Pr ago tah an Nir Codicut Mecth cwalical Mathed 5 For Power. Ev gincnrlag operdlion on a non-euply Binary Choral: A bis st A ita Juretive lox Anh to A. hel fF Av —A (44,b)-—> for cA éx +: INx MN G byt» athe mM Aigebwis. Structag:- A ck A Tageho. with evs or More. brary poretiin 1s Called afphoas Ae te ony set anh « be te Bin “on A ten (A, *) 18 called Spe shuctue. Dip ig te Go bun A toer (4 te) Ss en | Exe I, (Not) is afgehrae. at oe adcbten' +’, mallip Jalen |+ ‘ : qporollon oun at Qhee * ey aebs a eo biche rely : - a fr Lin, Bison oth tf z. S= Uo 2 fins aeneey coferst. a i sr S ze = a hz) we FegeS aru, (8,9 Fe analy: Aout, Scanned with CamScanner» Closure Fy Ut) LAX geome pom GF Ther ewe soy that the set 1s closed. Yabheg => axb €G Bote EX alg. stuchee VS closed with wes ek to all bn alo~ in Corvporated th te. 2» Assocrativity - lA G, x) * any prong then * 06 Called) atociative c 7 a, bcéG ax (xc) = (axb)ec 3) Leeutity elemet bet x be ae gfovlon ouG if F am element @ Coy) m G Ste Axe = CxaA=O YY aeG ten © i Call sdeubt clemou? i ote 77 2 G wrt # YD Cumutilee- (4 ¢ be an Binney of on G. * I's ceumeaitabies if ¥ «,6€4 axb= bra D Feverse eleseut : let G wih brhany mp, pee afoot: and G hos am rcleuctty elo e. We soy an clemeat a CG posse pwerse: in G if F bEG ot! ii axb=-e = bxa . Scanned with CamScannerS Hedule| (Li ear Alene! lasbra\ — : 4G, Geupold - A fe a logethon corlk uly ove. binary ae G@») is calle youpoial ov Cae , & He Pon|nex? (, +) oe Ae fen) ji nex} G+) — es closed , thes wot » Semlgr = let G,x) I's a grevpore i” tho» (G, *) (s cabled Se Tae f ¥ is associethe en » Monod :~ 4 seugg” (G~ 16 sath t be mere fF an Clenent eG st axex= CAA =a f 2EG * (pin), v) , (Ped, A), (PO),4) a / / Aas=(Ava (Aag| e= ‘ e= A e= (rw, #) , axbe dewn(ay 4) — el - 1b) —— Toe elowrest > (in), axb Acf@ b) a a oe Fac Lone veone ddd bout ea Goof 2B prsand i eokck every elomet hs an Inverse. 1% Cold Ab W) % eole alen. Abelian Ye eG sll eee axb= bra. i Scanned with CamScannerchrate struchre equiped * Rigs. let R be Gu aly - Gore Ck Huse bina phd evled by Vf: thow (e a) al eb vale stouchne. pons “7 S followisy collie Ce sallsfex : ’ » (Rw re an abelian Va » (R-) is sewn gp. oD ¥ aac €9R : a- (bre) = abt+ae Distributive atb)c = act bc a) 46 ei +) Bt) ber) > Mig (R), ME), Mh (BZ) rater usual esePe acllthn, ancl c1sal wat'e raul tflcatton fom my. is Comnutetive Courmetactive King : Yin a | Kno, . — Seater then, fig 18 sal ty coumubativerty, + Big soe. ey $f ina vig (K+), je bo euk aéER Sack hat s abs ba= 6b ¥ beR then fe plered ak calles uni one we nd) aay . City ts usually Aevotl by 1: . ody A conn Ks coh way (# v) ” awhiclk ev! hen-Zerw element Posse mmucbhy read. (averse. tense Such ving 7S called field. Freled cs tually Lebel (Et ) . a Scanned with CamScanner9x Linear algebra sxe are. deals usith Pec. Variables wheel] con be Lefer wd (ee oly, | | @, a (R,+, ) , (+) are fold ‘hucares, | O + Zero clemeak — Cadditive eleatity) Ae: Unity alemouc} Conti prea ie, ideubity) | (4.4) Vs frie field pis Prine. Ex. Se, By, Ze. = F.03, 3.0. Aeterna coupes’ shown 2 fl sitter x fs sald to be ami iterual Compesifor sua nou st A if for all abeA, x Ax —of axbeA ad Ht rs nique. ,b) b> aonb & + is there) Courpo. BIA {33 xo» o L ” Bt + Bees » IR oon ” + 8 +o» a , o € G®» ” n. 4 Bp ef 72 A ye Mag) fowscd 4 ” A Nob” Mei > 7 vu Se Scanned with CamScannerExterne) ¢ Cermpes tii: A composition ° iS Sad _te be. external couporition in Vor F of ¥ ack gf «Kev aox €V Aine waipue. Gx) > Aexey \" 5 PxV—V_ Py de x Cuubtiplication) an ext Couepe_ ie Rowe RY ry » Js x¢ pS awn 4 Rowe E (EF) D> Is x6 49) at’, + Q@ eR E} TO bs xO 4 J ae iin Yof over [w/a . BD Is xO 4 i)» $13 om e/e/a 6) 3s + (addin) False 3) Ss + J 7 . _— over [R_ pate a) Is fx y K\f ower RK, Vache Space Cirear Spree led PE (F4,-) bear field rohete clemad evil be, Knew as scaler . Let Vo he a non- ~euupity sch urhote Rewewke will be Knorsus as veetows . Then VF) oy Mow F tsa vecb shee, it D “Teerre_ ig ay: MRenral cowsposition | +? IRiiats 2 vector addition clef ined ever V @vt which W, +) (8 aw abel darn ap yiveve>y (4,4) > lev a Scanned with CamScanneray Were 1S an externa conposttion @ 0 chefiwed in V over F (Kroon as scalar muttiptica tin st VY KER and veV. o: ExV—>V > xeveV &v) pr ov DP MY a BEF ad ¥ vueV the foleora couditious must held. “0 (i) x (yay) = oy tee (+B), = xy, + py, i) (xp) Y= « (py) (Wy) dew dys yo der Ex cS : Vecboy a > 4 K isa field then it tsa Veetor oh. over ite subfidd F. K(F)_ 1S Vector Sf ) (Kk, +) an ve an abchinn gp. ve 2 Wgsee ose eek CAF ek) 9 N«peF Gg, wvek ) 2 (u+v) = KMutnv a (ar pu = ut = (pu) WA or =e f wa we ky “a Scanned with CamScanner_ = a Sulofielel 4 Zp ZB, E RR BH) ~ Z. eb) Sets) C/E) CR) CIA, CCM)... ROO, Re), 2 (%) ete re Vedborsbace 2 let Ve R= Rv Rew eR . —— _ 0- hiwes —> R= f Cesta yee) [wer Lv i 1,2 nf lf uz Curt ns) and ae (puede go) € R + Yectev addition Ut ve Cut yi, tere amtpe) + Heese ye WG, a), KER = (Kx PEO ee x4) heen IR" wrt + and - wilt ows veer Spree ever RR. Peobesds: Let (VP), £,-) —v. space. I Stee o stg and 0 isthe 2x5 vector then «0-0. rh = *O+0) © osus u}Huev) > eQe ao, (+ KGa) = oy say, ) ioe ~&Q) « on bak " cile., we bare Scanned with CamScanneral y = o QO) is the additive ° 0 2 KG 2 = £0) i <0 nV, 2. e@ OFF ad ueV " ou=0 (Hee, O ou +(-@u)) = > QO= cu+O > O = ou 3. Lt Lov Fo end ueVv “i = | Ter ee K=O CY f Bf: Led don w €F ome) ueV, 4 uno ff xno tow woe hae cleo re ae ou) = <0 > oc oe ) UW = O a ju = O u = a haf “eV Pheu Cyoue= —-u. ae O= Ou= G-Du= le +G)usut Qu > Enus a a Scanned with CamScannerEEE EE a | Sou nore cramps of flite. Vector 5 free :- Pe set of veal valued couse furcboee £ on any Clase paterwal Gel. Seif | frmaSef Kate” f, ge S awd KER erin (fi gk fw + Je ye neler] Slit AP) 0) = x fos Than (5, 4,.) colt Jom recor space owe 2. Whe vowel fp Y rec bi fen ala ~ eo 7 Si (RL | Rw Yar , aes (4 BO eS oud KER, Ve ctor Addon ht ZJo= LO* QL Sieh = Das Dae Scolar Mullthabo a Scaler (utile apy = o(Zat) 13 > Gaz) (20 fae, (s,+,-) call ones vec toy face. over KR. — canned with CamScanner ~4 Gliese tae aaiee a Pacers Me 1 Ae Ae @y)\ . gé we Rf MH/CA IR. (Vv, *, >) ewill D vector space . f alli fon nS > studs for, amtghes Mae waagy ns , ct / , usual ‘watt whe wlth. bt A,BeEV wf eek, ole A fp Oy) A+B = Cay), + C ba). a (ay + rage aA KA = (Pou Hee, O veetor dc the null ce saat % ovale MRN, Scanned with CamScannerSome exanipls colibh ore uot Vespacs : The set V of all polyuoutade af degues h. V= ph / Fr-polynousale of legres uf Ba whl, Qa EV At Q@ = t+) 4c) = LC polyno caper os) fy 07 Hence, wet clored . Thus wot veety sface. 2. The set V all veab- value. Lotions (ee. veel 1, Npeof aud! couginu ses yu Tae. closed nz ra] sole! tat te a te Juvilld._ ae 6 Is SOE whe Y codmout Pp. Ve= if / 4: Cab] OR t forrg df, 7° Vo thon fo-P ood 9b)~P ya fet JU fe FA Zé V (fralo= teed’ [ tg JV, _) nt vey 7p Site) FS canned with CamScannerw (ed V be dhe “! o all polynoverals, tot real cof YpciosP Dy ayee “, coher. aclel fer. pr ae fine at+h=ab Ca eV bo and under emal ccakr roultiplieal NS Slt 2, @, € Vo Ten ht R= Re LV ) * ghee fhad wt There, Suet defen Kost. 4 vet lp [my eei let a= ba ip) , b= Cory) EV Define addition a arb= (x9) + brp)= (84- 3%, Wp) and d seler wullp beatin og a Oy )= (ax, <) Shew Sat Vis uel 2 Vector space? coluich of the profutes are uot sabisfied’ 7 Scannéd with CamScanner: = ir wy ER 7 ° le? phere _ 4. be 42) ev Define adldihon 2 ath = 6 4) + (11 fo) = (0% pt aud cooler nae \ % 4) = (44, & ne ai i not ke ge 4 Scanned with CamScannerSubspace Let S be nen subset het weal Space WF) | "Bon ofa called Sub shace a, V if S$ ikea forms a vectry spe ie Same opralions d med on V Reman: La Sev where WV Ys onuy veebr ee. IM ovder 4 prove. that S is SubosPace 4, Vv, @ hawe. te f TOV EL the follootag » fu uveSs f uves > the addi Hive. eideadty eth O vector is th S. P Every cement of S has its additive inversein S. be, for eh veS => —weS | » fre er we aud for each ues > CUES. No need to check the remains prepec, Dee the Comumutadvity , associaliv’ veeter add illen aud So on, Siete yemat P pects fer “2 fron Hae propestiza bh Bae Or v. Lt S be ee ede gpace A "sg “cheb 1 V Wy Pefoorng t mn edhe folol - Doi => Uurve ¢ D> KKES HY KEF and Yo ues, Scanned with CamScanner- OO Ye Lé S be the of sub space vu 7 Uyriton, S ptslf ea vector space. > S's cheed wrt + Creech ob tion) Yuves a utveS, au obo Yo wer. ues > aues. lel D cud @ boll nS, where Ss ecbeed ¥ V Cocco A). urve SS awl xueS ay uve S,weF lofe K=O AX OKs oes (chick idly) O- utCw € iS > —u€ S Ofbe forepotes are. svar > Sa nae space () (colich rg fie these ) rout V to S. aa hence. Sk wb space as fess cudihons © ond © of, Tam Pres Ht dhe sigh onl oes fe oll uve antl all Sealers wot fo a H. ® fi wu ppveS whee Xf cals 4» UE Ss. s [ut ly és Se > The a / = urveS and Gfe pre > KuUtoV és => “cues B Scanned with camocanner& lt fw uves ? ure & ak ¥xeF 2 “KES \ a Now as xu eS A ‘Se « > pY és PEF. ves > aut BV ES (ty condition B) . Ea! Let We f Gur orm) [23 Fro peat Wise subspace of YM, len Vi = 9 Cre) | ote € (fp , a ved Proce pce Re eW Ef: bet Ux OvParrre) » VF Cpe? Aw caehctwth ~~ O° cul p=? DP UEV = Ctrrer 22d + (perf) = Git mip out Jey) ie. W Stee mat Ne O410=0 D oz (0,402) E ) ct One ey ? a “ EW , She -%=0 «) fr KER andl uew ain Crm kn anny He) ew Since Km = KOO Hore Wiis dtr subspaces. v. Scanned with CamScanner1 PL Let V be the cot of mtuples (4% irri) UR coi usual avlelrhen La o fx mubiiplicahe Tow DiWe FGrmonjey | x =ef ISA sub duct) R> We f Orie or ay) ev/ % 2o$ fe ust a subspace of Vv. (to 2) m W= ; Cty es Dev = an “ net a piv yy. Cooly ?) 5 al. rb2. rt be. the set pel Lon cud” cellar wultylatton. Then ZL ; ut all ret nouurle d 9 doce fd, befoo ine ubfpece. of V. (Show ) iW coussiTig ¥ al val [oly nowiah J degree

W consilig oll Herve ttn of 2 ay forms 4 Vedter spre over RK. (Fae [Fe he) De alah “ae sweten £ ie. I eeu Hemi, 1 oo «ORE ole > PTE on Howth n 0 VE (T/F)