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GEOTHERMAL SITE SUITABILITY SELECTION USING GIS IN THE PROVINCE OF

LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES

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 GEOTHERMAL SITE SUITABILITY SELECTION USING GIS IN THE PROVINCE OF
LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES

C. N. Pantea, ∗, C. M. Dalidab , M. K. Alemaniac , R. Bahiad

a
GRASPED STAMINA4Space, University of the Philippines, Philippines - cnpante@stamina4space.upd.edu.ph
b
UP Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Philippines - celestinedalida@gmail.com
c
UP National Institute of Geological Sciences,University of the Philippines, Philippines - mkalemania@gmail.com
d
Department of Geodetic Engineering, University of the Philippines, Philippines - rbahia@up.edu.ph

KEY WORDS: geothermal, Laguna, GIS.

ABSTRACT:

The Philippines has a long term plan to maximize the supply capacity of the nation’s energy through geothermal resources. Geo-
thermal energy is clean and renewable but locating these resources is a costly endeavor. The use of Geographical Information
Systems (GIS) and datasets can be used to select and identify potential areas for geothermal exploration. This study aims to use GIS
methods composed of six evidence and two restriction layers to determine geothermal suitability of areas in Laguna. The result of
this study is a map with six suitability types. The framework presented in this study can be used as an initial exploration method to
narrow target areas and lessen potential cost from ground surveys.

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Geothermal energy is the heat derived within the sub-surface of
the Earth. It can be used for heating and cooling purposes, or be
harnessed to generate clean electricity. It is a form of renewable
energy deemed safer than most other possible energy sources,
as conventional geothermal power plants emit less greenhouse
gases (GHGs) than a similar-sized fossil-fueled power plant
(Peñarroyo, 2010).
The Philippines, located at the Circum-Pacific Rim of Fire, is
rich in various minerals and energy resources. However, for
the longest time, the country has been highly dependent on im-
ported energy sources, such as coal and crude oil for electricity
generation, and has only recently shifted to indigenous sources
and other renewable means. It comes in second to the United
States of America in terms of geothermal energy utilization for
electricity generation. In 2015, seven of its production fields
contributed to nearly 12% of the electricity requirements in the
country (Inés et al., 2015).
Despite the growing attention for geothermal energy, location
and evaluation of these sources can be regarded as costly. Based
on PNOC Energy Development Corporation-derived projects
implemented over the years, a 100 MW geothermal power plant
feasibility study alone, which requires three deep explorations
wells, already costs US$14.46 million (Dolor, 2005). Extens-
ive research is needed before pursuance of exploratory drilling
to which it then incurs substantial expenses.
Prospective geothermal sites undergo several stages including
a pre-feasibility stage which consists of a definition and recon-
naissance evaluation phase, detailed exploration phase, and fi-
nally the exploratory drilling and delineation phase. The eval-
uation phase mainly focuses on gathering existing scientific In-
formation from previous geological, geochemical and geophys-
∗ Corresponding author. This is useful to know for communication with
the appropriate person in cases with more than one author
ical studies in a certain area which helps out in mapping of vol-
canic activities, thermal manifestations (hot springs, ground-
water boreholes, steam jets) and other traditional usage of geo-
thermal energy (Dolor, 2005). The use of remote sensing ex-
tends widely and can be used particularly during this stage as
well as in exploration, and even during the operational stage
of geothermal reservoirs but this method is only used sparingly
(van der Meer et al., 2014). Further exploration of GIS tech-
niques in geothermal site suitability would be valuable and can
cut costs if proven effective.
1.2 Indicator of Geothermal Resources
In one study, both spatial distribution and association analysis
were performed to determine which indicators are useful in de-
termining mapping of regional-scale geothermal potential areas
in Indonesia (Carranza et al., 2008). Quaternary volcanic cen-
ters, quaternary volcanic rocks, areas of quasi low gravity, and
fault line at NE-, NNW-, and WNW- trending fault shows a
positive spatial association with the geothermal occurrences.
In addition to these data, analysis of geochemical data indicat-
ing hydrothermal alteration zones, hot springs, fumaroles, and
hotsprings with temperature above 25°C can provide the oc-
currence of geothermal resources (Noorollahi et al., 2015).
These determination of geothermal potential sites can be fur-
ther refined by incorporating a land cover layer to exclude non-
relevant areas such as vegetation, water zones and infrastruc-
tures (Lago González and Rodrı́guez-Gonzálvez, 2019).
1.3 GIS in exploring Geothermal Resources
GIS-based suitability analysis has been applied for geothermal
exploration and their results showed a strong correlation from
conventional methods (Noorollahi et al., 2015). In the same
study, the indicators of geothermal potential were classified into
3 categories, geological, geochemical,and geophysical data lay-
ers. Boolean integration methods were applied to these data to
determine suitable sites. These geothermal potential sites were
ranked into four (4) priorities satisfying geological, geochem-
ical and geophysical suitability.
 Figure 1. Study Area.

In another study, geothermal potential zones were determined 2. METHODOLOGY

using maps of both remotely sensed data such as land cover,
land surface temperature, and bouguer anomalies, and GIS
data such as rocks and geological faults (Lago González and
Rodrı́guez-Gonzálvez, 2019). Together with the ground truth
information of geothermal potential zones, a random forest de-
cision classifier was carried out to determine other geothermal
potential zones. The result shows large areas common to both
the ground truth information and the resulting classified geo-
thermal potential sites. This workflow allows integration of dif-
ferent scenarios and regions and can be filled with other inform-
ation layers.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Despite the ambitious goals to shift to renewable sources, the
Philippines found itself falling behind in the rankings of the top
geothermal countries (Nortajuddin, 2020). The necessity for
more geothermal sources is more evident now that the need for
energy diversification has also risen.
Further exploration and utilization of said geothermal resources
in our country can give rise to self-reliance on our own en-
ergy sources and lower the demand for exported energy supply.
Given the need for more geothermal sources and the evident
geothermal nature of the province of Laguna, the objective of
this study is to look for sites in that area that are suitable for
geothermal exploration.
2.1 Study Area
The study area is shown in Figure 1. The province of Laguna
is located approximately 30 km south of Metro Manila and is
part of the CALABARZON (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal,
and Quezon) region of Luzon. It extends to about 1759.73 km2
in total land area. It is bordered in the south by Mt. Makiling
and Mt. Banahaw which are both sources of geothermal energy
(Jago-on et al., 2017). This province is known to house many
hot spring resorts especially in the areas of Calamba and Los
Baños (Jago-on et al., 2017).
2.2 Database
Table 1 characterizes the database used in this study. The evid-
ence layers consist of volcanoes, faults, springs, gravity anom-
aly, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land
surface temperature (LST) each retrieved from their sources.
NDVI and LST were both generated from the same Landsat 8
L1TP product. Meanwhile, restriction layers consist of built-up
areas filtered from a MCD12Q1 MODIS (Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer) product and slope generated from
an SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) product. The
evidence and restriction layers are discussed further in the next
subsections. The built-up areas were determined using the An-
nual IGBP classification of the MCD12Q1 product.

Theme Data Source Period / Date / Year

Evidence Volcanoes PhilGIS, PHIVOLCS 2019
Faults PhilGIS 2019
Fractures Geologic Map of Laguna 2008
Hot Springs OpenStreetMap May 2021
Bouguer Anomaly International Gravimetric Bureau (BGI) May 2021
NDVI Landsat 8, NASA Earth Search July 2020
LST Landsat 8, NASA Earth Search July 2020
Restriction Built-up (Land Cover) MODIS, NASA Earth Search December 2020
Slope (DEM) SRTM, NASA Earth Search 2020

Table 1. Database characteristics used in this study.

 Figure 2. Evidence Layers.
2.3 Evidence Layers
Six evidence layers were used in this study and are shown in
Figure 2. Starting with volcanoes, they are clear indicators of
underground heat sources. Volcanic craters constitute one ele-
ment in geological exploration for geothermal resources as geo-
logists assume the area to host volcanic activity. Volcanoes also
indicate the presence of quaternary volcanic rocks. These rocks
are used in identifying geothermal prospects since they produce
heat sources (Noorollahi et al., 2015). A volcanic field is also
present in Laguna which contains scoria cones and maars.
The next layer is faults and fractures. In Geothermal systems,
fluid mostly flows through fractures, thus faults and fractures
play a significant role in the exploration of geothermal sites
(Noorollahi et al., 2015). The presence of fractures are evidence
of potentially permeable zones that act as conduits for thermal
fluid from the reservoir to shallower depth (Suryantini et al.,
2013).
The third data is hot springs. They indicate the presence of
geothermal fluids seeping through faults or fractures. Many
geothermal fields were discovered through springs and then de-
veloped through deep drilling (Stevanovic, 2010). The abund-
ance of hot springs in Laguna increased tourism development
and exploration of groundwater use (Jago-on et al., 2017). Hot
springs is one geochemistry layer that can be used for geo-
thermal site analysis.
The fourth data is the bouguer anomalies which is a measure-
ment of Earth’s gravity field. It is a geophysical method used
to explore geothermal resources. In one geothermal exploration
 Figure 3. Restriction Layers.

study, it was used to detect geological structures that have rela-

x − xmin
tion to the mechanism of fluid discharge (d’Amour Uwiduhaye x0 = 1 − (1)
et al., 2018). The data can also be used to search for aquifers xmax − xmin
(Lago González and Rodrı́guez-Gonzálvez, 2019).
where x0 = normalized value
The fifth evidence layer is land surface temperature (LST). The
xmin = minimum pixel value
thermal energy from Earth’s core, mantle and crust is transmit-
xmax = maximum pixel value
ted by conduction to the surface. At increasing depth, temper-
ature increases (Fridleifsson et al., 2008). Because of this heat
flow, geothermal fields can be distinguished before exploration.
A study in the Philippines showed that LST can be used to se- The case is different for gravity anomaly and LST. Higher val-
lect areas for geothermal exploration where high values indicate ues for gravity and LST are more significant. Because of it, the
possible geothermal activity. The researchers further added that normalized weight for these layers are linear. The formula is:
Landsat based LST measurements were close to ground obser-
vations (Farley and Meneses, 2015). x − xmin
x0 = (2)
xmax − xmin
The final layer is the normalized difference vegetation index
(NDVI). Thermal manifestations frequently induce vegetation
stress as a result of acidic fluid or high temperatures. NDVI can where x0 = normalized value
assist in the identification of thermal manifestation areas aiding xmin = minimum pixel value
the geothermal area selection (Suryantini and Wibowo, 2009). xmax = maximum pixel value
In one study, NDVI showed an inverse correlation with heat
flow in the active thermal area of a volcano (Mia et al., 2014).

2.4 Restriction Layers The suitability map is generated using a weighted overlay of
evidence layers. The weights for each layer is shown in Table 2.
Two restriction layers were used in this study and are shown The assigned weights are subjective and are based on the im-
in Figure 3. The first restriction layer is built-up areas. In this portance of each layer. Since the presence of geothermal sites
study, these areas are locations where urbanization has taken in Laguna are highly associated with the volcanic field, the vol-
place. Thus, geothermal exploration would be invasive to the canoes layer have the highest weight of 0.3. The faults and frac-
settlers in these areas. The other restriction data is the slope tures in Laguna are evidence of permeability in volcanic rocks.
layer. Slope refers to the steepness of the land. This restric- Thus, it receives a weight of 0.2. The present geothermal fields
tion is to avoid surface disturbances on drill pads (Noorollahi in Laguna are also associated with hot springs. Thus a weight
et al., 2008). Slope greater than 15% would be inappropriate of 0.2 is also applied. The gravity anomaly, LST and NDVI
(Noorollahi et al., 2008) and severe (Yousefi and Ehara, 2007). each receive a weight of 0.1 since they are considered support
layers for identifying permeability in geothermal exploration.
2.5 Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Normalized Layer Weight
The proximity raster layers (volcanoes, faults and fractures,
Proximity to Volcanoes 0.3
and hot springs), interpolated gravity anomaly layer; LST and
Proximity to Faults and Fractures 0.2
NDVI were each converted into a normalized raster layer. For
Proximity to Springs 0.2
volcanoes, faults and fractures, and hot springs, it is favorable
Gravity Anomaly 0.1
to be closer to the feature. Thus, lower pixel value or pixels
NDVI 0.1
closer to the feature have higher normalized weight. The case
LST 0.1
is the same for NDVI. Lower vegetation contributes more than
high vegetation index. In this case, the formula used to calcu-
late each normalized layer is as follows. Table 2. Weights of evidence layers.
 Figure 4. Framework used in this study.

Thresholding is introduced in order to group the weighted Suitability Type Area (km2 ) % Area of Laguna
overlay output into 5 initial suitability types. A reclassifica-
tion method is used to group pixels based on threshold and Very High 166.385 9.297
value range. The initial suitability types and the correspond- High 595.548 33.2795
ing weighted overlay value threshold are listed in Table 3. The Medium 481.048 26.8813
variable x in the table represents the pixel value of the weighted Low 159.333 8.903
overlay. Very Low 72.515 4.052
Restricted 314.7139 17.586
Suitability Type Value Range
Table 4. Value range of initial suitability types.
Very Low x < 0.4
Low 0.4 <= x < 0.5
Medium 0.5 <= x < 0.6 The area with Very High suitability covers approximately 166
High 0.6 <= x < 0.7 km2 or 9.3% of Laguna. The areas with ”High” suitability have
Very High x => 0.7 the largest cover of approximately 595 km2 or 33% of Laguna.
The Medium type suitable areas are mostly situated on the ride
Table 3. Value range of initial suitability types. side of the final map and covers more than 481 km2 or 26% of
the study area. The “Low” suitable areas are mostly situated
in between the ”Medium” and ”Very Low”. This type of area
3. RESULTS roughly covers 159 km2 or 9% of Laguna. The “Very Low” is
situated in the most right side of the study area. It makes up
72.5 km2 or 4%.
The final output of the site suitability selection using GIS is
shown in Figure 5. The final suitability layer consists of 6 suit- “Restricted” built-up areas are mostly located on the left part of
ability types from “Very High” corresponding to the most suit- Laguna and the slope restricted areas are mostly located on the
able areas to “Very Low” representing the least favorable areas, right side. Roughly 314 km2 or 17.6% of Laguna is restricted
and also a Rectrited type indicating that geothermal exploration for geothermal exploration.
should be avoided in these areas. Each area and its percentage
of the total area of Laguna is listed in Table 4. Generally, the suitability type decreases from “Very High” to
 Figure 5. Final Suitability Map with Restrictions..
“Very Low” as the area moves further to the volcanic center or
as it goes to the right.
In addition, four existing geothermal sites sit on the “Very
High” suitable area. Meanwhile, two existing sites sit on the
“Medium” suitable area. Furthermore, a region of “Very High”
suitable area in the lower right of the study area has an absence
of geothermal sites.
The resulting map also showed that there is a clustered “Very
High” suitable area in the municipalities of Majayjay and Luisi-
ana in Laguna. The result can be used as the basis of an initial
exploration plan for these areas
4. DISCUSSION
The objective of this study is to use GIS operations for site suit-
ability selection in Laguna. A number of studies have explored
potential geothermal resources on global (Coro and Trumpy,
2020) and local scales using GIS and remote sensing methodo-
logies. Suitability is linked to a complicated mixture of para-
meters, thus, identifying geothermal sites using independent
parameters is difficult (Coro and Trumpy, 2020). The result of
this study showed spatial distribution of 6 geothermal suitabil-
ity types using 6 evidence and 2 restriction layers. It is based on
the proximity, interpolated and normalized values of the evid-
ence layers and masking from the restriction layer.
A GIS-based geothermal exploration approach used a subject-
ive weighting of evidence layers based on geothermal experts’
grading (Yalcin and Kilic Gul, 2017). In this research, two pro-
cesses from the entire framework are subjective – the weights
of each evidence layer and thresholding of value range for the
initial suitability types. It followed the previous study by using
weights based on importance. The previous study put weight
on geological evidence the most, next is geochemical and LST
with the least. This study followed that trend by putting 50% of
weight to geological (30% volcanoes and 20% faults and frac-
tures), and 20% to geochemical (20% hot springs) and the rest
for other parameters (10% each). Even if the weights are sub-
jective, the result showed consistency since the most suitable
areas (Very High) contained most existing and proposed geo-
thermal sites. Thus, making the study’s model acceptable. Two
proposed geothermal sites are located in the upper parts of La-
guna. However in this study, the surrounding area for these pro-
posals has less suitability to a degree (Medium). The absence
of volcanoes affected the weight for that area.
Furthermore, the study has limitations. For example, the hot
springs layer is based on open data which could be lacking and
consequently affected the result. In addition, the normalization
of evidence layers is purely based on the minimum and max-
imum values of each layer, thus giving a linear and inverse pro-
portion of the actual values. Because of it, values of 1 were
given to the pixel with the highest value and 0 for the lowest
pixel value. This ignores that a threshold for each parameter
might already be significant and must also have a value of 1.
Given all of these, the model can still be used to delineate the
suitability of land for geothermal exploration. This framework
can be used as an initial geothermal inspection method before
ground survey to narrow the target area and lessen the cost of
the whole exploration process.
5. CONCLUSION
The study used a GIS model to explore suitability of geothermal
resources in the province of Laguna. The highlights of the res-
ults are listed:
1. Very High suitable areas cover approximately 166 km2 or
9.3% of Laguna.
2. Amongst the suitability types, High type has the largest
area of 595 km2 or 33% of Laguna.
3. An area of 314 km2 or 17.6% of Laguna is restricted.
4. Generally, the suitability decreases as the area moves fur-
ther away from the volcanic field of Laguna.
5. Four out of six of the existing geothermal sites sit on the
Very High suitable area based on the result of the GIS
model.
6. Finally, the model developed in this study showed that
there are more areas that need further investigation for geo-
thermal exploration.
The study used a GIS model to explore suitability of geothermal
resources in the province of Laguna. As feasibility studies
of geothermal systems are costly, the implementation of this
method can aid it by narrowing the target search area. With
4 out of 6 known geothermal potential sites and 1 existing
geothermal power plant on the “Very High” suitable area, this
method is shown to be effective. Geological, geochemical, and
geophysical layers are proven to be significant in determination
of the potential geothermal resource sites but the inclusion of
“restriction layers” adds the suitability aspect in this method.
The research shows that approximately 166 sq.km. of Laguna
is classified as “Very High” suitable area for geothermal sites.
Most of these areas are located near Taal Volcano, San Pablo
Volcanic Field, and Mt. Banahaw, in which all of them are
considered active volcanoes. Generally, the suitability increases
as the area is near the volcanic field and decreases as it moves
further away.
6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
The researchers have the following suggestions for future work:
1. The hot springs data should reflect more based on what
is on the ground and maybe the addition of temperature
information.
2. The geology of Laguna should be more explored to delin-
eate rock types.
3. Other data types should be explored as an addition to the
evidence layers.
4. Other restrictions should also be explored.
5. The use of machine learning classification should also be
explored to detect geothermal sites using multiple layers
of data.
6. A study should also explore community reception about
geothermal energy in Laguna should it be developed in
highly suitable areas based on the study’s result.
Besides the layers used in the study, the researcher recom-
mends including a layer delineating different rock types. Vol-
canic rocks are shown to have high spatial association with
geothermal occurrence (Carranza et al., 2008). As the study
focuses on suitability of power plants, the research also recom-
mends adding more “restriction layers” covering social, eco-
nomic, and financial aspects. Utilizing machine learning clas-
sification for suitable geothermal sites detection will be benefi-
cial, especially when a larger scale study is to be done.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researchers would like to acknowledge the following data
sources and software:
1. NASA Earth Search and MODIS Data Set (Friedl and
Sulla-Menashe, 2019).
2. OpenStreetMap (OpenStreetMap contributors, 2021).
3. QGIS Software (QGIS Development Team, 2009).
4. Landsat-8 products.
5. PhilGIS (http://philgis.org/).
6. Department of Energy, Philippines.
7. Carto (https://carto.com/).
8. SRTM product (DOI:/10.5066/F7PR7TFT).
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