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PAPER

LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

WRITTED BY:

BRILLIANT AL BARQI

ENGLISH UCATION DEPARTMENT

ENGLISH TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

MUHAMMADIYAH MUARA BUNGO UNIVERSITY

2023

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PREFACE

Assalamualaikum. Wr. Wb.

All praise be to Allah SWT who has been giving us the mercy and blessing, so we al-
ways in Allah guidance. Shalawat with salam we send to our big prophet Muhammad
SAW and his relatives, with says Allah humma salliala saiyidina Muhammad wa’ala
saiyida Muhammad, so we can do our duties and responsibilities well.

After making a great effort, the writers finally completed this research paper with ti-
tle Language and Society . However, we realize that there are still many shortcomings in
this paper. Therefore w enthusiastically welcome the objective criticism and constructive
suggestion for the improvement of this paper.

Finally, the writers hope that this paper will be useful not only for the writers but also
for the readers.

Bungo, 20 Januari 2023

Writers

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND
B. THEOLOGICAL PROBLEM
CHAPTER II EXPLANATION
A. WHAT IS LANGUAGE ?
B. WHAT IS CULTURE ?
C. HOW IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND
CULTURE ?
D. LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY STUDY OF TANJUNG LUAR
COMMUNITY
CHAPTER III CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
B. SUGGESTION
REFERENCES

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Language and society

Language is the human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of
communication, and a language is any example of such a system of complex
communication.
According Keraf in Smarapradhipa (2005:1), providing two language understanding.
The first notion of language as stated means of communication between members of the
public in the form of a symbol of the sound produced by means of said human. Second,
language is a communication system that uses symbols vocal (speech sound) which are
arbitrary.
According to Owen in Syarif Hidayatullah, 2009, language can be defined as a
socially shared combinations of those symbol and rule governed combinations of those
symbols
Another case in Stiawan according to Owen (2006:1), describes the language
definition language can be defined as a socially shared Those combinations of symbols
and rule governed Those combinations of symbols (language can be defined as a socially
acceptable code or conventional system for delivering concepts through the use of
symbols and combinations of the desired symbols are governed by the provisions).
The opinions above are similar to what was expressed by Tarin (1989:4), he gives
two definitions of the language. First, language is a system that systematically, perhaps
also for generative systems. Second, language is a set of symbols as you like it or
arbitrary symbols.
According to Santoso (1990:1), language is a series of sound produced by said means
of a conscious human being. Another definition, language is a form and not a state
(language may be the form and not matter) or something that sounds arbitrary symbol
system, or also a system of many systems, a system of an order or an order in the system-
the system. The expression proposed by Mackey (1986:12).
According Wibowo (2001:3), language is a system of symbols that are meaningful
and articulate sound (generated by said tool) which are arbitrary and conventional, which
is used as a means of communicating by a group of human beings to give birth to feelings
and thoughts.

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Almost similar to the opinion Wibowo, Walija (1996:4), disclose the definition
language of communication is the most complete and effective way to convey ideas,
messages, intentions, feelings and opinions to others.
Other opinions about the definition of language expressed by Shamsuddin (1986:2),
he gave two language understanding. First, language is a tool used to shape the mind and
feelings, desires and deeds, a tool used to influence and be influenced. Second, language
is a clear sign of a good personality or bad, a clear sign of the family and the nation, a
clear sign from the mind of humanity.
While Pengabean (1981:5), argues that language is a system of express and report
what happens on the nervous system.
Recent opinion of this short paper about the language expressed by Soejono
(1983:01), language is a means of spiritual communication is very important in life
together.
As with the Wikipedia, which is almost the same on the definition of language that
has been presented to the experts. And the following languages definition according to
Wikipedia.
1. a system to represent objects, actions, ideas and circumstances.
2. an apparatus which is used to convey their real concept into the minds of
others
3. a unified system of meaning
4. a code that is used by a linguistic expert to distinguish between form and
meaning.
5. deliver a speech grammar that have been established (eg, words, sentences,
and others.)
6. a speech system that will be understood by the linguistic community....

A society, or a human society, is a group of people related to each other through


persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the same geographical or virtual
territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

What features of society affect language? How do they do so?

Any important aspect of social structure and function is likely to have a distinctive
linguistic counterpart. People belong to different social classes, perform different social
rôles, and carry on different occupations ( 1995; David Crystal: CEEL; p.3 )

Language performance (and competence) is likely to be affected by any or all of


these:

Aspects of social organization

 Gender  Social class


 Peer group  Age
 Health or disability/body image  Ethnic group (may be link
to regional variation)
 Occupation (trades, law, politics, news me-
dia, journalism, broadcasting)  Sexuality

Social context - factors which may influence use or response

 Beliefs and attitudes (science, re-  Education of speaker/writer and audi-


ligion, morality) ence
 Notions of propriety  Social situation (work vs. leisure; de-
 Political Correctness gree of [in]formality)
 Intention or purpose
 Fashions in language use
 Stereotyping

Note that:

 Most (or all) of these affect real individuals in complex (multiple) ways.
 The complex effect of these things is itself subject to change.

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 Restricted uses may become mainstream or standard (and vice versa).
 The process is reciprocal: language use is both cause and effect of things in soci-
ety.

We need examples from each of these categories (of which most can be further
subdivided). We also need theoretical models or explanations of these
examples.Explanations must refer to evidence (language data) from texts; they must also
show reason.

The connection between language and society is tightly anchored. The relationship of
the two is deeply rooted. Language performs various functions in the society and the
society does the same way. If one will not exist, the other one will be affected.
Language is the primary tool for communication purposes, for establishing peace and
order in our society, for showing authority and power, and for attaining goals and
objectives. But, it can also destruct the society if it will use inappropriately. It must
follow the conformity governing the society to avoid conflict s and to meet the boundary
of individual differences.
Society however controls our language by giving us preferences as what are
acceptable and not, because each one of us has our own perception or point of view. A
group of people may accept our language, but for others, it could be kind of offence or
insult. We must know how, when and where to say it and for what purpose.
Social changes produce changes in language. This affects values in ways that have
not been accurately understood. Language incorporates social values. However, social
values are only the same as linguistic values when the society is a stable and unchanging
one. Once society starts changing, then language change produces special effects.

Some models to explain how language interacts with society:

Features of society affecting language use and response may be (more or less):

 Static: e.g. ethnicity, gender, class background


 Changing: e.g. education, age, social environment, attitudes and fashions

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 Situational/contextual: e.g. immediate social situation (workplace, home, recre-
ation, peer group, perceived formality of situation)

Language features which may be affected by social categories or contexts:

 Variety used  Meanings (denotation and connota-


 Purposes tion)
 Language change
 Prescriptivism - notion of "correct"
spoken, written and grammatical  Notion of propriety/social accept-
forms ability (PC and non-PC forms)

Structural features of language necessary for modelling sociolinguistics:

Lexis Semantics Etymology Pragmatics Phonology


(special lexicons (special (related to (influence on
or register) meanings) semantics) choice of lang)

Morphology Grammar/syntax Discourse Rhetoric Style


(derivational) structure (law, politics, (figures of
(in special forms - advertising) speech)
liturgy, trials)

LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY STUDY OF TANJUNG LUAR COMMUNITY

This study deals with language choice in Tanjung Luar Community. It is aimed at
identifying the domain of usage of the languages and factors affecting the language
choice. Sampling technique used in this study is Proportional Cluster Sample wherein the
population is divided into groups. The population of this study was the whole inhabitants
of Tanjung Luar Community. The data on this study was collected by observing, giving
questionnaire and slightly interviewing. Then, the data was analyzed by doing several

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steps namely identifying languages used in Tanjung Luar Community, classifying
language choice based on the domains, describing factors for language choice, and
explaining the comparison between the finding of this study and the previous theories.
The result of this study shows various languages and the domains of usage wherein at
home, as well at informal domain and at same-ethnic domain, the people dominantly use
Bajo Language. However, at formal domain, the people tend to use Bahasa Indonesia
dominantly. The study also found two majors factors affecting language choice namely
internal factors including language attitude, message or purpose and acknowledgment; as
well as external factors including interlocutor, topic, domain, and social status.

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REFERENCES

https://jurnal.iaihnwpancor.ac.id/index.php/tarbawi/article/view/162
https://www.studocu.com/id/document/universitas-sebelas-maret/english-language-
education/the-connection-between-language-and-society

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