed hi s power .

B u t b en ea th this imp e ri a l u n ity th er e w as s om e

divers ity : three diffe ren t ki n d s of domin ion e x ist ed
within t he limit s of t he C a rolin gian empir e I n t he firs t .

plac e th ere were t he countri es rul ed dir ectly by C harl e

E i n har d , ha p v
1
L A rt de fi
’
vér i l es d a tes
c .
, er , 11 . 2
54 .
xl i v TH E C A RO L I NG I A N E MP I RE
m a gn e him s elf or by hi s v ic e ge r en t s who wer e his s o n s
-
, ,

t he ki n gs P epi n L oui s C h a rl es ,
Th es e c ou n tri es w e r e
, .

G aul G erm an y I t a ly (with t h e e x c eptio n s a lr ea dy n ot ed )

, ,
.

I n 7 8 1 C h a r l em a gn e m a d e h i s youn ges t s on L oui s K i n g

of A quit a i n e a n d P epin hi s s ec o n d s o n K in g of I t a ly
,
.

I n 8 0 6 a t Thio n vill e t h e Emp eror m a d e a n oth er divi s io n

, ,

m a ki n g C h a rl es his eld es t s on K in g of G aul ( exc ept

, ,

A quit a i n e) a n d of mo s t of G e rm a n y t h e ki n gdom s of
A quit a i n e a n d I t a ly r em a in e d t L ouis a n d P e pi n o

r es p ec ti v ely with c ert ai n impo r t a n t a dd itio n s B u t

,
.

th es e d i vi s i o n s t his es tabli shm en t of kin gs un d er t he

,
.

Emp e ro r m a d e n o di ffer en ce to t h e imp er i a l u n ity to

, ,

t he C a roli n gi a n a d mi n i s tr a tio n Th e ki n gs w er e r e a lly

.

vic e geren t s t he s ys t em of govern m en t by Cou n ts a n d

-
,

Mi s s i w a s t he s a m e as b efor e t he kin gdom s r em a in e d

,

s ubj e ct to l e gi s l a tio n wh en C harl emagn e in a gen er a l

, ,

A s s embly i s s u e d a Cap i tu l a ry whi ch dir e c tly a ppli e d

,

to a ll t he Empir e Th e ki n gs a l s o c ould with t h e

.
,

as s en t of th e ir o w n A s s e mbli es i s s u e C a i ta l a ri es a pply
p ,

i n g to th e ir o w n ki n g d om s Th e el e v a tio n of L oui s
.

i n 8 1 3 a s coll e a gu e a n d Emp e ro r with C h a rl em a gn e ,

m ad e n o di ffer en ce to t h e imp eri a l s ys t em of gove rn

m en t .

Th e tribut a ri es t h e trib es b e tw e en t h e El b e an d
,

Vi s tul a an d t h e p eopl es a bout t h e middl e Dan ub e a r e

, ,

n ot to be c o n s i d ere d as s tri c tly within t he Empir e .

The a c k n owl edgm en t of t h e domi n io n o f C h a rl em a gn e

gen e ra lly l as t e d o n ly a s lo n g a s t h e p a r ti c ul a r pun i tiv e
e x p e d itio n whi c h h e s en t a mo n g th es e p eopl es AS .

r egul a rly p a i d tribut es a r e n o t m en tio n ed it is to be ,

gath ere d t ha t t he pr es en c e of C h a rl em a gn e s power w a s ’

n o t c o n ti n uou s ly f elt The Emp e ror d o es n o t e v e n s eem

.

to have s ec ur ed more th a n a nomin al a c c ept an c e of

C hri s ti a n ity a mo n g t h e Slavs a n d Hu n g a ri a n s I n t he .
 I TS L I MI T S A ND A D MI N I S TR ATI ON x lv

war of 7 97 Tudun o n e of t he chi efs of t he Hun ga ri an s

, , ,

a llow ed him s elf to b e b a ptiz e d but Hunga ry r em a in ed

,

a h e a th e n c ou n try for ov e r two hundr e d y e a rs mor e .

The la s t tribut a ry to b e m e ntio n ed B en e ven to w a s , ,

mor e c lo s ely c o n n ect e d with t he C a rolin gi a n Empire ,

for in 8 1 2 i t s Duke Grimo aldo p a id a s u m of

gold en s oli di .

The St a t es of t he C hurch w er e i n a tot a lly di ffe r e n t

po s itio n from t he Empire prop er a n d from t he tribut a ri es .

Th e Pop e w a s n o t m e r ely t h e s piritu a l h e a d of C hri s t en

dom he h a d a ls o t he t empor a l power over t he cen tr a l
,

p a rt of I t al y Rom e an d t he s urroundi n g provin ce

.
,

m a king up togeth e r t he P a trim o n y of St P e t e r ha d .

e nj oy e d a c e rt a i n a mount of i n d e p en d en c e s i n c e t h e tim e

of Pop e Gregory t he Gr e a t I n a dditio n to th es e .

domin ion s t he Pop es cl a im ed t he town an d dis trict of

R a v en n a which had b een rul ed by a B yz an ti n e e x arch
,

or govern or till 7 5 1 wh en it w as tak en by t he L ombard s

,
.

I n 7 5 4 Pop e St e ph e n I I h a d c a ll e d upo n P e pi n t he Short

, ,

f ath e r of C h a rl em a gn e to c om e a n d h elp him a ga in s t

,

t h e L omb a rd s This w as t he b e gin n i n g of Fr a n kis h

.

power i n I t a ly The Pop e a t St D en is an oi n t ed Pepi n

. .

a s K ing of t h e Fr an k s a n d m a d e him ,
P a tric i a n of t he
Rom an R epubli c I n re turn for th es e pri v il eges P epi n
.

could n o t do l ess th an guarant ee t he immun ity a n d

i n d ep end en c e of t he St a t es of t he C hurch whi c h t he ,

P a p a cy from that tim e cl a im ed to i n clud e Rom e a n d

t he E x a rch a t e of Rav en na a n d t h e P en t a poli s ( Ancon a ,

P es a ro F an o S in i ga gl i a Um a n a ) The e x a ct t erm s of
, , , .

P epin s donatio n of 7 54 a re u n kn own I n 7 74

’
.
,

C harl em a gn e c a m e to I t a ly und e r s om ewh a t simil a r

c ir c um s t a n c es to tho s e of h is f a th e r an d r e n e w e d with
,

Pop e H a drian I t he donation of P epi n C h a rl emagn e .

s eem s a l s o to hav e promi s e d c e rtai n gr e at a ddition s ,

x lvi TH E C A RO L I NG I A N E MP I RE
including Spol eto an d B en even to I n effec t t he Pa p ac y .
1

had by t he yea r 7 87 r ec eived a n a dditio n of s eve ral

Tus can citi es : So a n a To s c a n ell a Vit e rbo B a gu o re a
, , ,
.

Thu s t he P a p a cy h eld a l a rge p a rt of I t a ly from t he ,

mouth of t h e A —
dige o n t he north ea s t to t he March of ,

A n c on a o n t he e as t a n d o n t he w es t from t he Riv e r
,

C eci n a to Te rra cin a Withi n th es e St a t es t he P o p e

.

w a s s ov e r eign an d C h a rl em a gn e who owe d all hi s l eg a l

, ,

p ositio n in I t a ly t o t h e P ap a cy c oul d n o t h elp r es p ec ti n g

,

t he c l a im H e him s elf w a s P a tri c i an of t h e Rom an

.

R epubli c a n d a s s u c h hi s d uty w as to prot ec t it The

, .

St a t es of t h e Church wer e th er efor e n o t prop erly part of

t he C aroli n gi an Empir e a n d it i s to be n oti c ed that ,

C h a rl em a gn e n ev er c l a im ed to have hi s c apit a l i n R om e .

I n d e ed s o far w as t he P a p ac y from a d mitti n g t he St a t es

of t he C hurch to be withi n t he Empire th at Ha dri an I ,

and s u c c eeding Pop es a lwa ys m ai n t a i n ed th a t i n s tri c t

law t he Empire w as withi n t h e St a t es of t he C hurc h .

A don a tio n of t h e Emp e ror C o n s t an ti n e w as produc ed ,

whic h purport ed to have gra n t ed to Pop e Sylves t e r I all

I taly a n d all t he W es t Thi s do n a tio n w a s u n doubt edly
.

a forg e ry of som ebody but H adri an r ec eiv e d it as

,

gen ui n e a n d from th a t tim e t he Pop es cl aim ed to be

,

s up erior to t h e Emp e ror s I t i s cl e a r th e r e for e th a t t h e

.

Stat es of t he C hurc h i n t h e n arro wer s en s e of t he

t erm w er e at l e as t n o t a n i n t e gr al p a rt of t he C a roli n
,

gi an Empir e .

1
Th e bo u n d a ri es o f t h e D o n a t i o n o f Cha rl e ma gn e as g iv e n in
t he Vi t a H a d r i a n i ( L i ber P o n t ifi ca l i s e d D u ch e s n e , .
,
i .
4 98 ) a re

Ve y r la rg e They a r e : a L u n i s c u m in s u la Co rs ic a d ei n d e i n
.
‘
,

S u ri a n o d ei n d e i n m o n t e B a r d o n e i d es t i n V e r c e t o d e i n d e i n
, , ,

P a rm a d ei n d e i n R e g i o ; e t ex i n d e i n Ma n t u a a t q u e Mo n t e
,

S i l i c i s s i mu l q u e e t u n iver s u m e x a r c h a t u m R a v en n a n t i u m s i c u t
, ,

a n t i q u i t u s er a t a t q u e p r o vi n c i as V en e t i a r u m e t I s t ri a ; n ec n o n
,

m d u c a t u m S p o li t i n u m B en ev en t a n u m
’
et cu n ct u s eu .
 x l v iii TH E CA RO L I NG I A N E MP I RE
h is
‘
or c omm an d c oul d n o t be d en i e d or qu es tion ed
b an
’

that no on e in a n y w ay pr es um e t o mar an y ban or

pr ecept of t he lord emp eror n o r to dis cuss n o r h ind e r ,

nor diminish hi s work an d that n o o n e i n an y r es p ect a c t ,

co n tr a ry t o his will or prec epts 1

Su ch w as t he th e ory .
’

of t he a bs olut e power of t he Emp eror : i n pr a cti ce his

power w as limit ed not s o mu ch i n admi n is tra tive matt ers
, ,

but in l egisl ation A l a rge n umb er of t he c apitulari es

.

wer e p as s ed i n an Ass embly or conven tion o i t he grea t _

l a y an d e ccl es ias tic a l p e r s o n ages of t h e Empir e a n d in ,

t h e pr es en c e of a t l e a s t s om e of t h e low e r c l a s s es But .

s om e c a pitul a ri es h a v e n o pr ea mbl e s t a ti n g t he c on s e nt
‘

of t he gen er al a ss embly and it i s to be pres um ed th a t ,

th ey i s s u ed dir ectly from t he Emp eror an d hi s s t a nding

council an d w er e t a k en by t he mi ss i i n to t he provi n c es
, ,

a n d th e r e put i n for ce without qu e s tio n .

The Emp eror w a s c e r t a i n ly s upr e m e i n a dmini s tration

a n d j u s ti c e He could m a k e a n d unm a k e an y o ffici a l
.
,

he coul d h e a r a n y ca s es of law e ith er by w a y of origi n al ,

jurisdictio n or by a pp ea l As a rul e he limit ed hi s .

,

j udicial fu n ctio n s to h e a ring a pp e als a n d e ven th en only ,

wh en all t he low er s ourc es of ju s tic e ha d b een tri ed ,

s om etim e s a s oft e n a s thr ee tim es The Emp eror hims elf .

c oul d n o t fr e qu en tly h e a r c a s es i n p e rs o n but t he mi ssi

who wen t on circuit ev ery y ea r s up ervi sing j us tic e a n d ,

admi n i s tr a tion owed all th eir powers to t he p ers on al a n d

,

indi s put a bl e a uthority of t he Emp eror A s a las t r es ort .

,

wh en t he loc al C ou n t s f ail ed to s e ttl e c ases a n d t he M i ss i ,

prov ed i n ad equat e di sput es might be call ed to t he roy al

,

1 ‘
Ut nu llu m ban nu m prec ep t u m d o m n i i mp era t o ri n u ll u s
vel

o mn i n o i n n u llo m a rrir e p r a e s u m a t n e q u e o p u s e i u s t r i c a r e v e l
,

i mp ed ire v el , mi n u e r e v e l i n a li a c o n t ra r i u s h erit v o l u n t a t i v e l
,

p r e c e p t i s i
e us .
’
C a pi t u l a r e A gn i s gr a n en s e , anno 8 02 , cap . 8 , in
M G H . . III . i .
9 2 P er t z
, .
 I TS L I MI TS A ND A D MI N I S TR A TI ON x li x

p a l a c e I f t he Emp eror did n o t h e a r th em in p ers on

.
,

t he duty w a s di s ch a rge d by t h e C ount of t he P a l a c e .

Absolut e i n th e ory a n d wi eldi n g en ormou s pow e r s i n

,

practi c e t he Emp eror n everth el es s coul d not di s p en s e

,

with a s t an ding cou n cil of m en on whom h e could r ely ,

.

Thi s c ou n cil lik e t he C uria R egi s of t h e A n gevi n Kings

,

of E n glan d c o n s i s t ed of t he c hi ef offici a ls a n d e ccl es i a s

,

tics who by t he n atur e of th eir fun ctio n s would be mo s t

co n s t a n tly with t he s ov ereig n a n d would know mo s t ,

a bout t he aff a ir s of t h e S t a t e Th eir n umb e r w as not

.

preci s ely fi x ed but thr ee wer e a lw a ys togeth er with

,

C harl em a gn e a n d without th eir a dvi c e h e s eem s to

,

have do n e n othi n g .

I n e c cl es i a s tic a l a ff airs t he Emp eror w a s n o l es s pow e r

ful th an i n s ec ul a r m a tt ers I n all t he l an ds won from
.

t he p a ga n wh er e he him s elf es t a bli s h e d bi s hopric s a n d

,

a bb e ys ,t h e a ppointm en t s to high b en e fi c e s r e mai n e d

in hi s o w n h an ds I n t h e oth e r p a rt s of hi s domi n io n s
.
,

wh er e C hri s ti an ity w as of old s t an di n g t he el ec tio n of ,

bi s hops by t he c h a pt e r with t h e as s en t of t h e lo c al
p op u lu s w a s maintai n ed s ubj e c t to t he lic en s e of t he
,

Emp e ror c o n v eyed i n a roya l l e tt er Ma tt ers of l e gi s

, .

l a tio n whi ch a ffe c t ed t h e C hurc h w er e d e a lt with i n t he

r egul a r a s s embli es h el d by C h a rl em a gn e a t Ai x an d
el s ewh e r e a n d e v en wh e n s p e c i a l e cc l es i a s tical c ou n cil s

m e t to c o n s i d e r qu es tio n s of doctri n e C h a rl em a gn e i n ,

import a n t i n s t a n c es pr es id ed an d took t h e c hi ef p a rt i n
t h e d eci s io n Su c h i n s t an c es a re t he Syn od of Fr an kfort
.

i n 7 94 which c o n d e m n e d t h e h e r es y of A doptia n i s m
‘

a n d t h e Sy n od of Ai x i n 8 0 9 whi c h s e ttl ed th a t F i li oqu e

,

s hould b e i n s e rt e d i n t h e C r e e d a ft e r qa i ex P a tr e pr o cedi t .

Thu s i n his po s itio n with r e gard to t he lay o ffi c ial cl a ss ,

and to t he e ccl esi a s tic a l hi erarc hy an d t he C hurch ,

C h a rl em a gn e h eld an d e v en e x t en d ed t he lofty pow e rs

d
 TH E CA RO L I NG I A N E MP I RE
which had com e down with t he Merovi n gian traditio n of
ki n gs hip .

Th e gr ea t A ss embli es of t h e C a roli n gi an Empir e me t

fr e qu en tly gen e r a lly i n May I n th eory th es e were
,
.

p r o b a bly t h e old G e rm an i c a ss e mbli e s of all t h e fr e e m e n .

I n C h a r l em a gn e s tim e t h e p eopl e w e r e s uppo s ed to b e

’

pres en t I n r ea lity t he As s embly c o n s i s t ed of bi s hops

.
, ,

a bbot s a n d c ou n t s
,
with th eir followers The p eopl e
,
.

we re th er e for e o n ly r epr es en t e d by th es e followers or by

, , ,

t h e i n h a bit an t s of t h e tow n i n whi c h t h e A s s embly

h app en ed to b e h el d The gr ea t men d elib era t e d i n sid e
.

t h e p a l ace t h e p e opl e r em a i n e d out s id e an d r e cei v ed ,

t h e r es ult s of t h e d el i b e r a tio n s which w e r e c a rri ed o n

withi n The Emp e ror took p a rt i n t h e m eeti n gs in sid e
.

t h e p a l a c e a n d a l s o mov ed a bout a n d mi x e d with t h e

,

p eopl e out sid e Som etim es wh en a C apitul a ry w a s to

.
,

b e p as s e d a ff ec ti n g a p a rti c ul a r p a rt of t h e Empir e ,

m emb e rs of a ll c l a ss es of fr e em en w er e su mmon ed to
a tt en d Th e C api tu l a re S a x on i cn m ( Octob e r 2 8 7 97 )
.
,

s t a t e s i n i t s pr e ambl e th a t it w a s dr a w n up a n d a gr ee d to

i n an ass embly i n t h e p a l a ce a t Ai x of bi s hop s a bbot s , ,

a n d cou n t s an d a c o n gr e g a tio n of S a x o n s from v a riou s

,

r egio n s both Wes tph ali an s An grari an s a n d Os t p hali a ns

, , , .
1

A n y s ort of s ubj e c t w a s withi n t h e c omp e t en c e of t he

gr ea t As s embly A l a rge n umb e r of C a pitul a ri es d ea l
.

with eccl esi as tic al a ffairs oth ers with t he w a y i n which ,

mi ss i s hould b eh a v e i n th eir iti n er a ri es a n d i n which

&

count s s hould b ehave in th eir loc aliti es oth ers mak e

a ddition s or corr e ctio n s to t h e p a rticul a r c od e of l a w s

c o n v e n i en t i bu s in u nu m Aq u i s p a la t i o i n i e u s o bs eq u io
v en e r a bi l i b u s e i s c o i s e t a b b a t ib u s , s e u
p p i n l u s t ri s viri s co mi t i bu s ,

V K al
. . No v .
, si mu l q u e con
g re
g a t i s S a x o n i b u s d e d i v ers i s p a gis ,

t am d e W e s t fa l a h i s et A n gr ari i s , qu a m et d e Oo s t fa l a hi s , o mn e s
u nian i m i t er c o n s e n s e r u n t e t a p t i fi c a v er u n t M . G H III
. . . i .
75 ,

P er t z .
 I TS LI MI TS A ND A D MI N I S TR A TI ON li
current i n s om e o f t he i n t egral c ou n tri es of t he empir e
others d eal with coinage or fiscal matt ers The ton e o f .

all t he C apitulari es is d eeply mora l prec ept s c onc ern ing

good conduct int e grity of purpo s e duty comp as sio n
, , ,

tow a rd s widows orph a n s t he poor a pp ear o n n e arly

, , ,

e v ery pag e The whol e work of t he As s e mbli es mak e s

.

a s l en d e r en ough volum e compar e d with mod e rn s tatut e

book s but it i s a nobl e mo n um en t of t he id ea ls of t he a ge

,
.

Everything is d eal t with in a broad a mpl e f a shion :

qu estion s of d etail a n d t he application of t he principl es
of t he C apitulari es a re l eft to t he di s cr etio n of tho s e who
hav e to carry th em out .

Th e gr e a t A s s embly— t h e gen er a l i s or sy n oda l i s con

ven tn s
w
w hi ch me t n e arly e v e ry y e a r in s umm e r w a s , ,

oft en s ucc eed ed i n autumn by a small e r Ass embly ,

whi c h met to pr epare t he busin ess for t he followi n g

s umm e r s m eeting I t d ea lt als o with matt ers of
’
.

urgency such a s war I n charact e r it w as a r es tri c t ed

, .

form of t he gen erali s con ven tn s : n on e of t he p op u lu s

w a s pr es ent and only t h e gr e at es t of t he e ccl es ia s tic s
,

a n d cou n t s .

Such w as t he l egislative m a chin ery of C harl emagn e s ’

Empir e The administrative m a chin ery w as mor e highly

.

organ iz ed a n d is ind eed t he mo s t s triking fe a tur e of t he

,

imp erial s yst em The o fficial clas s w as divid ed into

.

c entral a n d local with t he mi ssi domi n i ci a s a link

,

b etween t he two The c entral o fli ci als w er e S imply t he

.

palac e s taff of t he E mp eror in nam e and in ori gi n th e y

wer e m er ely dom estic The chi ef is no longer t he Mayor
.

of t he Palace as in Merovin gian tim es he is now call ed

t he C ount of t he P a l a c e ( comes pa la ti i ) in oth e r r esp ect s,

t he mi n i s teri a l es p a lati n i are littl e differ ent from t h e

palac e hi e rarchy of t he Merovingian p eriod Th eir .

fun ction s wer e n ec ess arily both pu blic a n d privat e as ,

d 2
lii TH E CAR O L I NG I AN E MP I R E
no di s ti n ctio n w a s m a d e b etw een t he publi c a n d priv a t e
r ev enu es of t h e Emp eror b etw een hims elf a s a man and
,

a s a m a gi s tr a t e I n hi s p a l a c e w e r e hi s room s for s l eep

.

i n g an d e a ti n g ; a l s o t h e tr e a s ury t he a r c hiv es t h e , ,

c ourt s of ju s tic e t h e coun c il c hamb er t h e h all for t h e

,
-
,

g e n er a li s c o n ven t n s Th e
. Emp e ror s p e r s o n al h a bit
’
s

wer e s impl e t he pur ely dom es ti c work of hi s offici al s

could b e p erform ed by a few d eputi es The r eal work .
-

of t he c h a mb erl ai n s t he butl ers t he s en es chals a n d t he

, , ,

c hapl a i n s w a s to c a rry o n t h e C a roli n gi an a dmini s tr a tion ,

to d e a l with w a r r even u e ju s ti ce to e a ch of t he gr ea t
, ,

fun c tio n a ri es a n o ffi c e w as given in on e t he coun t ga ve

out j usti ce in an oth er t he ch an cellor an d hi s n ot a ri es
,

dr ew up roya l l ett ers els ewh er e t he a rchch a plai n p re

,

s erved t h e duplic a t es a n d s tor ed t he a rchi ves of t h e

,

mo n a r ch .

Th e r e s id en c e of t he Emp e ror s om e tim es i n o n e pl a c e

, ,

s om e tim e s i n a n oth e r but mo s t fr e qu en tly a t A i x w a s

, ,

thu s t he c en tr e of a dmini s tr a tio n : i t s o ffici als w er e

n um e rou s i t s bu s i n es s l a rge
, I t was a r e a l bur e a u c r a cy
.
,

with t h e s kill a n d exp eri enc e which s u ch a p erm an en t

body a c quir es op en al s o to t he evils , c orruptio n a n d ,

p r o fl i g y
ac ,
which t h e po ss e s s io n of pow e r e s p ec i a lly ,

wh en combi n ed a s i n t hi s i n s t an c e with t he a tmo s ph er e

, ,

of an immoral court i s a p t to produc e B u t Ch arl eé

.
, .

m a gn e had a k een eye for c orruption both a mo n g t he

‘

p alac e mini s t ers an d t he l Oc al count s The C apitul a ry .

de di s cip l i n a pa l a ti i w a s an ho n es t and vigorou s a tt emp t

to cop e with t he evil Each mi n i s teri a li s pala ti n n s w as
.

m a d e r es pon s ibl e for hims elf an d all hi s a ssi s t an t s an d

men : he w a s to m a k e c a r e ful i n qui sitio n fo r a ll e vil
1iv er s all qu a rr el er s a l l v en al p erso n s
, ,
an d on ce a w eek ,

o n Sunday h e had to m a k e a r eport to t h e Emp e ror on

,

t h e r e s ult of hi s inv es tigatio n s Th e p en alti es for ill

.
 I TS L I MI T S A ND A D MI N I STR ATI ON li i i
d i s cipli n e w er e s e v er e a n d w er e to,
be a d mi n i s t e r e d with
out e xc eptio n s of p ers o n s or s ex 1
.

The loc a l a dmi n i s tr a tio n w as a ls o highly orga n ized .

Although t he old n a m es of provi n c es c o n tinu e S ep ,

t i man i a N eu s tri a Al e m an n i a an d oth e r s th es e pro

'

, , , ,

vi n ces had u n d e r C h a rl em a gn e n o s ep a r a t e l egal

, ,

e x i s t en ce ; t h e r e w e r e n o gr ea t Duk es ; a ll provi n c es
w er e divid ed into counti es i n mu c h t h e s am e w ay a s t h e
,

well known provi n ces of Fr an c e ar e n o w divid ed i n to

-

d epartm ent s The o n ly divi s io n s of t he Empir e which

.

h a d a s e p a r a t e a dmi n i s trativ e e xis t en c e w e r e t he ki n g

d om s of A quit a i n e a n d L ombardy un d e r L oui s a n d ,

P epi n and t he Ma rch es t h e expo s ed fro n ti er di s tricts

, ,

t h e Ma r c h es of B ritt a n y Sp a i n Friuli B a v a ri a
, e ach of , ,
-

which w a s und e r a p ra efectu s w ho w as r es po n s ibl e for ,

i t s d ef en c e. Th e e x i s t en c e of t he ki n gdo m s m a d e n o
di ffer en c e to t he loc a l admini s tratio n : both A quitai n e
a n d L ombardy w e r e divid e d into c ou n ti es an d r e gul a rly ,

vi s it ed by mzssz .

The Empi r e w a s divid e d i n to a bout 3 00 c ou n ti es ;

t he e x act numb e r c an n ot b e a s c ertain e d but th e y s eem ,

to hav e b een f a irly e qu a lly divid ed i n proportio n to t h e ,

s iz e of t h e country b e tw e e n Fra n c e G e rm an y a n d I taly

, , ,

The county vari ed gr ea tly i n s iz e : s om e tim es it w as

c on fin e d to o n e s m a ll tow n a n d di s trict s om e tim e s it ,

i n clud ed a whol e r egion li k e A uvergn e The c ou n t w a s

, .

like t he m edia e va l E n gli s h s h eri ff ; he h ea rd cas es of

ju s tic e ; he coll e ct ed t he fis cal du es of t he E mp eror ; he
c a ll ed out t he fr eem en to att end t he ho s t wh en t he
Emp eror w as at war C lo s ely ass ociat ed with him w a s
.

t he bi s hop ,
who w a s charged wit h s upporti n g t he
a uthority of t h e cou n t in a l l po ss ibl e way s and with ,

applying t he in s tructio n s of t he Emp eror to pri es ts ju s t ,

1
M G H III i 8 — P ert z
. . . . . 1 5 9 , .
liv THE C A RO L I NG I AN E MP I R E
as t he count a ppli ed th em to l a ym en The affairs of .

C hurc h a n d S tat e w er e oft en mi n gl ed i n everyday lif e .

The count a n d bi s hop w er e coll e a gu es lik e t he Emp eror ,

a n d Pop e B u t th eir r el a tio n s w er e n o t s t ri ct l v d efin ed

'

.
,

and mis un d ers t an di n gs an d even qu a rr el s wer e bv no

m ea n s unknown .

The mi ss i domi n i ci conn ect ed t he c entral authoriti es

and t he local t he Palac e and t he C ounty Th es e mi ssi
, .

wer e gr eat o fficials s ent from t he Emperor to ins p ect

t he m e thod of local admini s tratio n to h e ar importa n t ,

cas es of ju s tic e to t a k e t he oaths of all egiance to t he

,

Emp eror Ju s t a s t he whol e Empir e w as divid ed into

.

fi xed c oun ti es s o it w as al s o d ivid ed into p erman en t

,

mi ss a ti ca o n e mi s sa ti cu m includi n g on t he averag e s ev en
, , ,

to t en c oun ti es The mi s si wer e without particular i n

1
.

t eres t s i n t he loc a liti es an d th ey mad e th eir j ourn e ys i n

,

pair s a p a l a c e c ou n t an d a bi s hop togeth er t h e t empora l

, ,

a n d t h e s piritual b ei n g a c ompl em en t a n d a l s o a c h e ck

to e ach oth er .

B u t s om e tim es two e ccl es i as tic s w e r e s en t toge th e r ,

inst ead of o n e layman and on e c l ergyman The po em .

of Th e odulf B i s hop of O rl ean s Vers u s con tra i u di ces

, , ,
2

a s a n i n s t a n c e of t h e di fficulti es a n d t e mptations which

b es et j udges d es crib es a j ourn ey of h ims elf as mi ssu s

, ,

along with L ai d ra d u s who w as a B a v a rian a n d a cle rk ,

an d who s ub s eq u ently b e c a m e A rchbishop of L yon s .

Th e two mi ss i s tart ed fro m L yo n s and going down

l

t he Rho n e fir s t s topp ed at Vi en n e
,
From th er e th ey .

pro ceed ed to Val en c e th en to a ll t he plac es of any s iz e

,

in t he vall ey of t he Rhon e or in S ep t i man i a : O range ,

1
Tw o Mi ssa t i c a w ill b e fo u n d i n t h e C api tu l a M i ss i s D o mi n i ci s
D a t a i n M G H P e r t z I I I 1 9 6 The y a r e Al i s s a t i cu m P a r i s i en s e
, . .
, . . .

et R o d omen s e a n d M i s s a t i cu m S e n o n en s e .

2
D u e mml er P aeta e L a ti n i M ed i i A evi i 4 9 3 ff
,
.
l vi ‘

TH E CA RO L I NG I A N E MP I RE
w as an vil d eeply root e d i n t h e C a roli n gi an Empir e
e

but it i s a l s o cl e a r that t h e exi s t ence of t he evil w as

recogn iz ed a n d th a t e ffort s wer e alwa ys b ei n g m a d e to
,

d ea l with it .

The pri n cipl e a t t he bas e of t h e C a roli n gi an a d mi n i s tra

tion w as to throw t he res pon s ibility as much as poss ible
&

o n t h e lo ca l authoriti es The r e a l work of gov e rn m en t

.

Was disch a rge d by t h e loc a l c ou n t s t h e c en tra l gove rn

m en t t he P a l a c e c on fin ed it s e lf a lmos t en tirely to t he
, ,

bu s i n ess of s up ervis io n For this rea s o n t he fi n anci a l

.
,

s ys t e m of t h e Empir e w as v e ry s impl e : eac h c ou n ty

fou n d t he fu n ds for i t s ow n a d minis tr ation Th erefore .

t h e a mou n t of mo n e y which t h e c e n tr a l gov e r n m en t

ha d to r a i s e for it s elf a moun t e d to c ompar a tively littl e
,
.

Th e bu s i n e ss of t h e P al a ce w a s to org a n iz e t h e bu s i n ess
of t he c ou n ty w a s to e xecut e an d to pay i t s o w n e xp ens es .

The o n ly e x p en s e s i n curr e d by t h e cen tr a l gov e rnm e n t

we re t h e e xp en s es of t h e P a l a c e Ev en wa rs which .

a ff e ct e d t h e whol e Empir e w e r e pai d for by t h e loc a liti es

“

Each cou n t an d bis hop had to fin d men from th eir o wn

d i s trict ; an d t h e di s trict had to provid e for a lmo s t all
t h e e x p en s e s of t h e troop s which it s e n t .

Si n c e t h erefore almo s t t he o n ly e xp en ses of t he c en tra l

, ,

gove rnm en t were t he upk eep of t h e Pala c e s t a ff th ere ,

w as n o di s ti n ctio n b e tw e en t h e publi c a n d priv a t e

incom e of t h e Emp eror Hi s rev en u es were drawn from .

three chi ef s ourc es first ly hi s ow n domai n which , ,

w a s v e ry l a rge a n d co n s i s t e d of estat es s ituat e d i n

,

v a rious part s of t he Empire s ec on dly t he tribut e p ai d ,

by conqu er e d p eopl es t he Sl a vonic trib es t he B en e

, ,

ven t a n s thirdly booty The Empire w a s almost con

, .

t i nu al ly at war o n o n e fro n ti e r or a n oth e r a n d t h e booty ,

w a s partly tak en into t h e imp e ri a l tr ea s ury a t Ai x partly ,

d i s tribut e d amo n g t h e s oldi e rs a n d p a rtly giv en to t h e ,

 I TS L I MI T S A ND A D MI N I S TR A TI ON lvii
C hu r c h . In a dd i tio n to
bove m e n tio n e d s ou rc es of
t he a -

i n com e th ere we re t he a n n ual gift s which t he grea t men

,

of t he Empire brought to t he s ov ereign wh en th ey

c a m e to t h e A s s e mbly eac h y e ar ; a n d a l s o t h e f ees

of t he p al a c e court wh en l aw s uit s we re brought to

,
-

t he Emp e ror for s e ttl e m e n t B u t t h e gr e a t es t s ourc e

.

of re ven u e by fa r w as probably t he produc e of t he

imp eri a l domai n— t he Emp eror s farms woods a n d ’

, ,

fores t s Th es e we re very c a refully a dmi n i s t e red a s ma y

.
,

b e s een from t h e lo n g a n d i n t e r e s ti n g C a pitul a ry o n t he

I mp e ri a l Vi lls i s s u e d i n
Th e e xp en s es which t h e loc a l cou n ti es h a d to me e t
we re fa irly n um erou s Food a n d lo d gi n g ha d to be
.

fou n d for t h e Emp e ror an d hi s s taff wh e n eve r h e vi s it ed ,

a tow n a n d di s tri c t Similarly t h e en t ert a i n m en t of

.
,

t he mi ssi had to be provid e d for S econ dly forced .

,

l abour la corvee w a s a s e ve re ta x upo n ea c h di s trict :

,
’

a l l public work s road s bridg e s (s u c h a s t h e gr ea t bridg e

, ,

at Mainz which C h a rl em a gn e built ) or t he c a n a l which

h e l e ft p a rti ally dug out b e twee n t h e Rhi n e a n d D a n ub e ,

w ere p erform e d by force d labour which t h e c ou n t s

r e qui s itio n e d Fi n ally t he military s tip en di a which t he
.
,

lo c a liti es h a d to provid e mu s t h a ve b een very grea t :

that p a rt of t he Empire which would b en e fit mo s t from
t he war provid e d t h e mo s t s oldi e rs di s tan t provi n ces
h a d to s e nd proportionat e ly l es s m e n o n a ccou n t of t he
‘

long way th ey had to tr a v el On th eir w a y t he troop s .

,

c ould claim wat e r wood a n d for a ge from t h e di s tri c t

, ,

through which th ey pas s e d but th ey ha d to bri n g th eir

own food or t he mo n e y to provid e it for th ree month s
, , .

Each man provid e d his o w n a rm s of a ki n d s uit e d to hi s ,

m ean s .

The oblig a tion of military s e rvic e w a s i n t e nd e d to

1
C a p i t u l a re d e Vi l l i s I mper i a li bu s , M G H. . .
,
P er t z I I I 1
, . . 18 1 —7 .
lv i i i THE C A RO L I NG I AN E MP I R E
fall o n ly upon free men th a t is to s ay o n all who
‘ ’

, ,

ha d no lord abov e th e m s av e t he Emp e ror For .

e ach e x p editio n a c e rt a i n n umb er of la n down e rs w e r e

,

ord ered from eac h provi n c e : a s ubs t a n ti a l propri etor

came i n pe rs o n s mall er propri e tors were join ed togeth e r
to provi d e a ma n L a n dless men who were free had
.

to s e rve if th ey po ss es s ed mova bl e prop erty Th ey .

had to a tt e n d t he ho s t i n p ers o n if th ey we re rich ; or

by j oi n i n g e ac h with five oth ers to provid e o n e man if ,

e ach po s s ess e d o n ly fiv e s oli di

1
.

Su c h i n outli n e w a s t h e a d mi n is tra tive s ys t em of

C harl em a gn e Th e res e mbl a n ce b e twe en it a n d t h e
.

ins titutio n s of t he An glo S a x on s t he Norm an s a n d t he

-
, ,

Pl a nt a gen et s h as attra ct ed m an y i n quirers : t he cou n t

,

w a s like t he Norm a n S h e ri ff t h e mi ss u s did pr ec i s e ly

,

t h e work of a n iti n e r a n t baro n of t h e A n ge vi n E xch e qu e r

or C uri a The s ca bi ni or freemen who ha d to att en d
.

t he cou n t s c ourt to as s i s t him with th e ir coun s el a r e

’
, ,

s carc ely to b e d i s ti n gui s h e d from a j ury ; t h e comi t es

who lived n e a r t he Emp e ror s pal a c e an d w ere bou n d ’

to s e rve him a n ywh ere a t a n y tim e have a ffi n iti es to ,

t h e S a x o n th e g n s a n d ges i t hs .

Free dom w a s at t h e root of t h e C arolingian a dmi n is

t rat i o n . Sl a ves e xi s t e d in pl en ty bu t th ey pl a yed no ,

p a rt i n ju s tic e or a dmi n i s tr a tion th ere were n o freed

men i n t he P a lac e Eve n t he t ena n t or s worn follower
.

of anoth e r man w as con si dered u n free The t enant s .

a n d va ss al s of t h e Emp e ror him s e lf w e r e n o t li ber i .

B u t t he body of l an d e d fre e propri e tors w a s not s u ffici ent

to s upply t he military n eeds of t he Empir e t he larg e
and growing numb e r of men who h eld land from a great
ma n or from t h e Emp e ror had to be call ed upo n Wh en .

t he h eri ban t he s ummon s to t he ho s t i s dir ect e d to

’

, ,

1
C a b i t u l a r e A qu eu s e A n n i 8 0 7 AI , . G H . P er t z , I I I 1
. . 1 49 .
 I TS L I MI T S A ND A D MI N I S TR ATI ON li x
th es e ben efic ed men t he fe udal s ys t e m b e gi n s to
‘ ’

,
‘ ’

a pp ea r i n Europ e
1
.

B u t it w a s o n ly a b egi n n i n g Gove rnm ent w a s s till .

free no o n e could d e a l out j us tic e no o n e could orde r ,

t he public life of a n y s ec tio n of t h e p e opl e who h a d not ,

b ee n a uthoriz ed to do s o by t he Emp e ror Rul ers a n d .

j udg e s h a d n o h e r e ditary right s n o po s itio n of a uthority , ,

a s l a ndown e rs or t en a n t s The p e opl e we re n o t yet.

divid e d firmly i n to thos e who fought thos e who pra ye d , ,

an d tho s e who work e d with th eir ha n d s The c l ergy

’
.

we re a class apart t he s l a ves till ed th eir lords ground

,
’

but t he bulk of t he p e opl e we re free and no man s vass al ’

.

Th e fr ee ma n ri c h or poor was eligibl e for any o ffic e

, ,

u n d e r t he Emp e ror ; it w a s his duty and privilege to

fight but not a s a n y lord s ma n I f he w a s poor a n d
,
’
.
,

worke d with his o w n hand s he w a s s till a li ber homo a n d , ,

i n t he eye of t he law grea t e r th a n t he gre at es t v a s s a l

‘

a n d t he e qu a l of t h e proud es t cou n t
moven d o 8 0 3 M G H
’

1
C api tu l a r e d e ex er ci t u p ro , . In . . P ert z ,
III . 1. 1 1 9 , ca
p .
5 .
 MA NU S C R I PT S
A Co d e xV rn d o b o n e n s i s B b i l . Pa l 5 1 0
. s a ec ix
B Co d e xM o n t e p es s u l a n u s , 360 l X —X

b Co d e x Vi n d o bo n en s i s , B ib l . P a l 4 73
. s a ec x
C Co d e xP a r i si n u s , 1 0 7 58 s a ec . ix— x
 WA LA H F R I D I P R OL OGUS

GL ORI OS I S S I MI i mp er at o ri s K aroli vitam et gesta quae ,

su bi ec t a s u n t ,
E i n h ar du s vir i n t e r om n e s hu i u s t em
,
&

pori s p a l a t i n o s n o n s olum pro s ci e n tia verum e t pro ,

un ivers a morum h o n es t a t e l au d i s egregi a e d es cri p si s se ,

c o gn o sci t u r e t p u r i ss i m a e v eri t a t i s u t p o t e qui hi s p a en e 5

,

om n ibu s i n t erfu eri t t es timo n io r o b o ra s s e Natus e nim 2

, .

i n ori e n tali Fr a n c i a i n p a go qui d i c i t u r Mo i n geu u i

, ,

i n F u ld en s i c o en o bi o s u b p e d a go gi o s an cti B o n ifa cn
'

mar t i ri s prim a p u e r i li s n u t ri t u r a e rudim e n t a su s cep i t .

I n d e qu e p o t i u s propt e r s i n gu l ari t a t e m c ap ac i t a t i s et 5
i n t elli ge n t i a e qu a e i a m tu rn i n illo m a g n um quod
, ,

po s t e a cl aru i t s p ecim en s api en tia e p romi t t eba t qu a m

, ,

ob n o bili t a t i s quod i n e o mu n u s e r a t i n s ign e a B au

, ,

g u l fo abb a t e m o n a s t e r i i s u p r a d i c t i i n p a l a tium K aroli

t r an s l a t u s e s t
‘

quipp e qui om n ium regum a vi di ssi mu s IO

e r a t s api en t e s d ili g e n t er i n q u i r e re e t ,
ut cu m om n i

d el ec t a t i o n e p hi IOS Op h a re n t u r e x c o l er e
,
i d e o q u e r e gn i
a D e o s ibi c ommi ss i n e b u l o s a m e t ,
u t i t a d i ca m p a e n e
,

c a ec a m l a t i t u d i n e m t o t i u s s c i e n t i a e n ov a i rra d i a t i o n e e t

hui c b arbari ei a n t e p a rtim i n c ogn it a l u mi n o s a m red d i d i t 5 1

De o illu s tr a n t e a tqu e vi d en t em Nu n c v e ro r el a ben t i bu s

.

i n co n tr a ri a s t u d ii s lum e n s a pi e n ti a e quod mi n u s d ili

,

g i t u r ,
r a r e s c i t i n p l u r i m .i s P r a e d i c t u s i t a q u e homu n cio 3

n a m s t a tura d es p i c abil i s vi d eb a t u r i n aul a K a roli ,

a m a t o ri s s ci e n t i a e t an tum gl o ri a e i n cre m e n t u m m e rito

,

d t i t o b i t t i t a s s e c u t u s u t i n t e r om n es
p r u en a e e p r a s es ,

r egi a e mai e s tati s mi n i s tro s p a e n e n ullu s h a b ere t u r c u i 5 ,

r ex id t emp o r i S p o t e n t i ssi mu s e t s a p i e n t i ss i mu s p l u r a

B
 2 WAL A HF R I D I PR O L O GUS 3 .
7

fa mi li ari t at i s su a e s e creta co mmi t t eret . vera

Et re n on

i mm eri t o ,
cum n on mo d o i ps iu s K a roli t emporibu s ,
s ed

et quod m a i o ri s mi ra cu l i e s t s u b Lu d o w i co i m

10
p e r a t o r e ,
c u m multi s e t d i ve r s i s p e r t u rb a t i o n i bu s Fr an

c orum res publi c a fl u ct u a ret et in multi s d eci d er et ,

mir a
q u a d a m et ip sum De o
d i vi n i t u s p r o vi s a li br a t i o n e se

p r o t e ge n t e cu s t o d i e r i t ut
, n om e n quod
s u bli m i t a t i s ,

multi s i n vi d i am c omp ar a vi t et casu m ips um n ec i m ,

5 m a tur e d es e ru e r i t n ec p e ri cu l i s i rr e me d i abili bu s m an c i
1

4 p a rit H
. a ec d i c i m u s u t i n d i c t i s e iu s mi n u s qui s qu e
,

h ab e a t d u bi t a t i o n i s d um n o n i g n o r et e u m e t d i le c t i o n i
,

p r o v e c t o ri s s u i l au d em p ra eci p u am e t cu ri o s i t a t i l e c t o ri s
v er i t a t e m deb ere p ersp i cu am H uic op u scu lo ego Stra bo
.

S t i t u l o s e t i n ci s io n es prout vi s um e s t co n gru u m i n s e ru i
, , ,

u t a d s i n gula fa c i l i o r q u aere n t i quod p l acu eri t el u c escat

acces su s .
 4 VI TA K A RO L I 3 . 2

a lia non i n ra t i o n abili s , ut op i n o r , cau s a quae

, vel s ol a
po s set u t me a d h a ec s cri ben d a c o n p ell eret
s u ffi c er e , ,

n u t ri me n t u m vid eli c et i n m e i n p e n su m e t p e rp e tu a ,

5p os t q u a m i n a ul a e iu s c o n v e r s a ri co ep i cum ipso ac ,

l i beri s e iu s a mi c iti a ; q u a m e i t a s ibi d evi n x i t d ebi

t o re m qu e t a m vivo quam mo r t u o c on s t i t u i t u t m e rito ,

i n grat u s vi d e ri e t i u di c ari p o ss em S i tot b e n e fici o r Um ,

i n me m i n m em o r c l a ri s si m a et i n l u s t ri s si m a
c o n l at o r u

I O homi n i s optim e d e me m eriti ges t a s il en tio p ra et eri rem

p a t er e r
q u e vitam e iu s qua s i qui n u ,m q u a m v i x e r i t s i n e ,

4 li t t er i s a c d ebit a l a u d e m a n ere C ui s criben d a e a tqu e .

e xp l i c an d a e n o n m eum i n gen i olu m quod e xile e t p a r ,

vu m immo p a e n e n ullum e s t
, s e d Tu l l i a n a m p a r e r a t
,

d e su d a re facu n d i a m E n tibi libru m p r a ecl a ri ss i mi et

.

5 m a x imi viri m e mori a m c o n t i n e n t em ; i n quo pra e t e r

i lli u s f ac t a n o n es t quo d a d mi r eri s n i s i fort e quo d homo , ,

b a rb aru s et i n Rom a n a l o cu t i o n e p erp a ru m e x erci t a t u s

a liquid m e d e c e n t e r a u t c ommod e L a ti n e sc r i b e r e po s se

p u t a v e r i m a tqu e i n t an t a m i n p u d en t i a m p r o r u p er i m u t ,

I oi llu d Ci c er o n i s p u t a r em c o n t emn en du m quod i n primo ,

Tu s cu l an a ru m libro cum d e L a ti n i s s c ri p t o ri bu s loqu e

,

r et u r , i t a d i x i ss e l egi t u r : M a n da r e qu emqu a m i n q u i t , ,

l i tter i s cogi t a ti on es s u as u i ea s n ee d i sp on ere n ec i n lu

q ,

s tr a r e p oss i t n ec del ecta ti on e a l i qu a a dl i cer e

‘

l ector em homi ,

n i s es t i n temper a n ter a bu t en ti s ci oti o et l i tt er i s . P o t era t

quid em ha ec o ra t o ri s egregii s en t en ti a me a s cri ben d o
d e t e rr ere ni s i a n imo p r a emed i t a t u m h a b e rem h o mi n u m
,

i u d i ci a p o t i u s e x p er i ri e t h ae c s c ribe n d o i n ge n i o li m ei
p ericulum fa c ere qu am tanti viri m emori am mihi par
20 c endo p ra et eri re .
 VITA KA R OL I

1 G E NS Meroi n go ru m d e qua Fra n ci reges s ibi cre a re

.
,

s oliti er an t u s qu e in Hi l d ri cu m r e g e m qui i u s s u St eph an i

, ,

Romani p on t i fici s d ep o si t u s a c d et o n su s a tqu e in mo n a

s t e ri u m t r u s u s e s t dura s s e p u t a t u r Qu a e li ce t i n 1110
,
.

fin i t a p o s s i t vi d eri t a m en i am d u d u m n ulliu s vi g o ri s 5
,

e ra t n e c q u i c q u a m i n s e c l aru m pra e t e r in a n e r e gi s
,

v o c abu lu m p ra efe r eb a t Nam e t Op es et pot en ti a r egn i 2

.

p en es p al at ii p ra efect o s qui m a iores domu s d i ceb an t u r

, ,

e t a d quo s s umm a imp e rii p e r t i n eb at t en eb an t u r Ne ,

.

q u e r e gi a liud re l i n
q u e b a t u r quam u t r e gio t an tum
n omi n e c o n t e n t u s cri n e profu s o b a rb a su mmi s s a s olio 5
, ,

res i d ere t a c s p e c i e m d o mi n a n t i s e ffin gere t l e gato s u n d e ,

c u m q u e ve n i e n t e s au d i r e t e i s q u e a beu n t i bu s r es po n s a ,

qu a e e ra t e d o c t u s vel e tiam i ussu s ex su a velu t pot e s t a t e ,

re d d ere t cu m pr a e t er i n util e r e gi s n om e n e t pr e c a rium

vit a e s tip en dium quod e i praefectus a ul a e prout vid e

,
1°

batur e xhi bebat n ihil a liud p r o p rn p o s si d eret qu a m

,

u n a m e t e arn p r a ep a rvi reditu s vill a m i n qu a d omu m ,

e t e x q u a fa mu l o s s ibi n ece s s aria mi n i s tr a n t e s a tqu e

obse quium e x hi ben t es p au ca e n u mero s i t at i s ha beb a t .

Q u oc u m q u e e u n d u m e rat c a rp e n to i b a t
, quo d bubu s 3 ,

i u n c t i s et bubulco ru s ti c o mor e a ge nt e t r a h eb a t u r Sic .

a d p a l a tium si c ad publicum populi s u i c on ven t u m

, ,

qui an n u a t i m ob regn i u t ili t a t em c elebr aba t u r i re s i c , ,

d o mu m r e dir e s o l eb a t A t r e gn i a d mi n i s t ra t i o n em e t 5
.

om n ia qu a e vel domi vel fori s a gen da ac d i sp o n en d a

e r an t pra efe ctus aul a e p r ocu ra b a t .

1 . G e n s Me r o i n g o r u m] I n c i p i t l i b er pr a efi x i t C
I . 1 2 H i ld r i
c hu m C C hi l d r i c u m B 3 4 m o n a s t eriu m S i t hi u t r u s u s u n u s
,

cod . 2 1 2 p e r p a r v i n on n u l l i co d d
. ad A B
.
 6 V I TA K A RO L I 2 . 1 . 1

Quo o ffici o tum cum Hild ri cu s d ep on ebat u r Pip

2 .
, ,

pi n us pat er K a roli regi s iam velu t h ereditario fu n gebat u r .

2 Na m p a t e r e iu s K a r o lu s qui t r a n n o s t t m Fr
y p e r, o a an

c i a m d o mi n a t u m s ibi vi n d i c an t e s o i t t S rra o
pp r e s s e a c e n s

Galli a m occup a re t emp t an t e s d u o bu s ma gn i s p ro el ii s ,

u n o i n A quit a n ia a pud Pi c t a vi u m c i vi t a t e m a lt e ro i u x t a ,

5 Na rb o n am a pud B irr a m fl u vi u m ita d evi ci t u t i n , ,

Hi sp an i am e o s r edir e c on p ell er e t e u n d em m a gi s t r a t u m ,

a p a tre Pi p i n o s ibi d i m i s s u m e gr e gi e a dmi n i s tr a vit

p .

Qui ho n or n o n al ii s a populo d a ri c o n s u eve ra t quam hi s

qui et cl a ri t a t e gen eri s et o p u m amplitudi n e cet e ri s
I O e mi n eb a n t .

3 Hu n c m P icu
pp i nu s pat e r K aroli r e gi s ab avo e t patr e

s ibi e t fra t r i K a rl o m an n o reli c t u m s umma cum e o c o n ,

cordi a di vi s u m aliquot an n i s velu t s u b rege m emora t o

,

t e n u i ss e t fr a t e r e iu s K a rl o m a n n u s
, i n cer t u m quibu s
5 d e ca u s i s t a m en vid e tur quo d a mor e co n v ers a t i o n i s
,

c o n t e m l a t i v a e su cc e n su s
p op e ro s a t e mporali s r e gni
a dm i n i s t r a t i o n e r el i c t a R o m a m s e i n otium co n t u li t
, ,

i bi q u e h a bitu p e rmut a t o m o n a chu s f a c tu s i n mo n t e

S o r a c t e a pud e ccl es i am b e a ti Silv e s tri c o n s t ru ct o mo n a
I O s t e r i o c u m fra t r i bu s s ec um a d hoc v e n i en t i bu s a l iquot
p e r

an n o s opt a t a qui e t e p er fr u i t u r S e d cu m e x Fr an ci a
4 .

multi n obi li u m ob vota s ol ven d a R o m am s ollemn i t e r

c o m me a r e n t e t eu m v el u t domi n um quo n dam s uum

p ra e t er i re otium quo ma xime d el ect aba t u r

n oll e n t , , ,

5 c r ebra s a l u t a t i o n e i n t err u mp en t es locum mut a r e c on ,

p e l l u n t N a m. h u i u sce m o d i fre q u e n t i a m cu m s u o pro

po s ito o fli cere vi di ss et reli ct o mo n t e i n Sam n ium ,

p r o v i n c i a m a d mo n a s t e rium s an cti B e n e d i c t i s i t u m i n

c a s tro C a s i n o s ecess i t et ibi quod reli qu u m er a t t em ,

I o
p o r a l i s vita e r eligio se co n v e rsando c o n p l ev i t .

2. 1 H i l d r i ch u s C
. 1 2 . 2 s ib i o m B
.
4 P i ct a vi u m A
P e c t a vi u m B C 3 1 0 p er . o m B
.
4 . 1 .
3 VI TA K A RO L I 7

3 . aut em p er au ct o ri t a t em Roman i p on t ifici s

Pi p p i n u s
e x p r a efec t o p a l a t i i r e x co n s t i t u t u s c u m p e r a n u o s X V ,

a u t e o a mp li u s Franci s s olu s i mp e ra re t fi n i t o A q u i t a n i c o ,

bello quod co n tr a Wai fari u m d u cem A qu i t an i ae a b eo

,

su s c ep t u m p er co n ti n uo s n ov e m a n u o s ge re b a t u r apud 5 ,

P a ri s i o s mo rbo a qua e i n t e r cu t i s di e m obiit s u p e rs t i t i bu s ,

li beri s K a rolo e t K a rl o m a n n o a d quo s s u cc e s s i o r e gn i ,

d ivi n o nutu p e rven er a t Fr an c i S i qu i d em f a cto s o ll em 2

.

n it e r g e n e r a li c o n ve n t u ambo s s ibi r e ges c o n s t i t u u n t e a ,

con dition e p ra emi s s a u t totum regni corpu s e x a e quo ,

p a r t i r e n t u r e t K a r o l u,s e a m part e m qu a m pat e r e o r u m

Pi pp i n u s t en u era t K a rl o m an n u s ve ro e am cui p a t ru u s 5
,

e o ru m K a rl o m an n u s p ra e er a t re g e n d i gr a tia s u s c i p e re t
,
.

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i u x t a modum s ibi propo s itum a b u t r o qu e rec e pta e s t .

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de ces sit K aro lu s a ut em fratre d e fu n c t o co n s e n s u o m
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d i fficu l t a t e qui a quidam e p ri mo ribu s

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r e d i t u r o s lib e ra voc e p r o cl am a r e n t S u scep t u m t am en .

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p l e t u m S
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ac potin s ead em c a u s a s u bes se vi d ere t u r haud s imili ,

t a men et labor e c er t a t u m e t fin e co n s t a t e s s e c o n p l et u m .

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u t r e ddit a n o n re p e t eren t u r s a cram e n to fid em fac e r e ;

,

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d es t i t i t quam e t D es i d e rium r eg em qu em longa ob s idion e ,

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t o t a m q u e I t a li am s u ae d i t i on i s u bi u g a re t s u b a c t ae q u e 15

fil i u m uum Pi p p i n u m regem i n p o n eret I t ali am i n t r an t i 3

s .

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corum labore invia mo n t i u m i u ga e t emi n ent es i n caelum

s c 0p u l i atqu e a s e ra e c a u t e s s u er a t a e S i n t hoc loco
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fuit su ba ct a I t a lia et rex D es id eriu s p e rp etuo e xi li o

d ep o r t a t u s et fil i u s e iu s A d a l gi s u s I t a lia pul s u s e t r e s
a Lan go ba rd o ru m regi bu s e rep t a e Had ri an o R o man a e
e ccl e sia e r ect o ri res t i t u t ae . 5

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mi s sa m vi d ebat u r rep et i t u m es t Quo n ullum n e qu e

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p r o l i x i u s n e qu e a t r o c i u s F ran c o ru mq u e populo l a b o ri o

s i u s s u s c ep t u m e s t ; qui a S a x on es s i eut om n es fe re ,

5 Ge rman i am i n co l e n t e s n a t i o n es e t n atur a f e ro ce s e t
,

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qu ae c o t i d i e pacem con turb a re p o t eran t t e rmi n i videlic e t ,

n o s tri et i l lo r u m p a en e ubiqu e i n pl a n o co n tigui pr a et e r ,

p au c a loca i n quibu s ve l s ilva e maior es vel m o n t i u m

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mi n a n t i n quibu s ca ed es et ra pi n ae et i n cen dia vi ci ssi m

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b ellum su sci p ere di gn u m i u di car en t S u scept u m e st .

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p l i ce s r e gi s e d e di d e r u n t imp , e rata f a c t u ro s p o ll i c i t i sun t ,

o bs i d e s qui i m p e r a b an t u r a b s qu e d i l at i o n e d e d eru n t ,

l egato s qui mi t t eban t u r su sc ep eru n t a li q u ot i e s i t a do ,

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e t Chri st i a n a e r eligio n i s e s u bd er e v e ll e p romi t t er e n t .

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p e r v e r t en d a s e mp e r fu e r e p ra e c i p i t e s u t n o n ,

a e st i m a re ad utrum hor u m faci l i ore s v eri u s d 1c1 p o s smt

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q uipp e cum po s t i n ch o a t u m cum ei s b e llum vi x ullu s

5 a n n u s e x actu s s i t quo
, n o n a b e i s h u i u sc e m o di f a ct a S i t

p e r m u t a t i o S. e d m a g n a n i m i t a s r e gi s ac p e rp etua tam

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n on n u ll i n on sit u t A B C
 12 VI TA KA R OLI s .
3 . I

3 t a t e m p o t i u s mirari c o n v e n i a t Nam bi
. e n n io ant e

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i n t ermi s sio n e gereret u r n ihil t amen e x hi s quae aliu bi

,

er a n t g e r en d a d i mi ss u m a u t ull a i n part e a b a eq u e

5 op e ro s o c e rt a mi n e c e s s a t u m e s t Nam re x
. om n ium qui ,

s u a a e t a t e ge n tibu s d o mi n a b a n t u r et pru d e n tia ma x imu s

e t an imi m a g n itudi n e p ra e st a n t i ssi mu s n ihil i n hi s qu ae ,

ve l s u s ci p i en d a er a n t v e l e x s e q u en d a a u t propt e r l a bor em

d et r ect a vi t a u t propt e r p ericulum ex h o rru i t verum ,

u n u m q u o d q u e s ec u n dum s u a m q u a li t at em et subir e et
I o

f err e doctu s n ec &i n ] a d versi s ce d er e n ec i n p r o sp eri s

fa ls o blan d i en t i fo rt u n a e a d s en t i ri s olebat .

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.

bu s b ello c er t aret u r d i s p o s i t i s p er c o n gru a c o n fin i o r u m

,

lo ca p rae si dii s Hi s p an i am quam m a ximo p o t erat b elli

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a p p a r at u a d gr e di t u r s a lt u q u e P yr i n e i s up e r a to om n i ,

5 b u s qu a e a di e ra t o pp i di s a tqu e c a s t e lli s i n d e d i t i o n em
a c c ep t i s s a lvo e t i n co l o mi e x e r c i t u r ev er t i t u r ; pr a e t e r
,

quod i n ip s o Pyri n ei i u go Wa s c on i c am p erfidi am p arum

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,

i n s i d ii s e s t en im lo c u s e x o p a c i t at e s i l var u m q u aru m ,

s ibi m a x im a e s t c opi a i n s id i i s p o n en d i s o p ort u n u s

,

e x tr em a m i mp e di m en t o r u m p a rt em et eo s qui n ovi ss imi

a gmi n i s i n c e d e n t es s ub s idio
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s up e r i n cu rsan t e s i n s u bi ect a m v a l l em d ei ci u n t c o n s erto ,

q u e c u m e i s p r o e li o u s qu e a d u n um om n e s i n t e r fi c i u n t ,

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armoru m et lo c i i n quo r e s b t s itu s eco n t r a

g er e a u r ,

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11 . 1 . 2 VI TA K A RO L I I 3

Fran co s et a r gravita s et loci i n i qu i t as p er omnia

mo ru m
Wa sco n ibu s reddidi t imp a r es I n quo p ro eli o Eggi .

hardu s r egi ae m en s a e pr a epositu s An shelmu s com es 5 ,

p a l a t i i e t H ru o d l a n d u s B r i t t a n n i ci li m i t i s pra e f e ctu s

cum ali i s c on p lu ri bu s i n t erfici u n t u r N equ e hoc factum .

ad pra esen s vi n di c ari p ot erat qui a ho s ti s re p erp etrata ,

i t a d i sp er su s e st u t n e f a m a quid em reman e ret u bi n am

gen tium q u a eri p o t u i ss et .

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.
,

q u a d a m part e G a ll i ae s up e r litu s oc e a n i r es id en t e s dicto

a u d i en t e s n o n era n t mis s a i n e o s exp edi t i o n e q u a et

, ,

o b s i d es dar e e t qua e i mp e rar en t u r s e fa c t u ro s p o lli cer i

co a c t i s u n t I p s e po s t ea cu m ex erci t u I t a li a m i n gr e ssu s 2
.

ac p er R o mam it er a gen s Cap u am Camp a n i ae u rb em

ac cess it atqu e ibi p o sit i s c a st ri s b ellum B en even t an i s u i ,

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.

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mu n ere co n c e s s it u n o q u e ex fi l i i s qui mi n or e r at , ,

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, lega 5
t i s q u e ob s acram en ta fi d eli t at i s a B en even t a n i s e x i gen d a
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aliquot d i ebu s i n Galli am revert i t u r .

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.

c el eri fin e con pl et u m e st Quod sup erbia S imul ac .

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 14 V I TA KA RO L I ,
11 . 1 .
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,

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u n di q u e c o n t ra ct i s B a i o ari a m p et i t u ru s ip s e ad L echu m

a mn em c u m m a gn o v en it e x erc i t u I S fl u vi u s B ai o ar i o s.

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ve l g en ti util e r a tu s s u ppl ex s e r e gi p e rmi s i t o b sid es ,

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, ,

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.
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i n cursio n e la cess eban t n ec i u ssi o n i bu s co erc eri p o t eran t .

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A nn E i n h su b an n o 78 8 5 p o sse om B 2 1 q u a e B
n im a
m a x im o A B
. . . .

4 magn o C : ven it o m B .
7 st at u it om B .

3 .
5 nu ll o B C : a d s e n t ir e A B
a d s en t iri 12 I 2 i d e s t
. .

s u a l o c u t i o n e ] f or t s ec l u d en d u m ; cf 29 3 1 —4 3 et o m A .

x
. . . .

4 a u ili a r e s A a u x i a r es B : a u x i li a t o r e s C 2 .
3 la ces
s e ba n t B l a c esc e b a n t A C
13 .
3 .
3 VI TA KA RO L I 1 5

Si n u s quid a m occid entali oc eano ori en t em versu s

ab

p o r r i gi t u r l on g i t u
,
di n i s quid e m i n c o n p er t a e l a t i t u di n i
,
s 5
vero qua e n u s q u am c entum mili a p a ssu u m ex ce d at cum ,

i n multi s loci s c o n t rac t i o r i n ven i a t u r H u n c mu l t a e 3

.

c i r c u m s e d en t n a t i o n e s Dan i S i qu i d em ac S u eo n es quo s
.
,

No rdm an n o s v o ca mu s et s e pt entrio n al e litu s et omn es,

i n e o i n s ul a s t en en t At litu s a u s tr a l e S c lavi et Ai st i
.

e t a l i a e d i v er s a e i n co l u n t n a t i o n e s i n t er quo s vel pr a e 5
ci p u i s unt quibu s tun c a r ege b ellum i n fereba t u r
'

, ,

Wel a t abi Quo s ill e u n a tan tum et quam p er s e ge s ser at

.

e x p e d i t i o n e i t a c on t u di t ac d o mu i t u t u l t eri u s imp e r a ta

f a cer e mi n im e r en u en du m i u di caren t .
‘

1 3 Ma x imum om n ium qua e a b illo ge s t a s u n t bel

.

lorum pra et e r S a x o n i cu m huic b ello su cc ess it i llu d ,

vi d elic et quod con tr a A v a r es s ive Hun o s su scep t u m

e st Quod ill e et a n i m os iu s quam c et era et lo n ge m a iori
.

a p p ara t u admi n i s travit U n am t am en p er s e i n Pan n o 5

.

n i am n am h a n c v i i m g s tum i l e b at
p r o n c a ea e n n co

e x p e d i t i o n em f e cit c e t er a fili o su o Pi i f t i s
, pp n o ac p r a e e c

p r o v i n c i a ru m c o m i t i bu s e ti a m a tqu e l e g a t i s p e r fici e n d a
,

c o mm i s i t Quod cu m a b hi s s t ren u i ssi me fu i s set a d

.

mi n i st r at u m j o ct a v o t an d em a n n o c o n p l et u m e st Quot 2 .

p ro eli a i n e o ge s t a qu a n tum s a n gui n i s e ffusum S i t

, ,

t est a t u r v a cua om n i h a bi t a t ore P an n o n i a et locu s i n

quo regi a K a gan i er a t i t a d es ert u s u t n e vestigium
quid em i n eo hu m an a e h a bi t at i o n i s a p p ar eat Tot a i n 5 .

hoc b ello Hu n o ru m n o bi li t a s p erii t tota gloria d ecid it ,

.

Omn i s p e cu n ia et c o n ge s ti e x lo n go t empor e th es auri

d i rep t i s u n t N e qu e ullum b ellum con tra Fr an co s e x 3
.

o r t u m hum a n a pot e st m e moria r e cord a ri quo illi m a gi s

di t at i et o p i bu s a u ct i sint Quippe cum usqu e i n id

.

3 .
3 N o r d m a n n o s A B : No r t m a n n o s C 4 ad B , fo r t . recte
13 . I. r
3 au o s s e u n o s B iv 2 6 h o c om B . . ho n o r u m ( corr .

ex h r o u m) B 3 3 su n t B .
 16 V I TA K A RO LI 13 .
3 .
4

t emp o ri s p aen e p au p er e s vi d eren t u r, n et ta tum auri

5 arg ti
en r gi
i n e a rep er t u m , tot pol
s i a p ret i o s a i n p r o el i i s
su bl at a , u t m rito cr i
e e d p o s si t hoc Fra co
n s Hu n i s i u s t e

e ri p u i s se quod Hu n i priu s a l i i s g en tibu s i n i u s t e er i p u e

4 run t Duo t a n tum ex pr oceri bu s F ra n co ru m eo b ello

.

p e r i eru n t E r i cu s du x F o r o i u li a n u s i n L i b u r n i a i u x t a

Th ar s at i c am m a ri t i m a m c i vi t a t e m i n si d I I S o p p i d an o ru m
i n t er c ep t u s , et Ger o ld u s B ai o ari a e pr a efe ctu s i n Pa n
s n oni a , cum con tr a Hu n o s p r o eli at u ru s aci em st ru eret ,

i n c ert u m a quo cu m d u o bu s t a n tum qui eu m o b eq u i

, ,

t an t em ac s i n gu l o s h or t a n t em c o mi t a b a n t u r i n t er fect u s ,

e st . C et erum i n cru en t u m p a en e Fr a n ci s ho c b ellum fuit

et p ro s p e r r i m u m e x i t u m h a buit t a m e t s i di
,
u t i u s s u i
mag itudi h Po t quod S x o n i cu m s u a e
'

5 n n e t r a er et u r s . e t a

p r o l i x i t a t i c o n v e n i e n t e m h u e m a cc e pi t B o e m a n i c u m .

quoqu e et Li n o n i cu m quae po st ea e xort a sun t diu , ,

durare n on p o t u eru n t quorum u t ru m q u e d u ct u K aroli

5 i u n i o ri s c e l e ri fin e c o n p l et u m e s t .

1 4 Ultimum co n tr a No r d m an n o s qui D an i vo c a n t u r
.
,

primo pyr at i c am ex erc en t es d ei n d e m a iori c l as s e li t o r a ,

Ga ll i a e a tqu e Germ a n i ae v a s t a n t e s b ellum su s cep t u m ,

z est . Quorum rex Go d o frid u s a d e o van a sp e i n fl at u s

e rat u t s ibi t o t i u s Germ a n i a e p r o mi t t er et pot e s t a t em .

F ri si am quoqu e a tqu e S a x o n i am h a u d a lit er a tqu e su a s

provi n cia s a e st i m ab at I am Ab o dri t o s vi ci n o s s uo s i n
.
, ,

s u a m di t i o n em r e d eg era t i a m eo s s ib i v ec t i g a l e s fec era t

’

5 ,

i ac t a b at eti a m s e br evi A q u a sgra n i ubi r egi s comit atu s ,

3 e r a t cu m m a x i m i s C 0 l l S a d v en t u ru m
, p N ec d i c t i s e.iu s ,

q u a m v i s v a n i s s i m i s o
,
m n i n o fi d e s a b n u e b a t u r qui n ,

p o t i u s p u t are t u r t a l e a liquid i n c h o a t u ru s n i s i fe s t i n a t a ,

4 . F
2 o r i i u l i a n u s B : F o r o ju l a n u s A C 3 t h a r a s a t i c a m ( c or r .

ex t h r a s B 4 i n t e r c e p t u s B i n t er c o e p t u s A nt e ce t u m C
p i r
8 e s t ] o m u n u s d e t f o r t s ec l u d en d u m
. .
, . 14 No d . r
m a n n o s A B : No rt ma n n o s C 2 3 p r i u s .a t q u e o m B .

6 c o mi n a t u s B
15 .
4 .
4 V I TA K A RO L I 17

fu i s s et mort e p r aeven t u s Nam a proprio s at ellit e i n t er

.

fec t u s et s u a e V it a e et b elli a s e i n ch o at i fin em ac cel er a vi t 5 .

1 5 H a e c s u n t b e ll a qu a e r ex p o t en t i s si mu s p er an u o s
.
,

X L VI I tot en im a n n i s r egn a ver a t i n d i ver si s t erra

rum p a rtibu s summa prud en ti a a tqu e feli cit a t e gessit
quibu s r egn um F ra n c o ru m quo d po s t p at rem Pi p p i n u m ,

m a gn um quid em et fort e su s c ep er at ,

p l i a v i t u t p a e n e duplum illi a d i e cer i t

n on a m p l i u s qu a m e a p a r s Ga l l i ae qu a e i n t er R h e n u m

e t L i ge r i m o c e a n u m q u e a c m a r e B a l ea r i c u m i a c et et ,

p a r s Germ a n i a e q u a e i n t er S a x o n i a m et Dan u bi u m
,

R hen u mq u e a c S a l a m fl u vi u m qui Thu ri n go s e t S or ab o s 5 ,

di vid i t po s it a a Fr a n c i s qui ori en t a l e s d i cu n t u r i n co l i t u r

, ,

et pra e t e r h a ec A l a ma n n i a tqu e B a i o ar ii a d r e gn i Fra n

corum pot est a t em p ert i n er en t ip se p er b ell a m emorata 3

primo A q u i t a n i am et Wa s co n i am t o t u mq u e Pyri n ei
mo n ti s i u gu m et u s qu e a d Hi beru m a mn em qui a pud ,

N a va rro s o rt u s et fer t i li s s i m o s Hi sp an i a e a gro s s ecan s

s u b De r t o s a e c ivit a ti s m o e n i bu s B a l ear i c o mari m i s 5

cet u r d ei n d e I t a l i a m t o t a m qu a e a b A ugu s ta Pr a etoria

,

u s qu e i n Ca labri am i n ferior em (i n qua Gr aec oru m ac

B en e ve n t an o r u m co n s t a t e s s e c o n fin i a ) d eci es c en tum
et e o a m p li u s p a s su u m m i li bu s lo n gitudi n e p o r ri gi t u r ;

tum S a x o n i a m qu a e quid em Germ a n i a e p a r s n on modica

, 10

est et e iu s qu a e a Fr a n c i s i n c o l i t u r duplum i n l a to

h a b er e p u t a t u r cu m ei lo n gitudi n e p o ssi t e sse co n s imili s

,

po s t qu a m u t r am q u e P an n o n i am et a d p o si t am i n a lt era 4
Dan u bi i rip a D a c i a m Hi s t ri a m quoqu e et Li bu rn i am
,

atqu e Da lm aci am ex cept i s m ari t i mi s ci vi t at ibu s qu a s

, ,

ob ami ci t i a m et i u n ct u m cum eo fo e du s C o n stan ti n o

15 . 1 .
4 P ipp i n i C qu a C
2 . 2 3 L i g er i m C L i g erem
AB 5 Th u r i n g o s B : Tu r i n g o s A : Th u r i n o C
g 3 2 E qu i
.

t an ia m B 5 m o en i bu s C m o en i a A B 4 I q u am q u e B
.

o si t a mB 2 hi s t o ri a m C 3 4 e x c ep t i s a m i ci t i a m o m B
p , .
 1 8 V I TA K A RO L I 15 .
5 . 1

5 p ol i t a n u m i m p era t o r emh a b er e p ermi si t d ei n d e omn es

’

b arbara s a c fer a s n a t i on es qu a e i n t er R hen u m ac ,

Vi su l am fl u vi o s o c ean u m q u e ac Da n u bi u m p o si t a e lingua
-
,

quid em p a eme s imil es m ori bu s v ero a tqu e h abitu vald e

,

5 d i s s imil e s Germ a n i am i n c o l u n t i t a p er d o mu i t u t ea s
, ,
-

tribut a ri a s efficeret ; i n t er qu a s fer e p ra eci pu ae sun t

Wela t abi Sor a bi Abo d ri t i B o eman i cum hi s n am q u e
, , ,

b ello c on fli x i t c et era s q u aru m multo m a ior est n um erus

, , ,

i n d e di t i o n em
16 . Au xit e r egn i su i q u i bu s d am r egibu s
ac g en tibu s p e r a m i c i t i a m s ibi c o n ci li at i s A d e o n am .

q u e H a d e f o n s u m G a l l e c i a e a tqu e A s t u r i ca e r e g e m s ibi
s o c i etat e d evi n x i t u t i s cu m ad e u m vel li t t er a s ve l
,

5 l e g a to s m i t t er et n o n a lit e r s e a pud i l lu m quam proprium

,

2 s uum a pp e ll ar i i u ber et S co t t oru m quoqu e r eg es s i c

.

h a buit a d su a m v olu n t at em p er mu n i fic en t i am i n c li n at o s
u t eu m n u m q u a m a lit e r n i s i domi n um s e qu e s u bdi t o s

et s ervo s e iu s p r on u n t i aren t E xt a n t epi s tola e a b ei s .

5 a d i llu m mi s s a e quibu s hu i u smo d i a ffectu s eoru m e rg a

,

3 illu m i n di ca t u r C um A a ro n r ege P er s a rum qui e x c epta

.
,

I n dia totum p a en e t en eb a t ori en t em t a l em h a buit i n ,

a micitia c o n c o r di a m u t i s gr a t i am e iu s om n ium qui i n ,

toto orb e t err arum er an t r egum ac pri n ci p u m ami ci t i a e ,

5p ra e p on er e t s o l u m q u e i ll u m ho n or e a c m u n i fi c e n t i a s ibi
c o l en du m i u di car et A c p r o i n d e cu m l e gati eiu s quo s
.
, ,

cum d o n ari i s ad s a cra t i s s i mu m Domi n i ac s alva t o ri s

n o s tri s e p u l ch ru m l o cu m q u e r e s u rrect i o n i s m i s er a t ad ,

eu m ven i s s en t et ei domi n i s u i v o lu n t a t em i n d i c a ss en t ,

10n on s olum qu a e p et eb an t u r heri p er mi s i t s e d e ti a m ,

s a c rum i l lu m et s a l u t a rem lo c um u t i ll i u s
p o t e s t a t i ,

a d s cri beret u r co n c essit ; et r evert en t i bu s l egat i s suo s

,

5 6
. t r i b u t a r i o s B 16 3 A h d e fo n s u m Ga ll a e c i e a t q u e
. 1 .

A u s t r i ca e B 4 is om B . 2 1 S co t o ru m B .
5 e ffe c t u s A
3 4 . a m c t i ii
a B 1 2 a d s cr ib er et u r , n o n c e s s i t C
 20 VI TA K A RO L I 17 .
3 .
4

No vi o ma gi up er Vahalem flu viu m qui B at avoru m i n

s ,

5 s ul a m a p a rt e m eridi an a p r a et er fl u i t P r a eci p u e t a m en .

a e d e s s a c r a s u bi cu m q u e i n toto r eg n o s u o v et u s t a t e

con l a p s a s co n p eri t p o n t i fi c,
i bu s e t p a t r ib u s a d quorum ,

c uram p er t i n eb a n t ut re s t au r aren t u r i m p er a vi t
, ad ,

hi b en s cur a m p er l e g a to s u t imp er a t a p erficeren t .

4 Mo li t u s est et cl a ss em c o n tr a b ellum No r dman n i c u m ,

a e d i fi c a t i s a d h o c n a vi bu s i u x t a fl u m i n a qua e e t d e

G a lli a et d e G erm a n i a s ept en t ri on a l em i n flu u n t o cean u m .

E t qui a No r dm an n i Ga lli cu m l i tu s a tqu e Germ a n i cu m

5 a ss idu a i n fe s t at i on e v a s t ab a n t p e r om n es , portu s e t
o s ti a flu mi n u m qua n a ves r eci pi po sse vi deban t u r
, ,

s t a t i o n i bu s et e x cu bi i s di sp o s i t i s n e q u a ho s ti s e x i r e
,

p o t u i s s et tali m u n i t i o n e p ro hi bu i t F e cit id em a p
. a rt e

m eridi an a i n litor e p r o vi n ci a e Narbon en s i s ac S epti

Io ma n i a e toto e ti a m I t a l i a e litor e u s qu e R o m am co n tr a
,

Ma uro s n u p er pyra t i c am e x erc er e a d gress o s ac p er h o c

n ullo gr a vi d a m n o v el a Ma uri s I t a li a v el G a llia a tqu e

G erm an i a a No rdm an n i s d i ebu s s ui s a d fect a est praet er ,

quo d Cen t u m cella e c ivit a s E t ru ri a e p er pr o di t i o n em

15 a Ma uri s c a pt a a tqu e v a st a t a e s t et i n Fri s ia qua e d a m ,

i n sula e G erman i c o li t o r i c o n t i gu a e a No rdm an n i s d ep r ae

dat a e sun t .

18 Ta l em eu m i n t u en d o e t a mpli an do s i m u l q u e
.

orn an do regn o fui s s e c on s t a t C uiu s a n imi dot e s et .

s u mm am i n q u a li cu m q u e et pro s p ero e t adv e r s o ev en t u

c o n s t a n t i a m c et er a q u e a d i n t e r i o rem a tqu e dom e sti ca m

5 vitam p erti n en ti a i a m ab h i n c d i c er e e x o r di a r .

2 Po st mort em p atri s cum fr a tr e r egn um p art it u s tan ta

p ati enti a S i mu lt at es et i n vidi am eiu s tulit u t omn ibu s ,

p o n t i fi ci C 8 r es t a u r emt u r B 4 . I N o r d m a n n i cu m
BC : No rd o ma n n i cu m A 4 N o r d m a n n i C : Nordman n i A
No r d o m a n n i B 5 i n f es t a t i o n e A : i n f es t i n a t i o n e B C 1 1 ad

g r e ss us B 1 3 a ffe c t a A 1 6 No r d ma n n i s A C : N o rd o
ma n n i s B 18 I 3 q u a cu m q u e A
. .
4 c e t er a q u a e E h
18 .
4 . 6 VI TA K A RO L I 21

mi ru m vid e ret u r quod ne ad i racu n di am quid em ab e o

p o vo ca ri
r p o t u i s s et . Dei n d e cum matri s hort a t u fil i am
D esid erii r egi s L an go ba rd o ru m d u x i ss et u x orem i n cer 5 ,

tum q u a d e c au s a po st a n n um eam rep u d i a vi t et ,

Hi l d i g ar d am d e g en t e S u a bo ru m p r a eci p u a e n o bili t at i s ,

femi n a m i n m a trimo n ium a c c ep i t ; d e q u a tr e s fi li o s

, ,

K aro lu m vid elic et Pi pp i n u m et Hlu d o w i cu m totid em , ,

qu e fil i a s ,
H ru o d t ru d em
Gi sl a m g en u i t I o et B erht a m et ,
.

Ha buit e t ali a s tr e s fili a s Th eo d er a d a m et Hi l t ru d em 3 ,

et Hru o d ha id em du a s d e Fa s tr a d a u Xore qu a e d e, ,

m F r a n c o ru m German o ru m vid elic et g ent e

o ri en t al i u , ,

e rat t er t i a m d e co n cubi n a q u a d a m cuiu s nom en modo

, ,

m emoria e n o n o cc urrit Defu n ct a F a s trad a Li u t gar d am . 5

A l am an n a m d u x i t d e q u a n ihil l i bero ru m tulit : po s t
,

c uiu s mort em q u a t t u o r h a buit c o n cubi n a s Ma d el g ar d a m ,

s cilic e t qua e p ep eri t ei fili a m n omi n e R u o t hi ld em

, ,

Gersu i n d a m S a x on i ci gen eri s d e qua ei fil i a & n om en

] ,

A d a lt ru d n a t a es t et R egi n a m qu a e ei Dr o go n em et , , 10

Hu gu m gen u i t et Ad a l l i n d em ex qua Th e o d eri cu m

, ,

p r o cr e a vi t . Mat er quoqu e eiu s B erht ra d a in m a gn o 4

pud eu m h o n or e co n s en u i t Co l eba t e n im e a m cum
'

a .

s umma r e v e r en t i a ita u t nulla u m qu am i n vi cem s i t ,

e x orta di s c ordia pra et er i n divortio fili a e D es id erii r egi s

,

quam illa s uad en t e acc ep erat D ec es sit t a nd em po s t s .

mort em Hild i gard a e cum i am tre s n epot e s suo s toti ,

23 . n ec b 67 H i
et ld i o m b
g a r d a m C : H i ldi g a r d e m
.

AB H i l d e g a r d em b S u ahoru m C 9 H lu d o w i c u m
A b : H lu d o i c u m B C 1 0 H ru o d t r u d e m B H ru a d r u d em b :
H r u o d r u d em A H ru o t r u d e m C B er t h a m b Gi s a l a m b
’

3 .2 R u a d h a i d e m b 4 c o n n u bi a b
5 L eu t g a r d e m B
6 li b eru m n ihil b 7 q u a t t u o r C t r e s A B b 7 8 Ma d e lg a r d a m ,

R u o t hi l d e m ha be t C o m A B b 9 G er s u u i n d a m b e i A B b :
,
.

illi C n o m en A B b n o m i n e C : s ec l u s i mu s 1 1 et om B .

A d a lli n d e m A C A d a lli n d a m b : A d a lt ru d em B T he o
d ri c u m b 4 1 B e r h t r a d a A : B r e t h r a d a B bC
.
5 su s ce
p at b
er d ec ess i t q u e C d i s ces s i t b 6 H ild e
g a r d a e b
 22 VI TA K A R O LI 18 .
4 .
7

d em q u e n epti s i n filn domo vidi s set Quam ille i n e adem .

b a sili ca q u a p a t er s itu s est a pud San ctum Di on ysiu m , ,

5 m a gn o cum ho n or e f ec it hum a ri Era t ei u n ic a s oror .

nomi n e Gi sl a a p u ellari bu s an n i s reli gi o sa e con vers at i o n i

,

m a n cip a t a qu a m s imilit er u t m at rem m a gn a co lu i t

,

pi et a t e Qu a e etiam p au c i s an t e o bit u m i lliu s an n i s i n

.

5 e o quo c o n v er s a ta e st mo n a s t erio d e c ess it .

1 9 L ib ero s s uo s i t a c en su i t i n st i t u en d o s u t tam fili i

.

qua m fili ae primo liber ali bu s st u d ii s quibus et ip se ,

op eram d a b a t eru d i ren t u r : tum fili o s cu m primum

’

, ,

a e t a s p a t i eb a t u r mor e F ran c o ru m e q u it are a rmi s a c

, ,

5 v en at ibu s ex e rc eri f ecit fili a s v e ro l an i fici o a d su e s cer e ,

c oloqu e a c fu s o n e p er otium t o r p eren t

,
oper am i m ,

p en d er e a tqu e a d o m n em ho n est at em eru di ri i u s si t .

2 E x hi s om n ibu s duo s tantum fili o s et u n a m fili am ,

p ri u s q u a m m o r er et u r a mi si t K ar o lu m qui n a tu m a ior
, , ,

er a t e t Pi pp i n u m
, qu em regem I t ali a e p raefecerat e t
, ,

Hru o d t ru d em qu a e fili aru m eiu s primogen it a et a C on

,

5 s t an t i n o Gr ec o ru m imp erator e d e sp o n s at a e r a t Quorum .

Pi p p i n u s u n um fili u m s uum B er n h a r du m fili a s a ut em ,

qui n qu e A d a lhai dem At u l am Gu n d rad am B erht hai

, , , ,

d em a c Th eo d e r a d am s u p er s t i t e s rel i q u i t I n quibu s
,
.

re x p i e t a t i s s u a e pr a ec ipuum d o cu m e n t u m o s t en d i t c u m ,

I0fil i o d e fu n c t o n ep o t em p a tri s u c c e d er e et n ept e s i n t e r

3 fili a s s ua s e d u ca ri feci sset Mort e s fil i o ru m a c fili ae pro .

m agn an i mi t a t e qua e x celleb at mi n u s pati en t er tulit

, , ,

7 ne p t is
B : n ep t es A bC 8 Di o n i s iu m B C : D yo n i s i u m A b
9 cu m om A . 19 1 1 i t a A B C : a n t e b . .
5 v en a t i o n i
bu s B 6 fu s io A 7 e r u d ir e b 2 2 mo r e r e t u r C .

m o ri r e t u r A B b 4 H r u o d t r u d em B H ru o d r u d em A H ru o
t hr u d e m b : H r u o d t h r u d e m C 5 d es p o n s a t a A C : d i s p o n
s at a B b 6 u n icu m b 7 A d a lh e i d e m b Gu n d r a t a m b
B er t h a i d e m A B er t h a i d e m C B er t h a i d a m B P er t h a i d a m b
8 Th e o d e r a t a m b r e li q u i d B 1 0 p a t ri C p a t ri s A B
fr a t r i s b e t n e t es A
p e t n ep t a s b : e t n ec t e s C : om B .

3 2 q u ae B C
.
 20 . I . 8 V I TA K A R O L I 23

pi et at e vid elic et qua n on minu s i n s ign i s e rat c o n p u l su s

, ,

a d l acri m a s Nu n t i a t o eti a m s ibi H a d r i a n i Romani

.

p o n t i fi c i s o b i t u qu
, e m i n a micis pra e cipuum h a b e b at 5 ,

s i c fl evi t ac s i fr at r em aut k ar i ss i mu m fil i u m a m i s i s s et .

Er a t enim i n ami ci t ii s optim e t emp erat u s u t ea s et ,

f a cil e a dmi t t eret et c on st an t i s si me ret i n eret col ebat q u e ,

s a n c t i s s i m e q u o s cu m q u e h a c a d fin i t a t e s ibi c o n i u n x er a t .

Fili oru m a c fili aru m tantam i n e ducan do cur a m habuit 4 ,

u t n u m q u a m domi p o s i t u s s in e i p s i s c en a r et n u m q u a m ,

it er s i n e illi s fa ceret A d eq u i t ab an t ei filii fili a e vero

.
,

po n e s eq u eb an t u r quara m a gm e n e xtremum ex s a t el
,

li t u m n um e ro a d hoc ordinati t u eb an t u r Qua e cum 5 .

p u l c h err i m a e e s s en t e t ab e o p l u r i m u m d i l i g e r e n t u r ,

mi ru m di c tu quod n u l l a m e a ru m c u i q u a m aut s u o r u m
aut ext eroru m n u pt u m dar e v o lu i t s e d om n es s ecum ,

u s qu e ad o bi t u m suum i n domo su a ret i n u i t di cen s s e ,

e a r u m co n tub ernio car e r e n o n po s s e &A c propt e. r hoc lic e t 5 ,

a lia s f e li x a d v e rs ae fo r t u n a e m a li gn i t a t em e x p er t u s e st
, .

Quod t amen ita d i s simu la vi t a c S i d e ei s n ulla u m qu am

a li c u i u s p r o bri s u s p i ci o e x o r t a vel f a m a di sp e r s a fu i s s et ]
/

20 Er a t ei fil i u s n omi n e Pi p p i n u s e x c o n c ubi n a e di t u s
’

.
,

cuiu s i n t er cet ero s m en t i o n em fac er e d i st u li f a ci e quidem ,

pulch er s ed gibbo d efo rmi s I s cu m pat er b ello c o n tra

, .
,

Hun o s su s cep t o i n B a i o ari a hi em ar et a e gri t u d i n e s i mu ,

v

l a t a cum qu i bu s d am e p r imo ri bu s F ran c o ru m qui eu m 5 ,

vana r egn i promi ssi on e i n lex er an t adver s u s p at r em c o n ,

i u r a vi t .Qu em po s t fraud em d et ectam et con i u rat o ru m

d amn a t i on em d et on su m in c o en o bi o Pr u mi a reli gi o s a e

4 A d ri an i b 6 a c sic B au t] an B k a r i ss i mu m C :
c a r i s s i mu m A B b 7 e n i m A bc a u t e m B 9 a c B b s i b i
om B .
4 1 t an t u m B b
.
3 fa c i e b a t b 4 p a en e b
9 r e t i n u i t b : r e t e n u i t A C
‘

r en n u i t B 5 1 —4 Ac. fu i ss e t
h a ben t A B b : om . C s ecl u s i mu s
, 20 I .
3 g yp b o b
.

7 c o n i u r a t o ru m d a mn a t i o n e m d et o n su m C d a m n a t i o n em c o n
i u r a t o ru m d et o n s u m B b : d et o n su m c o n i u r a t o r u m e t d a mn a
t 1o n e m A 8 c o en o b i o A : c o e n u b I O C : c o e n o q m B : c e n u b u b
 24 VI TA KA R O L I 20
. 2 . I

z vita e i amqu e v o l en t em va car e p ermi si t Facta est et .

alia priu s c o n tra eu rn i n G erm a n i a va lid a co n i u rat i o .

Cuiu s au c tor es p a rtim lu mi n i bu s orb a ti p a rtim m embri s ,

i n c o l u m e s om n e s t a men e x i li o d eport a ti s u n t ; n e qu e
,

5 u llu s e x ei s est i n t e r fe c t u s n i s i tr e s t a n tum qui cu m ,

se, ne c o n p r eh e n d e re n t u r , s t ri ct i s l d i i d f d t
g a s e e n e r en ,

ali qu o s e tiam o c ci d i s s en t , qui a a lit e r co erc er i n o n pot e

3 r an t i n t er empt i s un t
, . H a rum t a m en c on i u r a t i o n u m
Fa st rad a e r egi n a e cru d elit a s ca us a et origo e x t i t i sse
c re d i t u r . Et i d ci rc o i n a mb a bu s con tr a r egem c On
S p i rat u m es t , qui a u x ori s cru d eli t a t i c on sen t i en s a s u a e

5 na tura e ben i gn i t at e a c s olit a m an su etudi n e i n man i t er

e x orbita s s e vid eb a t u r C e t e rum p er om n e V ita e su a e
.

t empu s i t a cu m s ummo om n ium a mor e a tqu e fa vore et

domi et fori s con ver s a t u s es t u t n u m qu am ei vel mi n ima ,

i n i u s t a e s ev er i t a t i s n ot a a q u o q u am fu i s set
21 A m ab a t p er e gri n o s e t i n ei s su s c i p i en d i s m a g n am
.

h ab eb a t c u r a m a d e o u t e o r u m m u l t i t u d o n o n s olum
‘
,

p a l a t i o v e rum e ti a m r e g n o n on i n m er i t o v i d eret u r
2 on ero sa I p s e t am en pr a e m a gn itudi n e a n imi hu i u s c e
.

modi po n d er e mi n im e gra va b at u r cum eti am i n gen t i a ,

i n commoda l aud e li berali t at i s a c bon a e famae m erc e de

c o n p e n s a r et .

22 . C orpor e
fuit a mplo a tqu e robu sto statur a emi ,

u en ti qu a e t a m en i n s t a m n o n e x c e d ere t — n am s ept em
,

su o r u m p e dum ro c er i t a t em e iu s c o n s t a t h a bu i s s e m en
p
s uram a pi ce c a piti s rotu n do o cu li s p ra e gr a n d ibu s a c ,

5 v eget i s n a s o p au l u lu m m e di o cr i t a t em e x c e d en t i c a n iti e
, ,

2 pulchra f a c i e la c ta et hilari
, u n d e form a e a uctorita s ac
dignitas t am s tan ti quam s eden ti plurima a d qu i rebat u r
2 .
4 i n c o l o m e s A B bc r
5 t e s] I I I ( ex h i corr ) b 3 2 c u de . . r
li t a t i s b 4 qu a om B i c r u d e l i t a t i A C : cr u d e l i t a t e B b
.

9 s e v e r i t a t i s C : c ru d el i t a t i s A B b 21 1 I a c a m a b a t B . .

2 . 1 p r o u n u s co d 22 1 2 i u s t u m n o n e x c e d e r et m o d u m C
. . .

5 p a u lo lu m b can t e b ii
23 . I . 6 VI TA KA RO L I 25

qu amqu a m c ervi x ob es a et brevi o r ven t erq u e p ro i ect i o r

vi d e re t u r t a m en h a e c c et er oru m membr o ru m c el a b a t
,

a eq u ali t a s ; i n ce ssu firm o t o t a q u e c orpori s h a bi t u di n e 3

virili ; vo c e c l a r a quid em s e d qu a e mi n u s c orpori s ,

form ae c o n ven i r et v a litudi n e pro sp er a pr aet er quod , ,

a n t e q u a m d eced e ret p e r qu a tuor an n o s c r e bro fe b

,r i bu s

c o rr i p i eb a t u r a d e x tr emum e ti a m u n o p e d e c l au d i c aret 5
, .

E t tu n c quid em p lu r a s u o a r bi t r a t u quam m e d i c o ru m 4
c o n s ilio fac i e b a t quo s p a en e e x o s o s h abeba t quod ei
, ,

i n c ibi s a s sa quibu s a s su et u s e r a t d i mi t t er e et e li x is
, ,

a d su e s cer e s u a d eb a n t .

E x e rc e b a t u r idu e eq u i t a n d o a c ven an do quod illi 5

a ss

g n t i li c i u m e r a t quia vi x ull a i n t er ri s n atio i n ve n i t u r

e ,

qu ae i n ha c a rt e Fr an ci s p o s si t a equ a ri Del ect a bat u r .

e tiam v a p o r i bu s a q u a r um n at u ra l i t e r c a l en t i u m t re ,

q u en t i n a t a t u c orpu s e x e r ce n s cuiu s ad e o p e ritu s fuit 5

u t n ullu s e i i u s t e v a l ea t an t e fe r r i Ob ho c e ti a m A q u i s .

gran i r egi a m ex st ru x i t i bi qu e e xtr emi s vit a e a n n i s u s qu e

a d o bi t u m p er p et i m h a bi t a vi t E t n o n s olum fili o s a d .

b a ln eum verum optimat es et ami c o s a li q u an d o eti a m

, ,

s a t e ll i t u m e t cu st o d u m c orpori s turb a m i n vi t a vi t it a ,
1o

u t n on n u m q u a m c en tum ve l eo a mp l i u s homi n e s u n a

l a varen t u r .

23 . Ve st i t u patrio id ,
es t Fran cico ,
u t eb at u r . Ad
corpu s cami s a m li n eam et femi n a li bu s l i n ei s i n d u ebat u r , ,

d ei n d e t u n i cam qua e limbo s erico a mbi eb at u r et tibi a

‘

, ,

lia ; tum fa s ci o li s crur a et p e d e s calci ame n t i s con

s t r i n geb a t et ex p e l l ib u s lu t r i n i s ve l mu ri n i s t ho r ace 5
c o n fec t o u m er o s ac p ectu s h i e m e mu n i e b a t , sa go v en et o ‘

2 .
3 o b a es a b 4 ho c b 4 3 a s s u et u s
-
q u e o m B .

x
.

e li i s o m B .
5 1 a d s i d u e B b a e q u.i t a n d o A b
23 1 I fr a n t i a b
. . 2 c a m i s a m ( c or r ex c a m i s i a m ) A cf . .

M o n a ch S a n g a ll p 6 6 5 j afi é 1 8
. .
3 t on icam b ,
’

4 t u rn ,

A b z t u n c B C : cu m A
1 1
5 ex o m b lu t ri n i s om B b . .

v e l m u r i n i s o m B bC 6 a c p e c t u s ] a sp e ct u s b
.
 26 VI TA KAR O LI 23 . 1 .
7

amictus et gladio s emp er acci n ct u s cuiu s c apu lu s ac ,

2 balt eu s au t a ur eu s a u t a r gen t eu s erat A li qu o t i es et .

gemm ato ens e u t ebat u r quod t amen n o n n i si i n pr a e ,

ci p u i s fest i vi t at ibu s v el s i qu an do ex t eraru m g en tium

3 l eg a ti v en i ss en t P er egrina vero i n d um en t a qu amvi s

.
,

pulc h errim a respu ebat n ec u mqu am ei s i n du i p at i eb at u r

, ,

e x c epto quod R oma e sem e l H a d ri a n o t i fi t t

p on ce p e en e

et it e rum L e o n e s ucc e s s or e e iu s suppli c a n t e lo n ga tunica

5 et chl ami d e amictu s calc ei s quoqu e Rom a n o more

,

form at i s i n d u eba t u r I n fest i vi t at i bu s v e st e auro t e x t a

.

e t c a lci a m en t i s ge mm at i s e t fibula aur e a s a gum a d

s tring en t e di a d emat e quoqu e e x auro et e m m i s orn a tus

, g
i n c e d eb at A l ii s aut em di ebu s habitus eiu s parum a
.

10 communi a c pl eb eio abhorrebat .

24 I n cibo et potu t emp er a n s s ed in potu t em

.
,

p e r a n t i or quipp , e qui eb r i et a t e m i n q u a l i cu m q u e homi n e ,

n ed u m i n s e ac s ui s p lu ri mu m a b o mi n ab a t u r
,
C ibo .

e n im n o n ad e o a bs t i n ere p o t er at u t s aep e q u er e ret u r ,

5 mo x ia corp ori s u o e s se i ei u n i a Co n vi va b a t u r r a ri s sim e .

,

et hoc p r a e ci p u i s ta n tum fe st i vi t a t i bu s tu n c t a m en c u m ,

m a gn o homi n u m n um ero C en a cotidi an a q u at ern i s .

t an tum fercu l i s p r aebebat u r pr a et er a ss am quam ven a , ,

tor es veri bu s i n ferre s ol eb an t qua ill e li ben t i u s qu am ,

2 ullo a lio cibo ve s c eb at u r I n t er c en an d u m au t ali q u o d .

acroama au t l ect orem au di eb at Legeb an t u r ei hi st o ri ae .

et a n t i q u o r u m r e s g e s t a e Del ect ab at u r et libri s san c ti .

Augustini p r a ec i p u eq u e hi s qui De Ci vi tate Dei pr a e

,

5 t i t u l at i s u n t Vi n i e t o mn i s potus ad e o p arcu s i n
.

bi ben d o er a t u t s up er cen am r a ro plus quam t er bi ber et .

3 Ae st a t e po s t c ibum m eri d i a n u m p o mo ru m a liquid su

2 . 1 a l i q u o t i en s B 3 .
3 Ad ri a n o b 5 c h lamid e B C :
l
c amid e A b 24 . I . 1 t e mp er a t u s b 2 q u a c u m q u e A
3 a bh o mi n a b a t u r B i n cr o a m a 3 r es g e s t a e C :
2 . 2 b
reg es g es t a e B b r eg u m g es t a e b re g u m g es t a A
1 ‘
1
4 D ei ]
d fii b 3 I s et a es t a t e B
.
 28 VI TA K A R O L I 25 .
3 . 1

p l u ri mu m et t emp o ri s et l a b or i s i n pert i vi t Di sc ebat

3 .

a rt em c o n p u t an d i et i n t tioen ne sa a g ci
s id eru m cu r s u m
cu ri o s i s s i m e r i m ab a t u r
-
. Tem p t a b a t e t scri b er e t abul a s
q u e et co di ci l l o s ad ho c i n l ec t o su b cer vi ca libu s ci r

5 cu mfer r e s o l eb at vacuum t empu s e s s et m an um

, ut ,
cu m ,

li t t er i s effigi en di s a d su e s c eret s e d parum su c c e s si t l a bor ,

p ra ep o st eru s ac sero i n c ho at u s
26 . R eli gi o n em Chri s t i an a q ua ab i n fa n t i a fu er at
i n bu t u s , me e t c u m s umm a pi e t a t e c o lu i t ac
s a n ct i s si ,

p p
r o t er h o c p l u ri m a e p u l c h r i t u d i n i s b a s il i ca m A q u i s g i
rar i
e x s t r u x i t a u r o q u e et a rg en to e t l u m i n ari bu s a tqu e e x

5 a ere s olido c an c el l i s et i an u i s a d o r n a vi t uiu s

. Ad c

s t ru c t u ra cum c olumn a s et
m m armora aliu n de h ab er e
n o n po s s e t Rom a a tqu e R a ven n a d evehen d a cu r a vi t
, .

2 E ccl e s i a m et m an e e t v e s p er e it e m n o c t u rn i s hori s e t ,

s a c ri fi ci i t empor e quo a d eu m v a l i t u d o p erm i s era t i n p i g r e

, ,

fr eq u en t ab at cu r a ba t q u e m a gn o p ere u t om n i a qu a e i n
,

e a g er eb a n t u r cu m qu a m m a x im a fi er en t h o n es t a t e ,

5 ae d i t u o s c reb er ri m e c o m mo n en s n e quid i n d ec en s a u t
s o rd i d u m a u t i n ferri au t i n ea r em a n er e p ermi t t eren t ;

Sacrorum va s orum ex auro et a rgen to ves t i men t o ru mqu e

s ac er d o t a l i u m t a n t a m i n e a c opi a m p r o cu r a v i t u t in ,

s a cri fi cii s cel ebr an d i s me i an i t o r i bu s quid em qui ultimi ,

1oe c c l es i a s ti c i ordi n i s s u n t priv a to h abitu mi n i s trar e n e

,

3 c ess e fu i s s et L eg en di a tqu e p s a ll en d i di s cipli n am dili

.

g e n t i ss i m e e m e n d a v i t Er a t e n im utriu s.qu e a d mo d u m

eru d i t u s quamquam ips e n ec publi ce l egeret n ec n i s i

,

s u bmi s s i m et i n commu n e c an t a r e t .

27 C irc a p au p er e s s u s t en t a n d o s e t g ra t u i t am lib er a li
.
&

tat em qu a m Gr eci el e em o syn am vo c a n t d evo t i ssi mu s

, , ,

26 2 3 q u e o m B 4 qu am C :
1
3 4 c o d i c e l l o s A B bC
-
. . . .

u a A B bC
2
8 eam b 3 3 n i s i ] s i b i A .S i b ( s s c r u i ) B .

7 1 2 e l e i mo s y n a m A
. . e l ei m o s i n a m B : e l em o s y n a m C
e l y m o s i n a m b, et i t a fer e u bi qu e vo c a n t o m b .
28 . 2 .
3 VI TA KA RO L I 29

ut qui patria s olum et i n su o re gn o id fac er e

n on in
c u r a v er i t verum tr an s m a ri a i n Syriam et A egyp t u m
,

atqu e A fri cam Hi er o soli mi s A lex an dri a e atqu e K a rta 5

, ,

gi n i ubi C hri sti an o s i n p au p er t at e vivere con p ererat

, ,

i i l l u m c o n p a t i en s p e cu n i a m mitt e r e s o l eb at
p e n u r a e o r ,

ob hoc ma xim e t ran sm ari n o ru m r egum ami ci t i a s ex

p et e n s, ut Chr i s t i a n i s su b e o ru m d omi n a t u d egen t i bu s
r efrigerium a li q u o d ac r el evat i o p ro ven i ret .

Co l eba t pra e c e t eri s s a cri s et v en er abi li bu s loci s a p ud 2

R o mam eccl es i am b eati P etri a po s toli i n cuiu s d o n a r i a
magn a vi s p ecu n i a e t am i n auro qu a m i n a rgen to n ecn on
e t g emmi s a b illo c o n g es t a es t Multa e t i n n u mera .

p o n t i fi c i bu s mu n e r a mi s s a N e qu e ill e toto r egn i su i 3

.
&

t empor e q u i cq u am d u xi t an t i qu i u s qu a m u t urb s Roma

s u a op er a s u o q u e labor e v et e r e p o ll ere t a u c t o ri t at e e t ,

ec cl e s ia s ancti P e tri p er illu m n o n s olum tuta a c d ef en s a ,

s e d etiam s uis o p i bu s pr a e om n ibu s e cc l e s i i s e s s e t or n ata 5

atqu e dit a t a Quam cu m tan ti p en d eret f am en i n tra

.
,

X LVI I ar mo r u m quibu s r egn aver a t s patium qu a t er

, ,

t an tum illo vo t o ru m s o lven d o ru m a c su ppli can di cau sa

p r o fec t u s e st .

28 Ultimi a d ven t u s su i n o n s olum ha e fu er e c au s a e

.
,

verum eti a m quod R om an i L eo n em p o n t i ficem multi s

a ffe ctum i n i u r i i s eru t i s sc ili c e t o cu li s l i n gu a q u e am p u
,

tata fi d em regi s implor a r e c o n pu l eru n t I d ci r co R om am

, .

ven i e n s propt e r re p ar a n d u m qui n imi s co n t u rb at u s e rat 5 , ,

e ccl e s ia e s t a tum ibi totum hi emi s t empu s e x t ra x i t Quo 2 .

t empor e I mp er a t o ri s et Augu sti n om en a c c epi t Quod .

primo i n tan tum a ver s at u s e st u t a d firmaret s e eo di e ,

3 et ] s ed
4 b s i ri a
A e i
g p t m AB
u m B 5 K a r t a g i n i C
Ca r t a g i n i b Ch ar t a gi n i A Ca r t h a g i n i B 7 s o l e b a t r et B

s o le r e t b i i
I
I O r ev ela t i o C ( A 3 I . t ot b 2 ant

qu u s A C 3 et om B 4 e c c l es i a m B b
. i
6 d t at a A B C
o rd in a t a b 28 I 3 a d fect u m B b . . r i
4 eg s o m B .

2 .
3 e v e rs a tus B
 30 VI TA K AR O LI 28 . 2 .
4

q u a mvi s p raeci pu a fe st i vi t as e ss e t , eccl e si a m n on intra

5 turum , Si o n silium pr a esci re p ot u i sset I n
p o n t i fi c i s c .

vi d i a m t am en s u s c ep t i n omi n i s Roma n i s i m era t o ri bu s

p ,

s up er h o c i n di g n an t ibu s m a gn a tulit pati e ntia , Vi ci t q u e .

e o ru m c on t u m a ci a m m a n an i mi t at e
g qua ei s p ro cu l ,

d ubio lo n g e p r a e st a n t i o r erat mi t t en d o ad e o s crebra s ,

Iol eg at i o n e s et i n epi st o l i s fratr es eo s app ellando .

29 Po s t su s cep t u m imp e rial e n om en cum a d vert eret

.
,

multa l egi bu s populi s u i d ees se n am Fra n ci duas

h a ben t l ege s i n p lu r i mi s loci s v a ld e d ive r s a s
, c o gi t a vi t

qua e d eeran t a d d er e et d i screp an t i a u n ir e prava quoqu e ,

5 ac p er p er am prol a ta corr i gere s e d d e hi s n ihil aliud ab ,

e o factum e st n i s i quod p a uc a c a pitul a

, et ea i u p e r ,

2 fect a l egi bu s a d di d i t
, Om n ium t amen n at i onu m qua e
.

s u b e iu s d o mi n at u e r an t iur a qua e s c ript a n o n era n t

d es cri ber e a c l i t t eri s man dari f ecit I t em barbara et .

a n t i q u i s s i m a c a rmi n a quibu s vet eru m r egum actu s et

,

5 b e lla ca n eb an t u r s crip s it m em o ri aeq u e m an d avi t

,
In .

c h o a vi t et g ramm a t i cam p a trii s ermo n i s .

3 Men sibu s etiam i u x t a p ro p ri am li n gn a m vo ca bu l a

i n p o su i t c u m a n t e id t em p o r i s a pud Fr a n co s partim
,

L a ti n i s p a rtim b arba ri s n o mi n i bu s p ron u n t i ar en t u r

,
.

I t em v en to s d u o d e ci m proprii s a pp el la t i o n i bu s i n si gn i vi t ,

5 cum priu s n o n a m li u s qu a m vi x t t v t m
p q u a u o r e n o r u

4 vocabu l a p o ss en t i n ven i r i E t d e m en s i bu s quid em .

I an u ar i u m Wi n t a rm an o t h F ebru ari u m H orn u n g Ma r , ,

tium L en t zi n m an o t h Ap ri l em Ost arm an ot h Ma i u m

, ,

Wi n n em a n o t h ,
I u n i u m B r a chm an o t h ,
I u l i u m H eu u i
5 m an o t h ,
Au gu s t u m A ra n m a n o t h ,
S ep t embrem Witu
m an o t h , Oct o brem Wi n du meman ot h ,
No vembrem

2 . IO eo s 29 1 3 v a ld e o m b
fra t r es b . .
5 6 a b e o om B .
,
.

2 u u i n t a r m a n o t B F e b r o a r i u m ( ex co rr ) A H orn u g C
4 . .

3 M a i u s A 4 i u u i n n e m a n o t h C b ra c hm en o t h B 6 O ct u

brem B Oct em b r e m C u u in d u man o t h B

 30 3
. .
3 VI TA K A RO L I 3 1

He rbi s t rnan o t h ,
Decembrem Hei l agm an o t h a p p ell a vi t .

Ven ti s vero hoc modo n omina i n p o su i t , ut su b s o l an u m 5

vo ca r et o s t r on i wi n t , eu r u m o st s u n d r o n i , eu r o au st r u m
s u n d o s t ro n i , a u s trum s undro n i , au s t r o a fri cu m s und
we st ron i , a fri cu m w e s t su n d r o n i , z efyru m w est r o n i ,

chorum w es t n o r d r o n i , m n ordw es t r on i s e pt en
c i rci u , 5
t ri o n em n o rdr on i , a q u i l o n em n o r d o s t ron i vu lt u rn u m ,

o s t n or d ro n i .

30 . E xtr emo vita e t empor e cum iam , et morbo et

s en ect u t e p r e mer et u r , e vo ca t u m ad se H l u d o w i cu m
fili u m A q u i t a n i a e
,
r egem qui s olu s ,
fili oru m Hi l d i g a r d a e
s u p e re r a t ,
mn i t er d e toto regn o Fran
co n gr e ga t i s so l l e

corum p ri mo ri bu s cu n ct o ru m co n s ilio con s ort em sibi

, 5
t o t i u s r e gn i e t imp eri a li s n omini s h er ed em c on st i t u i t ,

i n p o s i t o q u e capiti e ius di a d emat e I mp era t o r em et

A u gu s t u m i u s si t a pp el la ri S u scep t u m est hoc e ius .
2
con s ilium ab om n ibu s qui a d eran t magn o cum favore
nam d i vi n i t u s ei propt er r egn i u t ili t at em vi d ebat u r
i n sp i ra t u m A u x i t q u e ma i e s t at em e iu s hoc factum et
.

ext eri s n a t i o n i bu s n o n mi n imum t erro ri s i n cu ssi t Di 5 .

mi s so d ei n de i n A q u i t an i am fili o ip s e mor e s olito , ,

q u a m vi s s e n e c t u t e co n fec t u s n o n long e a r e gia A q u en s

,
i
v e n at u m ,
p ro fi ci s ci t u r , e x ac t o q u e i n hu i u s cem o d i n e go t i o

quod reli q u u m e rat a utum n i circa , K al en d a s No vembr i s

A q u a s gr an i r ever t i t u r .

Cu m q u e ibi hi ema ret m en s e

,
I a n uario febr e va lida 3
co rr ep t u s d ecu bu i t . Qui s t a tim , ut i n febr i bu s s o l eba t ,

cibi sibi ab st i n en t i a m i n d i xi t , a rbi t ra t u s hac conti n e ntia

7 h e r i b i ( e b) s t m a n o t h B b h e ll a g m a n o t h B 5 1 s o la .

nu m B 3 s u n d o s t r o n i a u s t ru m o m B s u n d u u u es t r o n i b
.

4 n u s t s u n d ro n i A w es t su n d r o n i c ho r u m 5) o m B .

5 n o r dw es t r o n i C : n o r du u e s t r o n i A B b 6 n o rd o st ro n i B b
7 o s t n o r dr o n i C : o s t n o r d r o n i A B b 30 1 2 e t v o c a t u m b . .

H lu d o i c u m C 3 H i ld e g a r d a e A 2 3 e i om B r eg n i . .

om b 4 et o m b 1 0 A q u i sgr a n i s B
. .
3 3 i n hac b .
 32 VI TA K A RO L I 30 3 . .
‘

mo rbu m po sse d ep ell i vel c ert e mi t i ga ri S ed a cc eden t e .

5 a d febr em l a t eri s dolor e qu em Gr ec i p l eu r i s i n d i cu n t, ,

i l l o q u e a d hu c I n ed i am r eti n en t e n e qu e c orpu s a lit e r qu a m

r a ri ss imo p otu s u st en t an t e s ept i mo p o s t q u am d ecu bu i t,

di e s a c ra c o mmu n i o n e p er cep t a d ec e ss it a n n o a et a t i s
, , ,

s u a e s ep t u a ge s i m o s ec u n do e t e x quo r e gn a r e c o ep er at

1oqu a dr a ges imo s eptimo V K a l F ebru ari i hor a di ei t erti a

,
. .
,
.

3 1 C orpu s mor e s o ll emn i lot um e t cu rat u m et m a x imo

.

t o t i u s populi lu ct u e c cl e s i a e i n l a t u m a tqu e hu mat u m

es t . Du bi t a t u m e s t primo ubi r ep o n i d eberet eo quo d ,

ip se vivus d e h o c n ihil p r a ecep i sset Ta n d em om n ium .

5 a n imi s s e dit n u s q u a m eu m h o n e s t i u s tumul a ri po ss e

quam i n e a b a s ilic a qu am ip s e propt er am o rem Dei
e t domi n i n o s tri I e s u C hri s ti e t ob ho n or em s an c t a e et

a et e rn a e Virgi n i s g en e t r i c,
i s e iu s propr i o s u mp t u i n,

2 e o d em vico c on s t ru x i t I n h ac s ep u lt u s e st ea d em di e
.

q u a e t d e fu n ctu s e s t arcu s q u e
,
s upr a t u m u l u m d ea u ra t u s

cu m im a gi n e e t titulo e x s t r u c t u s Titulu s ill e hoc modo .

d esc ri p t u s est S VB H OC CONDI TOR I O S I TVM E S T

5 CO R B YS K A RO L I MA GN I ATQ VE OR TH ODOX I ,

I MPE RATOR I S Q V I R E GN VM F R
,
A N COR VM
N OB I L I TER A MPL I AV I T E T PER ANNOS X LVI I
FE L I C I TER R E X I T DE C ESS I T S E PTVAGE NA .

R I VS A NNO D OMI N I D CCCX I I I I I ND I CTI ONE ,

V I I V K AL ,
. FE B R .

3 2 A d p r o p i n q u an t i s hui s c o n p l u ra fu er e p r o d i gi a u t
.
,

n o n s olum a lii s e d e ti a m ip se hoc mi n itari s e n t i r et

,
P er .

tres co n ti n uo s vi t a eq u e t ermi n o p ro x i mo s an n o s e t s oli s

3 5 p. l e u r es i n A B bC 9 e t o m b 1 0 F e b r u.a r n C : f e b r u a
ri a s A B b 3 1 1 3 d e b it u m A
. . 2 I es t om b 2 qu a. .

et C a A B b t d i B b a n u o s om b X L V I
q u 5 o r o o x 7 .

co dd M o n a c 1 4 6 4 1
. . . Vi n d 9 6 9
, .
9 D o m i n i D CC C X I I I I
om . BC i n d i c t i o n e A B : i n d i ci o n e b : i n d i c t i o n i s C
1 0 s ep t imo C : vi b : o m A B . 32 I I p ro d i g i a B bC : pr a e
. .

i A
sa g a
et lu n a e cr eberri m a d efect i o et i n s ole m a c ul a qu a ed a m
atri c olori s s ept em d i eru m s patio vi s a Porticu s quam 5 .
,

i n t er ba si li c am et r egiam op ero s a mol e con st ru x erat d i e ,

a s cen s i on i s Domi n i s ubit a rui n a u s qu e ad fu n d a m en t a

con l a p s a I t em po n s R hen i a pud Mo g o n t i a cu m qu em 2

.
-

ip se p er d ec em an n o s i n gen ti labor e et op er e mirabili

d e lign o i t a c o n st ru x i t u t p er en n i t er dur a r e po s s e
vi d eret u r i t a tribu s hori s fo rt u i t u i n c e n dio c o n fl a g ra v i t
,

u t pra e t e r quod a qua t ege b at u r n e u n a qui d e m h a s tul a 5

, ,

ex eo rem an er et I p s e quoqu e cum ultim a m i n S a x o 3

.
,

n i a m e x p e di t i o n em co n tra Go d o fr i d u m r eg e m D an o ru m

a ge ret q u a,d a m d i e cum a n t e

, e x or t u m s oli s c a s t r i s

egr es s u s it e r a g e r e c o e p i s set vidit r ep en t e d el a p s am

,

c a el i t u s cum i n g en ti lumi n e fa c em a d e x tr a i n s i n i s tr a m 5

p er s er en u m a e r a t ran s c u r r e r e Cu n c t i s q u e h o c s ig
. n um

quid p o rt en d eret a d mi ran t ibu s s ubito e quu s qu em ,

s ed eb a t capit e d eorsum m er s o d eci d i t eu mq u e t a m

gravit e r a d t erram eli si t u t fibula s a gi rupt a ba lt e o q u e ,

gladii di ss ipato a fe st i n an t i bu s qui a d era n t mi n i st ri s

,
Io

e x a rmat u s et s i n e a mi cu l o l ev a r et u r I a cu lu m eti a m .
,

quod tun c fort e m a n u t en eba t i t a el a p su m e st u t vi gi n t i ,

v el eo a mp li u s p e dum spatio lo n g e i a c e ret A c c ess it a d .

hoc cr eb er Aq u en si s p alat ii tr emor et i n d o mi bu s ubi

c o n ve r s a b at u r a s s i d u u s l a q u ea r i o r u m cr e pitu s Tac ta 4 .

e ti a m d e ca el o i n q u a po s t e a s ep u l t u s e s t b a s ili c a
, _
, ,

m a lu m q u e a ur eum quo t e cti c ulm en e rat or n a tum i c t u

, ,

fu lmi n i s d i ss i p at u m et supra d o mu m p o n t i fi ci s qua e ,

basilicae c o n tigu a e r a t p roi ect u m est Erat i n e ad em 5

,
.

b a s ilica in margi n e corona e qu ae i n t er sup erior e s et ,

inferiores arcu s i n t eri orem a edi s part em ambi ebat epi ,

2 . 2 ip s e o m b
.
4 fo r t u i t o C b 5a s t u l a A B bC
n ec

3 . 1 u lt i m a A
7 qu od B a mm i r a n t i b u s A B bC 1 1 a mi
c u lo C a mm i n i c u l o A B b 1 2 t u n c om B 4 2 o B
.
q u .

3 qu o d b 4 fu l m i n i s C : fi u mi n i s A B b

D
 34 VI TA K A RO L I 32 4 . . 8

gr amma sin o
p i riptum c o n t i n en s qui s auc tor e sse t
d e sc , ,

e i u s d em t empli cuiu s i n e xtr emo v er su l egebat u r :

,

KA R OLVS PR I N C EPS No t a t u m est a q u i bu s d a m

.

e o d em quo d ece ss it a n n o p a u c i s a n t e mort e m m en s i bu s

e a s qu a e PR I N C EPS ex p ri m eb an t li f t e r a s i t a e s s e d el et a s

u t p e n i t u s n o n a pp ar er e n t S ed s up eriora om n i a s i c aut
.

d i s s i mu l a vi t au t s p revi t ac s i n ihil horum a d r es s uas

1 5 quolib e t modo p er t i n er et .

3 3 Te s t a m en t a f a cer e i n st i t u i t quibu s fili a s et ex

.
,

c o n cu bi n i s lib e ro s e x a l i u a p a rt e s ibi h e r e d e s f a c eret

q ,

s e d t a r d e i n c h o at a fi i t t D i vi s i o e m
p e r c n o n p o eran n .

f am en t h e s au r o ru m et p ecu n i a e a c v e st i u m a li a e q u e
5 s u p el l ec t i l i s coram amici s e t mi n i st r i s s ui s an n i s tribu s
a n t eq u a m d eced er et f e cit c o n t e st a t u s eo s ut ,
po st
o bi t u m s uum a s e f a ct a d i s t r i bu t i o i l l m ff i m
p e r o r u s u ra g u

rat a p erman eret Qu id q u e ex hi s qu a e d i vi sera t fieri

.

vell et br eviario c o n p r ehen d i t ; cuius ratio a c t extu s

lo t a li s est
. 2 I N N OM I N E D OM I N I DE I OMN I P OTE N TI S ,

P A TR I S E T F I L I I E T S P I RI TVS S A N C TI . De
s cr i pti o a t u e di vi s i o
q qu a e fa ct a es t a g l
, or i o s i s s i mo a tqu e

p i i s s i mo domn o
K a r ol o I mper a tore A u g u s to a n n o a b
5 i n carn a ti on e domi n i n os tr i I es u Chri s ti D C CCOX I 0 a n n o ,

ver o r eg n i ei u s i n F r a n ci a X L OI I I 0 et i n I ta li a XX X OVI 0 ,

i mp er i i a u te m X1 i n di cti on e I I I I 0 qu a m pi a et p r u den ti
0
, ,

con s i der a t i o n e fa cer e d e cr evi t et D omi n o a n n u en t e i

p f
er ec t
de thes a u ri s su is at u e
q p ecu n i a , qu a e i n i ll a di e i n ca mer a

ei u s i n ven t a I n qu a i llu d
3 es t .
pra ecipu e pra eca ver e vola i t ,

ut n on s ol u m el ee mosy n ar u m l a rgi ti o , qu a e s oll e mn i ter

apu d Chr i s ti a n os de p oss ess i o n i bu s eor u m agi t u r , p ro s e

u
q qo ue de su a p ecu n i a or di n e a tqu e ra ti on e p fi er cer et u r ,

5 s ed eti a m ut heredes sui o mn i a mbi g u i ta te re mota , qu i d

ad se p erti n ere deberet ,
li qu i do cogn os cer e et s i n e li teatqu e
10 not u m B es t o m B . 33 . 1 . 10 ta li s o m A
.
 36 VI TA K A RO L I 33 . 6 . 2

t a li s es t r a ti o ut, i l li s d u a bu s i n su p r a di cta s di vi s i on es
di s tr i bu ti s et su b s i gi ll o r econ di ti s , ha ec terti a i n usu

coti di a n a vers a r et u r ,
q m n u ll a v vel u t r es
oti o bl i g a ti o n eua

5 a d omi n i o p os s i den ti s a li en a t a m ess e con s t a r et et hoc ,

t a mdi u gu oa du s qu e vel i ll e ma n s i s s et i n corp or e vel u s u m

7 ei u s s i bi n ecess ar i u m i u di ca r et P o s t o bi t u m v er o s u u m .

a u t vo l u n tar i a m s a ecu l ar i u m r er u m ca r en ti a m e a dem p ars

q u a ttu or s u bd i vi s i on i bu s s eca r et u r et u n a q u i d em ca r u m ,

sup ra di cti s XX et u n a e p a rti bu s a dder etu r , a lt era a fili i s

5 a c fi li a bu s s u i s fili i s qu e a c fili a bu s fili or u m s u or u m a d

s u m t a i n s t a cl ra ti on a bi li i n t er eos a r t i ti on e di vi der etu r
p p ,

t erti a ver o con s u eto Chr i s ti a n i s more i n u s u m pauperu m

f i s s et er oga t a qu a rt a s i mi li modo n omi n e eleemosy n a e i n

u ,

s er vor u m et a n ci l l a r u m u s i bu s pa l a ti i f a mu l a n ti u m s u s

8 t en ta ti on em di s tr i bu ta ven i r et . A d ha n c t er ti a m t oti a s
su mma e por ti on em qu a e mi li ter u t cet era e ex a u ro et
,
si

a rg en t o con s t a t a di u n g i vol u i t omn i a ex a er e et ferr o

,

a li i s u e met a l li s va s a a t u e u t en s i li a cu m a rmi s et ves ti bu s

q q
a l i o qu e a u t i a u t vi li a d va r i os u s u s fa ct o s u el
5 pr e t os a p
l ecti li ,
ut su nt cor ti n a e , s tr ag u l a , tapeti a , fi l tr a ,
cor i a ,

s ag ma t a ,
ci
qu i cqu i d in mera a tqu e ves ti a ri o ei u s eo di e
ca

fa i s s et i n ven tu m ,
u t ex hoc ma i or es i ll i u s p ar ti s di vi s i on es
m d u res p er ven i re i
fi er en t et er og a ti o el ee
osy n a e a pl pot u ss et .

C apell a m i d es t eccl es i a s ti cu m mi n i s t er i u m t a m i d qu od
9 , ,

i p s e feci t a tqu e congr ega vi t qu a m qu o d a d eu m ex p a ter n a ,

her edi ta te per ven i t u t i n tegr u m es s et n equ e u ll a di vi s i on e

,

s ci n der etu r or di n a vi t S i qu a a u tem i n ven i r en tu r a u t va s a

.

5 a n t li br i a u t a li a o r n a men t a qu a e li qu i do co n s tar et e i dem ,

ca p ell a e a b eo con l a ta n on fu i ss eha ec qu i ha bere v ellet

,

da t o i u s ta e a es ti ma ti on i s preti o emer et et ha ber et S i mili ter .

6 .
4 v el t re s b 7 .
4 a d d er e n t u r b 5 a d su mp t a] a d
su pra b 7 m o r e] ver o B 8 q u a rt a ve r o s i m i l i B
8 5 au t ] a t qu e
. b a u t vili a a u t va ri o s b 6 i
s nt Bb
8 d ivi s i o n i s A 9 .
5 a li a e i d em o m B . 6 fu i s s e C :
fu i s se t A B b
 33 . 1 1 . 10 VI TA K A RO L I 37

et de l i bri s qu oru mmagn a m i n bi bli otheca s u a cop i a m con

,

v i t t tu i t u t a b hi s qu i eos ha ber e vell en t i n s t o p r el i o

g g
r e a s a , ,

fu i ss en t mpti pr eti u mqu e i n pa uperi bu s er og a tu m

r ede ,
.

I n ter ceter os thes a u r os a tqu e pecu n i a m tres men s a s IO

a r en tea s et a u r ea m u n a m pr a eci pu a e mag n i tu di n i s et

g
p o n der i s ess e con s ta t . D e qu i bu s s t a t u i t a tqu e decr evi t ut

una ex hi s , qu a e forma qu a dr a ng u l a des cr i pti on em u r bi s

Con s ta n ti n opoli t a n a e con t i n et , i n ter

d on ar i a qu a e ad 5 ceter a

hoc dep u ta ta s u n t Homa m a d ba s i li ca m bea ti P etri ap os t oli

,

def era tu r ,
etforma r otu n da R oma n a e u rbi s
a ltera , qu a e

fig
e i e fig u r a t a es t ep i s cop i o R a ven n a ti s eccl es i a e co n e
, f
r a tu r . Ter t i a m qu a e ceter i s et op eri s pu l chr i tu di n e et
,

p o n d er i s g r a vi t a t e mu l tu m excelli t , qu a e ex tri bu s or bi bu s 10

co n exa mu n di des cr ipti on em s u bti li a c mi n u t a fig u

t o ti a s
r a ti on e co npl ecti t u r et a u r ea m i ll a m t
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mosy n a m di vi den da e p a rti s a ugmen to es s e con sLti tu i t
el ee .

H a n c con s ti tu ti o n em a tqu e or di n a ti on em cor a m epi s copi s ,

I I

a bba ti bu s comi ti bu s qu e qu i t u n c pr a es en t es ess e pot u er u n t , ,

u or u mqu e hi e n omi n a des cri pt a s u n t feci t a t u e co n s ti t u i t

q q ,
.

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n oi n u s , L a i dra du s ,
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bert u s ,
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1 1 .
4 H i l d eb a l d u s A B H i ld eb o ld u s b H i l d i ( ex e corr ) b a l d C .

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. B er n o i n A 5 L aidrad B b
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Me g i n h a r t u s b At t o B 9 R i hu u i nn u s B R i c hu u i n u s b
E r cha n gari u s b H il d i g e r n u s C H i l d e g e r n u s B H i l d i g er n A
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 V I TA KA RO L I 33 . 12 . 1

12 Ha e c omni a fi li u s iu s Hlu d o w i cu s qui ei divi n a i u s

e ,

s ion e s u c c e s s i t i n s p ec to e o d em br evi a rio qu a m c e l e rri me

, ,

p o t era t po s t o b i t u m eiu s s umm a d ev o t i o n e a di m p l e r e

c u r a vi t .

EXPLICIT
12 . 1 H a ec c u r a vi t o m C . H lu d o i c u s B divin a ci b

4 P o s t c u r a v i t a dd . E X P L I CI T b S equ u n t u r i n B b ver s u s
Ger wa r d i vi d e I n tr o d . vi i i .
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u n s e a s o n a b ly n o r d e liv e r e d h i m o v e r t o irr e m e di a b l e
di s a s t e r s m a n ci p a r i t : a n o t h e r t r a c e o f l e g a l L a t i n ; t h e
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a p a n e g yri c o f h i s m a s t e r b u t a l s o t o t e ll t h e t r u t h t o ,

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t i tu l o s i n c i s i o n es
et h e a di n g s a n d c h a p t e r s
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u t a d s i n gu la a c c es s u s i n o rd e r t h a t t h e r e a d e r ,

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m o s ly u s e d o n ly o f c o m p o s i t i o n i n pr o s e b u t s o m e i m es , t
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s i t u men ofi en d a n t u r ho u gh I f ea r i I s a l mo s , t t t
i m p o s s i b l e t o a v o id o ffen di n g , i n a m o d e r n c o mp o s i i o n t
 N O TES 4 1

2 E t q u a mqu a m , An d ,
t
ho u gh I d o n o t d o u b t th at ther e

a re man y l o ve rs o f l e a r n e d l e i s u r e Wh o d o n o t
so u e t t rly
d e s pi s e t h e m o d e r n w o rld a s t o t hi n k t h a t a l l c o n t e m
p o r a r y hi s t o ry s h o u ld b e l e f t t o s il e n c e a n d o b livi o n ,

a s a r e c o rd n o t w o r t h k e e pi n g b u t w h o w o u ld pr e f e r al , ,

l u r e d b y t h e h o p e o f a n a b idi n g f a m e t o m a k e e v e n p o o r ,

li t e r a t u r e o u t o f t h e g r e a t d e e d s o f o t h e r s r a t h e r t ha n b y ,

wri t i n g n o t hi n g t o d e priv e p o s t e ri t y o f t h e f a m e o f
,

t h e ir o w n e m i n e n c e ; y e t e v e n s o I h a v e n o t f e l t i t m y
d u t y t o d es i s t fr o m t h e ki n d o f w o rk whi c h I h e r e o ff e r
i m m y ’

fi
‘
o cu l a t a d t h t t o n o f o w n e
e e e s
y y e s
Pl a u t u s u s e s t he phra s e o cu l a t u s tes t i s ( o pp o s e d t o a u r i tu s
,

tes t i s ) ; b u t o cu l a t a fi d e h a s c o m e t o E i n h a rd fr o m s u c h
s o u rc e s a s I n s t i t I u s t i n iii 6 9 . Th e phr a s e i s f o u n d . . . .

a ls o i n D i a l d e S c a cc a r i o iv c h vii S t u b b s Cha r ter s

.
, , .
, , .

et u t r u m n on p o t u i a n d h a d n o m e a n s o f kn o w ,

i n g c l e a rly ( l i qu i d o ) wh e t h e r a n y o n e e l s e h a d u n d e r t a k e n
t o r e c o rd t h e m Th e di ff e r e n t m e di a e v a l c e n t r e s o f
l e a r n i n g ( t h e m o n a s t e ri e s ) t e n d e d t o b e a g o o d d e a l
i s o l a t e d Tr a u b e h a s p o i n t e d o u t t h a t o f m a n y e x c e ll e n t
.

w o rk s o f m e di a e v a l li t e r a t u r e t h e r e p u t e n e v e r w e n t
f u r t h e r t h a n t h e m o n a s t e ry i n whi c h e a c h w a s c o m
p o s e d (E i n l i n d l a t P hi l d M p
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,
.

mo d er n i a w o rd f o r m e d ( o n t h e a n a l o g y o f ho d i er n a s )
fr o m m o d o t h e m e di a e v a l e q u iv a l e n t f o r t h e c l a s s i c a l
,

nunc

3 men t u m
n u tr i i n p en s u m ,
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, Inc u n ot , bu t
t
,

s piri t u a l b en e fi s
, .

m r e c o rd ill u s
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4 C u i s cr i ben d a e f a cu n d i a ,
to and
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e xist t— b t v
en f th l q u e en o e e o u en c e of Ci c r e o cu i
s cr i ben da e and d es u d a r e ( t o s w e a t ) g o t o o ve r , t o il at

g e t
h e r ; in c l a s s i c a l L a i n w e s h o u ld
h a v e i n q u a s c r i b e ntd a .

ba r ba r a s Ge r m a n
, a s c ha p x i ba r ba r a c a r mi n a
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, . xx ,

ba r ba r i s n o mi n i bu s B e d e a ppli e s ba r ba r a l o qu el a t o t h e
.

F r a n ki s h s p e e c h i n c o n r a s t t o A n g l o S a o n
,
t x .

Tu s cu l a n a r u m s u b D i s p u t a t i o n u m
,
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t o Tu s c D i s p i 3 6
. Th e c a r e f u l s u dy o f
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hr o u g h o u t t h e Vi t a & B e s id e s t h e Tu s o D i sp
“

. .

t
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Mil o a n d t h e S p e e c h e s a g a i n s V e rr e s a n d a ili n e
, t C t .
 4 2 VI TA KA RO LI

E I N H A R D I V I TA K A R OL I
CH A P TE R I

I H i l dr i chu m C h i l d e r i c I I I w h o r e i g n e d fr o m 7 4 3 —5 1
. , , .

S t ep ha n i . t
S e ph e n I I I ( s o me t i m e s r e c k o n e d m o re ,

c o rr e c ly t as S t e ph e n I I )
, E i n h a rd s a c c o u n is n ot .
’
t
t
s t ri c ly a c c u r a e It was t
o p e Z a c h a ri a s w h o a ll o w e d
. P
( h e did n o t bi d P
e pi n t h e S h o r t t o d e p o s e C hi l d e r i c .

( Z a c h a ri a s w a n e d t t
h e a i d o f e pi n a g a i n s t h e L o m b a rd s P t .

a n d a ga i n s t B y z a n i u m ) I t w as t
o p e S e ph e n how . P t ,

e ve r w h o c r o wn e d
, e pi n at St D e n y s i n 7 54 Th e P . .

s a m e e rr o r a pp e a r s i n t h e C hr on og r a p h i a o f Th e o ph a n es ,

ed B o n n
. 6 1 9 ; a n d a g a i n i n t h e B r evi a r i u m o f E r c h a m
.

b e rt P ert z p 3 2 8
, , . .

mo n a s t er i u m Th e S t B e r i n A n n a l s s p e c ify i n S i thi u
. . t
t
mon a s ter i u m ( i n n o r h - w e s t F l a n d e r s ) a n d s o h e r e ( r a n s , t
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f e rr e d h e n c e ) o n e o f o u r MS S Th e L o bb e s A n n a l s
, .

s a y i n m on a s ter i o S M ed a r d i es t a tt o n s u s ( i n b o t h c a s e s
.

a ga in s t
t h e yea r
Th e C t
l o i s e r w a s t h e pri s o n - h o u s e o f a g o o d m a n y
di s p o s s e s s e d pri n c e s o f t h e Me r o vi n g i a n a n d a r o li n g i a n C
h o u s es i n t h e s i t h c e n t u ry H l o d o a l d ( S t l o u d ) s o nx . C ,

o f H lodi mi r son of l o vi s a n d Me r o Ve c h s o n o f hil

,
C , ,
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p e ri c I ; i n t h e s e v e n h Th e u d e r i c h t h e f a t h e r a n d t , ,

t
D a go b e r t h e s o n o f S i g eb e r t I I i n t h e e i g h h a rl o ma n
, t C ,

son of C
h a rl e s Ma r t e l t o g e h e r wi h h i s s o n s ( 7 4 7 s a id ,
t t
t o b e a v o l u n a ry r e ir e m e n t s e e c h a p ii ) t
Chi l d eri c I I I t .

( h e r e m e n t i o n e d 7 52 ) t he son s of ,
a rl o m a n b r o he r C , t
of C
h a rl e m a g n e ( 7 7 4 ) e pi n t h e H u n c h b a c k son of P ,

C h rl a e ma gn e ( 7 9 2
2 p a l a ti i p r a e e ct o s : o n e o f
f t h e man y na mes b y whi c h t h e
‘
Ma y o r s t he of P l a a ce are s po ken of . Ot h e r s a r e
p a l a t i i p r a ep o s i t i ,
ber n a t o r es m ag i s t r i a u la e
cu s t o d e s , g u ,

p r a ef e c t i , m a i o d o mu s
r es A ll h e s e phr a s es pr o b a b l y ’

. t
r e n d e r a n o ri g i n a l O G M e i er a s e w a rd W e he a r . .
, t
of m a yo rs u n der t h e e a rli e s Me r o vi n g i a n ki n g s t ,

e g . . C
l o vi s s o n L o t h a ir I Th e e a rly m a y o r s s e e m t o
’

, .

h a v e h a d li t t l e p o li i c a l i m p o r a n c e a n d t o h a v e b e e n t t ,

t
a pp o i n e d b y t h e ki n g Th e y w e r e b a ili ff s o f t h e r o y a l .

es a es t t Th e m a y o r a s a p o li i c a l a n d m ili a ry o ffi c i a l
. t t ,

t
c o n r o lli n g ki n g a n d ki n g d o m s e e m s t o b e t h e c r ea io n , t
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. t
a c t a s a c h e c k o n t h e ki n g ly o we r T h e o ffi c e b e c a m e
p .

a lif e -o ffi c e u n d e r L o h a ir I I Th e i n s i u i o n i s b o r t . tt t
 44 VI TA K A RO L I
‘
ca r p en t u m p o m p a t i cu m v eh i cu l i g en u s e st ] q u a s i
& ,
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p o mp a t i cu m
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.

co n ven t u m: t he Ma r c h fi e l d or ( la t e r a ft er
, 7 5 5) Ma y
fi e ld ( mp u s
c a M a r ti u s ca mp u s M a di u s ) t h e gre a t
ann u a l a s s e m b ly o f ki n g n o b l es a n d c o mm o n s h e ld i n , , ,

Ma r c h o r ( l a t e r ) Ma y .

a n n u a ti m Th e s ey a dv e r b s 1 n i m a r e c h a r a c t e ri s t i c o f
.
-

m e di a e v a l L a t i n ; c f xx i i p erp et i m xx vi s u bmi s s i m .
, ,

xxx iii s emo ti m On t h e a n a l o g y o f a n n u a ti m w e get

.

a ls o di a ti m .

C H A P TE R II

2 K a r ol a s . C h rl e a s Ma r t l e ,
‘
t he H a mm e r K a rolu s
Tu d e t e s .

ty r a n n o s . E i n h a rd s p ea ks so m e wh a t v a g u e ly . He
pr o b a b ly r e f e r s t o ( I ) C h i l p e r i c I I ( 7 1 5 an d his
m a y o r R a g a n f r e d ; ( 2 ) Ma u r o n t u s D u k e o f Pr o v e n c e ; ,

as w e ll a s ( 3 ) Od o D u k e o f A q u i t a i n e Ch i l p e r i c
, .
,

d e f e a t e d a t A m b l ev e ( 7 I 6 ) V i n e y t o o k r e f u g e wi t h ,

O d o fr o m t h e p u r s u i t o f C h a rl e s b u t O d o s u rr e n d e r e d
hi m (7 1 9 S u b s e q u e n t ly h o w e v e r O d o a lli e d , ,

hi m s e lf wi t h t h e S a r a c e n s a g a i n s t C h a rl e s a n d s u ff e r e d ,

de fea t C hr on M o i s s p 2 9 1 P e r t z Ma u r o n t u s
. .
, .
, .

a l s o e n t e r e d i n t o a n a lli a n c e wi t h t h e S a r a c e n s wi t h lik e
f o r tu n e (7 38 S ee A nn L u i
a r ss M i n a 1 —
7 5 41 . . .
,

pp 1 1 4 —1 5 P e r t z ; a n d A n n L a u r es h a n d A tema n u
.
, . .

p 2 4 o f A n n P et a u a n d Ti li a n
. . . .

P i c t a vi u m : P o i t i e r s .

B i r r a m fl u vi u m : a b o u t s e v e n m il e s fr o m N a r b o n n e

a p p
o u lo . Of a p p o u lar e ec l tio n of t he m a y o rs th r
e e
is no e vid e n c e in any p e ri o d . S ee on c ha p 1 . . 2 .

m mag i s tr a tu m : t h e o ffi c e o f
eu n de t h e p a la ce m a yo r o f .

3 H u n c : s c mag i s tr a tu m . .

velu t s u b r eg e memo r a ta a s t h o u g h u n d e r t h e dir e c t i o n

‘

( u n d e r t h e n o m i n a l dir e c t i o n ) o f t h e ki n g I h a v e m e n t i o n e d ,

se Ch i l d er i c I I I
. .

S ora ct e : Mo n e S t
r e s e i n Tu s ca n y ( S r es e
. O t . . O t
a pp e a rs t o b e m e r e ly a v u l g a r c o rr u p i o n o f t h e n a m e t
S o r a ct e ) .

S a mn i u m : t h e A b r u z z i
4 .

c as tr o C a s i n o Th e m o n a s e ry o f Mo n e a ss i n o f o u n d e d
. t t C ,

t
by S t B en e di c i n 52 9 r ma i n e d hr o u gh o u t h e Middl e t t
p
.
,

A g e s a pri n c ip a l c en t r e o f zu r o p ea n c u l u r e t .
 NO TES : C HA P TERS I . 3— I I I . 3

CHAP TE R III

1 per a n n os X V ho u ld b e X V I ( 7 52
It S
—1 cer n e s
.

Wa if a r i u m . Pepin i n va d e d A q u it a n ia i n 7 655 n
W ai f a r i u m d u ce m A q u i t a n i o ru m
, m in i me n , c o n s e t ir e
i u s t i t i a s ec c l e s i a r u m p a r t i b u s q u a e e r a n t i n F r a n c i a
( A n n L a u r i s s a 7 6 0 ; c f A n n M etten s p 3 3 3 P e r t z )
. . . . . .
, .
, .

B u t t h e q u a rr e l b e t we e n t h e t w o w a s a n o l d o n e In .

p a rt i c u l a r W a i fe r h a d l en h i s c o u n t en a n c e we lve yea rs t , t
e a rli e r t o Grifo , e pi n s h a lf -b r o h e r ,
P
who m t h e p a r ia l ’
t , t
hi s t o ria n s d e s c rib e a s r eb e llin g ( 7 4 1 ) a g a i n s e pi n a n d t P
Ca rl o m a n a n d w h o i n 7 4 7 e s ca p e d fr o m t h e pri s o n t o whi ch
,

hi s b r o t h e r s h a d c o n s i g n e d h i m a n d fl e d i n o A q u i a i n e t t
A
( n n L au r i ss a . W a i fe r i n 7 6 0 g a v e o a h s a n d
. . t
ho st a g es b u t i mm e di a e ly wen b a c k u p o n b o h Th e
,
t t t .

w a r dr a g g e d o n f o r n i n e ye a r s i n e rru p ed b y e pin s ,
t t P ’

B a v a ri a n W a r ( 7 6 4 I t e n d e d wit h t h e d ea h o f W a i fe r t
in 76 8 P
e pi n hi m s e lf di e d o n S e p e m b e r 2 4 o f t h e s a m e
. t
ye a r I n t h e f o llo wi n g y e a r A q u i a in e a g a i n b ro k e i n o
. t t
r eb elli o n ( c ha p v .
,

mor bo a qu a e i n ter cu ti s t h e dr o p s y .

s i qu i d em i n d e e d ; a fre q u en t m e di a e va l u s a ge e m
‘ ’
2 , ,

plo ye d s e ve r a l i m e s i n t hi s b o o k t .

reg es con s t i tu u n t Th e y h a d a lr e a dy b e e n c r o wn e d .
,

t o g e t h e r wi h h e ir f a t h e r b y t t o p e S t e ph e n i n 7 54 an d ,
P ,

in 768 P
e pi n h a d hi m s e lf divid e d hi s ki n g d o m b e we en h em t t .

Th e y we r e ho we v e r c o n s ec r a e d a g a i n o n
, c ober 9 7 6 8,
t O t , ,

a n d p e rh a p s
, t
hen ra ifi e d a n e w t h e p a r i i o n o f t h e ki n g
,
t tt
d o m m a d e b y t h e ir f a he r ( S ee t h e c o n t i n u a i o n of t he t . t
C hr o n i cl e of F r edeg a r pp 1 9 2 —3 K u r s c h a n d A n n M ei ten s , .
, , .

p 3 3 5 P er t z ) , .

ex a equ o p a r t i r en tu r To ha rl e m a gn e f e ll A u s r a s i a a n d . C t
mos t
of N eu s ria to a rl o m a n t
B u r g u n dy ,
ro ven c e C ,
P ,

t
S o u t h -ea s A q u i a i n e a n d A l e m a n n i a t ,
.

q u a m P i pp i n u s c u i K a r l o m a n n u s E i n h a rd .

wo u ld s e e m t o b e i n e rro r he r e ha rl e s Ma r e l h a d a s . C t
s i gn e d t o e pi n A u s r a s i a P A l e m a n n i a Th u r i n g i a t
and t o , ,

Ca rl o m a n N eu s ri a B u r g u n dy a n d tro v e n c e ( S o t h e
, ,
P .

t
c o n in u a io n of t
F r ed eg a r s C hr on i cl e ( p 179 K u rs ch)
’
.
, ,

C hr on M o i s s i a c ( p 2 9 2 P er t z ) a n d A n n M et ten s a 7 4 1
. . .
, ,
. . .
,

p 3 2 7 P e rt z )
..
, .

r eg en d i g ra t i a t o ru le o v e r ( wi h s u s ci peret)
,
Th i s u se t .

o f g r a t i a i s c h a r a c e ri s i c o f t h e p e ri o d t
cf e g A n n E i n h t . . . . .

a .
7 8 6 o b s i d a t u s g r
‘
a i a : i c o m e s fr o m t h e l e g a l L a itn
’
t t .

3 M a n s i t qu e con co r d i a S e e c ha p viii init an d . . x ,

I n ro d pp t viii s q q
.
, . x .

mu l ti s ex p a r te K a rl oma n n i Th i s ma y o r m a y n o t b e .
 40 VI TA K A RO L I

t ru e . wo u ld s e e m t o h a v e b ee n a t t h e c o u rt o f
B u t t he r e
Ca rlo ma n a c o n s id e ra b le fa ct io n o f fri e n d s o f Cha rl e m a gn e .

Thi s f a c t i o n w a s p e rh a p s l a r g ely e c c l es i a s t i ca l— l e d b y
, ,

Wil ch a ri u s a n d F o l r a d u s ( s e e A n n L a u r i s s a It is . . .

S i g n ifi c a n t t h a t C ha rl e m a g n e s pl a n s w e r e f u lly m a t u r e d
’

whe n h i s b ro t h e r di e d t h e r e i s n o h es i t at i o n i n t h e a ct i o n
-

whi ch h e t a k es ( 7 7 I On t h e s o ca ll e d r e co n c ili a t i o n b et ween -

t h e t w o b r o t h e rs i n t h e ye a r 7 7 0 s ee I n t r o d p xx .
, . .

u xor On e o f o u r MS S h e r e c a ll s h e r Te o b e r ga
. H er
. .

n a m e w a s pr o b a b ly Gerb e r g a S h e i s c a ll e d B ert e r a d b y .

A n dr e a s ( p 2 2 4 W a i t z ) a n d i n t h e L o b b e s A n n a l s p 2 2 8
.
, , , .
,

i s s a id t o ha v e b e e n a d a u g h t e r o f Didi e r K i n g o f t h e L o m ,

b a rd s Thi s i s a c o n f u s i o n — t h e n a m e o f t h e d a u g ht e r o f
.

Didi e r wh o m Cha rl ema g n e m a rri e d i s a l s o g iv en a s B er t e r a d

( s e e b e l o w) and i t i s q u it e c e r t a i n fr o m C o d C a ro l . .

E p 4 7 J a ff e t h a t C a rl o m a n m a rri e d a F ra n ki s h wife
.
, , .

Ger b e r g a h a d t w o i n f a n t s o n s B o t h t h e m o t h er a n d t h e .

c hildr e n f e ll i n t o Cha rl e m a g n e s ha n d s when h e t o o k ’

V e ro n a i n 7 7 4 Th e y w e r e n e v e r h e a rd o f a g a i n a n d t h e
.
,

hi s t o ri a n i s l e ft t o i n fe r fro m h i s g en e r a l pre c o n c e p t i o n s
o f C h a r l e m a g n e S c h a r a c t e r wh e t h e r h e c o n s i g n e d t h e m
’

t o s o m e r e li g i o u s pri s o n h o u s e o r t o t h e g r a v e O f t hi s
-
.

E i n ha rd di s c r e e t ly s a ys n o t hi n g On t h e a t t i t u d e o f Didi e r .

t o wa rd s t h e t w o c hildr e n s e e b e l o w vi 1 , . .

qu i bu s d a m Chi e f a mo n g t hes e fa i thf u l f ew w a s O g ie r

.

O
( g t e r A u ,
t c h a i r e ) t h e D a n e w h o e n d e d h i s lif e i n t h e ,

mo n a s t e ry o f S t F a ro S e e Li b P o n t D u c h e s n e pp 4 8 7 —8
. . .
, .
,

—
63
D es i d er i i Didi e r C ha rl e m a g n e m a rri e d a n d a l mo s t
. .
,

i m m e di a t e ly div o rc e d i n t h e m o s t h ea r t l es s w a y t hi s ki n g s ,
’

d a u g h t e r E i n ha rd n e v e r t e ll s u s h e r n a m e— p e rha p s h e
.

h a d f o rg o tt e n i t j u s t a s h e t e ll s u s i n c h a p x i x t h a t h e h a s
, .

fo rg o tt e n t h a t o f o n e o f Ch a rl e m a g n e s c o n cu b i n e s ( w h o ’

h o we v e r w e r e e v en mo r e n u me r o u s t ha n hi s wiv es ) I t i s
, .

u s u a lly g iv e n a s D e s id e r a t a ( D é s ir é e ) ( Vi t a A d el ha r di p 2 3 5
;

.
, ,

P er t z ) wr o n g ly a c co rdi n g t o H e ll m a n n N eu es A r chi v xxx iv , , ,

pp 2 0 8 s q q
. B u t s e e a l so A b e l J a hr b K a r l d es Gr os s en
.
, . ,

p 6 6 A n drea s g iv es h e r n a m e a s B er t e r a d ( B e rt h a ) p 2 2 3
. .
, .
,

Wa it z a n d h e a l s o s t a t e s ( w e s h a ll h a rdly b eli e v e h i m ) t h a t ‘

Cha rle m a g n e divo rc ed h er t o plea s e Ca rlo m a n O t he r a u t h o .

r i t i es ( e g t h e M o n k of S Ga ll) a ss i g n f o r t h e div o r c e t h e s a m e
. .

r e a s o n s a s t ho s e whi c h l ed N a p o l eo n t o div o rc e J o s e p hi n e .

4 bi en n i o I t s h ou ld b e t r i en n i o Th e A n n L a u r i s s h a v e
. . . .

co r r ec t ly t re s a n n o s ( O ct o b e r 7 6 8 —D ecemb er
 4 s VI TA K A RO L I

In a n y ca s e i t c a n n o t ha v e b een b a dly n eed e d I t i s a l s o .

wo r t h r e m a rki n g t ha t t h e firs t p a r t o f t h e F u ld a A n n a l s
an d t he A nn L a u r i s s M i n o r es r e pr e s e n t t h e c o n q u es t o f
. .

A q u i t a i n e a s t h e j o i n t w o rk o f t h e t w o b r o t h e r s ( pp 34 8 .

and I I 7 P ert z )
, .

i u g i t a t e pr o l o n g e d e ffo r
, AS d u ra t i o n i t o c c u r s i n t ’
.
‘ ’

C o d I u s ti n i 7 5
. . . . .

2 H u n oldu m : H u n a l d t h e f a t h e r o f W a i fer d e f e a e d b y
1
,
t
P e pi n a n d C
a rl o m a n i n 7 4 2 h a d r e t ir e d t o a m o n a s t e ry ,

t h e Il e d e R h é Th e A n n L a u r i s s a 7 6 9 id e n t ify t hi s
. . . .

t
H u n a l d wi h t h e p e r s o n m e n i o n e d i n t hi s c h a p t e r s u p t ,

p o s i n g h i m a pp a r e n t ly t o h a v e e m e rg e d fr o m hi s m o n a st e ry
, ,

o n t h e d ea h o f W a i f e r t a n d t o h a v e r a i s e d r eb e lli o n i n ,

A q u it a i n e On t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e r e vi s e r o f t h e A n n
.
,
.

L a u r i s s s o m e t i m e s id e n t ifi e d wit h E i n ha rd s p e a ks o f t h e
.
, ,

B u n a ld o f t hi s c h a p t e r a s H u n ol d u s qu i d a m d e li b e r a t e ly ,

t
c o rr ec i n g as it wo u ld s e e m t h e A n n L a u r i s s Mo s
, , . . t
writ e rs s e em n o w c o n t e n t t o r e ga rd t hi s H u n a l d a s s o m e
t
pr e en d e r w h o b o r e o r a s s u m e d t h e n a m e o f W a i fe r s , ,
’

fa t he r L a v i s s e s t a t e s t h a t W a i fer S f a t h e r h a d b e e n d ea d
.
’

t
fo r hir t e e n y e a r s b u t h e c i es n o a u t ho ri t y f o r t h e s t a t e
,
t
m en t ( H i s t d e F r a n ce ii I . I t i s u n lik e ly t h a t , . .

W a i fe r S fa t h e r wo u ld ha v e a ke n r e fu g e wit h L o u p ( L u p u s )
’
t
D u k e o f Ga s c o n y a s did o u r H u n a ld F o r t h e o l d H u n a l d
, .

t
h a d t r e a e d t h e f a m ily o f L o u p i n s u c h a w a y t h a t h e w a s
lik e ly t o m e e t ( a s i n d e e d did o u r H u n a l d ) wi h s c a n t t
me r c y
, ,

tr a n s mi s s o a mn e Ga r ou n a S o m e MS S a d d ( d o u b t l e s s . .

fr o m t h e A n n L a u r i s s q v ) et a edifica to ca s tr o F r o n t i a co i n . . .
,

a ll u s i o n t o t h e f o rt r es s o f F r o n s a c , whi c h h a rl e ma gn e b u ilt C
t o c o mm a n d t h e p a s s a g e o f t h e D o rd o g n e , a n i mp o r t a n t
t
s t ra eg i c a l p o i n t .

CH A P TE R VI

H a dr i a n i : A dri a n I
S t e ph e n 111 i n 7 7 2 su ccee ded .

ex o r a t u s : a cco u n hi s m a t e r i s s t ra n g e ly
E i n h a rd s
of
’
t t t
t
wa n i n g i n fra n kn e s s Gerb erga t h e wid o w o f a rlo ma n .
,
C ,

ha d ,
t
wi h h er t w o c hildre n t a ke n re fu ge w t h Didi e r , ,

( D e S i d e r i u s ) K i n g o f t h e L o m b a rd s ( c h a p i i i
,
Didi e r .
, ,

a l r e a dy d e e ply wr o n g e d b
y h a rl e m a g n e w h o h a d div o r ce d C ,

t
hi s d a u gh e r u n d e r t o o k t o r es o r e t h es e c hildr en t o t h e t
t hr o n e o f h ei r f a t h e r t Wi h hi s p u rp o s e h e d es ir e d o p e
. t t P
A dria n t o c r o wn h e m t
Th i s A dri a n r e fu s e d t o d o ; a n d .

1
He w a s t h e son of t he D u ke Od o , w h o ha d d e e d C fi ha rles
Ma r t e l i n 7 20 S ee on ii . 2 .
 NO TES : C HA T P ERS V 1—.VI
‘

. 4 49

Didi e r l e vyin g w a r a c t u a lly la id s i e ge t o R o m e Th e Po p e

, , .

t he n a pp ea le d t o Cha rl ema gn e w h o a ft er a go o d d ea l o f , ,

dipl o ma t i c d e la y (hi s s o ldi e r s pro b a b ly like d t hi s I t a li a n

a dv e n t u r e a s li tt l e a s did t h o s e o f P epi n ) ma rc hed t w o ,

a r m i e s i n t o L o m b a rdy .

Th e q u a rr e l t h e r e fo r e w a s a s m u c h Ch a rl e m a g n e s a s
’
, ,

t h e Po p e s a n d i t s o ri g i n w a s n o t p a r t i cu l a rly c r e dit a b l e t o
’

Cha rl e s I t i s t ru e ho we v e r t ha t t he r e we re d ee p e r c a u s e s
.
, ,

o f h o s t ili t y b e t w e e n t h e Pa p a c y a n d t h e L o m b a rd ki n g d o m
t h a n t h e r e f u s a l o f A dri a n t o c r o wn t h e s o n s o f C a rl o m a n .

Tha t p o r t i o n o f t h e O l d I m p e ri a l t e rrit o ry k n o w n a s t h e
E x a r c h a t e c u t i n t w o t h e t e rri t o ri e s o f t h e L o m b a rd s It .

h a d b e e n w o n f o r t h e L o m b a rd ki n g d o m b y Didi e r s p r e
’

d ec e ss o r Ai s t u l f ( A d o lphu s ) I n 7 54 Po p e S t e ph e n h a d
, .

i n v o ke d t h e a ss i s t a n c e o f P e pi n t h e f a t h e r o f C ha rl e m a g n e , ,

a n d P e pi n a f t e r d e f e a t i n g A i s t u l f a t P a vi a ( Ti c i n o )
,
had ,

b e s t o we d u p o n t h e Pa p a c y t h e di s p u t e d t e rri t o ri es Th es e .

l a n d s Didi e r n o d o u b t pl o t t e d n o w t o r e c o v e r a n d C ha rl e ,

m a g n e s c a u s e a c q u ir e d a n h o n o u r a b l e a pp ea ra n c e wh e n h e
’

c o u ld p o s e a s t h e V i n di c a t o r o f t h e s o ca ll e d D o n a t io n ‘
-

o f P e pi n
2 p a u c o r u m d i e r u m o b s i d i on e T hi s i s v e ry i n e x a c t P e pi n . .

t wic e i n va d e d I t a ly a n d a tt a c k e d A i s t u l f firs t i n 7 54 a n d , ,

t hen i n 7 56 E in ha rd a pp a re n t ly kn o ws n o t hi n g o f t h e
.

i n v a s i o n o f 7 54 .

I t a l i a ex ced er e : A d a l g h i s t o o k r e f u g e a t t h e B y z a n t i n e
co u rt ,
wh e re h i s pr es e n c e f u rn i s h e d a w e l c o m e e x c u s e f o r
E a s t e rn i n t ri g u e i n t h e We s t .

H r u o dg a u s u m
F or o i u l i a n i du ca t u s p r a ef ectu m Tw o .

t C
y ea rs a f e r h a rl e m a g n e h a d o v e rt hr o w n t h e L o m b a rd
kin g d o m h e di s c o ve r e d t ha h i s wo rk w a s n o t fi n I S h e d H e
,
t .

h a d l e f t m o s t o f t h e L o m b a rd d u k es i n p o s s es s i o n o f t h e ir
d u chi es a s hi s d ep en d en s (pr a ef ect i )
,
f t h es e o n e o f t h e t . O
m o s t p o w e rf u l w a s R o t ga u d d u k e o f F ri u li ( F o r u m I u l i i , ,

i n t h e V e n e i a n e rrit o ry ) t t
ha rl e m a gn e w a s s t ill i n vo lv e d . C
t
i n t h e fir s o f h i s S a o n wa r s wh e n R o t g a u d r a i s e d t h e x ,

t
s a n d a rd o f r eb e lli o n R o t g a u d w a s de f ea t e d a n d kill e d
.

t t
i n t h e fir s e n c o u n e r a n d h i s c a u s e q u i c kly c o ll a p s e d
, .

P i pp i n u m r eg em i n p on er et Thi s w a s n o t u n il s e v e n . t
y ea r s l a t e r
4 p p
ere t u o ex i li oS ee A n n d ep o r ta tu s
S an g a ll M at . . .

p 7 5 P e r t z R e x D es id e ri u s e t A n s a u o r e iu s p a ri e r
.
,
‘
x t
ex i li a t i s u n ( a d C o r b e i atm e t i b i D es id e ri u s i n v i g i l ii s e t ,

o r a t i o n ib u s e t i e i u n i i s e t m u l i s b o n i s o e r i b u s p e r m a n s i t
p t
u s q u e a d di e m o b i t u s s u i ) Th e A n n L a u r i s s M i n i n c l u d e . . .

t
D e s id e ri u s d a u g h e r i n hi s e il e t h e L o b b e s A n n a ls m o r e
’
t x
th a n o n e d a u gh e r c f n o n i 1 t , . . x . .

E
 50 VI TA K A RO L I

CH A P TE R VI I

I q as i
u i n termi s su m vi d eba tu r whi ch w a s r ega rd e d a s ,

ha vi n g m e r e ly b e en dro pp e d fo r a whil e Th e i n e r t
t
m i ss i o n r e f e rr e d t o i s t ha c a u s e d b y t h e ca m p a i g n a ga i n s t
Didi e r ( 7 7 3 a n d n ot t h e s eco n d b re a k c a u s ed by t h e ,

r e b e lli o n o f R o t g a u d a n d t h e L o m b a rd d u kes i n 7 7 6 (t ho u gh
E i n h a rd h a s a lr e a dy i n p a s s i n g d e a t wit h t hi s r eb e lli o n )
, ,
l .

T h e S a o n x
W a r s l a s t e d fr o m 77 2 -
8 04 W e m a y di s i n gu i s h . t
t hr e e m a i n p e r i o d s z ( 1 ) 7 7 2 —9 c o n s i s t i n g o f f o u r c a m
°

p a i g n s o f whi c h t h e l a s t w a s c o n n e c t e d wit h t h e r e v o lt o f
,

Wit iki n x
I n 7 7 9 S a o n y w a s divid e d i n t o a d m i n i s t r a t iv e
.

di st ri ct s fo r t h e di s s e m i n a t i o n o f t h e hri st ia n re li gi o n ; C
— r l wi h ri i Wi iki n
( )
2 7 8 2 5 t h e t o u b e b e g a n t a n e w s n g yb t ,

di st i n g u i s h e d b y t h e e pu ls i o n a n d S la u ght e r o f ha rl e x C
m a g n e s m i s s i o n a ri es
’
Th e pri n c ip a l e ve n o f i w a s t h e
. t t
t
B a t l e o f D e t m o ld m e n i o n e d b e l o w b y E i n h a rd
,
t In 785 .

C t
hri st i a n i y w a s e n fo r c e d b y a d e a h -p e n a l y a n d Wi ikin t t ,
t
t
hi m s e lf s u b m it e d t o b a p t i s m ; ( 3) 7 9 3—8 04 : t h e s u b
t
m i s s i o n o f Wi iki n h a d virt u a lly e n d e d t h e S a o n r es i s t a n c e x
b u t d u ri n g t h e t w e lve y e a r s 7 9 3—8 04 t h e r e we r e i n t e r m i t e n t t
t
o u b r e a k s— t h e pri n c ip a l fi g ht i n g t o o k pl a c e i n t h e y e a r s
—6
7 94 .

x
S a o n a n d F r a n k h a d b e e n a t w a r a s e a rly a s t h e s i t h x
t
c e n u ry t
L o ha ir I h a d m a d e t h e S a o n s p a y t rib u e
. x t .

B u t t hr o u g h o u t t h e e i g ht h c e n t u ry t h e r e h a d b een c o n s a n t t
x
S a o n r a id s i n t o F r a n ki s h t e rrit o ry ha rl e s Ma r el a n d . C t
Pep i n t h e S h o r t h a d k e p t
t h e S a o n s i n t o l era b l e s u b x
h y w r ill m ili ry p ril— n d t h ey
j e c t i o n B .u t t e e e s t a t a e a
we r e he a t he n C
ha rl e m a g n e o p e n e d t h e ca m p a i g n o f 7 7 2
.

b y a b l o w whi c h i n i t s e lf s u ffi c i e n t ly r e v e a l s h i s m o iv es t
-
t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s a c r e d I r m i n s u l t h e w o rld - s u s t a i n ,

in g Pill a r u n iv e r s a li s c o lu m n a q u a s i s u s t i n e n s ,

x
,

Th e S a o n s o c c u pi e d a t t hi s p e ri o d r o u g hly t h e wh o l e o f
t
N o r h e r n G e r m a n y fr o m t h e Rhi n e t o t h e E lb e .

n o s tr a e r e l i g i o n i con tr a r i i E i n h a rd s e i z e s ri g ht ly t h e
.

e ss en t i a l c h a r a ct e ri s t i c of t h e S a o n W a rs The y a r e x .

r eli g i o u s c ru s a d e s Th e p e n a l t y o f d e f e a t i s b a p t i s m
. .

Ch a rl e m a g n e t hr o u g h o u t h i s d e a li n g s wit h t h e S a o n s x ,

x
,

s hr a n k fr o m n o e t r e m e o f c r u e lt y whi c h m i ght m o v e a n
t t
u n u o re d p e o pl e t o a c c e p t t h e g o s p e l o f m e r c y S e e .

A n o n Vi t a L u d o v c h a p i a d a g n i t i o n e m c o n fe s s i o n e m q u e
‘
. . .

ve r i t a t i s qu o qu o mo do p e r d u c er e t
2 s u ber a n t e t ca u s a e t h e r e w e r e o t h e r s u b o rdi n a t e c a u s e s
,

—b u t t h e m a i n c a u se w a s n o t p o li t i c a l b u t r e li g i o u s .

on t i g u i c o n t ig u o u s i r egi o n s o ff e ri n g n o
‘

i n
p l a no c ,
n
 52 VI TA K A RO LI
and co mpe t en t ly
I t w a s n o t t h e S pa n i sh
. hri st i a n s w h o C
t C
i n vi e d ha rl em a gn e s i n t e rf e re n c e i n S p a i n b u t a s ma ll ’

t
f a c i o n o f m a l c o n t e n t S a ra cen s w h o h a d a dyn a s i c qu a rre l t
wi t h Ab d e rra h m a n E in ha rd w o u ld b e a s a n io u s t o c o ve r
. x
u p t hi s a lli a n c e b et w e en h i s m a s e r a n d t h e S a r a ce n pl o t
e rs , tt
a s h e i s t o c o n c e a l t h e g e n e r a l f u t ili t y o f t h e e x p e di i o n , t
whi c h h a d n o r es u lt a t a l l a t t h e t i m e ; i w a s n o t u n t il 7 9 5 t
t ha tCha rl e m a gn e s gen e r a l s a dd e d t o t h e F ra n ki s h kin gd o m
’

t h e r e gi o n kn o wn a s t h e S p a n i s h Ma r c h — Th e A n n L a u r i s s . . .

o m it a l l m en t i o n o f t h e R o n c es va ll es di s a s e r t .

m m i mo p o ter a t a s l a r g e a s h e c o u ld m a n a ge
’
I q u a a x ,

c f c ha p
. . xx
vi cu m q u a m m a im a h o n es t at e x ’
.

i n i ps o P y if i n ei i n g o : n o t R o n c e s v a ll e s b u t a n o ld e r p a s s ,

t o t h e west t h o u g h t h e d e f e a t h a s b e c o m e i n s e p a r a b ly
,

t t
a s s o c i a e d wi h t h e n a m e o f R o n c e s v a ll es .

p a r n m p ei f
ex p er i r i t o m a k e a m o m e,
n a ry t ria l o f t
2 ag mi n e l on g o p or r e c tu s i n a l o n g s r a gg li n g c o
,
l ‘
u m n t
eo s qu i tu eba n tu r ,
t
h o s e w h o m a rc hi n g a t t h e t a il ,

o f t h e c o lu mn s e rv e d a s a n a r m e d e s c o r t o t h e ra i n i n t t
fro n t o f h e m t n o vi s s i mi n om
p l i n c e d e n t es
,
nom
pl . .
, ,
. .
,

p r a e c e d en t e s a c c pl ,p r a e c e d e
.n t es i s . t h e r e f o r e t h e ib a gg g
a e , ,

t r a i n wh o s e r e a r w a s pro t e c e d b y s o ldi e ry
, t
s u bs i di o w i h . t
t u eba n tu r .

s u bi ect a m va l l em t h e v a ll e y b e n ea h , t
3 i n i u i ta s
q t h e u n e v e n c h a r a c e r o f t h e g ro u n d
,
t
p er o m n i a i n a l l r e s p ec s
,
—wi h i m a r es
p t t .

r eg i a e men s a e p r a ep os i tu s t h e r o ya l S e n es c h a l ,

co mes p a l a t i i , cou n o f t h e p ala c e t a l a di n

’
P
H r u o dl a n du s B ai tt a n n i ci l i mi ti s pr a efectu s Ro la n d t h e , ,

Wa rd en o f t h e B r e o n Ma r c h t
A who l e f a m ily o f MS S o m i t hi s c l a u s e Y et i a pp ea r s
. t . t
i n t h e o ld e s t MS o f a l l A whi c h w a s wr i en b e fo r e 8 50
.
, ,
tt .

I t i s di ffi c u lt t o b e li e v e t h a a n y f o r m o f t h e R o la n d l e g e n d t
t
h a d a t a d a e s o ea rly a s t hi s s o s r o n g ly es a b li s h e d i s elf t t t
a s t o o ffe r t t t
e m p a i o n t o a n i n e rp o l a o r— w e c o u ld ea s ily t t
t
b e li e v e hi s if o u r MS S we r e a c en u ry l a e r . I t s ee ms o n t t .

t
t h e wh o l e b e s t o s u pp o s e a m e r e ly a c c id en a l o m i s s i o n i n t
t h e p a r e n t MS o f t h e B f a m ily (t h e i n divid u a l MS S o f hi s
. . t
t
fa m ily a r e c h a r a c e ri z e d b y en dl es s s u ch a cc id e n t a l o m i s
s io n s) Th e cl a u s e w a s p e rh a p s n o t k n o wn t o t h e S a o n
. x
P t
oe w h o h a s v e r s i fi e d E i n h a rd s L ife fo r u s ( P o et a S a x o
’

i 3 90
. I t m u s a l s o b e a d m it t e d h a t h e r e i s n o v ery t tt
g o o d r e a s o n why R o l a n d s h o u ld h a v e b e e n wi h t h e b a gg a g e t
t ra in wh e r ea s t h e c o m e s p a l a t ii a n d t h e r egi a e m e n s a e
t t
pra ep o s i u s h a v e h e ir pl a c e t h e r e ( a p o i n s e i z e d b y t h e t
P o et a S a x o ) .

a d pm es en s t h e di s a s e r o o k pl a c e o n Au gu s t I 5, 7 7 8 t t .
 NO TES : C HAP TERS IX . 1— X I . 1 53

CHA P TE R X
I domu i t et B r i t ton es Thi s i s a n
. ve rs t a t e me n t a n d t h e
o ,

mo r e if i t so i s t a k e n s o l e ly i n c o n n e x io n wit h t h e e x p edit i o n
men t i o n e d i n li n e 3 . Tha t e x p e di t i o n w a s e n t r u s t e d t o t h e

p ra e p o s i tu s r eg i a e men s a e A u d u lfu s , in 7 8 6 . B u t i n 7 99
a n ew e x p dit i e ry a n d a lt
on w as n ec e s s a , ho u g h i n 8 00 t h e
B r e t o n c hi e f s m a d e a g en e r a l s u b m i s s i o n C to ha rl e m a gn e ,
t he r e we r e r en e we d t r o u b l e s s ho r t ly b e fo r e Cha rl e ma gn e s ’

d e a t h B ri tt a n y o w e d i t s i n d e p en d e n t s piri t t o t h e n e w
.

bl o o d whi c h h a d b e e n i n f u s e d i n t o t h e o l d Ga ll o R o m a n -

p o p u l a t i o n b y t h e s et t l e m en t i n t h e A r m o r i c a n p en in s u la ,

i n t h e s i xt h c en t u ry o f t h e C el t s w h o fl e d f r o m E n gl a n d
Q

u n d e r s t re s s o f t h e A n gl o S a x o n in va s i o n -
.

2 I t a l i a m i n gr es s a s i n t h e wi n t e r o f 7 8 6 —7 .

A r ag i s n s A r e gh i s D u k e o f B e n e v e n t o h a d b e e n d i s
.
, ,

t a n t l y i m pli c a t e d i n t h e r e b e lli o n o f R o t g a u d a lr e a dy ,

m e n t i o n e d ; s e e o n vi 2 : a n d i n 7 8 1 h e h a d l e a g u e d .

hi m s e lf wi t h t h e Pa t ri c i a n o f S i c ily a n d p o s s i b ly wi t h ,

Ta s s il o D u k e o f B a va ri a i n a d e s u l t o ry w a rf a r e a g a i n s t t h e
, ,

Po p e B u t i n 7 8 6 h e a s s u m e d t h e s t yl e a n d t it l e o f a n
.

i n d ep en d e n t ki n g wit h pr o m i s e o f s u pp o rt b ot h fr o m
,

Co n s t a n t in o ple a n d fr o m t h e B a va ria n s .

i mper a t a u n d e r t o o k t o o b e y a n y o rd e r
‘
cog er e tu r ,

s h o r t o f b e i n g c o m p e ll e d t o a pp e a r i n p e r s o n b e f o r e C h a rl e

m a gn e
3 u t i l i t a te g en t i s ,
t he in t e re s t s of t h e L o mb a rd s
pr o m ag n o mu n ere : n ot
‘
in t
r e u rn fo r a c o n s id e r a bl e
pre sen t bu t as a g r e a t privil e ge
qn i mi n or era t Gr i m o l d u s ma i orem R u m o ld u m .

R oma m r edi t At t h e a p a l c o u r h e m e t t h e e n v o ys o f
, P t
Ta ss il o w h o o wi n g t o t h e i n flu en c e o f t h e
, , o p e w a s co m P ,

p e ll e d t o m a ke hi s s u b m i s s i o n t o ha rl e m a g n e ho u g h n o t C , t
t
u n il h e h a d a ct u a lly e n c o u n e r e d ha rl ema gn e s a r mi e s t C ’

(x i . 2

C H A P TE R XI

B a i oa r i cu m : B a va i an r .

u x or i s H e r n a m e w a s L i u t b e r ga
. A s t h e s i s er o f . t
D e sid eriu s sh e h a d b e en t h e s i s e r -i n -l a w o f h a rl e m a gn e
, t C .

pa tr i s Th e n o t v e ry r e li a b l e A n dr e a s s a ys h a D e s i
. t t
d e r i u s di e d i n 7 7 4 W e kn o w n o hin g o f hi s f a e s a v e wha t
. t t
E i n ha rd e ll s u s a t vi fi n t whi c h i s c o n s i s e n t wi h t hi s
, .
,
t t
t t
p a ssa ge a n d i n co n s i s en wi h A n dr ea s I t s e e m s n o n e t h e t .

t t
l es s p o s sibl e h a p a tr i s h e r e i s a b l u n d e r fo r fr a tr i s s e e
 54 V I TA K A RO L I
C r i t N o te
. L i u t b e r ga s b r o t h e r w a s A d a l gh i s a t hi s t i me
.
’

,
t
a s ch e m i n g e il e i n B y z a n i u m ( s e e x o n vi an d an t .

es s e n t i a l p a r t t
( a s t h e f a he r c o u ld ha rdly ha ve b een ) o f t h e
pr es e n t plo t .

Hun is h o u ld b e A va r i on s b u t t h e hi s t o ri a n s o f t h e
. It s
p eri o d f a il e d t o dis t i n g u i s h t h e t w o p eo pl es : s ee xiii I .

A va r e s v e l H u n o s A lcu in E M) 7 p 3 2 D u em ml e r
‘
.
, , .
, ,

A va ri q u o s n o s H u n o s d i c i m u s Ta s s ilo s p a c t wit h t h e
‘ ’

A va r s w a s b e t r a ye d t o Ch a rl e m a gn e b y Ta s s ilo s o wn m en
’

fi d e l es B a i o a r ii Ann .

2 L echu m a mn em t h e L ec h a rive r whi c h f a ll s i n o t h e ,

t
Da n u b e n e a r I n go ls a d t t
A n n L a u r i s s s p e c ify l n lo co
. . .

u b i L ec hf e ld v o c a t u r
i T il r m y w ld l—
— t hey h a d
’

3 g e n t u t i l e a s s o s a . o u n o t fi g h t
b een a la rm ed b y a a p a l a n a hem a P t .

4 fi n i s i mp os i tn s A g o o d d ea l i s .s u ppr ess e d h e re ; a n d
t h e o rd e r o f e v e n t s i s c o n fu s e d A c l ea r e r a c c o u n m a y b e . t
f o u n d i n t h e A n n L a u r i s s Th e c o n s pir a c y o f Ta s s il o wi h
. . t
t h e A v a r s i s s u b s e q u e n t t o t h e s u b m i s s i o n whi c h f o ll o w e d
t
t h e e n c o u n e r b y t h e Rive r L e ch Thi s s u b m i s s i o n o o k . t
pl a c e i n 7 8 7 I t w a s i n 7 8 8 ha Ta s s ilo in vo ke d t h e a i d o f
. t t
t h e A v a r s a n d w a s fi n a lly c r u s h e d b y
, ha rl em a gn e H e C .

w a s c o n d e m n e d t o d e a t h b u t s u b s e q u e n t ly p e r m it t e d b y ,

C t
ha rl e m a g n e t o r e ir e t o t h e m o n a s t e ry o f J u m i eg e s Th e .

se tt
l e m e n t o f B a va ri a b ri efly n o t i c e d i n t h e l a st s e n en c e t
o f t h e c h a p e r d a t es fr o m 7 8 8 t Th e c l e m e n c y b y whi c h .

Ch a rl e m a g n e s p a r e d t h e lif e o f Ta s s il o h a s b e en i n t e rpr e e d t
a s e vid e n c e o f a n u n e a s y c o n s c i e n c e Th e g u ilt o f Ta s s il o .

i s a s s u m e d b y E i n h a rd wi ho u q u e s i o n B u t i s e e ms t o t t t . t
ha v e b e en q u est i o n e d b y o t he rs e v en a m o n g ha rl em a gn e s ,
C ’
’

fri en d s A s e a rly a s 7 7 0 h a rl em a g n e h a d b eha v e d t o wa rd

. C
Ta ss il o i n a c r o o k e d f a s hi o n a n d i n t h e w o rk o f b u ildi n g
t
h i s e m pir e i w a s m u c h t o h i s a dv a n t a g e t h a t Ta s s il o s h o uld
b e g u ilt y o f s o m e hi n g t
S e v e n ye a r s l a e r Ta s s il o w a s
. t
dr a g ge d fro m h i s m o n a s t e ry , t o a pp e a r b e f o r e t h e S yn o d o f
F r a n kf o r t wh e r e p ub li cly r e n o u n ci n g a ll c l a i m s t o h i s
, ,

d u ke d o m , h e r ec e iv e d t h e f o rg iv e n es s o f ha rl e ma gn e a n d C
t
p e rm i ss i o n t o r e u r n — t o t h e pris o n fr o m whi c h h e h a d b een “

t e m p o r a rily r e l e a s e d fo r t h e p u rp o s e o f hi s p u b li c h u m ili a t
tio n .

C H A P TE R XII

I S cl a vi s -
Wi lzi Wel a t a bi
t he . Th e S l a vs w e r e o n e of
most n u m e ro u s o f t h e b r a n ch e s Th e o f t h e A ry a n f a m ily .

t
S ou h w es t e rn b r a n c h h a d b y hi s i m e s pr e a d o ve r a g r e a t
-
t t
p rta t
o f t h e E a s e r n E m pir e , b e w ee n t h e D a n u b e a n d t h e t
 56 VI TA K A R O L I

cet er a fi li o x r v lt o f 7 9 3 p e
su o P i pp i n o . Th e S a on e o r
v t d Ch rl m g fr m
en e d rt ki g i p rso t h r e t
a e a ne o un e a n n e n e s
o f th w g i e t t h A v a rs P pi h a d lr dy o
ar a a ns e . e n a ea c
o p r t d i t h x p dit i o o f 7 9 b y l di g f r fr m
e a e n e e e n 1, ea n a o ce o
I t ly i t t h r g i
a n f t h riv r S a v
o d Dr v
e e on o e e s e an a e .

p f t i p v
r a e ec i c i m P pi
s w a i t d b y E ri
ro n a ru . e n s a ss s e c,
Go v e rn o r of F ri u li
Go v e r n o r o f B a va ri a w h o
, an d Ge ro ld , ,

a f t e r n o t a b l e s u cc es s e s w e r e kill e d (s e e b e l o w ,

2 r eg i a K ag a n i : r e i a i s f o r r eg i a d o mu s ; c
g p i i 5 T he xx . .

r o ya l a b o d e o f t h e K ha n o f t h e A va rs w a s c a ll e d t h e Ri n ga
‘ ’

( H r i n
gu s , C
a m p u s ) a h u g e f o r ifi e d c a m p wi h n i n e c o n c en t i c
, t ,
t
lin es . P
e pi n s t o r m e d a n d s a c k e d i t i n 7 9 5 a n d a g a i n i n 7 9 6 .

I t w a s s it u a t e d s o m e wh e r e a b o u t t h e r e g i o n o f t h e Riv e r
Th e is s Th e b o o t y w a s s e n t i n 7 9 5 t o A i x whe r e ha rl e
.
,
C
m a gn e m a d e a divi s i o n o f i a m o n g h i s f o ll o we rs a n d a l s o t ,

s e n t a p o rt i o n t o t h e o p e H a dri a n I P , .

3 recor d a r i : p a s s iv e o n ly i n m e di a ev a l L a i n t
4 T h a r s a ti ca m : T e r s a t o L i b u r n i a i s t h e n o r h t
-e a s e r n
. t t
t
c o a s t o f t h e A dri a i c b e l o w t h e p e n i n s u l a o f I st ri a ,
I s ri a . t ,

L i b u rn i a a n d D a l m a i a w e r e wi hi n t h e a r o lin gi a n E mpir e
,
t t C ,

t
b u t t h e m a ri i m e t o wn s o f h e s e pr o vi n c e s a c kn o wl e d g e d t
t h e r u l e o f t h e E a s e rn E m p e r o r a t t
o n s a n i n o pl e ( s e e C t t
xv .
’
t
E ri c s d ea h i n 7 99 d o e s n o t s e e m t o h a ve be en
t
c o n n ec e d wi h t h e A v a r w a r t B u t Ge r o ld s d ea t h i n t h e .
’

s a me ye a r t h e l a s t
y e a r o f t h e w a r w a s d u e t o a r ev o l o f
, ,
t
t h e A v a rs w h o a ft e r t h e c a p u r e o f t h e Ri n g h a d a c kn o w
, t
l e d g e d t h e d o m i n i o n o f ha rl e m a gn e wh e n t h e ir K ha n , C ,

Tu d u n h a d a l s o b een b a p i z e d
, t .

E in h a rd t r u ly s a ys ha t h e l o s s o f lif e b y t h e A v a rs i n
t t
he s e wa r s w a s r e m en d o u s Th ey pr a c i ca lly dis a pp ea r
t t
fro m his o ry a t hi s p o in t a n d a r e m e r g ed i n t h e Ma gya rs
t t
. t
, ,

w h o f o ll o we d t
he m a Tu r a n i a n r a c e s i m ila r h e r efo r e i n
, ,
t
o ri g i n t o t h e A v a r s Th e Ma g ya r s u n d e r t h e n a m e o f.
,

t
H u n ga ri a n s c o n i n u e d t o t ro u b l e Middl e E u ro p e b y he i r
,
t
r a id s fo r a n o t he r t w o c en u ri es t .

t a met s i di u ti u s a l ho u g h i dra gge d o n a go o d d ea l t t

t
l o n g e r ha n t h e i mp o r a n c e o f i t s o p e ra i o n s j u s ified t t t
s u i s h o u ld i n c l a s s i c a l L a i n b e s u a
, t , .

5 B oema n i cu m T h e w a r a g a in s . t h e B o h e mi a n s o ok t t
pl a c e i n 8 0 5 .

L i n on i cu m A S l a v o n i c ri b e e a s o f t h e E lb e w ho
. t , t ,

t
o o k s id e s wi h t h e D a n i s h ki n g Go t fri e d i n 8 0 8 an d tt ,

-a c co rdin g ly w e r e d e v a s a e d b y a p u n i iv e e p e di i o n s en t t t t x t
C
b y ha rl e m a g n e .

K a r o l i i u n i or i s . C
h a rl e m a g n e s e ld es s o n S e e Ta b l e , ’
t .

p 6 .
3 .
 N O TES : C HA P TERS XIII . l —X V 3 .
57

CH A P TE R XIV

I N ordma n n os qu i D an i voca n tu r : c p c h a p x ii 3 F ro m . . . .

t his t ime t ill t he s e tt l em en t o f N o rma n dy b y t h e Tr ea t y o f

St Cla i r s E p t i 9 1 t hi s p pl e w a t rro r t
.
- u r- e n 1 , eo as e o
No r t h r E r p e n I 8 0 G tt fri d t h f r m id a b l
u o e. Ki g n 1 o e , e o e n
o f D m rk en d Ch rl m g
a , t d rt k hi l t
ca u s e a e a ne o un e a e s as
w ar Af t r pir t i l d
. e t F ri i G tt fri d w s
a ca es c e n s on s a, o e a
ex pe t d t tt m p t i v i o f G rm y H s em t o
c e o a e an n a s on e an . e e s
h v wi ld d
a e o r t o f i m p ri l p o w r i
e e a t h N r th
s d e a e n e o , an

a f t r t h f hi n o f t h R m
e e as m p r o r h d c st r t d
o e o an e e s a on uc e

( i n 8 0 8 ) g r t w a ll
a c r o s D e m rkeat h f m D a s n a , e a ou s anne
w rk b t w
e t h B lt i a d t h No rt h S
e ee n wh r t h
e a c n e ea , e e e
c o un t ry rro w t t h o r t h f t h riv r E id r Ch rl
na s, o e n o e e e . a e

ma g w net lly l di g a rm y g i t G tt fri d a d

as ac u a ea n n a a a ns o e , n
h a d go t f t h e Riv r W s r wh
as ar as h h a rd o f Go tt e e e , en e e
fri e d i a t io
’
s a ss a s s n n .

CH A P TE R XV

2 L i g er i m : t h e L o ir e .

o cca n u m t h e A la n t t i c o cea n, in t his c a se r ea lly t he B ay

ofB is c a y .

ma r e B a l ea r i cu m : t h e s e a b e w ee n t h e B a l e a r 1c I s la n d s t
a n d t h e m a in l a n d o f S p a in .

Thu r i n g os t h e Th u ri n g i a n s w e r e a S a o n p e pl e x o .

S or a bos t h e S o r b s w e r e a S l a v o n i c p e o pl e livi n g b e w een ,

t
t h e S a a l e a n d t h e E l b e a n d co n q u e r e d b y h a rl e m a g n e i n
, C
8 06 r
To p es e rv e h i s c o n q u es h e b u ilt t h e f o r t r e s s es o f
. t
H a ll e a n d Ma g d eb u r g .

A l a man n i : A l e m a n n i a a p r o vi n c e whi c h i n c l u d e d t h e ,

t
la e r D u chy o f S u a b i a I t l a y b e ween t he B l a c k F o r es t . t
a n d t h e L e ch Th e n a m e s S u a b i a n s a n d A l e m a n n i a n s a r e
.

u s e d s yn o n y m o u s ly u p ill a b o u A D 1 000 t t . . .

3 A qu i t a n i a m Wa s con i a m : s e e a b o ve , c ha p v
, . .

H i beru m a mn em : t h e E b r o .

D er tos a e ci vi ta t i s To r o s a t .

A u g u s ta Pra etor i a ; A o s a t .

Gr a eco ru m a c B en even tor u m co nfi n i a B e n e ven o . t

tt r t
.

w a s a L o mb a rd d u c hy s e l e d b y t h e L o mb a d s ( wi h
“

t
S po l e o a s a n o h e r d u c hy) i n t h e s i h c e n u ry t D u ri n g xt t ,

t he n e xt t
hre e a n d a ha lf c en u ri e s t h e a ll e gia n c e o f B en e t
t
ven o w a s c la i me d by t h e Wes e rn E mp e r o rs t h e E a s t e rn t ,

E mp e r o r s t h e Pa p a c y a n d t h e N o r m a n s o f S o u t h I t a l y
‘

, , .

t
A ft e r 1 0 5 3 i w a s r e ga rd e d a s p a r o f t h e a p a l S a e s t P t t .

t t
S o u he r n I a l y o r C a l a br i a w a s r ec k o n e d a s a Th e m e
’
.
 5 8 VI TA KA RO L I
or pro vin ce t h e E a s t e r n ( B y z a n t in e ) E m pir e d o wn t ill
of
t h e c o n q u es t
b y t h e N o r m a n s o f A p u lia a n d a l a b ri a C
t
,

b e w e en 1 04 2 a n d 1 0 59 .

et e i u s du p l u m d o u b l e a s b r o a d a s t ha t p a rt whi c h ,

t h e F r a n ks o c c u py Thi s g e n ( e i u s ) i s n o t a c l a ss i c a l u s a g e . .

4 P a n n on i a m Thi s w a s t h e o ld R o m a n pr o vi n c e b et we en
.
,

t h e D a n u b e a n d t h e S a ve D a c ia w a s n o r t h o f t h e D a n u b e , .

x
a n d e t e n d e d fr o m t h e B l a c k S ea o n t h e e a s a l m o s t t o t h e t
Riv e r Th e i ss o n t h e we s t .

H i s tr i a m e t c : c p n o e t o iii 4 , . . t x . .

C on s t a n t i n op oli ta n u m i mp er a t or em s e e b e lo w , vi 4 x . .

5 d ei n de o mn es , e t c Th e m a i n v e rb o f t hi s s en t en c e i s
.

per d o mu i t .

Vi s u l a m : V i s u l a t .

Thi s c h a pt e r i s t h e l ocu s cl a s s i cu s fo r a n y d e sc rip i o n o f t

t h e li m it s o f h a rl e m a gn e s e m pir e C I t i s a s a t e m en t t ru e
’
. t
o n ly wit h c e r t a i n q u a lifi ca i o n s Th e r e g io n b e w een t h e t . t
O
ce a n a n d t h e B a l e a ri c S e a i e Ga s co n y , did n o t re a lly , . .

f o rm p a rt o f t h e d o m in i o n s o f e pin t h e S ho rt b u t w a s P ,

u n d e r i t s o w n n a t iv e D u k e a n d w a s pr a ct i c a lly i n d e p en d e n t ,

t ill 8 1 9 tt
B ri a n y a l s o w a s a lwa ys u n d e r n a t ive D u k e s
. .

t
A q u i a in e , o n t h e c o n r a ry , w a s n o t r e a lly a c q u ir e d b y t
C
ha rl e m a g n e bu t w a s a lre a dy he ld by e pin t h e S h o r ; a l l
, P t
t hat C
ha rl e m a gn e h a d t o d o w a s t o m ee a r ev o lt i n f a vo u r t
of t h e o ld D u c a l f a m ily F i n a lly i m u s t b e n o e d t h a . t t t
E in h a rd d o e s n o t di s in gu i s h b e w e e n ( 1 ) t h o s e p o r i o n s o f t t t
t h e E mpir e whi c h w e r e c o m pl e e ly a d m i n i s t e r e d b y ha rl e t C
m a g n e a n d hi s o ffi c i a l s ; ( 2 ) t h e m o r e o u lyin g r e g i o n s , t
( e g t h e c o n q u e s s fro m t h e S l a v s ) , whi c h we r e m e r e ly
-
.
-
. t
t
t ri b u a ry ; a n d 3 ) t h e d o ma i n s l e f t t o t h e o p e S e e I n ro d P . t .

cu m hi s t
wi h t h e fo u r p e o pl e s j u s t m en t i o n e d .

cot er a s , i e ba r ba r a s a c fer a s n a t i on es ( a b o v e )
. .
,
.

C H A P TE R X VI

H a def on s u m A lf . o n so II r i d
e gn e —
fro m 7 8 9 8 4 2 .

Ga l l eci a e a tqu e A s tu r i ca e . Ga li c i a i n t h e n o r t h w est o f -

S p a i n a n d A s t u ri a s i n t h e
, n o r t h d e v e l o p e d u l t i ma t e l y i n t o
,
r

t h e ki n gd o m o f L e o n .

i s : i e A lfo n s o
. . .

cu m : i e Ch a rl e m a gn e
. . .

i l lu m : i e Cha rl e m a gn e . . .

p pr o r i u m : c f x iv fi n pr o p r i o . To s u c h a n
, . sa e t llit e
’
.

x
e t en t did h e w i n t h e fri e n d s hip o f A lfo n s o K in g o f s
,

G a li c i a a n d A s u ri a s t
ha t when e ve r Alfo n s o s en h i m ,
t t
a m b a s s a d o rs o r l e tt
e r s h e ( A lf o n s o ) w o u ld o rd e r h e s h o u ld ,
 60 V I TA K A RO L I
b a s s y whi c h g a ve C
ha rl ema gn e t h e s yl e o f I mp er a o r t t ’

a nd B a s il e u s (A n n a les E i n ha r di s u b a n n o 8 1 2 ) I t w as ,

o f g r ea t
i mp o rt a n c e fo r t h e a r o li n g i a n H o u s e t o b e t hu s C
re c o g n i z e d b y t h e E a s t e r n E m p e r o r s w ho ha vi n g t h e ir , ,

t
a u h o ri y dir e c t t
fr o m a n c i e n R o m e we r e righ ly held t o b e t , t
t he mo st l e g it i m a t e S o ve r e ign s i n hris e n d o m Th e r e
‘
C t .

we r e n o w t h e r e fo r e t w o E mp e r o rs a n E a s e rn a n d a
, , ,
t
W e s t e rn , r u li n g a s fo r m e rly i n t h e fift h c en t u ry wit h ,

d ivid e d s wa y o v e r t h e r e g i o n s o f t h e o l d Ro ma n E m pir e .

n l tr o . Thi s i s a c o u r ly ve r s i o n t
A c u a lly i w a s ha rl e . t t C
x
ma g n e w h o w a s a n io u s f o r t h e fri e n d s hip o f t h e E a s e rn t
E m pir e .

h a v e t h e F r a n k fo r a fri e n d d o n o t
‘ ‘
Tc w .
,

h a v e h i m f o r a n e i ghb o u r
The o l d h o s t ilit y b e t we en Gr e e k s a n d F r a n ks a mo u n t e d
t o r a c ia l a ve r s io n Th e f e e lin g w a s l a t e r ve ry s t r o n g d u ri n g
.

t h e p e ri o d o f t h e C
ru s a d e s Th e s u s pi c i o n s o f t h e Gr e eks .

we r e o n ly t o o w ell j u st ifi e d b y t h e L a in c o n q u e s t o f Co n t
s t a n t i n o p l e i n 1 2 04 R e li g i o u s di ffe re n ces m a y h a v e h a d
.

mu c h t o d o wi h hi s f e e li n g t t .

t
This c hap e r o f E i n h a rd i s b y n o m e a n s c o m pl e e i n i t s t
a cc o u n tof t he e e rn a l xt
re l a i o n s o f ha rl e m a gn e I t t C .

t
o m i s t h e i mp o r t a n t fri e n d s hip wi t h ff a K i n g o f Me r c i a O ,
.

Tw o l e t t e rs o f C
ha rl e m a gn e t o ffa o n e d a t e d b e we en O ,
t
7 9 3 a n d 7 9 6 t h e o t h e r i n 7 9 6 a r e prin e d i n E p i s t ol a e
, ,
t
K a r o l i n i A cc i e d D u e mm l e r ii 1 3 1 , 1 4 4
, . E in ha rd a l s o , . .

t
o m i s t h e i n e r e st in g f a c t h a E gb e r K i n g o f t h e Wes t t t t ,
t
x
S a o n s w h o r e i g n e d fr o m 8 0 2 t o 8 3 9 w a s a n h o n o u r e d
, ,

C
r e fu g e e a t ha rl e ma gn e s c o u r fro m a b o u t h e y e a r 7 9 3 ’
t t ,

t
a l h o u g h h i s e x il e w a s l a r g e ly b r o u g h a b ou t b y h a rl e t C
ma gn e s fri e n d ffa o f Me rc i a
’
O S ee H e n ry o f H u n i n g d o n . t ,

H i s t or i a A ng l o r u m ( Ro lls S e ri es ) p 1 3 1 , . .

CHA PTE R XV I I
M ogon ti a cu m : Ma in z ( Ma y e n c e ) .

a n tequ a Ch rl ma g
m decederet d ath , b e fo r e a e ne s
’
e

confl gra vi t a w b r d d o wn ,
Th b rid g e w a s o t
as u ne e n
r eb il t t ill t h e i t t h
u t ry Th o fl a g a t i o n n e ee n c en u . e c n r n

oc cu rr d i M y 8 3 ( A n R F a c
e n a b 1 n . . r n su an n o

3 I ng i l h i m : I g lh i m
en ight m il e s o t h we t o f M i
e n e e , e s u -
s a nz .

F o t h e hi t ri c l fr c o
r i t he P l
s o th r e P m f
a es es n a a ce e e se oe o

E r mo l d i n P o et a e L a ti n i A evi C a rol i n i , ed D u e m mle r

11 , p p 6 3 —
.
,

4“
‘

N o vi o mag i Ni m e g u e n
.

: .
 NO TES : C HA P TERS X VI 4— X V I I I . . 2 61

Va ha le
m fl u vi u m : t he Wa a l ,
t he prin cip a l ar m of t he
Rhi n e D e l t a .

B a ta vor u m i n s u l a m B e u wa a e rri o ry i n Gu e ld e rl a n d , t ,
t t
t
b e we e n t h e Wa a l a n d L e k .

u i r es t a u r a r en tu r i m er a vi t
p F o r h a rl e m a g n e
’
s p o li c y o f , C
C
ma kin g t h e h u r c h m e n d o h e ir d u y i n k e e pi n g u p t h e t t
f a b ri c s o f t h e c hu r c h e s s e e t h e C ap i tu l a re a d S a lei 8 04 i n , , ,

M G H P e r t z L eg es t i pp 1 2 3 4 U t ec c l e s i a e D ei
. .
— ‘
, , .
, .

b e n e c o n s t r u c t a e e t r es t a u r a t a e fi a n t e t e pi s c o pi u nu s q u 1s q u e ,

in fra s u a m p a rr o ch i a m e x i n d e b o n a m h a b ea t p r o v i d en t i a m
4 a ed ifi ca t i s n a vi bu s : t h e o r g a n i za t i o n o f s e a -p o w e r
a ga in s t
t h e N o r h m en w h o fo r t h e n e t c en u ry w e r e ,
xt t
a s c o u r g e t o N o r t h e rn E u r o p e i s t h e g r ea es t p o s s ib l e ,
t
e vid en ce o f t h e f o r e s i h a n d c l e a r n ess o f i n e ll ec o f
g h a t
rl e t t C
m a gn e I n 8 00 a fl e e a n d s ys e m o f c o a s d e f en c e w a s
. t t t
o r g a n i z e d fo r t h e Wes t o f F r a n c e u n d e r L o u i s o f A q u i a i n e ,
t .

I n 8 1 I a S i m il a r s ys e m o f n a va l d e f e n c e w a s i n s i u e d fo r t tt t
t h e No r h t
Th e g r e a n a va l s a i o n s w e r e B o u l o gn e a n d
. t t t
Gh e n t .

N a r bon en s i s a c S ep ti ma n i a e Th e s e wo rd s a r e s y n o n y .

m o u s N a rb o n n e w a s t h e c hi e f o wn o f t h e Ma r c h o f S e p t i
. t
ma n i a .

Th e Mo o rs o f S p a i n t hi s i m e w e r e m a kin g h e m s e lv e s t t
t t
f e l a s pira e s i n t h e Me di e rra n e a n I n 8 0 7 ha rl e m a gn e t . C
s e n t a s r o n g fl ee t t
u n d e r B u r c h a rd hi s Ma s e r o f t h e H o r s e ,
t
t t C
( C omes s t a bu l i ) t o pro ec o r s i c a a n d S a rdi n i a fr o m t h e
,

M ri s h fl t B r h rd d f t d t h M r w h l o t
oo ee . u c a e ea e e oo s, o s
t hirt hip b t
een xt y r t h y r t r e d d ve rra
s s, u ne ea e e u n an o n

m t f C rs ic
os o o a .

C t m ll : C ivi t
en u V c hi ce Thi h pp e d i
ae 8 13 a e c a . s a en n .

I nth m y r s h r t ly b e f r
e sa I m i ga i s C
e t f ea , o o e, r n r u ,
oun o
E m p i a ( i Ca t a l o i a ) h d ca p t u r d i g ht Mo o ri h hip
ur s n - n , a e e s S s
o ff Ma j o r c a .

C H A P TE X V I I I R

bhi c
a fro m t hi p o i t
n , ot l i l ag s n n a c a ss ca us e .

Ch rle ma g w f r t im m rri d hi s l egit i m t

a ne as ou es a e a e

c hildr m b r d e i gh t
en nu f th ll t h t hr
e e so a d o ese , a e ee n s, n

t hre o f t h d ght r w r b r fr m H ild g rd w h o w a

e e au e s, e e o n o e a ,
s
Cha rlem a g f vo rit wif Th t hird d a g ht e r Gi la
ne s
’
a d u e e . e u ,
s , an
th tw d e g h t r o f F s t r a
aud b m a bb s
e s o R t h r d e a a e ca e es s e . o u

a d B rt h
n lik Gi l e d t h ir t w o h lf i t r
a, e m t s a an e a -
S s e s, s ee o

h v b
a e pr v t d fr m m rryi g b y Ch rl m g e
e en e en e o a n a e a n

s ee b el o w h p x i x dfi (
,
I t rco d ppa x x vi —xx vii
.
) ,
a n . n .
, . .

2 S u a hor u m : S u a b i a n s ( s ee ab o ve ,
n ot e to c ha p . xv .
 62 V I TA K A RO L I
3 men
no . It w as pr o b a b ly S i gr a d a n e at t he
m o m en t
D efu n cta F a s tra d a . S he di e d i n 7 94 ,
L i u t ga rd di e d S ix
ye a rs la t e r .

M a delg a r da m R u ot hi ldem . On e MS . only h a s t hi s

l
c au s e , b u t t h e re i s n o re a s o n t o su pp o s e it o t h e rwi s e t h a n

g en u in e .

D r g on e m b m A r h i h p M fr m —
o : eca e c b s o o f e t z ( o 82 3 5
H u g u m : b e ca m e A bb o t o f S t Q u en in ( di e d . t
i n vi cem b e w e en t h e m
, t
a p u d S a n ctu m D i on y s i u m : S t D e n i s f o u r m il es n o r h o f .
,
t
P a ri s t
S i n c e t h e s e v e n h c e n t u ry t h e b u ryi n g pl a c e o f t h e
.

K i n g s o f F r a n c e a lt ho u gh h a rl e m a g n e w a s n o t b u ri e d
, C
t he re I t i s n o t k n o wn h o w e v e r wh a t h i s i n e n t i o n s w e r e
.
, , t
fo r hi s o w n b u ri a l S ee c ha p i I . . xxx . .

CH A P T ER XIX

1 qu i bu s e t i p s e op er a m d a ba t ha rl em a gn e w a s n o t r ea lly . C
e d u ca t e d b e in g u n a b l e t o wri e
, ( u t h e c o u ld r ea d
B t .
,

t
a l h o u g h h e s e e m s u s u a lly t o h a v e b e e n r e a d t o
’

an d he ,

c o ll e c t e d a g o o d li b r a ry ; cp cha ps v 3 iii . He . xx .
, xxx .

x
w a s a n i o u s t o g iv e h i s c hildr e n t h e a dv a n a g e s whi c h h a d t
b e en d e n i e d t o hi m s e lf .

ven a t i bu s fo r t h e m o re u s u a l ( whi c h i s
’
v e n a t i o n ib u s
fo u n d i n o n e o f o u r
2 B er n h a r du m : B e r n h a rd w a s K i n g o f I a ly fr o m 8 1 3—1 7 t .

4 A d equ i t a ba n t c i r o d e wi t h ( o r b e s id e ) h i m .

p on e j u s t b e hi nd .

con tu ber n i o t h e ir s o ci e y t .

5 t
Th e l a s t w o s e n t e n c es o f t hi s c ha p e r o m it t e d b y o u r t ,

b e s MS S t m a y v e ry p o s s i b ly b e a s u b s e q u en a ddi io n
.
,
t t
( y
b E i n h a rd o r b
y s o m e o n e e l s e ) S ee I n r o d p viii . t .
, . .

f o r t u n a e m a li g n i t a t em R o t h ru d e f o r m e d a
. n irr e g u l a r
u n i o n wit h C
o u n t R o ri go a n d h a d a s o n L o u i s Abb o t o f
, , ,

S t D en is
. t
B e r h a a l s o f o rm e d a n irr e g u l a r u n i o n wi h
.
,
t
t h e p o e t A n g i l b e r t a n d h a d a s o n t h e hi s t o ri a n N i t h a r d :
, ,

S ee M G H . P e r t z i 4 7 4 ( H i n cma r i A n n ) a n d ii 6 7 1
. .
, , . . .

( N i tha r di H i s t .

Th e s t o ry o f a c o n n e i o n b e w ee n E i n h a rd hi m s e lf a n d x t
C
ha rl e ma gn e s d a u ght e r E mm a i s n o d o u b a my h
’

,
t ,
t .

i n h a rd s w if e w a s c a ll e d E m m a
( E )
’
.
 64 VI TA K A RO L I

CH A P TE R XX
I P i pp i n u s n ot t o be c f se d wit h Cha rl on u e m a gn e
’
s s ec o n d
son , P pi e I t a ly
n of .

g i bbo d ef or m i s a h u n c hb a c k .

Th e r eb e lli o n o f e pin w a s i n t h e wi n P t r f 7 92
e o .

P r u mi a : P
r u m i n L o t h a r i n gi a a b o u , ,
t t hir ty m il es n o rth
of Tr e v es
—
.

2 a li a con i u r a t i o t h e Thu ri n g i a n r eb ellio n , 7 5 6

8 .

Th e rin g l ea d e r w as one H a rd ra d .

l u mi n i bu s t hi fo rm o f p i hm t i E gl d
o r ba t i fo r s un s en n n an
i
n t t h c t u ry s S t b b s C h t s ( d D vi )
t he welf en ee u ,
a r er e . a s ,

p 1 15 A D 1 4
.
, . . 12 .

bi t s h d t r d s id fr m Th r c o rd f t h
’
x
3 e or a s e, a u ne a e o . e e o e
S x a w r m i g ht b
on a s id r d t r q ir m m difi e co n s e e o e u e so e o ca
t io i t hi s t at m t I 7 8 Ch rl m g h d
n n s e en f . n 2, a e a ne a o
t h S axe r b el h g i
on d y t V rd
e s t h A ll er
un n one a a e en , on e .

B t th y h d b
u e g il t y f d t r yi g h r h es a d drivi g
a een u o es o n c u c n n
ou t t h pri t e Thi t o f r e l t y t o o k pl a ce befo
es s . th s ac c u re e
i wit h F a s t r d
u n on a a .

C H A P TE X X I R

s u s ci p i en d i s ,
m i t i i g
a n a n n
n on i n mer i to , wit h m S h w f r so e o o ea s o n The r e see ms
t o b e h e r e s o m e n o t e o f p e r so n a l a n n o y a n c e I f s o t here .
,

a r e t w o p e r s o n s w h o m a y b e s u gg e s t e d a s p o s s i b ly t h e
o b j e ct s o f t t
hi s S lig h in g r ef e r en c e On e i s t h e u n n a m e d .

I ri s h s ch o l a r S co t t u s a t wh o s e h e a d E i n h a rd s o m e t i m es
t t
f el t h e t e m p a t io n o f hu rli n g b o o k s a n d f u rn i u r e a n d t ,

wh o m h e i s s u pp o s e d t o h a v e d es c rib e d i n e l ega n t ly a s
( T A d K a r l R eg 1 59
’
a n d n o S co t h d lf
‘
a S ot ,
e o u u s , . .

Th e o t h e r i s a u lu s P
Di a co n u s Th e s o ri es o f a u l u s ’
. t P
t C
t r e a c h e ry o wa rd s h a rl e m a g n e a r e v e ry lik ely n o m o r e t h a n
t t
l e ge n d , i n h e ir d e a il B u t t h ey s e e m t o p o i n t o t h e fa c t . t
t t t
ha t h e l e f t h e c o u r u n d e r s o m e c lo u d a n d i t i s p e rh a p s
S i g n ifi c a n t t h a t E i n h a rd i n c h a p v 2 ( if t h e t e t t he r e b e’ -
. xx . x
t
s o u n d ) o m i s fr o m t h e li s o f s c ho la r s w h o a d o rn e d t
h a rl es C
t
r e i gn t h e his o ri a n a n d l e i c o g ra ph e r w h o a f e r A lc u i n x ,
t ,

w a s t h e pri n c ip a l li e r a ry fi g u r e o f t h e i m e t t .

Th e Mo n k o f S G a ll m e n t io n s ( i . a h u m b l e c l e rk o f t h e .

P a l a c e S c h o o l o n wh o m h a rl e m a gn e h a d c o m p a s s i o n C
- li
c e t o m n e s e u m o d i o h a b e r e n t e t exp el l ere n i teren tu r
‘
‘

’
.

t
A m o n g di s i n gu i s h e d f o r e i g n e r s o f a di ff e r e n o rd e r w h o t
C
f o u n d a r e f u g e a t ha rl ema g n e s c o u r t h e m o s n o a b l e
’
t ,
t t
t
w a s E gb e r , K i n g o f t h e S a x o n s S u c h a vi s i o r , n o d o u bt , . t
 N OTES : C HA P TERS X X 1— XX I I I
. 65

b ro u g ht wit h hi m a co n s id e ra b l e re t i n u e— w h o wo u ld te d n
t o be o n er o s i .

z pr a e ,
‘
in a cco rd a n c e Wi th l
c a ss c a i l La ti n wo u l d
req u ir e pr o .

CH A P TE R XX I I
1 i u s tam : sc . s t a tu r a m .

m p tem men s u r a m
llo we d t ha t h i s ‘
na se , it is a
he ig ht w a s e q u a l t o s e ve n t i m e s
t h e l en g t h o f hi s o w n f o o t
As w e d o n o t k n o w t h e l e n g t h o f C h a rl e m a g n e s f o ot w e
’

—
,

a re n o t m u c h t h e wi s e r w e ha ve n o s u c h a s s ist a n c e a s
en a b l e d Py t h a g o r a s t o di s c o v e r t h e l e n gt h o f H e r a c le s ’

f o o t Th e a v e ra g e fo o t o f a m a n ho we v e r i s s a id t o b e
.
‘

, ,

e l eve n i n c h e s Thi s wo u ld g ive C ha rl e m a g n e a h e i g ht o f

.

s i x f e e t fi v e i n c h es
, .

veg et i s b ri gh t , q u ic k
ca n i t i e p u l chr a wit h whit e ha ir whi c h b e c a m e h i m
,

2 u n de a d qu i r eba tu r fro m a ll t h es e c ha ra c t e ris t ic s ,

‘

hi s a pp ea r a n c e w o n a v e ry g r e a t di g n i t y a n d i m pr es s iv e n e ss ,

whe t he r h e s t o o d o r s a t
t hi c k a n d r a t h e r s ho rt Th e o d u lf o n
’
o bes a et br evi o r , .
,

t h e o t h e r h a n d pr a i s e s t h e b ea u t y o f C h a rl e m a g n e s n ec k
’

, ,

A d K a r R eg . . 17 .

p r o i ec t i o r ,
pr o t ru din g
a equ a l i t a s , e x c e ll e n t pro p o r t i o n

3 vo ce co n ven i r et . Th e m e a n i n g see ms t o b e t ha t h i s
vo ic e was lo u d ,
t ho u g h h a rdly so lo u d as on e wo u ld e p e ct x
in a ma n h l a rg e o f su c fra m e .

cl a u d i ca r et Cha rl e ma g n e s ee ms t o ha ve s u ffe re d fro m

.

t h e go u t t h e wa t e r s o f A p o llo Gr a n n u s a t Ai x ( A q u a e
Gr a n i ) we r e e m pl o y ed b y hi m a s a
, c u re s ee b e l o w ,

5 . 6—8 .

4 a ss a , r o ast m ea t s
eli x i s , b o il e d m e a t s

C H A P TE R XX I I I
t
Thi s c h a p e r s ho u ld b e r e a d i n c o n n e io n wi h t h e a c c o u n t x t
o f t h e F r a n ki s h dr e s s g iv e n b y t h e Mo n k o f S Ga ll ( i . .

E r a t a n t i q u o ru m o r n a u s v el p a r a t u r a F r a n c o r u m :
‘ '

t
ca l c i am e n t a fo r i ns e c u s a u ra a c o r r i gi i s t r i c u bi t a l i b u s t ,

i n s ig n i a t
fa s c io l a e c r u r a l e s v er m i c u l a t a e e t s u b t u s e as
,
'

t ib ia li a v e l c o x a l i a li n e a q u a mv i s e x e o d e m c o l o r e t a m e n
, , ,

o p e r e a r t i fi c i o s i s s i m o v a ri a t a S u p e r q u a e e t f a s c io l a s i n .

c ru c i s m o d u m i n t r i n s ec u s e t e x t r i n s e cu s a n t e e t r et ro
,
.

,
.
,

l o n gi ssi mae i l l a e co rr i g i a e t e n d eb a n t u r ; d ei n d e c a m i s i a
‘

F
 66 VI TA K A R O L I

c li z a n a ; p o st h a ec b a lt eu s s p a t e c o l l i gat u s q u a e s pa t a ,

pri mu m va g in a s e c u n d o c o ri o q u al i c u mq u e t e r t io li n
, ,

t h ea m i n e c a n d i d i s s i m o c e r a l u c idi s s i m a ro b o r a t o i t a c i n geb a
t u r u t p e r m e di u m c r u c i c u l i s e m i n e n t ib u s a d p e r e m p t i o n em
g e n t i li u m d u r a r e t u r U l t i m u m ha b i t u s c o ru m e r a t p a lli u m
.

ca n u m v e l s a p p hi r i n u m q u a d r a n g u l u m d u pl e x s i c fo r
, , ,

m a t u m u t c u m i m p o n e r et u r u m e r i s a n t e e t r e t ro p e d es
, ,

t a n g e r et d e l a t e r i b u s v e r o vi x g e n u a c o n t e g e r e t
’
, .

Th e g o o d m o n k w a s l a z y a s a t o r t o i s e a s h e t e ll s u s ,

a n d n e v e r we n t a b r o a d B u t h e h a d s e en t h e K i n g o f t h e
.

F r a n k s s o dr es s e d i n S G a ll i t s e lf . .

I ca mi s a m l i n ca m u n d e rs t a n d s o m e s u c h wo rd a s g er eba t

( a d corpu s n e x t t o h i s , t h e c a mi s a i s t h e F r e n c h
chem is e

f emi n a l i a a r e dra we rs (femu r femi n i s t h e t hi gh) , , .

l i m bo s er i co a s ilk b o rd e r
,

t i bi a l i a m u s t b e s t o c ki n g s ( n o t l e g g in gs — a s H o d g ki n
.
,

I t a ly v i i 1
, . fo r o v e r t h e s e t i bi a l i a h e wo r e fa s ci ol a e
p u tt ees ) Thi s a pp e a rs m o re c l ea rly fro m t h e M on k of
.

S Ga ll ( q u o t e d a b o v e )
. .

V e ry l o n g a n d e l a b o r a t e fa s ci a e we re co n s id e r e d l u x u ri o u s
a n d e ffe m i n a t e : A l c u i n E p 3 4 D u e mm l e r , .
, .

ex p el li bu s l u tr i n i s et mu r i n i s thor a ce confecta wit h ,

a wa i s t co a t m a d e o f o t t e r S ki n a n d e r m in e ( l u t r a a n o
-
t t e r ,

mu res m a r t e n s o r e rm i n es ) : t hor a ce a ki n d o f wa i s t c o a t , ,

o r p el 1s s e E i n ha rd t a k es t h e wo rd fr o m S u e t A u g 8 2
. . . .

a s o ldi e r s b l u e c l o a k t h e p a lli u m s a p
‘ ’ ’
s ag o ven et o , ,

p hi ri n u m of t he M on k of S . Ga l l .

C H A P TE XXI V R

1 qu t a n tu m f er cu li s , c o n s i s t i n g ( i f o n ly fo u r co u r s es
a ter n i s

z a cr o a ma T h e w o rd. m e a n s o ri g i n a lly a n
y g r a t ifica io n t
of t he ear : t
h e n , a n y p e rs o n a ffo rdin g s u c h g ra ific a t i o n t .

I t m a y b e h e re e i he r a i g
t s n e r o r a c ou r t -
je s t er .

l ect or em Th e M o n k of S Ga ll i 7 , h a s a n i n e r e s t i n g
. .
, .
'

t
a c c o u n t o f t h e r e a di n gs a t ha rl e ma g n e s c o u r , a n d o f
’
C t
t
Ch a rl e m a g n e s r e a m e n o f hi s r e a d e rs
’
t t .

De C i vi ta te D ei Th e r e i s n o r e a s o n t o ou
. d b t t ha t t hi s
b oo k c o l o u r e d C
ha rl e m a g n e s who l e c o n c e pt io n o f t h e ’

t t t
E m pir e a n d ha i w a s o n e o f t h e d e e p est i n fl u en c e s i n hi s
,

po lit i c o - r lig i o t hi ki
e us n ng .

su p er oen a m at me a l s
e ius K a ro l i : ips i u s wo u ld be mo r e co rr ec t bu t
o f . su i s fo r ei u s , c ha p . 17 fi n .
 68 VI TA K A R O L I

by hi s ab rid ge m en t o f t h e L e x i c o n o f F e st u s F o r t h e o m is .

s i o n o f h i s n a m e i n t hi s c h a p t e r s e e o n x x i 1 ( i s L et t e rs
H . .

a r e c o ll e c t e d i n D u e m m l e r E pp K a r A ev ii , 5
.0 6 s qq ) . . . .

Tw o o t h e r m em b e r s o f t h e Pa l a c e S c ho o l w h o d es e rv e
m e n t i o n h e r e a r e t h e p o e t s A n g ilb e r t a n d Th eo du lf To .

t h e l a t t e r w e o w e a hi g hly i n t e r es t i n g pi c t u r e o f t h e li t e r a ry
c irc l e whi c h s u rr o u n d e d Ch a rl e m a g n e (t h e p o e m A d K a ro lu m
R eg em D u e mm l e r P o et A ev K a r i 4 8 3
, , . . . .

P e tr u m P i s a n u m L i t t l e i s kn o wn o f hi m
. H e i s c a ll e d .

e l s e wh e r e Pe t e r t h e g ra mm a ri a n P e t r u s m a gi s t e r ’

A l e t t e r o f A l c u i n ( 1 1 2 ) t e ll s u s o f a riva lry o f wi t b e t wee n

h i m a n d Pa u l u s .

A l bi n u m A l c u i n o f Y o rk w a s b o r n pr o b a b ly i n 7 3 5
. .

I n 7 6 8 h e vi s i t e d C ha rl e m a g n e a t A i x l a Cha p e ll e H e m et - -
.

t h e e m p e r o r a ga i n a t P a r m a i n 7 8 1 a n d w a s i n d u c e d t o ,

t a k e u p hi s r es id e n c e i n t h e P a l a c e S c h o o l o v e r whi c h h e ,

s e e m s t o h a v e pr es id e d u n t il 7 9 0 I n 7 9 3 h e w a s ma d e .

A bb o t o f To u rs I t w a s a t To u r s t h a t h e h e lp e d t o d e v e l o p
.

i n t h e wri t i n g s c ho o l s t h e s c rip t k n o wn a s t h e C a r o li n e
-
.

m in u s cu l e 1
H e di e d a t To u rs i n 8 04
. H e w a s wi t ho u t .

d o u b t o n e o f t h e pri n c ip a l i n fl u en c es i n C ha rl e m a gn e s lif e ’

a n d s u ppli e d wi s e dir e c t i o n a n d c ou n s e l n o t o n ly i n m a tt e r s
o f e d u c a t i o n b u t i n b o t h c ivil a n d e cc l es i a s t i ca l p o lit i c s
, .

a s tr o n o mi a e m ea n s i t i s t o b e f e a re d n o m o re t han
, ,

a s tro l og i a e F o r C h a rl e m a gn e s i n t e r e s t i n A s t r o l o gy s e e
’
.

o n x xx iii I O. .

c on p u t a n di c a lc u la t in g Me r e a ri t h m e t i c w a s n o t
3 ,

a g e n e ra l a c c o m pli s h m e n t a t t h e t i m e B u t b y con p u t a n d i .

i s t o b e u n d e r s t o o d h e r e t h e e l a b o r a t e c a l c u l a t i o n s r e q u ir e d
fo r a s t r o l o g y .

s cr i ber e . Gibb o n i s pr o b a b ly ri g ht wh e n h e s a ys t h a t
t h e pl a i n m e a n i n g o f t h e s e w o rd s i s t h a t i n h i s m a t u r e a ge
t h e e m p e r o r s t r o v e t o a c q u ir e t h e pr a c t i c e o f wri t i n g
— whi c h e v e ry p ea s a n t n o w l ea r n s i n h i s i n f a n c y O thers
h a v e u n d e rs t o o d i t o f t h e o r n a m e n t a l li t e ra ry writ i n g n o w
j u s t c o m i n g i n t o u s e u n d e r t h e i n flu e n c e o f A l c u i n Thi s i s .

ha rdly c o n s is t e n t wi t h t a bu l a s cl co d i ci l l os b elo w— ma t e ri a ls
n o t s u i t e d f o r s u c h wri t i n g ( t o s a n o t hi n g o f t h e di ffi c u l t y
y
o f wri t i n g o r n a m e n t a lly i n bed ) Cha rl e m a gn e n o d o u bt
s o u g ht t o a c q u ir e t h e o rdi n a ry c u r s iv e ha n d o f t h e d a y — t h e
.
, ,

ill eg ib l e s c rip t whi c h w e c a ll Me r o vin g ia n

cer vi ca l i bu s pill o ws , c u s hi o n s

1
F or a s n gu ai l rly
b e a u t u s ec if l p im en o f Ca ro lin e ha n d writ ing
s ee t h e fr i i
o n t s p ec e t o t h s b o o i k whic h r epro d u c es a p a g e o f
,

r
a S a c a m en t a y r wri
t t e n fo r C a h rlema g n e s s o n D ro g o A rch ’
,

b s o o f Met z
ih p .
 NO TE S : C HAP TERS X XV 2— X X VI I . . 3 69

CH A PT E R XXV I ’

1 ba s i l i ca mCh p l o f t h V irgi t whi ch A i l a

: t he a e e n ,
o x-
Cha p ll o w s p r t o f i t s a m Th m o st i m p o r t t p rt
e e e a a n e . e an a
o f t hi h r h s t ill rviv
s c u I t w a b il t
c d r t h di c su es . s u un e e re
ti on f a c rt i
o O t ho (t h r i s o g r o d f
e a n o ti g e e n un or c n n ec n
E i h rd wi t h t h b ildi g
n a t h t r di t i o t ha t h w a s a
e u n e a n e n

a r c hi t ct ms te r t a mi
s ee d r t a di g ) I t w a s o es on su n e s n n .

o p d b y Po p L I I I o J
en e ry 6 8 0 5 I m i t a t d fr o m
e eo n an u a , . e
t h C h r h f S V i t li i V i
e u c o i t h s l i tt l r l pr t
. io a s n en n a , a e ea e en s n

to r hi t t r a l b
a c t y o di st i ct i o ( L v i ss H i t d
ec u eau r n n a e, s . e
F c
ran ii p e, 1 .
, .

l mi n u ib c a d lab r
ar ot
us, wi d o ws C f C p i tu l
‘
n e a
’

,
n
‘
n
’
. . a .

Pe t p
r 3z, . 12 ,
1 .

2 a c ifi i i
s Th
r E c h ri t ; . i fi i m di c t m q a s i
e uc a s s a cr c u u u

sa r m f c u t m q i pr c m y s t i
ac u o sec t r i
,
m m u a e e ca c n ra u n e o
ria m p ro n o b i s D o m i n i c a e P a s s i o n i s ; un de h o c eo i u b en t e
c o rp u s C hri s t i e t s a n g u i n e m d i c i m u s I s id o r e ,
E ty m . vi .

a ed i tu os , a ed it u u s , a ed i s s a cra e P l s Di a o n s
t u it or au u c u .

i a n i t or i bu s = o s ti a r i i s S ee I s o e 1 2 . id r E ty m vii ,
2 3 . . .

o s t i a r i i id e m e t i a n i t o r e s q u i i n V t i Tes t m t o el e t i
‘

,
e er a en c ,

s u n t a d c u s o di a m e m pli t
u t n o n i n g r e d er e t u r e u m i n t ,

m u n d u s i n o m n i r e Di o i a u e m o st i a r i i q u o d p r a es i n t . t t ,

o s t i i S t e m pli
’
.

3 p s a l l en d i d i s c i p l i n a m h a rl e m a g n e b r o u g h wi h hi m . C t t
fro m R o m e i n 7 8 6 r a i n e d I a li a n c ho ir -m a s e rs w h o a t t t t ,

t
Me z a n d S o i s s o n s i n s r u c e d t h e c h o ri s t e r s o f v a ri o u s t t
F r a n ki s h c h u r c h es S e e t h e M on k of S Ga ll i c h a p 1 0 . .
, ,
.
,

a n d I o h Di a c Vi t a 5 Gr eg ii 9 I O
. . . . . . .

a d mo du m q u i e ,
t
C H A P TE R XXV I I
1 tr a n s ma r i n o r u m r eg u m a mi ci ti a s : cp . c ha p . x vi .
3
‘
Aar o n

r eg e P rs a r
e m u a n d n o es t .

r efr i g er i u mm m o n i n m e di a e va l L a t i n co I t ca m e i n t o .

t h e l a n g u a g e o f li t e r a t u r e fr o m t h e B i b li c a l L a t i n
_

2 eccl es i a m bea t i P etr i :

.
t h e B a s ili c a o f S t P e t e r whi c h .
,

o cc u pi e d t he S it e ;

of t h e Va ti ca n t ill t hei xt e en t h c e n t u ry
s .

3 a n t i qu i u s , m o r e i m p o rta n t a pri o r co n s id e ra t io n ( a s
o ften in C i ro )ce .

( q a ter
u Ch a rl e m a gn e w a s i n R o me in 774 , 7 8 1 , 7 87 , 8 00 .
 7 0 VI TA K A R O L I

C H A P TE R XXV I I I
1 i n i u ri i s .
5 7 99 L e o I I I a s h e w a s ridi n g i n
On A pril 2 , , ,

C
pro c es s i o n t o t h e hu rc h o f S t L a u r e n c e w a s a a c ke d b y .
,
tt
a b a n d o f b r a v o e s i n c i t e d b y P a s ch a l i s a n d C a m p u l u s t h e
, ,

n e ph e ws o f t h e l a t e o p e H a dri a n P Th e c o n s pir a t o r s l e ft .

L e o lyi n g i n a c h u r c h a f t e r a t t e m p t in g t o p u t o u t h i s e y e s
,

an d c u t o u t h i s t o n gu e Thi s m u t il a i o n if e ffe c e d wo u ld
. t ,
t ,

l eg a lly h a v e i n c a p a c it a t e d h i m fr o m ho ldi n g t h e a p a c y o r P ,

in deed , an y fi c e L e o r e c o v e r e d fr o m t h e b ru t a l
pri est ly of .

a tt a c k ,a n d h i s es ca p e fr o m p e r m a n e n t b li n d n e s s w a s c o n
s i d e r e d t o b e a m ir a c l e .

2 a vers a tu s es t : a n a t t i t u d e o f n o l o r eg er e n o l o ep i s co pa r i , ,

w a s e x a c t e d b y t h e r u l e s o f p o lit e s o c i e t y i n t h e Middl e
A ge s . I t i s pr o b a b ly t r u e ho we v e r t h a t Cha rl e m a g n e
, ,

h o p e d t o s e t t h e i m p e ri a l c r o w n o n h i s o w n h ea d a n d ,

w a s s u rpri s e d wh en whil e h e w a s pr a yi n g i n fr o n t o f t h e
,

a lt a r ,
L e o s u dd e n ly c r o wn e d h i m B u t Ch a rl e m a g n e c a n .

ha rdly h a v e b e en u n a wa r e wh e n h e we n t i n t o S t Pe t e r s o n .
’

D e ce mb e r 2 5 t o b e pres en t a t t h e Chri s t m a s Ma ss t ha t h e
, ,

w a s t o b e a c cla im e d a s em p e ro r .

R oma n i s i mp er a t o r i bu s t h e E a st e rn em p e ro rs S ee .

cha p . x vi 4 a n d n o t e s A ct u a lly i n 8 0 0 whe n Cha rl e

.
, .
, ,

m a g n e b ec a m e W e s t e r n e m p er o r t h e E m pr e ss I r en e w a s ,

ru li n g a l o n e a t C o n st a n t i n o pl e .

fr a tres F ro m t h e p o i n t o f vi e w o f t h e E a s t e r n e m p e ro rs
. ,

i t w a s n o t m a gn a n i m it y b u t pr e s u m p t i o n i n Ch a rl e m a g n e ,

t o a ddr es s t h e m a s b r o t h e r s .

ep i s t o l i s S ee M o n u men ta C a r o li n a ( J a ff e) p 3 9 3 Ch a rl e
.
, .
,

ma gn e t o Ni c ep h o r u s I a n d p 4 1 5 t o Mi ch a e l I
, . .

C H A P TE R XX I X
1 P os t s u s ce p tu m i mper i a l e no men Th e id ea o f a c o d e o f
.

i m p e ri a l l a ws h a d c o m e d o wn fr o m t h e t i m e o f t h e E m p e ro r
J u s t i n i a n Th i s p a s s a ge i n E i n h a rd i s t h e o n ly e vid en c e
.

t ha t Cha rl e ma gn e t ho u ght o f s u ch a c o d e H e c e rt a in ly .

n e v e r c a rri e d o u t t h e id e a H i s e m pir e w a s m a d e u p o f
.

va ri o u s S t a t e s a n d e a c h r e t a i n e d i t s o l d l a ws
, .

du a s l eg es Th e t w o s ys t e m s o f l a w w e r e t h e c o d e o f
.

t h e S a li a n F r a n k s a n d t h a t o f t h e Rip u a ri a n F r a n ks S a li c .

w a s t h e n a m e g iv e n b y t h e R o m a n s t o t h e F ra n ks w h o
o cc u pi e d t h e L o w e r Rhi n e a n d t h e L o w e r Meu s e Th e .

Rip u a ri a n s i n h a b i t e d t h e Middl e Rhi n e c hi e fly t h e di s t ri c t ,

ro u n d Co l o g n e .
 72 V I TA KA R O L I

H eu u i ma n o th h a y mo n t h .

A r a n ma n o t h h a rve s t m o n t h .

Wi tu ma n o th wo o d m o n t h .

Wi n d u mem a n o th vi n e -g a t he rin g m o n t h .

H er bi s tma n o t h a u t u m n m o n t h ( o u r wo r d ha rves t
) .

H ei l ag ma n o th ho ly m o n t h .

C H A P TE R XXX
1 s o lu s fii l m P pi
or u f I t ly di d
. J ly 8 8 0 Ch rle n o a e on u , 1 . a es
di e d in 8 1 1 I 8 1 3 C h rl m g
. n m d hi l t l gi t i , a e a ne a e s as e
ma t e s o n ,
L i f A q it i ou s m p r o r wi t h hi m lf
o t u a n e, e e se , no
so mu c h i rd r t h t L o i m i ght h r i t h I m p ri l
n o e a u s s a e n e e a
fu n ct io n s ( f h i mm or di t ly r t
e r d t A q i t i ) b t e a e e u ne o u a ne , u
i n o rd e r th t th a si t t h E m pir
e s u c c es Ch rl m g on o e e, on a e a ne s
’

deat h , m i gh t b r d Th t ki g o f a o ll g
e a ssu th
e . e a n c ea u e on e
t hr o n e a h d b t m f th
e en a c u s oi t R m m p ro r o e a n c en o an e e s,
and it w l t h pr t i
a s a so f th rly C p t i a ki g f
e ac ce o e ea a e n n s o
F ra n c e ,
wh d d th H
o s u ccee f Ch rl m g ft r 9 8 7
e e o u se o a e a ne a e .

c on g r eg a t i s Thi s w a s o n e o f t h e G e n e ra l
p m o ri
r i bu s .

A s s e m b li e s o r S yn o d s whi c h h a d b e e n h e ld fr o m t i m e t o ,

t ime b y e pi n P
t h e S ho r t a n d
“

h a rl e m a g n e A lt ho u gh C .

pro b a b ly a l l t h e p e o pl e we r e s u pp o s e d t o a t t e n d o n ly t h e ,

g r e a t l a ym e n a n d e c c l es i a s i cs w e r e a c t u a lly s u m m o n e d t .

Th e A s s e m b ly o f A i x -l a - ha p e ll e t o o k pl a c e i n S e p t e m b e r
‘

C
813 b es id e s a ppr o vi n g o f t h e c ho i c e o f a c o ll e a g u e f o r t h e
e m p e r o r , t h e A s s e mb ly a l so p a s s e d a a pi t u l a ry o f f o r t y -S i x C
t
a r i cl e s ( M G H P e r t z , L eg es , i
. . Th e c o n s e n t o f
.
, .

o mn es fi del es C hr i s t i a n a e eccl es i a e i s m e n t i o n e d a s w e ll ,

a s o f t h e b is ho p s a n d c o u n t s Th e c o r o n a t i o n o f L o u i s .
,

whi c h Cha rl m p e rfo r m e d hi m s elf wit h o u t a n y i n t e r

e a gn e
ve n t i o n o f Po p
e o r b i s h o p t o o k pl a c e i n t h e g r e a t C h u r c h ,

o f A i x o n S u n d a y S e p t e mb e r 1 I
, , .

2 i n sp i r a tu m a n o t h e r t ra c e o f B ib li c a l L a t i n .

ven a tu m t o hu n t Th is wit h b a t hi n g a n d s wi m m i n g
’
.
, ,

i n t h e g r e a t b a t h s a t A i x l a Cha p e ll e w a s t h e c hi e f r e c r e a - -
,

t i o n o f C h a rl e m a g n e .

3 d ecu bu i t t o o k t o h i s b ed
,
Thi s w a s o n J a n u a ry 2 2 .

Q u i h e i e C h a rl e m a gn e
’
.
, , . .

r a r i s s i m o p o tu a v e ry o cc a s i o n a l dr a u gh t o f w a t e r
‘

Cha rl ema gn e t h o u gh t t o r e d u ce h i s f e ve r b y s t a rvin g h i m

s e lf .

s a cr a commu n i on e p er cep t a : t h e r e gu l a r m e di a e v a l phr a se .

V K al F eb Ch a rl e m a gn e d i e d o n J a n u a ry 2 8 a t 9 a m
. . . , . .
 N OTES : C HA P TERS X X I X 3— X X X I 2 . .
73

CH A P TE XXXI R

I l o tu m cl cu r a tu m
pr e p a re d fo r b u ri a l
,
wa s h e d and

cu r a tu m h a s s o m e t i m e s b ee n t a k e n h e r e t o mea n em
b a l m e d ( e g L a v i s s e H i s t d e F r a n ce i
. . bu t as
, .
, .

Cha rle m a gn e w a s i n t e rre d o n t h e s a m e d a y a s h e di e d

( ea d e m d i e qu a e t d efu n ctu s e s t b e l o w t h e r e c a n ha rdly , ,

ha ve b e en t i m e fo r e mb a l m in g S u et o n i u s u s e s cu r a re fo r .

t o l a y o u t a b o dy t o pr e p a r e i t f o r b u ri a l (N er o ,

2 ea d em di e I t w a s p e rh a p s b ec a u s e C ha rl e m a g n e w a s
.

i n t e rr ed s o s o o n a ft e r d e a t h b e fo r e a n y d e c a y o f t h e fl es h ,

c o u ld t a k e pl a c e t h a t h i s b o dy i s s a id t o h a v e b ee n f o u n d
,

i n s u c h a g o o d s t a t e o f pr e s e rv a t i o n wh e n t h e E m p e r o r
O tto I I I o p en e d u p t h e t o mb i n 1 0 00 I t i s s a id t h a t O t t o .

we n t d o wn i n t o a va u lt o f t h e c hu r c h a t A i x l a C ha p e ll e - -

wi t h t w o b i s h o p s a n d a c o u n t a n d f o u n d Ch a rl e m a gn e , ,

wh o h a d n o t b ee n b u ri e d b u t w a ll e d i n s e a t e d o n a c h a ir , , .

H i s c r o wn w a s o n h i s h e a d a n d h i s s c e p t r e i n h i s h a n d s ,

h i s n a il s pr o t r u d e d t hr o u g h t h e fi n g e r s o f t h e g l o v e s whi c h
h e wo r e H i s fl es h w a s p e rf ec t ly pr e s e rve d e x c e p t t h a t t h e
.
,

t i p o f h i s n o s e h a d d e c a y e d a wa y O tt o a n d h i s t hr e e .

a tt e n d a n t s f e ll o n t h e ir k n e e s b e f o r e t h e s e a t e d fi g u r e o f
t h e g re a t e m p e ro r The y t h e n p u t n e w whit e c l o t h e s o n
.

t h e b o dy a n d h a d t h e t ip o f t h e n o s e r e s t o r e d w i t h g o ld
,

a n d o n e t o o t h e xt r a c t e d a n d t a k e n a w a y A ft e r t h a t t h e .
,

b o dy s t ill s ea t e d m a j e s t i c a lly w a s w a ll e d u p i n i t s t o m b
, ,

( hr on i co n N o va l i ci en s e iii 3 2 M G H P e r t z i x
C , .
, . .
, .

W h e n t h e t o mb i s n e x t k n o wn t o h a v e b ee n r e o p e n e d i n -
,

1 1 6 5 t h e b o d y w a s f o u n d i n a m a rb l e s a r c o ph a u s A c c o rd
, g .

i n gl y d o u b t h a s b e e n t hr o w n o n t h e s t o ry o f O tt o I I I
, It .

i s a l s o di ffi c u lt t o u n d e r s t a n d h o w t h e b o dy o f C h a rl e m a gn e ,

if n o t e mb a l m e d c o u ld b e s o we ll pr e s e rv e d e v e n i n a n
, ,

a i r t i g h t c h a m b e r a f t e r a l a p s e o f o n e h u n dr e d a n d e i g h t y
-
,

s i x y ea r s Mo r e o v e r n o t r a c e s o f a va u l t h a v e b e en d i s
.
,

c o v e r e d i n t h e c h u r c h a t A i x ( D a vi s p , .

Th e b o n e s o f t h e e m p e r o r a r e s t ill i n a s hri n e i n t h e
chu r c h a t A i x .

co n d i t o r i o :t o mb .

o r t ho d ox i i m er a t o r i s Thi s i s a c h a ll e n ge t o t h e E a st e r n
p .

e m p e ro rs w h o , a l ho u g h
, t
h e y c o u ld ra c e t h e ir a u ho rit y t t t
t
direc ly b a c k t o t h e a n c i e n R o m a n e m p e ro r , w e r e s c hi s t
ma t ic in t h ir r li g i
e e ou s O b s e rv a n c es .

se p t u ag en a r i u s : cp . abo ve p t u a
, g e s i moc ha p . x xx , 3 se
s ecu n d o . Th e r e i s s o m e v a g u e n e s s a b o u t t h e d a e o f ha rl e t C
m a gn e ’
s b ir h t . S eptu ag en a r i u s i s p e rh a p s u s e d s o m e wh a t
lo o s ely h er e , as w h en w e ca ll a m a n a s e p u a g e n a ri a n t
74 V I TA K A R O LI

Th e A n n a l es L a u r i s s s a y h e di e d i n hi s s e ve n y-fi r s t y ea r ,
. t
(su b a n n o s ee n o t e s o n c h a p iv . .

i n d i ct i o n e s ep t i ma Th e i n di c t i o n s c o n s i s t e d o f a r e vo
‘

t
l u t i o n o f fif e e n ye a r s e a c h y e a r b e i n g s e p a r a t e ly r ec ko n e d
,

as i n di ct i o n I i n di ct i o n 2 & c u p
, , .
, to 1 5 ,
when t h e y re
c o mm e n c e wi t h i n di c t i o n 1 ( H a rri s N i co l a s ,
C hr on o l ogy o f
H i s t o ry ,
The I n d i ct i on s ) .

Th e r e a r e f o u r ki n d s o f i n di c t i o n s ( )
I T h e o n s a n t i C t
n 0p l e t
i n s t i u t e d b y o n st a n i n e i n 3 1 4
, C t
i t b e ga n o n
t
S e p em b er 1 C
( 2 ) Th e a e s a r ea n b e g i n n i n g o n S e pt e m
.
,

ber 2 4 P t
3 ) R o m a n o r o n ifi ca l b e g i n n i n g o n D ec e m b e r 2 5 ,

o r J a n u a ry 1 a c c o rdi n g ly a s e i t h e r o f t h e s e d a y s w a s co n
,

s i d e r e d t h e fir s t o f t h e y e a r (4 ) Th e a ri s i n di c i o n ,
.
’
P t
b eg i n n i n g i n O t
c ober u sed by t h e , a rl e m e n t s o f a ri s P P .

C ha rl em a g n e u s e d b o t h t h e o n s a n t in o pl e a n d t h e C t
C
Ro m a n I n di ct i o n A s ha rl e m a gn e di e d o n J a n u a ry 2 8 ,
.

whi c h wo u ld b e t h e s a m e i n di ct i o n wh e h e r t h e o n s t a n i ,
t C t
n o p l e o r t h e R o m a n r e c ko n i n g w e r e e m pl o y e d i i s i mp os ,
t
s i b l e t o s a y whi c h E i n h a rd i s u s i n g h e r e .

A s a f e m e t h o d o f fi n di n g t h e i n di c t i o n o f a n y d a y o f t h e
t
y ea r whi c h f a lls b e we en J a n u a ry I a n d S e pt emb e r 1 i s t o ,

a d d 3 t o t h e g iv e n y e a r a n d t h e n t o divid e t h e s u m b y 1 5
,
.

I f n o t hi n g r e m a i n s o v e r t h e i n di c t i o n o f t ha t y e a r will b e 1 5
,
.

I f a n y n u m b e r r e m a i n s t h a t will b e t h e n u m b e r o f t h e
,

in di ct i o n ; e g t o fi n d t h e i n di ct i o n o f ha rl em a gn e s d ea h
. . C ’
t
( J a n u a ry 2 8 8 1 4 ) ,

v en t h i n di c t i o n t h re fo r e t he in whi ch he
“

Th e se is e one

die d .
 76 V I TA K A R O L I

r a ta , a s su re d firm e d co n
br e vi a r i o a , m e mo ra n d u m
5 metr op o l eo n = p rrr p o wo he wu dj ect ive m e t ro p o li
’ ‘
, an a , t he
t an c it i es
M ed i o l a n u m : Mila n .

F o ru m I u li i F ri u li .

Gr a du s Gr a d o , on t h e A dri a ti c, be t wee n V en i ce an d
Tri e s e t .

C o l on i a : C lo g
o ne .

M og on t i a cu s : Ma i n z .

I u va vu m qu a e i t R o m a n t o wn o f
et S a l zbu rg . Th e a n c en
I u v a v u m a f t e r b e i n g pr a c t i c a lly d e s t ro y e d b y t h e Go t h s
,

and H u n s w a s r e f o u n d e d u n d e r t h e n a m e o f S a l zb u r g
, .

Th e a r c hb i s h o pri c w a s f o u n d e d a s l a t e a s 7 9 8 .

Tr ever i : T r e v es .

S en o n es S e n s i n C ha m p a g n e , .

Ve s on t i o : B es a n co n .

L u g d u n u m : L yo n s .

R a t u m ag u s : R o u e n .

R emi : Rh e i m s .

A r el a s : A rl e s .

Vi en n a V i e n n e o n t h e Rh o n e s o u h o f L y o n s
, , t .

Da ra n ta s i a Ta r a n t a i s e i n S a vo y , .

E br o du n u m : E m b r u n o n t h e Riv e r D u r a n c e i n D a u , ,

p h i n y .

B u r d i g a l a : B o rd ea u x .

Tu ro n es : To u r s .

B i t u r i g es : B o u r g e s .

7 vo l u n t a r i a m s e cu l a r i u m r er u m ca r en t i a m : t hi s s e e m s t o
i mply ha t t C
h a rl e m a g n e p e rh a p s c o n t e m pl a e d e n di n g t
h i s lif e i n a m o n a s e ry t
Th e w o rd ca ren ti a m i s p u r e ly .

m e di a e va l .

8 cor t i n ae , r t a i n s ( O F cor t i n e) ; e ccl e si a s t i ca l L a t i n

‘
cu
’
. . .

s tr a g u l a c o v e rl e t s r u g s , .

t ap et i a t a p es t ri es c a rp et s , .

fi l tr a wo o ll e n c l o t hs .

co r i a s ki n s o f b e a s t s
,

s ag ma t a m o va b l es
,

er og a t i o el eemos y n a e a c h a ri t a b l e d o n a t i o n ,

9 C a p e l l a m t h e pl a t e a n d o t h e r g o o d s f o r u s e i n r e li g i o u s
b u ildi n g s a n d s e rvi c es Th e w o rd c h a p e l i s h e r e u s e d f o r
.

t h e o rn a m e n t s whi c h t h e b u ildi n g c o n t a i n e d j u s t a s w e ,

n o w u se lib ra ry fo r t h e b o o ks whi c h t h e lib ra ry b u ildi n g

co n t a in s .

ta m qu a m bo th an d ,

co n ta t a
&

whi ch h e h a d n o t m a d e o v e r a s a g1i t t o t h e
,

ca p el l a
 NO TE S : C HA P TE R X X X I I I . 1 11-
77
bi bl i o t heca fo r MS S
: c o ll ec e d u n der . ha rl e ma gn e s t C ’

pa t ro n a ge s e e I n t ro d p li .
, . x .

10 t res men s a s : t h e e a rli es t kn o w n m a p s we r e m a d e o f

t
me t a l ; c p H e r o d o u s v 4 9 W he r e A r i s t a g o r a s o f Mil et u s
.
, .
,

t o o k t o S p a rt a a b ro n z e pl a e wi h t h e f a c e o f t h e e a r h t , t t
a n d i t s s ea s a n d rive rs e n g ra v e n h e reo n (4 9 9 B t .

tr i bu s o r bi bu s con n ex a Thi s a b l e h e r e d e s c ri b e d o n ly
. t ,

ve ry va gu e ly a n d o b s c u re ly i s s p o ke n o f m o r e f u lly i n t h e ,

S t B er t i n A n n a l s p 4 3 8 P e rt z
.
,
di s c o e i a m m i r a e m a gn i
.
,
t
t u d i n i s a c p u l ch r i t u d i n i s a rg e n eo i n q u o e t o rb i s t o t i u s t ,

t
d es c rip i o e t a s t r o r u m c o n s i d e r a t i o e t v a r i u s p l a n et a r u m
di s c u rs u s d i vi s i S a b i n v i c e m s p a t i i s S i g n i s e m i n e n t i o r i b u s
, ,

t
s c u lp a r a d i a b a n t F ro m hi s i t a pp e a r s ha t t h e t a b l e
.
’
t t
w a s a s ilv e r pl a n i s ph e r e co n s i s i n g o f hree co n c e n t ri c
,
t t
c irc l e s o f whi c h t h e i n n e r o n e ( a ) r e pr e s e n e d t h e
,
o s mo s t C
( E a r t
h a n d t h e H ea v e n s o r bi s t o t i u s d e s c r i p )
,t i o t h e o u e r ,
t
one t h e fi r ma m e n t ( a s t r o r u m con s i d er a ti o ) a n d t h e i n ,

t e r m e d i a t e o n e ( b) t h e m o i o n s o f t h e pl a n e s
,
t
I n o he r t . t
wo rd s w e ha v e a r o u gh d e s c rip i o n o f t h e o l e m a i c s ys e m
,
t Pt t ,

i n whi c h a t he o s mo s b C
t h e s e v e n s ph e r e s o f S u n
, ,

t
Mo o n a n d pl a n e s c t h e e ig h h s phe re h a o f t h e fi e d
,
t ,t t x
t t
s a r s ( t h e s ys e m o f t en s ph e r e s w a s n o t i n u s e t ill f o u r
c e n t u ri e s l a t e r ) In . C
ha rl e m a gn e s i m e B a g d a d u n d e r ’
t ,

H a ro u n a l - R a s c hid w a s t h e pri n c ip a l c e n re o f a s r o n o m i c a l
,
t t
C
kn o wl e d ge ; a n d t h e a ro li n g ia n i n e re s i n t h e he a v en s t t
t
ma y o w e s o m e hi n g t o A r a b i a n i n flu e n c e .

L o u is t h e P
i o u s h a d s p e c i a lly re s e rv e d t hi s a b l e fo r t
hi ms e lf fr o m
a m o n g h i s f a he r s rea s u res ( The ga n viii ) ; t ’
t ,

t
b u t i n 8 4 2 t h e u n fi l i a l L o h a ir c a rri e d i o ff, b r o k e i t o b i s , t t t
a n d p a id hi s s o ldi e rs wi h t h e pi e c e s t .

11 H i ldi b a l d u s : A r c h b i s h o p o f o l o g n e H e w a s A r c h -
h ap C . C
t
l a i n a n d a d m i n i s e re d t h e l a st s a c ra m en t o ha rl e ma gn e
, t C .

R i cholf u s A r c hb i s ho p o f Ma i n z .

A r n : A r c hb i s h o p o f S a l z b u r g .

Wo lf a r i u s : A r c hb i s ho p o f Rhe i m s .

B er n o i n u s : A r c hb i s ho p o f B e s a n co n .

L a i d ra du s : A r c hb i s ho p o f L yo n s ( S e e I n r o d , p liv ) . t . . .

I o ha n n es : A r c hb i s ho p o f A rl e s .

Theo du lf u s : B i s ho p o f rle a n s ( S e e I n ro d , p liv ) O . t . . .

I es se : B i s ho p o f A m i e n s .

H ei t o : B i s h o p o f B a S l e .

Wa l tg a u du s : B is h p o f L a o n o .

t
F r i du g i s u s : Abb o o f S t B e r t i n , B ert in c o u r t (i n P a s-d e .

Ca l a i s ) .

A d a l u ng u s : Abb o t o f S t V e d a s t S t Wa a s t i n A r r a s .
,
.
, .

t
E ng i l ber t u s : Abb o o f S t Ri q u i e r o n t h e S o mme . .

I r mi n o : A b b o t o f S t Ge r ma i n -d e s - r é s . P .
80 I NDE X OF P LA C ES A ND PEOP LES
L a n g o b a r d i L o mba r d s iii 4 Rh t h R hi
en u s , xv e n e, 2 ; xv
xvii xxxii
. .

x
.
, ,

vi viii 2 5 . 2 . 2 .

x
. . .

L ech u s t he L ech i 2
l xv
.

x
.
, ,

L i bu r ni a iii 4 S l
a a,th S e a a e, 2
S l b rg xxx
. .

x
. .
,

L i g eri s t he L o i r e v 2 . . a z u 5 , 111 . .

x
, ,

L ino n e s iii 5 i
S a m n u m t he A br u zzi 11 4 . .

xxx
,
. , ,

L u g d u n u m , L y on iii 5 ,
. . S a rr a ce n l 2 , ii . .

l vi
Sc a x 11 1 , 3
Ma u ri xvii 5 xv
. .
,

,
. .
i
S c o t t t he I r i s h 1 2

xxx
.
, , .

Mer o i n g i i I , . .
S e n o n es S en s 111
, 5 , . .

Mo g u n t i a c u s M a i n z ( M a y en ce) S e p t i m a n i a x vn 5
xvii xxxiii
,

xv xv
. .
,

3 ; . 2, xxx u 2 .
; .
5 .
r i
S o ab 2 5 . . .

Mo i n g e u u i Wa l afr i d i
,

,
P r ol .
, 2 .
S o r a c t e S t Or es te 2 ii
i xviii
. . .
, ,

S u ab 2
Na rb o n a N a r bo n n e ii xii
. .
,
2
S u e o n e s t he S wedes
xvii 5
. .
,
3
,

N a rb o n e n s i s P r o vi n ci a yri xxvii
. .
, ,

S
x
. .
,
a 1
N a va rri v 3
. .
,

x xiv
. .
,

No r d m a n n i ii 3 1
Th a r s a t i c a Ter s a tt o m u
xvii xvii
. .
,
.
, ,

4 ; 5 Th e o t m e ll u s D e tmol d viii
xvii
. . .

1
N o vi o m a g u s N i meg u en
x
. .
, ,

, , .

Th u r i n g i v 2 , . .

3 .

Ti c e n u m P a vi a Vi 2
xxx
. .
, ,

M t Os n i n g Tr ev eri Tr i er ( Tr eves )
Os n e g g u s , .
,
viii . 1 .
, , 11 1 .

P a n n o n ia iii 1 4 ; v 4 , x .
, x . .
Tu ro n e s xxxiii 5 ,
To u r s , . .

P a ri s ii P a r i s iii I
x th W l x vii 3
. .
, ,

P e rs a e vi 3 V h li
a a s, e aa

xxx iii
. .
. . ,
,

P i c t a vi u m P o i t i er s ii 2 V ti
eso n B c o, es a n on , .

xx xxxiii 5
.
, , .

P r u mi a P r ii m 1 Vi en n a ,
xv 5
. .

x x
.
, , .

P y ri n e u s Mo n s i 1 ; v , . .
3 .
Vi l t h Vi t l
su a , e s u a, . .

R a t u m a g u s R ou en xxxiii 5 W a s c o n es t he Ga s co n s , v 2 ;
xxvi xxxiii
.

ix xv
.
, , , .

v
R a en n a 1 5 3; 2, 3
xxxv xii xv
.
, . . .

10. W e l a t a bi 1 5
xxxiii
. . .

xii
.
, ,

R em i ,
R hei ms , .
5 . W i l zi , . 1 .
 b
( ) I ND E X O F P E R S ONA L N A ME S

r
A a o n rex P e s a u m , r r xvi .
3 . E i n h a r d u s , W a l a h fr i d i P o , r l
1—
.

A d a l gi s u s fi l i u s D e s d e i rii vi , .
4 ; E i n hard i P o 3 r l .
, .

42 E n g i l b e r t u s a b b a s S R i c h a r ii ,
xxxiii
.

Ad a l h a i d fi li a P i pp i n i re g i s It 11
xi x
.

xxx iii
. .
,

. 2 . E r c a n g a ri u s c o m e s , 11
xiii
. .

A d l li d
a n co n c u b n a i C a ro li I mp ri
B on s d u x F o r o i u l i a n u s , 4
xvii i 3
.
, . .

. .

A d lt a d ru fi li a C a ro li I mp F a s t ra d a u x r C r li
o a o I mp
x viii 3 xviii xx 3
.
, .

. . . . .

Ad l a un
g us a bb a s S Ve d a st i , Fr id
g i u su s a bb a s S Be t r in i
xxxiii xxx iii
. .
,

11 . . 1 1 .

l i
A b n u s v A l co i n u s
xxv
. .
,

Alc o i n u s ( A b n u s ) 2 l i Ge r o l d u s B a i o a ri a e pra e f e c t u s
ix
. .
, ,

A n s h e l mu s c o m e s p a l a t i i 3 . mu 4
xxx
. . .
,

A r a gi s u s d u x B en e v e n t a n o r u m Ger o ld u s c o m e s 111 1 1
x
, , . .

. 2,3 . G er s u i n d a c o n cu bin a C a ro li
Am a r c hi e i s c 0p u s S a l z b u r g e n I mp K vl l l 3
p
xxxii
. . .
,

si s ,
i . 11 . il
G s a fi li a C a o I m p K v l l l 2 r li .
, . .

A t u la fi li a Pip pi n i reg is It il
G s a s o o Ca o I mp X V I I I 4r r r li
xi x
.

x iv
.
, , . .

2 G o d o fr i d u s r e x D a n o r u m
xxiv
. . .
,

S . Au gu s t in u s . 2 . 2, 3 X XXII 3
x
, . .

Gri m o l d u s fi li u s A r a g i s i 2 , . .

B a u g u lfu s a bba s F u ld en s i s Gu n d ra d a fi li a P i p p i n i r e gi s I t
xix
,

W a l a h fr i d i P ro l 2 2
x
. . .

B er h t a fi li a C a ro li I m p viii 2 .
, . .

B e r h t h a i d fi li a P i p p i n i r eg i s I t H a d e fo n s u s G a ll e ci a e at qu e
xx xvi
.
,

1 . 2 . A s t u ri c a e r ex , . 1 .

B er ht ra d a m a t e r C a ro li I m p H a d ri a n u s Ro m rbi
an ae u s
xv t if x ) vi
.
, ,

4111 e i s co p u s ( po n e4 I
p
x ix
. .

x ix xxiii
.
, ,

B er n h a r d u s r e x I t a li a e , 2 . .
3 .
3 . .

B e rn o i n u s a r c hi ep i s c o p u s V e H a i s t u l fu s r ex L a n g o b a r d o r u m ,
s o n t i o n en s i s , 1 1 xxxiii v1 1 2
xxxiii
.

xxx
. . .
,

r
B e o c o m es , 1 1 . . H at t o co me s , 111 . 11 .

S B o n a c u s , W a l a h fr i d i P o
. if i r l H ei t o e
p i s co p u s B as i l e en s i s
xxx
.
, ,

2 111 1 1
xxxiii
. .

B u rch a rd u s co mes , . I I . H i ld i ba ld u s a r c hi ep i s c o p u s
Co lo n i e n si s xxxiii 11
x r C r li
.
, .

Ci c e ro , M . Tu lli u s E i n ha rd i H i ld i a r d a u
g o a o I mp
x viii xxx
, .
,

P ro l .
, 4 . . 2, 4 , . 1 .

H i ld i g er n u s c o m e s x x x111 , . 11 .

D e s i d e ri u s r ex L a ngo b a r d o r u m , H i ld ri c h u s r e x F r a n co r u m ,
i . 1;
VI 2 4 ; x v ni 2 4
. ii I
x
.
, , .

xv
. .

D ro g o film s C a ro li I mp , viii 3 . . . H ilt ru d fi li a C a ro li I mp .

, 111 .

3
xxxiii xxx
.

E d o co m e s , . 11 . H r o cc o lfu s c o m e s 111 ,
. 1 1 .

E g gi h a r d u s gi re ae me n s a e H r u o d g a u s u s F o ro i u l i a n i du
p a ep o s 1t u s
r ,ix 3 . . c at u s pra e fe c t u s vi , . 2 .
82 I NDE X OF PERSON AL N AMES
H r u o d h ai d fi li a C a ro li I mp Ot u l fu s co mes xxxiii I I
xvi ii
.
, , .

3
xxv
. .

H r u o d l a n d u s B ri t t an i ci l i m i t i s r
P et u s Pi s a n u s 2
ct u s i x
. .
,

p ra e fe , .
3 . P ip p i n u s ( I I ) p at e r K a ro li Ma r
H ru o d t r u d fi li a C a ro li I mp te lli ii 2
x viii x ix
. . .
, , ,

2 ; 2 Pippi n u s ( I I I ) p at e Ka o r r li
x viii
. . .

H u g u s fi l i u s Ca ro li I mp I m p e ra t o ri s , 11 1 ; 1 ; iii
xv
. , . . .
'

3 vi 1, 2 ;
. 1 . .

H u n o ld u s d u x A q u i t a n i a e v Pi p p i n u s r ex I t a li a e fi li u s
x iii
.
, ,

2 Ca or li I mp , 2 ; 1 vi
xv ii xix
. . . .

i 2 . 2
-
. .

I e ss e , e
p i s co p u s A m bi a n e n s i s P i pp i n u s fi li u s C a o I mp e x r li
xxxiii xx
.
,

. 11 . i
c o n cu b n a ed i t u s 1 , . .

I o h a n n es a r c h i e i s c o p u s A r e
p
li a t e n s i s 1 1 ,
xxxiii . . R eg in a co n cu b n a i C a ro l i I m p .
,

I r rn i n o a b b a s S G e m a n P a r i ri x vn I 3
xxxiii
. . .

s i en s i s 1 1 R i c h o l fu s a rc h i ep i S C Op u s Mo
xxxiii
. .
,

gu n t i n u s 1 1
xxx
. .
,

K a r l o m a n n u s fra t er P i p p i n i R i hw i n u s c o m e s 111 I I

x
. .
,

( I I I ) ii 3 4 , .
, . R u m o l d u s fi l i u s Ar a g i s i 2 , . .

K a r lo m a n n u s fi li u s Pip pi n i R u o t hi ld fi li a Ca o I mp r li
x iii
.
,

( I I I ) iii 1,
-
4 . . v .
3 .

K a ro l u s Ma r t e ll u s p a t er P i p
p i n i ( I I I ) ii 2 S t ep ha n u s co m e s xxxiii: 11
x i
. . .
, ,

K a r o lu s i u n i o r fi l i u s C a ro li S t ep han u s p o n t ife I VI I .

x x
. .
, ,

I mp , iii 5 ; viii 2 ;
xix xi
. . .

. 2 . Ta ss ilo du x B ai o a r a e i , .
—4 1 .

T h eo d er a d a fi lia C a o l r i I mp .

x viii 3
,

L a i d r a d u s a r chi e i s c o p u s L u g
p . .

d u n en si s x x x i i i 1 1 Th d eo d er a a fi li a P i p p i n i r e gi s
x xx I t xix
. .
,

L eo p o n t ife iii 3 xx
vi ii , .
, . . 2 .

1 Th d i eo er c u s fi li u s C a ro li I mp
r t r xvi 4
.

L eo I mp e a o xviii 3
x r C r li I mp xi
. . . .
,

L i u t ard a T h e o d o fi li u s T a s s i l o n i s 3
g u o a o .

x viii
.
,

3 Th e o d u lfu s ep i s c o p u s Au re
xxxiii
. .

L u d o w i cu s ( H lu d o w i c u s ) fi l i u s l i a n en si s , 11 . .

Ca ro li I mp I m p er a t o r
xxxiii
.

xviii
, ,

W a l a h fri d i P ro l 3 ; U n ru o cu s co m es I I
xxx
. . .
, . ,

2 . I , 2 .

L u pu s d u x W a s co n u m W a I fa ri u s Aqu it aniae,
'

,
V . 2 . du x
111 1 v 2
W a la h c o m es xxx111 1 I
. . .

Ma d e l g a r d a co n c u b in a Ca ro li . .

x
,

I mp viii 3 W a l a h fr i d u s S t r a b o ( S t r a b u s )
xxxiii
. . .
,

Megi n h a r d u s c o m es 1 I W a l a h fri d i P ro l 4 . .

xxxiii
, . .
,

Megi n h e r i c o m e s 11 W a l t g a u d u s e p i s c 0p u s L e o
xvi 4 xxxiii
. .
,

Mi c h a h e l I mp e ra t o r , . . d i en si s ,
. 1 1 .

W o lfa r i u s hi p i arc e s co p u s Re
Ni c ep h o r u s I mp r t r x vi e a o , .
4 . men s i xxxiii
s, . I I .