PHYSICS Unit - 3. Current Eleetyi city Class - 12% Scanned with CamSeee mayen 3. Current Electricity Electric Current - The time rele of A lows of charge thro a Cross - Section of a tmndu 4A called eclectic Current! Eleete Cudterd I= +t 6970-9 260 es Tk the rate low change varies with Hoon current a fy Eine (instantaneous Current) baherne d& is A small charge parsing thro an oe sSection of the Corcluctor in ome wi eh y, Wire + " 25%, 68} 6-6°-6 |] © ime inferval SI Unit of the current Js Ampere (A)+ 1 Ampere - be L ampere ip ne cuslort oh change Ping per seconal th any Cross Ss ‘chon Of wire’ 1 Ampere (A) = 1 Coulomb (c)_ 4d seconel CS) pe Coment 2b a scalar quantity. Tho the. electyic. Cuber represents the elirctiny Of flows of “positive charge, yet + teoted as seabr, because cuont follotos, the law of Stalar addition and. not the Law of vector addition. = Lc/s Scanned with CamSDiveetion of Electric Ctwvent - Theat. Ore Awo. Fy pes of Gwent - Ci) Comentona) Currant - The clvection ch flow of patitive Change gives the elivection of chal we Calle! Corventma) Gi) Electronic Curtent — The. clivection of flow ef etechors gives the. Aivection oh elechmmie cwwent. The cLivecton of elechonic Gwent ab opposite 4to the Conventional cwunt- direction of electric current — So” direction of electrans {1 V (Potential Difference) Dipperent types of Current pulsating Curvent Cavriers - CG) Current Carriers in Solids- Conductors — Free electeons Semionductor — Free electoms ¢ Holes Imuledore — No Change Carriers Scanned with CamS(ii) Current Carriers im ins - A Conducting Liquid as Called electrolyte Cusey , Nacl Mie’ the elechnlute. sdution (Provides posidive ions ( Like cut*, “ead fF onal nugative tons (like pe 2c)! When eclectic (he: pottntal clifference oa applied , the. positive. ite moves in one ctirectim ermal negedtive. tora in the opposite direction » Causing electric currant. Thus , the cuveent Canes in diquiels are. positive. and negative ions. Gi) Current Carriers in gases - Ordinasily , the FS one insulator of electhicity. But thet * eon be ionize apptyi a high potential clifpehenca at Aes pr oman ov byt expesuxe to X 7% ett. The toni qu contatina positive. tons ele K Thus, positive toma and elechons ane the Current Colerain gazes. Drift Velocity - Tt 3 med os the average veloc + which the Jhee tities Shifted poet the itive. Corel ot the Ef extexrel feet field applied jee inpluance oy <—Force on electrons E Field ———> det E& is the stren applic ebechic }: then the fore on eects ob lu “Ff applical fi a. Foeee Ce + charge on etetrm) Scanned with CamSIt mw the mats of elechen, then acceleration Producedt Gs given by gg ek Tr I, t the relaxation dime , whith w average sha Has zi an elechon Spends behgeen tuo Callisinty asM-o = veage. relaxation time of, 1d™ secant - . = mem pee Path of electron, * Avange Relaxation Time aif 5 of eed (c) Ja ok the order Mobility (4) Mobil ° charg 2 CATAL reaponaatle for the aus oh Soak, riba. of b stipe velocity of Chorage “per tie Tete appli Me avift Velocity = Va Electric Field Ee - Et = 47 ev Me Atm = 7 Mobility of} electrons Mobility ob holes * SI Unit of mobility ds m/vs. - The mobility of elechons id greater Han holes. ‘ps because thet cbs Ohne free to move ker insole he cence cohile” holes . move from bond Scanned with CamS@ Explain how elechon Insbility changes fra eee a conductr whin la) the temperature of ° Fe tonduetoy 5s clecreaserl at Constant potential Lifer ond (b) applied potential Lifjeance iy eloubled at constant +emperccturs. So): Se clechron mobility (a) Me increases cotth the clecrease of) Aemperctuve (bh) Me cloes not Change with the increase © potential clifjerence. 5 A tentia) cliflenance mv de jeoh ewes! oy cencluctor of Tend 2m. see Sbibh velocity of, decton 4a axit ms “hen Caléwlade te elecha mobility: Ste We know E> Wx So E = fo2 = bo Ym, oma A= ns : axe" = SxS ys eo Scanned with CamSReloction behoeen ctritt velocity end Current Censider a Conducting wire of b L anet having uniform cross section Santa A in which edectie field is pasent - = F — Let thee men electrons per unit volume moving with the dyikt velocity Va. In time interavel + each electron advances By a olistanee Vit and volume of this peAtion ds AVEt. Number of free elect in this portion it= nNAVat aul these elections crosses the ante A in time t, Hence Change exossing the ana in time -t is Q=neAvat Cument I= O/y ov Thue is the relation behsenn the eleehie cwrent and Aanitt velocity: The: olvift velocity of elechans in a Conductor ik 18'mls yea bulb glows instandig, when switched ons why ? Answer When we close the Circuit, the electric field is setup in the entive closed circuit instantly with the speed cb electromagnetic waved which Caused clecheon at every portion of the Circuit, Dus te ah, du: the Cument Jd Aebup in the entire civeurt Inshmtly, The Current So tet up does not wart por the elechmns to flow spam one end of the tondluctor to other enet. Scanned with CamSOhm's Law - . The Cunrent plowing. preg & Cmducthr 2s directly proportional to the eStial Ui pjerne across the ends of the Conductor, ip the physical Stake of the Coveluctoy (Temperature , methamical ny ete.) remains unchanged: Moathemadi coll or Where propozHonial: comstant PR. as Called tHe yealstanc of the mluctor. L Carrent v Veltace nds wpon tne nodune , *® Value. Tesietonce R climensions of the conductor. *® ST unit of Yesistance- id ohm (2), Resistance (R) The resistence of conductor ws the opposition offered by a Conductor to the pow of. leche Cwerent thoveh ut od Melt - div i chm = L Ampere. TA Thus 1 ohm Ja the electical resictanee ©} O Concluetor through which a. current of 1 ampere flows hen a potercHal ay erence 4 1 volt is applied across the ends oh Conductor. *% Dimension of resistence ds Cutrs*y Scanned with CamSFactors on which Resishmce clepencls (1) Length ef Concluctor - Resistance of @ Concluchyr Bs clivecHy Propostional so the Jength of Conductor- Cross. Secton Ona A p = teabstivity ' kK length L ——_# (2) Area of Cross- Section of Conductor Resistance oF a Comcluctor is ivvens Proportional te the ana of Cross. Section of chor R= Ya C3) Necture of material & Temperature — From above, R at or = pL A. Whene P ds Known specific resistance or electrical Tealstivity of the motertod ef the conoluctor Electrical Resistivity (P)- TH L=im. az im> tren R =P Thus, the resioHvity ot the material of a conoluctor ds ned ob tel yeristena sp unt dergth worth unit of Cress Section of moteral oh the cmductoy Scanned with CamS# SI unit of electreal yesistivity is ohm - meter (am) factors offecting Electrical Resistivity — By ohms Law, v= IR so vs neAVa R = nea(S&t)r vz RneA x), (- e-%) mm J = or Rae eT =m se Po Het Thus resistivity ef Concluctey cipends upen - Gi) P< Am. Since the volue of n cpends Upon the notune of moctertal, hence the realahviky ef the conductor eltpends upon the nature of material. Gi) Pa Ye. With the inevease in tempertire of maa! Cenoluetey, c cleeveosed lune hs P increases. (GP | * P< tin 4 So that Th nt then PL * pate 4 sotet If Tt then TL So Pt @\ Tire wires A ome B with clrewar Cross-section hove identical le is orl one maole of the same madera}. Yet, Aho four timer the vesishne wire B- How many dimer grester is the cliamekr wire & then wire A ? Sol: Scanned with CamSVariation of Resistivity /Resistance with Temperature Resishvity “bt the pietaltie Concluctoy increases ath imcrease om For small Aimperatou variation, resistivity of the most of He metal varies aecoraling 40 the given retection - Pe eCl+actn)] wohne P omd Rk ane the reslativity © the_ and moceriod ot tampenodurs T ome Ta cepectiv & 4b the conttont for given material ond Ja known as Cocfticient of resativity * We Knoo that R PUp fence, temperctuna variation of the resistence Con be given Os= ov Thus temperatura Co! ef yicren te of yeatstance vs oubind ob the mereore in ate to umit orl rasidjance per degree celsius or Kivin rise 4 Fe hare, * For metals & 4s positive, ve weaiStamua of metal imereases ath vise. in temper . * Foy intuladsy and semicencuctors a 4s n resistance clecreated with ase in temp iVGy So the () Resistivity Semi condueter] Scanned with CamSCurrent Density - (7) . _CWounk olemsity CT) ot a peint in 4 Conductr ds olefined as the am ef coment plowing per anit area ef the- Conoluctor arouncl thet pomt provickesl the arta Ga held in a civection normal de the Cudund. x == = Neva es IT = neaAva The unit of current clentity Ja ampere} etre LAfrt] Conductivity Co) ~ The inverse of resistivity (P) of a cenducter is called Uds occa canauctontys 5 Conductivity The unit of electrical Conductivity 28 mho, Ts Conductance CG) = The inverse of vesiAtemce (RD Ja Colleol Conductance. of @ Concluctoy: Conductance The unit of Gmductanca Js mho Cer) Relation between Jo emo & - We Know thot To =sneaw T =nea (3 =) = Nate Ar my or Z - mete aA > ov = 4 J $ = Iree Scanned with CamSSuperconeuctivity - Im Some metals anol ebleys when the material 4 cooled to a critical temperdune (-196%) the resistence off the material falls 40 Zero. This Stete. of Zeno resistance ib when the material beeome Supertondycting.. Ro ~196 °c T Use- Superconducting maderials Sheng Vag = Lt 2 @ A voltage. of Sa Via applica eso a Carbon Tare, Ttsistey with pirat, secend emd third xing ots we" blus, black ame yellora Colors respect’ What ds the value of Gsuunt in ma, through renater, Sol Resistance oe Corben residtoY R= Coxlo' pn +20 7 ' eM Curent throwgh the rebels z¥ I +_3e = oOsxio eo x04 ape & or I= oosxis? A = oosma. Scanned with CamSElectrical Power — The vot. at which electric work is clone by the source of emf in maintaining the cument in electric circuit 8 callec! electric Power ob the civeutt. Electrical Power = 4 = wae Po=wer = DR = ¥ Unit of electrical Power id ‘Wott’. 1 Watt The Power oF an electrical civeuit 13 Baie) to be one watt if one ampere cument flows in ot against a potential difference of 1 volt. Electrical Energy - . The dotod werk olone in maintaining the cunt in electric civewt by the somce of emf Js Called elkectrical enrgy given do the ciyeust - Electrical Enengy = Electrical Power x time w = (vet) x & = 2 = wt ox W = Rt = Ip the work clone appears at heat then amour of heat produces! (H) is given by - -~ we H= W = Prt = Yt Above equation is Kmown at oule's law of heating. Scanned with CamSEMF, Internal Resistance and Terminal Potential Difference of a Cell - EMF- eme of a cell Ga the. maximum potential oliffeme befseen Huo electroless of the ceth when no Current 4 ehawn from the Coll. Tt ds olimotesl by E. Internal Resistance - Trternal resistance of @ cell da cufined as tre yasittanct offered by Hw elechrbyte omel alectrodis of a cell Whin the electric current flows through -t. Trternal .Resiskmee of 9 cell ol S OM He. follovt factors — 5 spare Falling Ui) Dieter belwean the elechrds Gi) Naduea, Concertyvation onel ctempereture oj- clechrolufte. (fii) The nature of Electrocls. (iv) Area of Electrodes immerses in the -elecholyte. Terminal Potential Difference - Termine Potential Aipeene ob a@ cell is defines ab the potential olijterme: bebween the duo el oh a cell in a closeal circuit, when Cuvunt i chan fom the cell Tt de clnoted by Vv. # The terminal potential clijtermna ef a cell is always Aus then the emf of the cell because of the ee of potential acvess tu Internet resistance of : Poterntial Diy 2@)= EMF Oren Civeuit (EMF Gs measured) Clisead Circuit (PD is measwed) Scanned with CamSAccords to the inition of terminal potentod alifpoend. - nd b = - Ly Internal Resistance of @ Cell in terms of EVER fusliddeeiletae nee SRR ae The terminal potential clifference of a cell ws equal do the’ potential oliffersnee cervss the external resistance R of the chreuit , fo. v= IR or re £ Wwe Knew that. Iv= E-Vv L] The emg of acell is the | 1) The potential clifferenct between maximum potented olifference ants 13 the cli ference! between the tu pants ohn potentie} betwen those roo the Cell is in the open Chreut pots ina closed circuit. 2, Tt Js independent of the [2.]It elepercls upon the resistance resistance of the cirenit ond behseen the hwo points of uperols upon the nadure of | [the Civeedt and Cunent flew) ledechodes omd elechlyte of Cell through the circuit - "a 2) The term emf du wed only]3.) Tt vig meosurtd behoeon for the Source, of emf. any two points of the Ciroudt . Tt ds a cause Tt Us an effect Scanned with CamSA (e) sedes (b> Poratll Combination of two cary given resietors it Connecteol, one~beone across HA Ce. Tn which case will the terminal pofedtial alifperence, aevoss the cell hae a higher Value ? Sel We Know that esuivalent vreaistence ay the. Combinetion of yeatsionce. ua- Co ) grectes then the areotest Tearsiance i series Combmetion ond “(b) Smaller than the Leas} value of yeststance. in pavedtet Combrrector - The termina) pstental di}kerence across the cell is higher. im Semes Combinatim 4 VeeE-tr amd clue. to hightr resistence current 1 4 dus in seried Combirfation . A cee °b emf & and intemal reststance v id Comected acrtss a variable resister R. Plot a graph Showing the. variodion of termined potential V oosith veastene R- Terminos Voltage v Ja gen by - 7 =_€£ v= IR > Ray *® ve E (+ %e) 3 so V increases with the increase of R. Scanned with CamSCells in Series Combination - Celts ane connected in series whan Hoy, au jomed end 40 end se thet the same quankity, of ttectric cunnamt must flows through each Cell. rere meen 1 Freee fet] ae ey Er ea L Note- (1) The emf of the battery ia the sum of athe snelivictual “Dange! t * b @) The total internal resistanca of the boHery. Bb the sum of the individual intemal resistances. Teteal emf of the bettery = ne (For n cells) Tote) interned vesistoner of the botery = nr Total rerlstenee of the cewt = nrtR So Cumert I lay If R <>pmnr, then Ls NE/R Conclusion - ' When infernal resistance, Js negligible Tn Cornparisor) to the extemal resistance , then’ the cells ant Connected in series to get maximum cunent. Scanned with CamSCells in povallel Combination - . Cells ane sole) do be Connected in paraliel, (fh poditive terminal of each cell Ja Connected do one point enol negative terminal of each cell is Cormeched do the “other paint Note- () Th uvolent emt of the cells Js the Same On thot of a ingle! call. @) The reciprocal of the 4otel internal resistance. da the Sum of the reciprocal of the individual internal yveststonced. Teted Emr of the battery = & Total internal resistance of the battery = Yn Total reaistence of the circuit = £ aR Se Cument rt =e () Ip R << Yn » then rs NEfy (6) If R >> Wn 4 then x conclusion — , When external -vesigtone é Ligible in tom to. the internal resistence then the Cells ake Connected in Pai do pet maximum curment. Scanned with CamSMixed Grouping of Cells - Tf Some cells axe Connected in Series ao frm a rod and number of such rows cells ave Connected In parallel then Haug An Aalto to be Connected wy mixed pong: The emf of Cells in aww = NE Total emf ef the Combination = = ne Total intemal resigtence = 0 . ™m Tota) interno) resistance of the Circuit = R+ Ot So Cuwunt pT = ne Rr NYV/ en oy r= _™ne (aR +nr) The Cuwsent Toowill be maximum it Cmr-+nr) Bay mmimur - CUmay +(ary — afmnee ] + 2 mney = minimum or (ume - Jar + afmnRy = minimum It will be se if JMR -Iny =o ow Ime = Iny ov mR = nYr- Scanned with CamSConelusion — For the maximum current to flow Hreagh the. externa) civeuit, the. external real 2. Shout be esval 4o the total intemal resistance + The plot ob the variation of petential difference poy _aerss mbmetion three identical cells re" in Series versus crunt Sa as Ahaan jn Byre what Ja the emf ef each cell ? v 6v aA zr Sol. : . . a Termine) Potential cUbjeunce acrnss the Cell Combmedion Can be ‘given os- v= E-tr when Tso thin V=e Se thet frm the. Gmph when Teo , Ve bvolt Heian emf E = GVelt. Scanned with CamSSe) Tiso cells of emf 2&.omd £ j,erd interol eee resistance 2% ond y reapech OrnL Connected in porale. Obtain the Spatne for the uv. emf ond tHe internal “resistance of the Cembin ation: So); xu, 2 2r Be & a Lin he Y Net Curkant Is +In — @ For cell -® Vo= 26 - Z(2Yr) > = 26-Vv q — ar _ @ For Cell — @ v= €-isr > Tit ay — @® by Substituting the Value of J) >Ts im eg. @®- Is _2—-V 4 _E-v ay Yr on Ye arrangin the tam, we gut ~ ve ag = 2(32) Buc the equivalent °} Combmetion vos Eey — T(¥e.) On Ce ima, mm Comparing Eqs 22 ond ey = ae Note - Fer parallel Cembinedion of Tuo cells = Bi + Eat = Mite and | Yeq = _Vi%2_ Mot 2 Yi t% Eq Scanned with CamSTwo cells £; md Ex in the given Chreut: pave ogram have an emf of sv on av recy 30% intdinal resistance OS SL ord 1.251 vespectively. Colewlate, the value t, curd flowing throgh the versistance of BFL. Sol. Net emf = S-S = 4V Equivalent resistance vf 652 omd 3 48 = 6x3 = 2 643 Net vesishmee across the cireurt R = O38 #12 42 +48 R= gn So Gwent re * =$ = os A Potential ciffemu acess 4-5 1% Us vo= IR ve os Kus = 2-25 Volt ‘+ Potemtiol clifhermnea aevess 6 end 3 = 4-248 = LIS Volt ve Cunhemt vesistance 3. t= ¥% = 4 => osee A Scanned with CamSEN A cylinclirical metallic wire a shetched do cesE incrense its Lungth by 10 7. Coleulede, the percentnge: en change in ts a Sek Volume of the wire VE AL > ay xloo = SA xi00 + AL xive Bub Av = 0 Cvolume remains Constant) oA = - 4d > oA x10 SA x100 ative. Sign imply thet increase in length Se eR Ede eT i amet” " R= PL/p For gen resistor P= Comstemb Se AS Rio = (44 xivo)- (44 x te) Therefore. 4A x100 = 1% : SR xi = lex -(-10%) as xin = Do Y “+ Percentage Rise 0} velista = ao / Scanned with CamSKivchhoff's Law (1) Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) - The algebvie Sum of the Currents meefi ot a juretion ma apy Cleetric Civttut G4 zew. ¢ Tesiting + Lenteirg = © ZI =o Sign Convention- @) The incoming cuments toworcls the juncton ane taken positive’, (2) The outgot currents on fom the junction ane taken negative . wa By Kirehhoff's Curren} Law- +l st-Is-Isto % Kivchoff's cument Law supports Las of Conservation of charge. . The Changes Cannot accumulate at a junction. The. number of ¢ thar aniive at a junchon In a Given time. must ledve in the same dime in accovelance curth Conservation of charges. ©) Kirchhoff's Voltage Law CKvL)- The. algebric sum of all the potential clreps ancl, emf's along any Claseel in an electrical networlg a alias zeto- Scanned with CamSSign Convention- G) The emf 48 taken petitive when we traverse fom positive cto negedive terminal of the cell. (2) The, emf ws taken, negative when we traverse from negative ¥, postive tecfnal ok the cell. (3) Ik the vesiatoy us being traversed in the olirechon + the ciukant then potenti: obi ferwnce aeross “tos taken positive Ge. ZR, (4) Ih the vesistoy as being traversed im the cLivection Opposite to the. cunent ten potential difference. across oe 1s taken negative be. -IR. For Loop AGCA E, - GRi- (Ttt)R=0 For Loop ACDA * Kirchoff!s Volhage Law (KVL) Ss the La Seba ge (e843 ert te laf Scanned with CamS@, Tn the given Circuit 5 axsurni point A 40 be at mi aero potential, wre Kirch! hs Laws +p olefermme the patential at peint B. > Sel By KeL of point D Ine L = 2 Ine SLA Felorg +he = PEDBA WaeNMa = -L -2x142 2-4 But VA = 0, Sd +thed Vezlv Gn Using Kixchhoff's rules in the given circuit, find man (@) the valtege oop across the unknown resistor R. (») the c Int the aam er. Sel. Applying KVL in the closed Loop AareA B-1L +27, -y 50 Tia =A So the cuvent In dm te aum EF ua LA. Poterrtial chop acmss REF anol AB is dame because these are parolich. So tet v Verve & 4-2X1 v volt. Won Scanned with CamSUsing Kirchoff's vues , cleteamine’ the valur of oe. unknown reslstance Rint the Civcutt , So that no “ Citent flons throw 40 resistance: Also find the potential di: ea betseon points A amd D. F Er = BD z ani I and R 6év Al too S av ic Sol: Given thet no current shoud flow +hyou 4m resistonrce , Se Let Current 1 flaws throw the Loop AFEDCBA- By op plying KVL in lop area” — 4xI t4ixt4+6-3 = © So Te 2A a Now appéying Kvt in Loop AFDCA - AxB we lx3B + RXZ2B +3 -9 =6 mz a2 2 Raz = 3 z So Re 2ft For potential cli Heronce across Points A and Dy, along AFED - Va- Vo = 1x2 4 1x3 2 ZL Va- Vp = 2V eA Th the given circuit R)= 42, RL HRyz isn, Ry = 20 and E= 10V. Coleulate the wuivelent pon Fen reaidtance ak the circuit and the current in each resistor « Scanned with CamSxh 8 Sol, Accoreling do the owe Ra Ra ond Ra ancin Porollel, “so Hun equivalent resistance R! dd - jrelLetoet 2s ei R' Ss 30 Is Bo € So thot Roo = 60 Now R! (= 6.) Jk fn Series with 40, $0 Hiedy equiva vesiAtonee Req is - = t =. Ra = Ri+ 4 = 6+4 Req = lon By KCL at node A we get— Ty = In+Ty + Ty —@ By App+ying kvi [tn Joop apaa — Iyx3o —- ISxI, =6 Tu = Taf, By KWL in Joop epca_ —B0xIy +1sx1, 20 Ty = Taf By applying KYL in loop ABEA_ 41,4 Ist,-10 20 41, +IST, =lo —_— © By applying KVL in doop AncDA - IS Zz -ISIxy =0 Ja = 1, By equedio @) we get- Tye Titky + a > rg Scanned with CamS4*3h +lst ste T. = 2 = Ba So Tm = Ts> 2A ond Ty Tat ian ond eS = £e2 4 TTtA Codeulte, the Steady current Hough the 2s. resistor > in the given Grae! an Ven Sol No curnent flows Bed iar ae a c Stote, a4 Capacitor offer Circutt Here 22. omd 3.n are in ponalte! Combination So Ras = _2%3 = 2a 23 So Equivalent Retistanw of the eiveut ud Req = LD + DE = 40 So total Curent Io: £ = isa amd Current though 2-0 Yesjstor is given by - ris psx 3 > ws o9 a Scanned with CamSWheatstone Bridge Principle - Tt vs an orrmngemant of four resistors Used! do cltemmine vesustana “of one resisters in terms of other threes vreaistors. Consider the figurz given below, which 48 ony annangement of vesiAters ond” wis Known as wheetstone bridge Wheatstone bridge Consist of four resistance P,Q, Rand S$, with a bolléry sf emf E- On presst Key Ko j vanometer does not show an efleection then Bhatt Bre bridge Ja saicl 4p be lance). Goalvanometer id not Showing ony etiflection this means thot no Curkouk ds flowing Hrrough the gelva- nometer and derminel @ and D ‘ane of? the same potential - Thus for a balanced bridge Now we have to find the condition for the bolanced theotstone bridge For this by applying KVL 4d the [top ADBA - TLR - LP =0 Scanned with CamSor Ips ak —O Agen by applying KvL 4p the Joop Bene - TjQq - In5 =o ov IQ: 1s —® from eguation (f) ond @) we ge - 2h te & Tr. P q ov P= KR q = This equation gives the Conclilim for the balanced wWheotstone. Tage. P Thus if the rouio ef the P omd @ omd the resishree Rud Know then .umknown resistance S Can coaily be Cotculodedd . Meter Bridge - A slide wive bridge Ga a pracheal ™m a Wheedstone bridge. 3 P si b Tt Consist of a wire AC of censtantan or werganin of 1 meter” Length and of uniform ana of Cross - Section. ‘ Scanned with CamSThe, wire is Stretched behween the m™ & horizontal cssecden + & meter Copper ships tte! on the. woolen board Porcll to th stode is also je Len of he wWive. ie TRent ds another copper atrip fitted on the usaden bead in orcler to provide. thos Oops in ships. Across one gop, a Atkistance box R anol Yin another pap the Unknown resistence S Are Comnect A jo & Con be stided om the bridge sire. One terminal of the Wenometer G ii Connected +p Jokey Bond the othey do the terminal pv. The positive pele of the troctle: to tevminal A amd the negative Pele of the bedtery, av teminel ¢ Thro Koy RK. Werking - Close Kew K amel take out suitable resistance R fom resistance ox. Adjust the position of jockey om the wire C 5 ar 8) whe on Pressing , Hy golvanometer shoves Sho deflechon. Note the le Fry =4 ) of the wire. And the length Be (= 100-4) of the abe: Now a -+the bridge ts balanced, th do Wheotstone briclge principle - = Rk a — , rt Y wk the reaslatanee per Ceritimeter lengtn of Wire. then - P= resistance ok the length L of wire AB = Lr Qo= Yeslstance of the dungth (100-2) of the wire Bc = (loo -2)¥r “ dy & ° Cioo= Ly s “ LGEds] Se by knowing Land R we can calculate s. jenefove., according, Scanned with CamSSatable for maki starclrd resistant. — C1) Low temperoture Coefficient of resistance Cid High Value of resistivity oF material of Manganim. # Characteristics of rramgrin wire which make at "d TER, Cotewlete. the cument drain from -the bottery mos im the. given’ network. Heme Ri 2 Ry Rs Rs 3 At 22 > > 72 buheatstone. bridge 44 balanced So there will be no current tm the resistance Ra ond br Can be withdrawn. The equivalent resistance would be equivalent to a Parallel Combimation of tuo vows which Conslat oF Seie8 Combination of R, end Rs ,omd Ry and R 1 ._l yt +t = 4 lta 2+4 za z R = 2. o¥ = . TER 7 I= 2A Scanned with CamSew In a meter bridge the null point ia found at soy Q clistance of 40 tm from A. Th @ resistane we ta ds Comected in parclld with s, the n pomt occurs at S0tm fam A. Determine the value oy R ands. Ra So). Ian the null peint condition the bridge dé balanced. beige d applying. the Canclition of balanced cheatstone Ro = 4+ ete 2 ke cz s Joo =L 1loo—40 3 ? & 3 The equivalent resistance ef lz tend s in paral} Je zs = A IZ +S Again applying the emdition R = 30 = 1 es) So 1245 _ i128 R= 1248 or Zs 2 125 R=is 3 14+5 [~ s J 24s = 18 Sen So R = 4m Scanned with CamS