SHRINKAGE OF EARTHWORK VOLUME:

Due to compaction, an earthwork volume for a fill reduces in volume.

1. The volume of soil to supply a compacted fill is

2. The volume of soil to supply a predetermined amount of compacted fill.

Where k= Shrinkage factor usually expressed in percent.

HAULAGE OF EARTHWORK

Definitions:

1. Haul is the amount of work done in moving or transporting excavated materials to

a point at which it can be utilized for embankment.

Haul = (Volume of excavated materials ) x (Distance traversed in transporting the

materials)
2. Station-meter = unit of measure of haul
3. 1.0 station- meter = one cubic meter of excavated materials moved for a distance
of 20 meters.
4. Free haul distance = a distance fixed within which the hauling of excavated
materials is not paid but assumed already included in the cost of excavation. This
is usually 200 meters long.
5. Overhaul = the haul in excess of free haul.

Overhaul = (Volume in excess of free haul) x (length of overhaul)

6. Length of overhaul = distance between the center of gravity of the mass of
excavation beyond the free haul distance and the center of gravity of embankment
minus the free haul distance.
7. Unit of economic haul = the distance beyond which it is more economical to
waste excavated materials from roadway section and borrow materials from a
borrow pit or quarry within the free haul distance than to force the overhaul of the
excavated materials.
8. Borrow haul = the authorized hauling of materials paid for under borrow
excavation outside the limits of the right-of-way and the free haul distance of 500
meters.
Two diagrams for computing haulage:

1. Profile diagram – a plot of area of cut or fill versus station

A(m2)

station

sta. 0 sta. 1 sta. 2 sta. 3 sta. 4

2. Mass diagram = a plot of accumulated volume of earthwork (cut and fill) versus
stations.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A MASS DIAGRAM

1. Grade points on the profile diagram corresponds to maximum and minimum