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Gen Math - Q1-M1
Gen Math - Q1-M1
General
Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 1
Functions
i
11
General
Mathematics
Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO
FUNCTIONS
ii
General Mathematics – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Module 1: Introduction to Functions
First Edition, 2019
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Management Team
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview ................................................................................................................... 1
Objectives ................................................................................................................. 1
Pretest ...................................................................................................................... 3
Activity 1… ........................................................................................ 14
Lesson 2: Evaluating Function ................................................................................16
Activity 2 ............................................................................................ 18
Lesson 3: Operations on Function .......................................................................... 20
Composition of Functions ....................................................................... 24
Problems involving Functions ................................................................. 25
Activity 3 ............................................................................................ 25
Summary/Generalizations ....................................................................................... 27
Posttest................................................................................................................... 28
References………………………………………………………………………………….
iv
What I need to Know
Dear learner,
In this module, the competencies expected that you will learn are found in the
Module Content. You will see how relations and functions are represented and what
piece-wise functions are. You will also learn how to evaluate perform operations with
functions and composite functions. Plus, you will need critical thinking skills as you
solve problems with functions.
You may then start this module. Try to understand the Lesson 1 and Lesson 2,
learn from the illustrative and solved examples, and do the activities (Activity 1 to
Activity 6). Take the challenge in the Posttest. Then, check your work. Answers
are provided in the ANSWER KEY. Read the Summary and generalizations.
For sure, you will enjoy learning how to represent relations and functions. Do
not hesitate to ask help from your teacher if there are difficulties that you have
encountered.
Good Luck!
Module Content
2. evaluate a function;
and
1
General Directions
To help you attain the objectives of this module, you may try following the
steps below.
❖ First, read carefully each lesson on this module. Should there be times that
you need to read again parts of the lesson, go ahead!
❖ Second, answer the pre-assessment test. It is expected that some parts may
be unfamiliar to you as new lessons will be learned in this module.
❖ Third, read and follow instructions honestly.
❖ Fourth, do not hesitate to answer all the activities set for you. Your teacher
will be glad to answer your queries.
❖ Then, you may check answers to each activity. An Answer Key is provided.
❖ And lastly, read the Summary carefully so you will not miss out important
concepts in this module.
What I Know
Let us check how much you know about functions and their graphs.
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet.
4) It is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values.
a. relation c. domain
b. function d. range
2
6) Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5 & 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4, find (𝑓●𝑔)(𝑥).
a. 6𝑥2 + 23𝑥 − 20 c. 6𝑥2 − 20
b. 6𝑥2 − 23𝑥 − 20 d. 6𝑥2 − 7𝑥 − 20
8) When dividing two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with
the of the divisor.
a. reciprocal c. abscissa
b. addend d. Theorem
9) What is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take in a relation?
a. domain c. equation
b. range d. function
3
LESSON
REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS
1
Here you’ll learn how to interpret situations that occur in everyday life and use
functions to represent them. You’ll also use these functions to answer questions that
come up.
What if your bank charged a monthly fee of $15 for your checking account
and also charged $0.10 for each check written? How would you represent this
scenario with a function? Also, what if you could only afford to spend $20 a month on
fees? Could you use your function to find out how many checks you could write per
month? In this Concept, you’ll learn how to handle situations like these by using
functions.
4
3. Can you determine any purpose why these concepts are present in the
pictures? Please specify.
4. Can you cite any problem which can be answered through these concepts?
Describe at least one.
Example
Number of CDs 2 4 6 8 10
Solution:
5
You pay Php 24 for 2 CDs, Php 48 for 4 CDs, and Php 120 for 10 CDs. That
means that each CD costs Php 12.
Example
Write a
𝒙 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝒚 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
Solution:
The values of the dependent variable are always the corresponding positive
outcomes of the input values. This relationship has a special name, the absolute
value. The function rule looks like this: 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝒙|.
Example
Maya has an internet service that currently has a monthly access fee of $11.95 and a
connection fee of $0.50 per hour. Represent her monthly cost as a function of
connection time.
Solution:
Let 𝑥 = the number of hours Maya spends on the internet in one month.
𝑦 = Maya’s monthly cost.
The monthly fee is $11.95 with an hourly charge of $0.50.
The total cost = flat fee + hourly fee × number of hours. The function is
6
When diving in the ocean, you must consider how much pressure you will
experience from diving a certain depth. From the atmosphere, we experience 14.7
pounds per square inch (psi) and for every foot we dive down into the ocean, we
experience another 0.44 psi in pressure.
Process Questions:
1. How did you answer the problem above?
2. What concept did you use to solve the problem?
3. What might happen if you can’t be able to respond to the given situation?
4. How can challenging problems involving geometric figures be analyzed and
solved?
Definition
A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set
of values (called the range).
A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the
range by some rule.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value
but different y-values. Using functional notation, we can write 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦, read as
“𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑦. ” In particular, if (1, 2) is an ordered pair associated with the function f,
then we say that 𝑓(2) = 1.
1. Ordered Pairs
Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions?
Solution:
The relations 𝑓 and ℎ are functions because no two ordered pairs have the
same x-value but different y-values. Meanwhile, 𝑔 is not a function because
(3,2) and (3, 3) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different y-
values.
2. Table of values
Example 2
A. x -3 -2 -1 0 1 3 4
y 10 5 2 1 2 5 6
x 1 1 1 2 4
8
Inspecting the y 1 2 3 4 5 abscissas in the
table,
B.
3. Mapping Diagrams
Example 3. Which of the following mapping diagrams represent
functions?
𝑓 𝑔
Solution.
The relations f and g are functions because each value y in Y is unique for
a specific value of x. The relation h is not a function because there is at
least one element in X for which there is more than one corresponding y-
value. For example, 𝑥 = 2 corresponds to 𝑦 = 20 or 40.
9
1. 2.
3. 4.
5.
Solution.
Graphs 2, 3, 4 are graphs of functions while 1 and 5 are not because they
Important Concepts.
Relations are rules that relate two values, one from a set of inputs and the second from the set
of outputs.
Functions are rules that relate only one value from the set of outputs to a value from the set
of inputs.
The domain of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take.
10
do not pass the vertical line test.
Example 5.
Identify the domain for each relation using set builder notation.
a. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2
b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥
c. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
d. 𝑦 = √𝑥 − 4
2𝑥+1
e. 𝑦 = 𝑥−1
f. 𝑦 = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 where is the greatest integer function.
a. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹} d. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟒}
b. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹} e. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏}
c. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏} f. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}
Example 6.
Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one meal
costs P40.
Solution: Since each meal costs P40, then the cost function is 𝐶(𝑥) = 40𝑥.
11
Example 7.
Solution.
Piecewise Functions.
Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the
value of the independent variable.
Example 8.
A user is charged 𝑃300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes
100 free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each.
Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the function 𝑡(𝑚),
where m is the number of messages sent in a month.
Solution. The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function
Example 9.
A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional
integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to
represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.
Solution.
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The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If
𝐹(𝑑) represents the fare as a function of distance, the function can be
represented as follows:
8.00 , 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑑 ≤ 4
𝐹(𝑑) = {
8 + 1⌊𝑑⌋ , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 > 4
Note that ⌊𝑑⌋ is the floor function applied to d. The floor function gives the
largest integer less than or equal to d, e.g. ⌊4.1⌋ = ⌊4.9⌋ = ⌊4⌋
Example 10.
Water can exist in three states: solid ice, liquid water, and gaseous water
vapor. As ice is heated, its temperature rises until it hits the melting point of
0°C and stays constant until the ice melts. The temperature then rises until it
hits the boiling point of 100°C and stays constant until the water evaporates.
When the water is in a gaseous state, its temperature can rise above 100°C
(This is why steam can cause third degree burns!).
A solid block of ice is at -25°C and heat is added until it completely turns into
water vapor. Sketch the graph of the function representing the temperature of
water as a function of the amount of heat added in Joules given the following
information:
Solution. Let 𝑇(𝑥) represent the temperature of the water in degrees Celsius as a
function of cumulative heat added in Joules. The function T(x) can be graphed as
follows:
13
This is a piecewise function because the temperature rise can be expressed as a
linear function with positive slope until the temperature hits 0°C, then it becomes a
constant function until the total heat reaches 6,950𝐾 𝐽. It then becomes linear again
until the temperature reaches 100°C, and becomes a constant function again until
the total heat reaches 55,260 𝐽.
Are you ready to take the test? Right on the next page…
What’s New
Answer the following item as instructed. Write your answer on a separate sheet.
Justify your answer.
Activity 1: RELATION-ships
1. For which values of k is the set of order pairs (2, 4), (𝑘, 6), (4, 0 ) a function?
14
3. Give the domain of 𝑦 = √6 − 𝑥 using set builder notation.
4. A person is earning P600 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary
S as a function of the number n of days that the person works.
5. A taxi ride costs P40.00 for the first 500 meters, and each additional 300
meters (or a fraction thereof) adds P3.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function
to represent the taxi fare in terms of the distance d in meters
6. A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy more
than 10 pieces, they will be marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece. Use
a piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of the number of chocolate
bars bought.
What I Learned…
1. What did you discover from the activity?
2. What conjecture or conclusion can you give from what you have learned?
15
LESSON
2 EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
PRE-REQUISITE SKILLS:
You need a good grasp of GEMDAS. GEMDAS is an acronym for the words
Grouping symbols, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction. When
asked to simplify two or more operations in one algebraic/numerical expression, the
order of the letters in GEMDAS indicates what to calculate first, second, third and so
on, until a simplified expression is achieved.
What’s More
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2
b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥
c. ℎ(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 4
2𝑥+1
d. 𝑟(𝑥) =
𝑥−1
e. 𝑡(𝑥) = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 where is the greatest integer function
Solution:
16
Evaluate the following functions, where f and q are as defined in
Example 1.
a) 𝑓(2𝑥 + 1) b) 𝑔(4𝑥 − 3)
Solution:
a. 𝑓(2𝑥 + 1) = 3(2𝑥 + 1) − 2 = 6𝑥 + 3 − 2 = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏
b. 𝑔(4𝑥 − 3) = 3(4𝑥 − 3)2 − 4(4𝑥 − 3)
= 3(16𝑥2 − 24𝑥 + 9) − 16𝑥 + 12
= 48𝑥2 − 88𝑥 + 39
Example 3
Solution.
Example 4
Suppose that 𝑠 (𝑇) is the top speed (in km per hour) of a runner when the
temperature is T degrees Celsius. Explain what the statements 𝑠(15) = 12
and 𝑠(30) = 10 mean.
Solution.
The first equation means that when the temperature is 15°𝐶, then the top
speed of a runner is 12 km per hour. However, when temperature rises
to 30°𝐶, the top speed is reduced to 10 km per hour.
Example 5
The velocity 𝑉 (in m/s) of a ball thrown upward 𝑡 seconds after the ball was
thrown is given by 𝑉(𝑡) = 20 – 9.8𝑡. Calculate 𝑉(0) and 𝑉(1), and explain
what these results mean.
Solution.
17
𝑉(0) = 20 – 9.8(0) = 20 and 𝑉(1) = 20 – 9.8(1) = 10.2. These results
indicate that the initial velocity of the ball is 20 m/s. After 1 second, the ball
is traveling more slowly, at 10.2 m/s.
What’s New
c) A computer shop charges P20.00 per hour (or a fraction of an hour) for
the first two hours and an additional P10.00 per hour for each
succeeding hour. Find how much you would pay if you used one of their
computers for:
1) 40 minutes 2) 3 hours 3) 150 minutes
d) Under certain circumstances, a rumor spreads according to the
18
equation
1
𝑝(𝑡) =
1 + 15(2.1)−0.3𝑡
where 𝑝(𝑡) is the proportion of the population that knows the rumor (𝑡)
days after the rumor started. Find 𝑝(4) and 𝑝(10), and interpret the
results.
What I Learned…
You encountered a lot of concepts related to functions. Now it’s time to pause for
What are the two things you are not sure about?
a while and reflect to your learning process by doing the 3-2-1 Chart.
19
Answer key on page 30
LESSON
PRE-REQUISITE SKILLS:
Basic knowledge of algebra is required such as simplifying expressions, factoring
and the like.
Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-pemdas-definition-rule-examples.html
Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to perform
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, composition of functions, and solve
problems involving functions.
Lesson Outline:
1. Review: Operations on algebraic expressions
2. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of functions
3. Function composition
Example 1. Find the sum of 𝟏 and 𝟐
𝟑 𝟓
20
RECALL: Multiplication
Solution.
2
Example 4. Find the product of 𝑥 −4𝑥−5 𝑥2−5𝑥+6
and .
𝑥2−3𝑥+2 𝑥2−3𝑥−10
Solution.
𝑥2 − 4𝑥 − 5 𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 6 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)
2 ● 2 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) ●
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 10 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2)
(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 3)
= ●
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 2)
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 3
=
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2
21
RECALL: Division
To divide two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the
reciprocal of the divisor.
2+𝑥−6
Example 5. Divide 2𝑥 𝑥2−2𝑥−8
and
2𝑥2+7𝑥+5 2𝑥2−3𝑥−20
Solution:
2𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 2𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 20
÷ = ●
2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 5 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 20 2𝑥2 + 7𝑥 + 5 𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 8
(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 4)
= ●
(2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4)
(2𝑥 − 3)
=
(𝑥 + 1)
Definition.
(𝑓●𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)●𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓
4. Their quotient, denoted by , is the function denoted by
𝑔
𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
( ) ( 𝑥) = , excluding the values of x where 𝑔(𝑥) = 0.
𝑔 𝑔(𝑥)
22
Use the following functions below for Example 5
❖ 𝒇(𝒙 ) = 𝒙 + 𝟑
❖ 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟕
❖ 𝒗(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒
❖ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟖
𝒙+𝟕
❖ 𝒉( 𝒙 ) =
𝟐−𝒙
𝒙+𝟐
❖ 𝒕(𝒙) =
𝒙+𝟑
a) (𝑣 + 𝑔)(𝑥)
b) (𝑓 ● 𝑝)(𝑥)
c) (𝑓 + ℎ)(𝑥)
d) (𝑝 − 𝑓)(𝑥)
𝑣
e) ( ) (𝑥)
𝑔
Solution:
𝒙+𝟕
c. (𝑓 + ℎ)(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3) +
𝟐−𝒙
(𝑥 + 3)(2 − 𝑥) 𝑥+7 (𝑥 + 3)(2 − 𝑥) + 𝑥 + 7
= + =
2−𝑥 2−𝑥 2−𝑥
6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 7 13 − 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 13
= = =
2−𝑥 2−𝑥 𝑥−2
d. (𝑝 − 𝑓)(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 7) − (𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑥 − 7 − 𝑥 − 3 = 𝑥 − 10
v
e. () x2+5x+4 (x+1)(x+4) (x+1)
()x
g = x2+2x−8 = (𝑥−2)(𝑥+4) = (𝑥−2)
Applying operations on functions may be quite confusing but as soon as you fully
learn the concept, you can derive strategies to simplify functions easily.
For further understanding on this lesson, watch the video using the link below,
23
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIbAiPUrtvQ
Definition.
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions.
The composite function denoted by 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 is defined by
𝑓 ○ 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)).
𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2 𝐹 ( 𝑥 ) = ⌊𝑥 ⌋ + 1
Solution:
Solution:
= 4𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 1 − 4𝑥 − 2 + 2
= 4𝑥2 + 1
Solution:
2𝑥 + 1
𝑓 ○ 𝑝 (𝑥 ) = 2 ( )+1
𝑥−1
(4𝑥 + 2) + (𝑥 − 1) 5𝑥 + 1
= =
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
Example 10: Find and simplify 𝐹 ○ 𝑝 (5)
Solution:
24
2(5) + 1 11
𝐹 ○ 𝑝 (5) = ⌊ ⌋+1= +1=2+1=3
5−1 4
Suppose that 𝑁(𝑥) = 𝑥 denotes the number of shirts sold by a shop, and
the selling price per shirt is given by 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 – 𝟓𝒙, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20.
Find (𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) and describe what it represents.
Solution:
Example 12
Solution:
4 4
(𝑔 ○ 𝑟) = 𝑔(𝑟(𝑡) = 𝜋𝑟(3𝑡)3 = 𝜋(27𝑡3) = 36𝜋𝑡3. This
3 3
function represents the volume of the balloon at time t
seconds.
What’s More
Activity 3: We Co-Operate
1
b) Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = , find
𝑥
1. 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 (𝑥)
2. 𝑔 ○ 𝑓(−1)
3. 𝑓 ○ 𝑓(𝑥)
25
4. 𝑔 ○ 𝑔(5)
d) Suppose that 𝑁(𝑥) = 𝑥 denotes the number of bags sold by a shop, and the
selling price per bag is given by 𝑝(𝑥) = 320 – 8𝑥, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10. Suppose
further that the cost of producing x bags is given by 𝐶(𝑥) = 200𝑥. Find
1. (𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) and
2. (𝑁 ● 𝑝 – 𝐶)(𝑥).
What do these functions represent?
Application
1. Give a function 𝑓 that represents the price of the book if a P100 price
reduction applies.
2. Give a function 𝑔 that represents the price of the book if a 10% discount
applies.
3. Compute (𝑓 ○ 𝑔)(𝑥) and (𝑔 ○ 𝑓)(𝑥). Describe what these means. Which of
these give a better deal for the customer?
Process questions:
26
Generalization
You encountered a lot of concepts related to functions. Now it’s time to pause for
What are the two things you are not sure about?
a while and reflect to your learning process by doing the 3-2-1 Chart.
Let us summarize…
Key Concepts
• A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have
the same x-value but different y-values. Using functional notation, we can
write f(x) = y, read as “f of x is equal to y.”
27
• To evaluate a function means to substitute/replace the variable with a given
value or an expression. f(a) denotes that f will be computed by replacing all
the variables in the functions with a.
• Operations on functions is denoted by the following:
POSTTEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet.
4. It is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-
value but different y-values?
28
a. relation c. domain
b. function d. range
8. To divide two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the
of the divisor.
a. reciprocal c. abscissa
b. addend d. Theorem
9. The of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take.
a. domain c. equation
b. range d. function
11. A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph
at most .
a. once c. twice
b. thrice d. all of the these
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excluding the values of x where 𝑔(𝑥) = .
a. 0 c. 1
b. Both a and c d. None of these
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REFERENCES
Math is Fun
https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/functions-evaluating.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIbAiPUrtvQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoe4xjUZQk
Misamis.oriental@deped.gov.ph
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