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Index Terms—Balance Control, Wheel-legged Robots, Optimal little work on developing systems that may help people to
Control, Self-balancing Robot. keep an upright position and avoid falling over. A rather rare
example of the balance-assist systems is a lower body ex-
oskeleton that consists of powered hip flexion/extension (HFE)
I. I NTRODUCTION
and hip abduction/adduction (HAA) joints to support walking
The most common cause of injuries among older adults is and balancing [8]. We therefore investigate the feasibility of
falling [1]. These injuries not only affect the physical health a wheel-legged biped robot that helps prevent older adults
of patients but also place an appreciable financial burden on and paraplegic patients from falling. Adaptability to various
governmental healthcare budgets. Fall-induced injuries are a terrain is of critical importance to human-assistance robotic
major source of longstanding pain, physical disability, and systems, as users live in different environments. We know
death among older adults [2]. that legged locomotion is robust in terms of climbing stairs
In recent years, numerous performance-augmenting and and traversing rough terrain, whereas wheel mechanisms are
rehabilitation exoskeleton systems have been developed by energy efficient for traversing flat terrain. A hybrid wheel-
robotics companies and researchers for able-bodied people and legged robotic system has the advantages of both leg and wheel
physically disabled patients, respectively [3]. As an example, mechanisms, and it adapts its locomotion to the requirements
a leg exoskeleton developed for able-bodied people provides of given terrain. Moreover, a biped wheel-legged system
positive mechanical power to the ankle during push-off [4]. provides the complex balancing reactions needed to keep the
Ma et. al. designed a wheeled-foot exoskeleton for paraplegic center of mass (CoM) within the base of support of a human
patients, allowing users to walk with a standing posture [5]. body.
An assistive intelligent walker is developed to help the elderly, Wheel-legged systems have recently caught the attraction
handicapped, or blind people by employing servo brakes [6]. A of the search and rescue, rapid exploration, and logistics
team from UC Berkeley developed a lower-extremity exoskele- robotics community; a fascinating example of such systems
ton called BLEEX (Berkeley Lower Extremity Exoskeleton) is a wheeled biped robot called Handle manufactured by the
[7]. It is the first field-operational exoskeleton that helps users Boston Dynamics [9]. While Handle has shown remarkable
carry an appreciable load with minimal effort. balancing and manipulation feats, yet its locomotion and
As illustrated by the above mentioned works, there has been control frameworks have not been shared with the open
vast interest in developing robotic systems for performance research community. Another two-wheeled human assistant
augmentation, and the rehabilitation of people. However to the robot with sitting and running capabilities was proposed by
best of the authors’ knowledge, there has been comparatively [10]. To take the advantage of both wheeled and legged
F. Raza and D. Owaki are with the Department of Robotics, Grad- locomotion, a small wheel-legged robot PAW is presented
uate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan by [11]. They designed the robot in such a way that its
(email: r.fahad@neuro.mech.tohoku.ac.jp; owaki@tohoku.ac.jp). legs are capable of limited recirculation helping it to gain
M. Hayashibe is concurrently with the Graduate School of Biomedical
Engineering and the Department of Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, a cruise speed of up to 2 m/s. Suzumura et. al. modeled a
Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan (email: hayashibe@tohoku.ac.jp). quadruped wheel-legged mobile robot in three dimensions and
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system:
L = K.E − P.E
= Tc + Tw − Uc .
The equations of motion are then calculated by solving
d ∂L ∂L ∂F
− + = Qi , (10)
dt ∂ q̇i ∂qi ∂ q̇i
where qi represents generalized coordinates and Qi general-
ized forces.
For the wheel-legged robot, we choose the generalized coor-
dinate vector q = [I xr I yr α β θr θl ]T . After solving Eq. (10)
by substituting for L and F , motion equations of the robot are
expressed in familiar matrix form as
Fig. 2: Dynamic model of the robot. M (q)q̈ + V q̇ + H(q, q̇) + G = Eτ, (11)
where M (q) ∈ R6×6 is the inertia matrix, V ∈ R6×6 is a
square matrix of viscous friction terms, H(q, q̇) ∈ R6 is a
kinetic energy equation: vector of Coriolis and centrifugal terms, G ∈ R6 is a vector
of the gravitational force, E ∈ R6×2 is the torque selection
−α̇ sin(β) matrix, and τ ∈ R2 is the vector of control torques. These are
C Ωc =
β̇ . (4) expressed as
α̇ cos(β)
mc 0 −c4 c5 0 0
The translational and rotational kinetic energy of the CoM is 0
mc c3 c6 0 0
calculated as −c4 c3 c1 0 0 0
M (q) = ,
1 1 c5 c6 0 Iyy + mc l2 0 0
Tc = mc I VcT I Vc + C ΩTc Ic C Ωc 0
2 2 0 0 0 c2 0
1 h 2 0 0 0 0 0 c2
= mc I ẋr + 2 I ẋr l β̇ cos(α) cos(β) − α̇ sin(α) sin(β)
2
+ I ẏr2 + 2 I ẏ r l β̇ sin(α) cos(β) + α̇ cos(α) sin(β)
0 0 0 0 0 0
i 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ (lβ̇)2 + l2 α̇2 sin2 (β)
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 V = ,
+ Ixx α̇2 sin2 (β) + Iyy β̇ 2 + Izz α̇2 cos2 (β) .
0 0 0
cr + cl −cr −cl
2 0 0 0 −cr cr 0
(5) 0 0 0 −cl 0 cl
The translational and rotational kinetic energy of the two
wheels is given by −(c3 α̇2 + c3 β̇ 2 + 2c6 α̇β̇)
Ẋ = AX + BU D2 = 2 a2 r2 + a3 b2 ,
(24)
Y = CX + DU, D3 = 2r Iyy (a1 + 0.5mc r2 ) + a1 mc l2 ,
−H7 −H8 feedback gain vector Klqr . The LQR places the poles in such
0 0 H D3
5 H6
D3 D3 a way that the closed-loop system optimizes the cost function
D3
0 0 Z ∞
0
0 Jlqr = [X(t)T QX(t) + U (t)T RU (t)] dt, (26)
0 0 0
+ τ,
e1 e1
where X QX is the state cost with weight Q, while U T RU
T
e2 −e2 is the control cost with weight R [19]. The optimal state-
e3 e3 feedback law is then given as
(25)
U = ref. − Klqr X. (27)
where
Here the necessary condition for optimality is
a1 = Iwa + Ira γ 2 + mw r2 ,
Klqr = R−1 B T P, (28)
a2 = Ird + Iwd + 0.5Izz + mw b2 ,
a3 = Iwa + Ira γ 2 , a4 = cr + cl , where P is calculated by solving the algebraic Riccati equation
a5 = cl − cr , 2
a6 = Iyy + mc l + mc lr, 0 = AT P + P A + Q − P BR−1 B T P. (29)
2
a7 = 2a3 + r (mc + 2mw ) + mc lr, It is also important to choose Q and R matrices carefully to
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VIII. F UNDING
Not applicable.
R EFERENCES
V. C ONCLUSION
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All relevant data are within the paper (IROS), 2018, pp. 2426–2433.
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