Introduction To Biotechnology

Biotechnology
Science, Technology and Society

What is Biotechnology?
• It is the manipulation of living
organisms or parts of living
organisms to make products
useful to humans
• It deals with the manipulation
of the genes of organisms to
alter their behaviour,
characteristics, or value
• Cell and gene technology used
to produce new characteristics
in plants and animals
What is Biotechnology?
Timeline of Biotechnology
Science, Technology and Society
8000 B.C.E 4000 B.C.E

Domestication of Egyptians master the
plants and animal art of wine making
2000 B.C.E 2000 B.C.E

Egyptians used yeast Egyptians and Sumerians learned
brewing and cheese making
to make bread
500 B.C.E 300 B.C.E

Mouldy soybean curds Greeks develop
used to treat boils grafting techniques
100 C.E 1663

Powdered Robert Hooke
chrysanthemums described the cell
1675 1797
Anton van Leeuwenhoek Edward Jenner created
discovers protozoa and bacteria
the cowpox vaccine
1802 1830
“Biology” first appears Proteins are
discovered
1855 1857
Escherichia coli is discovered Fermentation and
by Theodor Escherich
Germ Theory
1859 1861
Charles Darwin published the
Theory of Evolution by Natural
Louis Pasteur develops
Selection pasteurisation
1865 1888
Gregor Mendel and Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried
Waldeyer discovered the
Laws of Inheritance chromosome
1915 1919
Bacteriophages were “Biotechnology” was
discovered introduced by Károly Ereky
1922 1927
Dr. Frederick Banting and Herman Muller - radiation
Charles Best discovered insulin causes defects in chromosomes
1928 1944
Alexander Fleming and Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and
Maclyn McCarty proved that the
antibiotic penicillin DNA carries the genetic information
1953 1966
Watson, Crick and Wilkins The genetic code for
described the 3d Model of DNA
DNA is cracked
1971 1973
The first complete Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
perfected genetic engineering
synthesis of gene occurs techniques
1975 1982
George Kohler and Cesar Milstein First FDA approved human
developed the technology to
produce monoclonal antibodies
insulin was produced
1981 1983
First transgenic Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) technique by Kary Mullis
animals are produced
1986 1986
First recombinant First anti cancer drug :
vaccine : Hepatitis B Interferon
1987 1994
GMO : Virus-resistant First GMO product
tomatoes was sold in the U.S.
1997 1998
The first cloned animal Human Embryonic Stem
from an adult cell : Dolly Cell Lines are established
1999 2002
The Human Genome Draft version of THGP
Project is launched is published
2003 2004
Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS) virus is First cloned pet
sequenced
2006 2010
Recombinant vaccine against Malaria-resistant
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
mosquitoes
Recent Breakthroughs
Improved Targeted
Nutritional Cancer
Quality of Food Therapies
Gene Therapy CRISPR

Types of Biotechnology
Microbial Biotechnology
Bioremediation
Agricultural Biotechnology
Aquatic Biotechnology
Animal Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
Forensic Biotechnology
Microbial Biotechnology
• Manipulation of microorganisms such as
yeast and bacteria
• Create better enzymes
• More efficient decontamination processes
for industrial waste product removal
• Used to clone and produce large amounts
of important proteins used in human
medicine
Agricultural Biotechnology
• Plants more environmentally friendly that yield
more per acre (genetically engineered)
• Resistance to diseases and insects
• Foods with higher protein or vitamin content
• Drugs developed and grown as plant products
• These better plants ultimately reduce
production costs to help feed the growing
world population
Animal Biotechnology
• Animals as a source of medically valuable proteins
• Antibodies
• Transgenic animals
• Animals as important models in basic research
• Gene "knockout" experiments
• Design and testing of drugs and genetic therapies
• Animal cloning
Forensic Biotechnology
• DNA fingerprinting
• Inclusion or exclusion of a person from suspicion
• Paternity cases
• Identification of human remains
• Endangered species
• Tracking and confirmation of the spread of
disease
Bioremediation
• The use of biotechnology to process and degrade
a variety of natural and manmade substances
• Particularly those that contribute to
environmental pollution
• Example – stimulated growth of bacteria that
degrade components in crude oil
• 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska
• 2010 Deep Water Horizon spill
Bioremediation
• Bioremediation – adding nutrients to
stimulate growth of bacteria to clean up oil spill
• Alcanivorax borkumensis
Aquatic Biotechnology
• Aquaculture
• Raising finfish or shellfish in controlled conditions
for use as food sources
• 50% of all fish consumed by humans
worldwide
• Genetic engineering
• Disease-resistant strains of oysters
• Vaccines against viruses that infect salmon and
other finfish
• Transgenic salmon that overproduce growth
hormone
• Bioprospecting
• Rich and valuable sources of new genes, proteins
and metabolic processes with important
applications for human benefits
• Marine plankton and snails found to be rich
sources of antitumor and anticancer
Medical Biotechnology
• Involved with the whole spectrum of human medicine
• Preventive medicine
• Diagnosis of health and illness
• Treatment of human diseases
• New information from Human Genome Project
• Gene therapy
• Stem cell technologies
Pros and Cons
Pros
It can improve health and It creates flexibility within

reduce hunger simultaneously the food chain
Pros
It offers medical It allows us to preserve

advancement opportunities resources
Pros
It helps us minimise waste It can reduce infectious

products disease rates
Cons
It creates an all-or- It is a field of research

nothing approach with many unknowns
Cons
It can be used for It could ruin croplands

destruction

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Biotechnology

Science, Technology and Society

8000 B.C.E 4000 B.C.E

2000 B.C.E 2000 B.C.E

500 B.C.E 300 B.C.E

100 C.E 1663

Gene Therapy CRISPR

It can improve health and It creates flexibility within

It offers medical It allows us to preserve

It helps us minimise waste It can reduce infectious

It creates an all-or- It is a field of research

It can be used for It could ruin croplands

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