Chapter - 5 Environmental Pollution (4) INTRODUCTION Environmental pollution may be defined as, “the unfavorable alteration of our surroundings”. I changes the quality of air, water and land which interferes with the health of humans and other life on earth. Pollution are of different kinds depending on the nature of pollutant generated from different sources. For example Industry, automobiles, thermal power plants, farming, nuclear reactors, generate different types of pollutants causing pollution to air, water bodies and land. 5.1.1. Types of Pollutants 1. Biodegradable pollutants Some of these pollutants are “biodegradable” which decompose rapidly by natural processes. 2. Non-degradable pollutants Others are “non-degradable” which do not decompose or decompose slowly in the environment. The slowly decomposed materials are more dangerous because it is more difficult to remove them. §.1.2 Classification of Pollution The different kinds of pollution that affects the environment are,g Environmental Science and Engineering (i) Air Pollution (ii) Water Pollution (iii) Soil Pollution (iv) Marine Pollution (v) Noise Pollution (vi) Thermal Pollution and (vii) Nuclear hazards. (2) AIR POLLUTION Definition Air pollution may be defined as, “the presence of one or more contaminants like dust, smoke, mist and odour in the atmosphere which are injurious to human beings, plants and animals.) The rapid industrialization, fast urbanization, rapid growth in population, drastic increase in vehicles on the roads and other activities of human beings have disturbed the balance of natural atmosphere. Composition of Atmospheric Air During several billion years of chemical and biological evolution, the composition of the earth’s atmosphere has varied. Today, about 99% of the volume of the air we inhale consists of two gases: Nitrogen and Oxygen. Table 5.1 Composition of atmospheric air i | Nitrogen 78 Oxygen 21 Argon (Ar) sa CO; 0.037 ‘Water vapour Remaining 03, He, NH3 Trace amountEnvironmental Pollution - ewe ere 5.2.1. Sources of Air Pollution The sources of air pollution are of two types (a) Natural sources Examples Volcanic eruptions, forest fires, biological decay, pollen grains, marshes, radioactive materials etc. These pollutants are caused by the natural sources. (b) Man-made activities Examples Thermal power plants, vehicular emissions, fossil fuel burning, agricultural activities etc., 5.2.2 Classification of Air Pollutants Depending upon the form of pollutants Present in the environment, they are classified as (i) Primary pollutants. (ii) Secondary pollutants. 1. Primary pollutants Primary pollutants are those emitted directly in the atmosphere in harmful form. Example CO,NO, SO,, etc., 2. Secondary pollutants Some of the primary pollutants may react with one another or with the basic components of air to form new pollutants. They are called as secondary pollutants.‘3 Environmental Science and Engineering gxample Moist NO/NO, ——> (HNO,/NO}) etc., jndoor Air Pollutants Indoor air Pollutants are primary air pollutants. The most important indoor air pollutant is radon gas. sources of indoor air pollutants 1. Raton gas is emitted from the building materials like ticks, concrete, tiles, etc., which are derived from soil containing radium. It is also present in natural gas and ground water and is emitted indoors while using them. Buming of fuels in the kitchen, cigarette smoke, liberates the pollutants like CO, SO, formaldehyde, BAP (benzo-(a) pyrene). 5.2.3 Common air pollutants sources and their effects According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1. 1 billion people live in urban areas where outdoor air is unhealthy to breathe. Some of the common air pollutants are described below. 1. Carbon monoxide (CO) Description It is a colourless, odourless gas that is poisonous to air-breathing animals. It is formed during the incomplete combustion of carbon containing fuels. 2C +0) ——>2CO Human Sources Cigarette smoking, incomplete burning of fossil fuels. About 77% comes from motor vehicle exhaust.Environmental Pollution aad Health Effects Reacts with heamoglobin in red blood cells and reduces the ability of blood to bring oxygen to body cells and tissues, which causes headaches and anemia. At high levels it causes coma, irreversible brain cell damage and death. 2. Nitrogen dioxide (NO) Description It is a reddish-brown irritating gas that gives photochemical smog. In the atmosphere it can be converted into nitric acid (HNO). NO, + Moisture --—>HNO Human Sources : Fossil fuel burning in motor vehicles (49%) and power industrial plants (49%). Health Effects Lung irritation and damage Environmental Effects Acid deposition of HNO can damage trees, soils and aquatic life in lakes, HNO can corrode metals and eat away stone on buildings, statues and monuments. NOz can damage fabrics. 3. Sulphur dioxide (SO ) It is a colourless and irritating gas. It is formed mostly from the combustion of sulphur containing fossil fuels such as coal and oil. In the atmosphere it can be converted to sulphuric acid (HjSO4) which is a major component of acid deposition. Human Sources Coal burning in power plants (88%) and industrial processes (10%).6 Environmental Science_and Engineering prealth Effects Breathing problems for healthy people. gnvironmental Effects Reduce visibility, acid deposition of HSOg can damage wees, Soils and aquatic life in lakes. 4, Suspended particulate matter (SPM) Description It includes variety of particles and droplets (aerosols). They can be suspended i gas periods. in atmosphere for short periods to long Human Sources _ Burming coal in power and industrial plants (40%), urning diesel and other fuels in vehicles (17%), agriculture, unpaved roads, construction etc., Health Effects , Nose and throat irritation, lung damage, bronchitis, asthma, reproductive problems and cancer. Environmental Effects Reduces visibility, acid deposition and H)SO, droplets can damage trees, soils and aquatic life in lakes. 5. Ozone (03) Description Highly reactive irritating gas with an unpleasant odour that forms in the troposphere. It is a major component of. photochemical smog. Human Sources Chemical reaction with volatile organic compounds (emitted mostly by cars and industries) and nitrogen oxides. Environmental Effect Moderates the climate.Environmental Pollution Bs Envionmental Poluton 6. Photochemical smog A photochemical reaction is any chemical reaction activated by light. Air pollution known as photochemical smog is a mixture of more than 100 primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of sunlight. Its formation begins inside automobile engines and the boilers in coal-burning power and industrial plants. Health Effects Breathing problems, cough, eye, nose and throat irritation, heart diseases, reduces resistance to colds and Pneumonia. Environmental Effects Ozone can damage plants and trees. Smog can reduce visibility. 7. Lead (Pb) Description Solid toxic metal and its compounds, emitted into the atmosphere as particulate matter. Human Sources Paint, Smelters (Metal refineries), lead manufacture, storage batteries, leaded petrol. Health Effects Accumulates in the body, brain and other nervous system damage and mental retardation (especially in children); digestive and other health problems, some lead-containing chemicals cause cancer in test animals. _ Environmental Effects Can harm wild life.58 Environmental Science_and Engineering ijs24 Control Measures The atmosphere has several built-in self cleaning rocesses such as dispersion, gravitational settling, flocculation, absorption, rain washout and so on, to cleanse the atmosphere. In terms of a long range control of air pollution, control of contaminants at their source is a more desirable and effective method through preventive or control technologies. 1. Source control Since we know the substances that causes air pollution, the first approach to its control will be through source reduction. Some actions that can be taken in this regard are as follows: 1. Use only unleaded petrol. 2. Use petroleum products and other fuels that have low sulphur and ash content. 3. Reduce the number of private vehicles on the road by developing an efficient public-transport system and encouraging people to walk or use cycles. 4. Ensure that houses, schools, restaurants and places where children play are not located on busy streets. 5. Plant trees along busy streets because they remove particulates and carbon monoxide, and absorb noise. 6. Industries and waste disposal sites should be situated outside the city centre preferably downwind of the city. 7. Use catalytic converters to help control the emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. II. Control measures in industrial centers 1. The emission rates should be restricted to permissible levels by each and every industry. 2. Incorporation of air pollution control equipments in the design of the plant layout must be made mandatory.Environmental Pollution oe Envitonmental Pollution Continuous monitoring of the atmosphere for the pollutants should be carried out to know the emission levels. Equipments used to control air pollution Air pollution can be reduced by adopting the following approaches. Bags leaned | — Cleaned gas Electrodes = 7 Dirty ‘ gas a Ss Dust discharge Dirty gas Dust discharge (a) Electrostatic precipitator {b) Baghouse Filter Cleaned gas Cleaned gas Dirty gas Dirty gas irty ge Clean = | water Wet gas Dirty water “Dust pitas (c) Cyclone separator * (d) Wet scrubber Fig. 5.1 Control methods for removing particulates from exhaust gases0 Environmental Science_and_Engineerin, (i) To ensure sufficient supply of oxygen to the combustion chamber and adequate temperature so that the combustion is complete, eliminating much of the smoke consisting of partly burnt ashes and dust. ii) 7 ; aoa i (i) To use “mechanical devices such as scrubbers, cyclones, bag houses and electro-static precipitators manufacturing process. The above four figure are commonly used control methods for Temoving particulates from the exhaust gases of. electric power ard industrial plants. All these methods retain hazardous materials that must be disposed of safely. The wet scrubber can also reduce sulphurdioxide emissions. (iii) Chemical treatment to deal with factory fumes. . ie disposal of the collected air pollutants is equally portant for successful control of air pollution. > &) WATER POLLUTION Definition ' 5 Water pollution may be defined as,.\“the: alteration in phystegl, chemical and biological characteristics of water pee y cause “harmful” effects on humans and aquatic life.” She. tants, inchade sews. industrial chemicals and effluents, oil and othét wastes. Beside) chemicals from the air dissolved in rain water, and fertilizers’ pesticides and herbicides leached from the land also pollute water. §.3.1 ts and_sources of water pollution ~~ ___—_——_— \ Water pollution is any chemical, biological or physical 1 change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired usés.Environmental Pollution IOUS AGENTS ‘ample: Bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms, Human Sources Human and animals wastes. A Effects f Variety of diseases, 2. OXYGEN DEMANDING WASTES _/ eam le: Organic wastes such as animal manure and plant afi can be decomposed by aerobic (oxygen-requiring) bactefia. Human Sires ewage, animal feedlots, paper mills, and food processing facilities, Sorty Sy 0) ra Aig ~ C/ Large populations of bacteria decomposing these wastes can degrade water quality by depleting water of dissolved oxygen. This Causes fish and other forms of oxygen-consuming aquatic life to die. ree is & AW 6 die 3) FA ee AP 3. INORGANIC CHEMICALS De. ; Example: Water soluble inorganic~chemicalsy @ acids, we A GH) spina of toxic metals such as lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) and — . (iii) salts_such_as NaCl)in ocean water and fluorides (F) found in-some/soils. . Human Sources fae tunoff, industrial effluents and household cleansers.B Environmental Science and Engineering effects (i) Can make fresh water unusable for drinking or irrigation. LdCauses skin cancers and neck damage. (i) Damage the nervous system, liver and kidneys. (iy) Harm fish and other aquatic life. (v) Lower crop yields. (vi) Accelerate corrosion of metals exposed to such water. 4, ORGANIC CHEMICALS Oil, gasoline, plastics, pesticides, cleaning solvents, detergents. Human Sources Industrial effluent’ fousehold cleansers, surface runoff from farms. bet 7 w a tee fer tgp es —_system danas) and some Cancers. eae: ii) arm fish and wild life. 5. PLANT NUTRIENTS Example: — ter-soluble compounds containing nitrate (NO3”). phosphate (PO}~) and ammonium (NH§) ions. Human Sources Si Sewage, manuré, and runoff of agricultural and urban fertilizers.Environmental Pollution Effects (@ “Can cause excessive growth ofealgag and other aquatic plants, which die, deca fete_dissolved oxygen in water and kill the fish. Gi) Drinking water with excessive levels of spe lower the oxygen caffying-capacity of the blood an can Kill urban children and“ infants. 6 SEDMENT , ~~? Examples: Se Soil, silt, etc., Human Sources Land erosion. Pa ae , 4 Ce water-and reduce photosynthesis. 1 (ii} Disrupt aquatic food webs! Carry pesticides, bacteria) and other harmful ibstances. (iv), Settle out and-destroy feeding. and spawning rounds of fish. Z a (vy) Clog ‘and fill lakes, artificial reservoirs, stream channels and harbours. 7, RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 5 = Example; « SoReaanis isotopes of iodine, radon, uranium, cesium, and thorium. = Human Ss luclear power plants, mining and~processing of uranium é and ores, nuclear weapons luction and natural sources.5.14 c ‘vironmental Science_and Engineer, ELK enetic mutations, birth defects, and certain cancers. peat iia §, HEAT (THERMAL POLLUTION) Example: oo Excessive heat we Human Soi Water coolj a (ci power plants/and some types off industrial” saw) ‘Almost-half of all water withdrawn in Un tates each year is for cooling electric power plants. Effects ue) 1. Lowers dissolved oxygen levels ind makes aquatic ‘Organisms-more vulnerable t0-disease, parasites and toxic chemicals. 2. When a power plant first opens or shuts down for repair, fish_and other organisms wapted Ao . particular temperature range can be Killed_by the abrupt--change in water temperature known as thermal shock. : jolt 9, POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION 1, @ | (i) Point Sources ‘ Point sources are discharged ollutants at specific locations through pipes, ditches or sewers nto bodies of surface water. camphor factories, sewage treatment plants, abandoned underground mines and oil tankers. (ii) Non-point sources They cannot be traced to any single site of discharge. They are,usually large land areas or airsheds that pollute water y net) SGbsurface flow or deposition from the atmosphere. . x canms ade Lara Bl beEnvironmental Pollution 515 ERURPRmentAl PoNatienee ear tire eS.IB Example: Include acid deposition and runoff of chemicals into surface water from croplands, livestock feedlots, logged forests, urban street, lawn, golf courses and parking lots. 5.3.2 Control measures of water pollution 1. The administration of water pollution control should be in the hands’ of State or Central Government. 2. Scientific techniques are necessary to be adopted for the environmental control of catchment areas of rivers, ponds or streams. 3. The industrial plants should be based on recycling operations, because it will not only stop the discharge of industrial wastes into natural water sources but by products can be extracted from the wastes. 4. Plants, trees and forests control pollution and they acts as natural air conditioners. 5. Forests in and around big cities and industrial establishments are capable of reducing the sulphur dioxide and nitric oxide pollutants to a greater extent ~ from the atmosphere. Hence the national goal should be “‘ConsefVatioh of-Forests” and campaign. should be “Plant more trees”. The global destruction oft forests should be discouraged or atleast minimized and afforestation should be encouraged because no one on this earth will escape from the adverse effects of a balding earth. 6. It is not advisable to discharge any type of waste, either treated, partially treated or untreated, into Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds and reservoirs. The industries are expected to develop close-loop water supply schemes and domestic sewage may be used for irrigation. \616 Environmental Science and Enginoorin, 7. Highly qualified and experienced persons should be con : : nsulted from time to time for effective control of water pollution. Public awareness regarding adverse effects of water pollution is a must. So there should be propaganda for water pollution control on radios, TVs etc., 9. Suitable laws, standards and practices should be framed to regulate the discharge of undesirable flow of water in water bodies and such regulations should be modified from time to time in order to accommodate the changing requirements and technological advancements. 10. Basic and applied research in public health engineering should be encouraged. 11. The possible reuse or recycle of treated sewage effluents and industrial wastes should be emphasized and encouraged. SOIL POLLUTION Definition Soil pollution is defined as, “the contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may cause harmful effects on living beings.” Table 5.2 Composition of soil Components % Mineral matter (inorganic) 45 Organic matter = Soil water 25 Soil air 25 >.S41 Types, effects and sources of soil pollution Si} . “ F vil ol 'S Soil pollution mainty results fiom the following source Ao Industrial wastes, 2 Urban wastes, X Agricultural practices. 4 Radioactive pollutants. 5. Biological agents. 1, Industrial wastes Disposal of industrial wastes is the major problem for soil pollution. Sources The industrial pollutants are mainly discharged from the various origins such as pulp and paper mills, chemical industries, oil refineries, sugar factories, tanneries, textiles, Steel. distilleries, fertilizers, pesticides, coal and mineral mining industries, drugs, glass, cement, petroleum and engineering industries etc., : Effect These pollutants affect and alter the chemical and biological properties of soil. As a result, hazardous chemicals can entér into human food chain from the soil or water, disturb the biochemical Process and finally lead to serious effects on living organisms. 2. Urban wastes Urban wastes comprises both commercial and domestic wastes consisting of dried sludge of sewage. All the urban solid wastes are commonly referred to as refuse.Environmental Science and_Enginoorin, constituents of urban refuse on refuse contains garbage and rubbish materials like plastics; glasses, metallic cans, fibres, paper, rubbers, strect gweepings, fuel residues, leaves, containers, abandoned vehicles and other discarded manufactured products. Urban domestic though disposed off separately from the industrial can still be dangerous. This is so because they cannot be easily degraded. 3. Agricultural practices Modern agricultural practices pollute the soil to a large extent. Today with the advancing agro-technology, huge quantities of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, weedicides are added to increase the crop yield. Apart from these farm wastes, manure, slurry, debris, soil erosion containing mostly inorganic chemicals are reported to cause soil pollution. 4. Radioactive pollutants Jting from explosions of (produced by nuclear penetrate the soil and Radioactive substances rest! nuclear dust and radioactive wastes testing Laboratories and industries) accumulate there by creating land pollution. Examples 1. Radio nuclides of radium, thorium, uranium, isotopes of potassium (K-40) and carbon (C-14) are very common in soil, rock, water and air. 2. Explosion of hydrogen weapons and cosmic radiations induce neutron, proton reactions by which nitrogen (N-15) produces C-14. This 4 participates in the carbon metabolism of plants which is then introduced into animals and man.Environmental Pollution 5.19 Eiwtrowmentel Potton ne 3. Radioactive waste contains several radio nuclides Such as Strontium-90, Iodine-129, Cesium-137 and isotopes of iron which are most injurious, Sr-90 gets deposited in bones and tissues instead of calcium. 4. Nuclear reactor produces waste containing Ruthenium-106, —Todine-131, _ Barium-140 : and Lanthanum-140, Cesium-144 along with the primary nuclides Sr-90 and Cs-137 has a half life of 30 years while Sr-90 has 28 years. Rain water carries Sr-90 and Cs-137 to be deposited on the soil where they are held firmly with the soil particles by electrostatic forces. All these radio nuclides deposited on the soil emit gamma radiations. 5. Biological agents Soil gets large quantities of human, animal and bird’s excreta which constitute the major source of land pollution by biological agents. Examples 1. Heavy application of manures and digested sludges could cause serious damage to plants within a few years. Because the sludges are containing more live viruses and viable intestinal worms. 2. In addition to these excreta, faulty sanitation, municipal garbage, waste water and wrong methods of agricultural practices also induce heavy soil pollution.Environmental Science and Engineering junle 53 Major physico-chemical characteristics of yore wastes of Organic chemical industries in Soil we No. Pi ulp and paper Suspended solids, high or low pH, colour, fibres, BOD, COD, high temperature, fibres. Rubber i , tuber industry |Chlorides, suspended and dissolved solids, variable pH and high BOD. Oil refineries Acids, alkalis, phenols, resinous materials and petroleum oils. . ae Antibiotics Toxic organics and high acidity or alkalinity. Synthetic drugs |High suspended and _ dissolved organic matter including vitamins. 6. Distillery Very high COD, low pH, high organic matter, high suspended and dissolved solids containing nitrogen, high potassium. 7. \Organic chemical Toxic compounds, phenols, high industry acidity, alkalinity.Environmental Pollution 5.21 Table 5.4 Major physico-chemical characteristics of untreated wastes of Inorganic chemical industries in Soil Industry Physico-chemical characteristics Thermal Power Plants. Heat, heavy metals, dissolved solids and inorganic compounds. Steel Mills Acids, phenols, low pH, alkali, limestone, oils, fine suspended solids, cyanides, cyanates, iron salts, ores and coke. Cotton Industry Sodium, organic matter, colour, high pH and fibres. Metal Plating Metallics, toxic cyanides, cadmium, chromium, zinc, copper, aluminium and low pH. Tron Foundry Coal, clay, suspended solids and iron. Pesticides high organic matter. Acids Low pH and organic content. Tanneries Calcium, chromium, high salt content, colour, dissolved and suspended matter. Explosives Alcohol, metals, TNT and organic acids. Aromatic compounds, acidity and}, Environmental Science_and Engineering 4 42 Control measures of soil pollution The pressure on intensification of farm activities igcreases for two reasons. 1. Population growth. 2. Decrease of the available farm land due to urbanization. 1. Control of Soil erosion Soil erosion can be controlled by a variety of forestry and farm practices. For example (a) Trees may be planted on barren slopes- (b) Contour cultivation and strip cropping may be practiced instead of shifting cultivation. (c) Terracing and building diversion channels may be undertaken. Reducing deforestation and substituting chemical manures by animal wastes would also help to arrest soil erosion in the long term. Maintaining soil productivity is vital and essential for sustainable agriculture. 2. Proper dumping of unwanted materials Excess of waste products by man and animals cause chronic disposal problem. Open dumping is most commonly practiced method. Recently controlled tipping is followed for solid waste disposal. The surface so obtained then can be used for housing or sports field. 3. Production of natural fertilizers Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and insecticides should be avoided. Biopesticides should be used in place of toxic chemical pesticides.Environmental Pollution 23 For example: Organic wastes contained in animals dung can be used for preparing compost manure and biogas rather than throwing them wastefully polluting the soil. 4. Proper Hygienic condition People should be trained regarding the sanitary habits. For example Lavatories should be equipped with quick and effective disposal methods. 5. Public Awareness Informal and formal public awareness programs should be imparted to educate people on health hazards by environmental pollution. For example Mass Media, educational institutions and voluntary agencies can achieve this. 6. Recycling and Reuse of wastes To minimize soil pollution, the wastes such as paper, plastics, metals, glasses, organics, .petroleum products and industrial effluents etc., should be recycled and reused. For example Industrial wastes should be properly treated at source. Integrated waste treatment method should be adopted. 7. Ban on Toxic Chemicals Ban should be imposed on chemicals and pesticides like DDT, BHC etc., which are fatal to plants and animals. Nuclear explosions and the improper disposal of radioactive wastes should be banned.a ee et Shomeenng MARINE POLLUTION qition wit vuaine pollution ix defined as, “the discharge af waste syanees dato the sea resulting in harm to living resources, aay fo human health, hindrance to _ fishery and sarment of quality for use af sea water.” Manne pollution is associated with the changes in syswal, chemical and biological conditions of the sea water, ys Wate IS ALSO UNE for human consumption and industrial NU PASes because of high: salt. content, Chemically it is a solwtion Of OS M NaCl and 0,005 M MgSO, containing traces se all conceivable matter in the universe. 5.5.1 Source of marine pollution About half of the world population live nearer to coastal lines and derive many benefits from the coastal zones and oceans. "The coastal zones contains rich heritage, coral reels, wetlands and seagrass beds. Benefits of coral reefs The coral reefs which are the _ most eco-systems offer many benefits to people. productive (i) Reefs support more than one millions species, (ii) They provide feeding, breeding and nursery fish and shell fish. (iii) They offer medicines. (iv) They acts as buffer to ocean waves and protect coastal lines from storms and so on, The coral reefs have been valued at 47 thousands US dollars per square meter of shoreline for their protection function alone. The coastal wetlands provide habitats for over areas tO2000 species of fish and’plants. Sea grass beds which are under water ocean grass lands support a wide variety of commercially valuable species of fish. Factors affecting coral reefs The coral reefs are threatened by 1. The sediment from deforestation carried ‘by the runoffs. 2. The agricultural and industrial chemicals reaching through river discharges. 3. The boat anchors and the careless divers. 4. Rising ocean temperatures. The wet Jands have been destroyed or degraded by conversion to agricultural lands or fish ponds or for urban expansion or for industrial development. The sea grass beds are also victims of various kinds of coastal development activities. 1. Dumping the wastes The most serious issue is dumping of untreated wastes and sewage into oceans by the coastal towns and cities and industrial units. All that what is carried by rivers ultimately ends up in the seas. On their way to sea, rivers receive huge — mounts of sewage, garbage, agricultural discharge, pesticides, mummncluding, heavy metals. These all are added to sea. Huge =—=aantity of plastic is being dumped in sea. —ect Many marine birds ingest plastic that causes ———o- intestinal disorders. "il pollution of Marine water mmm he great damage to water is inflicted by petroleum and ucts.Environmental Science_and Engineerir ror Example Oil ent i i ters water from cracks of oil tankers, accidental spillage. cleaning of fuel tanks by i also from street cleaning. oe o we — products precipitate to the bottom or wie Tock, stone, and sand banks to inhibit the life ee al nts. One drop of petroleum spreads over a great ‘olate the water from contact with atmospheric oxygen. Effects ee a aien oil films inhibit photosynthesis and the atch a oxygen. This inhibits the growth of plankton, ae ae of the hydrobionts inhabiting the indirectly ly. All aquatic animals depend either directly or Y on plankton, which is the basis of the trophic chain. : The surface of water in contact with the shore is usually contaminated with oil, which interferes with the normal evelopment of many hydrocarbons. 5.5.2 Effects of Marine pollution 1. The presence of heavy metals and organic pollutants ning of eggshell cause more damage in birds as thint and tissue damage of egg- Oil pollution cause damage to marine fauna and flora _ including algae, fish, birds, invertebrates. About 50,000 to 2,50,000 birds are killed every year by is) oil. 3. Oil spilling in sea water causes abnormally low body temperature in birds resulting in hypothermia. Nearly 150 rare species of bald eagles also became victims when they ingested oil during Exxon Valdez accident. . 4. Oil films are able to retard significantly the rate of oxygen uptake by water.NX 5.27 Environmental Pollution RE 5 The continuous oil films inhibit photosynthesis and formation of oxygen. This inhibits the growth of plankton, which is the main source of the hydrobionts inhabiting the water body. Hydrocarbons and benzpyrene accumulate in food chain and consumption of fish by man may cause cancer. Detergents used to clean up the spill are also harmful to marine life. 5.5.3. Control Measures of Marine Pollution The word wide fund for Nature and World Conservation Union suggested a plan for sustainable management involving six principles. 2 Plans for conserving marine biodiversity must be taken into account of human needs. People should be educated about marine ecosystems and the benefits offered by them. Local communities must be involved in protecting and managing their coastal resources. Social and economic incentives must be offered for conserving and sustainable use of marine resources. The fact that all the oceans in the world are connected must be reflected in the policies. Governments must manage their own waters while extending cooperation to the neighbouring states. Other control measures i The industrial units on the coastal lines should be equipped with pollution control instruments and efficient treatment facilities. The urban growth near the coasts should be regulated.Environmental Science and Engineering 3 ve heeds of fisherman who live on the coasts and lepend on marine resources should be accommodated jtethtods of removal of oil Several methods have been devised to deal with oil floating on the sea. ], Physical Methods @ ae the oil off the surface with a suction ‘vice appears to be the. simplest method. Gi) The floating oil can be absorbed using a suitable absorbing material like polyurethane foam. Chopped Straw and saw dust can also be used to absorb oil from the sea water. (ii) Chemicals can be used to coagulate the oil. 2. Chemical Methods (i) Dispersion. Gi) Emulsification. (iii) Using chemical additives. Protective measures Some of the protective measures are (a) Municipal and industrial’ wastes should be treated before being allowed to join the sea. (b) Coastal wastes should be periodically analyzed for detecting pollution levels. (c) Soil erosion in the coastal land should be arrested by suitable control techniques. (a) Recreational beaches should be maintained to meet hygienic and aesthetic standard.5.6) NOISE POLLUTION Definition Noise pollution is defined as, “the unwanted, unpleasant or disagreeable sound that causes discomfort for all living beings.” The sound intensity is measured in decibel (dB), which is tenth part of the longest unit Bel. One dB is equal to the faintest sound, a human ear can hear. 5.6.1 Types of noise It has been found that environmental noise is doubling every 10 years. Generally noise is described as, 1. Industrial noise. 2. Transport noise. 3. Neighbourhood noise. 1. Industrial Noise Highly intense sound or noise pollution is caused by many machines. There exists a long list of sources of noise pollution including different machines of(numerous factories, industries and mills. Industrial noise, particularly from mechanical saws and pneumatic drill is unbearable and is a nuisance to mile) Recently, it’ has been observed by the Institute of Oto-Rino Laryngology, Chennai that enormously increasing industrial pollution has damaged the hearing of about 20% workers. For example Cm steel industry, the workers near the heavy industrial blowers are exposed to 11 for eight hours and suffer from the occupational pollution.Ei nvironmental Science and Enginoering : ‘Transport Noise (The main noise, comes from transport. It mainly i e: youd traffic noise, rail traffic noise and air craft ae umber of road vehicles like motors, scooters, care inate cycles, buses, trucks and particularly the digsel engine vehicles have increased enormously in recent years, : That is why, this form of pollution is gaining importance, lly in large and over crowded towns and cities. According to experts, the noise level in most of the residential areas in metropolitan cities is already hovering on the border line because of vehicular noise pollution. esp survey conducted in metropolitan cities has shown that A noigeMtevel in. Delhi, Bombay and Calcutta is as high as 50 4B.)Inhabitants of cities are subjected 1 this most annoying fort of transport noise which gradually deafen them. i isturbance from househol 3. Neighbourhood Noise : Id This ¢ i 7 4 is type of ya kers are music: gadgbts_and community{ Common noise mal radios, transistors, telephones, and instruments, TV, VCR, P ._an ustrial revolution, noise In loudspeakers ete., Ever since the ind environment has been doubling every th years. 5.6.2 Effects of Noise Pollution La DAbise Pollution affects human health, comfort and efficiency. It causes contraction of blood vessels, makes the skin palg, leads to excessive secretion of adrenalin rem) into blood stream which is responsible for high blood pressure. Blaring sounds have known to cause mental distress, heart attacks neurological problems, birth defects and abortion. 2.( I_causes muscles. to_contract leading to nervous breakdown, tension etc., ee ———Environmental Pollution = 3. These adverse reactions are coupled with a.change in hormone content of blood, which in tu the rate of heart beat, constriction of blood vess digestive spasms and dilation of pupil of eye. i t_ma It affects health efficiency and behaviour cf ad cause damage to heart, brain, kidneys, liver also produce emotional disturbanc The most immediate and acute effect of noise 16 a impairment of hearing which diminishes ee damage of some part of auditory system: : exposed to very loud and sudden noise acute anal occurs to the ear drum. Prolonged exposure t© a of certain frequency pattern will lead [0 chron image to the hair cells in the inner ear- oe ‘ to In addition to serious loss of hearing due * : i ‘, . auses excessive noise, impulsive noise also , ¢4\ psychological and -pathological disorders, Ultrasonic sound can affect the digestive, respiratory, cardio vascular systems and semicircular canals ~of the internal ear. The rate of heart beat may also be affected. It may decrease or increase depending on the type of noise. 6 Coa is also adversely affected by loud apd sudden ise as that of jet and aeroplane noise etc) People 9. are subjected to Psychiatric illness. Recently it has been reported that blood is also ickened by excessive noises. 10. It is quite surprising that our’ optical system is also a prey for noise pollution. Pupillary dilation, impairment of night vision and decrease in the rate of colour perception are some of its severe effects.2—— kaonnotheh Soancs and Engoooing 26.4 COntrol measures sunaree Comtred stay include vente mesifcation sch 28 acoustic ny A — + iOMA seve bites surtace, design changes, Firniting nial timings, and wy on. 2. Vyapermission Path Intervention This mas oo insii sound 7 WS thay inchide comaining the source inside a Bains coclousme) construction of a noise barrier or provision nnd abrurbing materials along the path. 3 “ier control This includes protection of the receiver by altering the woe *chedule oF provision of personal protection devices such include pigs for operating noisy machinery) The measure may c di pation and deflection methods: 4. (ee Proper oiling wi i hi ~ will reduce the noise from the machines. be 5.6.3 Preventive measures _ Noise can be reduced by prescribing noise limits for vehicular traffic, ban on honking of homs in certain areas and Creation of silent zones near schools and hospitals and redesigning of buildings to make them noise proof. Other Measures can involve reduction of traffic density in residential areas and giving preferences to mass public transport system. >) THERMAL POLLUTION Definition Thermal pollution is defined as the addition of excess of undesirable heat to water that makes it harmful to man, animal or aquatic life or otherwise causes significantPiece eget eee ee aee- He zege eee zee =e even Pere n pene ene nrnE cere ne > ce eterereemeee eee eo Environmental Pollution 5.33 departures from the normal activities of aquatic communities in water, 5.7.1. Sources of Thermal pollution The following sources contribute to thermal pollution. (a) Nuclear power plants. (b) Coal-fired power plants. (c) Industrial effluents. (d) Domestic sewage. (e) Hydro-electric power. (a) Nuclear power plants Nuclear power plants including drainage from hospitals, research institutes, nuclear experiments and explosions, discharged a lot of unutilized heat and traces of toxic radio nuclides into nearby water streams. Emissions from nuclear reactors and processing installation are also responsible for increasing the temperature of water bodies. The operations of power reactors and nuclear fuel processing units constitute the major contributor of heat in the aquatic environment. Heated effluents from power plants are discharged at 10°C, higher than the receiving water which affect the aquatic flora and fauna. (b) Coal-fired power plants Some thermal power plants utilize coal as fuel, while a few plants use nuclear fuel. Coal-fired power plants constitute the major source of thermal pollutants. Their condenser coils are cooled with water from nearby lake or river and discharge the hot water back to the stream increasing the temperature of nearby water to about 15°C. The heated effluents decrease the dissolved oxygen content of water. It results into killing of fish and other marine organisms.2 ittorerts) Storer od Engg Industrial eff oe : ae can electricity like coal powered and aoc heat te Tequire huge amounts of cooling water eet int ne industries like textile. paper and pulp zat. Normally oo heat in water but to a much lesser power ind '¥ the discharged water from stream-electric a using turbo generators, will have 2 higher This seas See from GC to 9°C than the receiving water. at which soe increase of stream temperature (0 4 level dissipation of heat will be inefficient a modem stations, producing 100 MW, nearly one gallons are discharged in an hour with increase in "perature of the cooling water passing by 8 to 10°C. (4) Domestic Sewage lakes, cay nestic sewage is commonly discharged into rivers, munici nals or streams with or without waste weatment. The reeeiCiPal sewage normally has a higher temperature than the receiving water. With the increase in temperate of the TYME Water, the dissolved oxygen content decreases and ¢ demand of oxygen increases. Hence the anaerobic condition will Set up resulting in the release of foul and offensive gases in water. The marine organisms which depend on the dissolved Oxygen will die out. (©) Hydroelectric Power Generation of hydroelectric power. sometimes, results in Negative thermal loading in water systems. Apart from electric power industries, various factories with cooling requirement contribute to thermal loading. It has been reported that about 18% more heat is given to cooling waters in nuclear power plants than any other plant of equivalent size.Environmental Pollution 5.55 ee 5.7.2 Effects of Thermal Pollution 1. Reduction in dissolved oxygen Concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) decreases’ with increase in temperature of water. 2. Increase in Toxicity The rising temperature increases the toxicity of the poison present in water. A 10°C rise in temperature ered the toxic effect of potassium cyanide, while a 80°C rise in temperature triples the toxic effects of o-xylene causing massive mortality of fish. 3. Interference with biological activities Temperature is considered to be of vital significance to physiology metabolism and biochemical process in controlling respiratory rates, digestion, excretion and overall development of aquatic organisms. The temperature changes totally disrupt the entire ecosystem. 4. Interference with reproduction In fishes, several activities like nest building, spauning, hatching, migration and reproduction etc., depend on optimum temperature. 5. Direct mortality Unutilized heat in water is responsible for direct mortality of aquatic organisms. The increase in temperature exhausts the micro-organisms and shortens their life span. Above a particular temperature, death occurs to fish due to failure in respiratory system, nervous system process. 6. Food storage for fish Change in temperature alters the seasonal variation in the type and abundance of lower organisms. The fish may lack the right food at the right time.5,36. = Environmental Sclence and Engineering 5.7.3 Control measures of thermal pollution The following methods can be adopted to control the high temperature caused by thermal dischargers. 1. Cooling towers The use of water from water systems for cooling purposes, with subsequent return to the water way after passage through the condenser, is termed as cooling process. To make it more effective, cooling towers are designed to control the temperature of water. Cooling towers transfer some of the heat from hot water to the surrounding atmosphere by the process of evaporation. Cooling tower is generally used to dissipate the recovered waste heat to eliminate the problems of the thermal pollution. Cooling tower are of two types. (a) Wet Cooling tower en: i! he. condensor (reactor) 1s Hot water, coming out from the- condens tor) i allowed to spray over baffles. Cool air, with high velocity, . Passed from sides, which takes away the heat and cools the water, Warm air and steam Wet cooling tower Fig. 5.2 Wet cooling tower‘Srvtronmentsl Pobhiion oo a Sih aol (b) Dry Cooling tower Here the hot water is allowed to flow in a long spiral pipes. Cool air, with the help of fan, is passed over these hot pipes, which cools down the hot water. This cool water can be recycled. Warm air Hot water Cool water — cE pi A NG = Cool air inlet Fan Fig. 5.3 Dry cooling tower 2. Cooling ponds Fig. 5.4 Cooling pond5.38. a Environmontal Science and Engin Cooling ponds 4 are the simplest pee + s method of cooling thermal discharges. Heated etfluents on the surface of water in cooling ponds maximize dissipation of heat to the atmosphere and minimize the water area and volume. This warm water wedge acts like a cooling pond. 3. Spray ponds The water coming out from condensers is allowed to pass into the ponds through sprayers. Here the water is sprayed through nozzles as fine droplets. Heat from the fine droplets gets dissipated to the atmosphere. ‘Sprayer Fig. 5.5 Spray pond 4. Artificial lakes ‘Condenser Fig. 5.6 Artificial lakeEnvironmental Pollution 5.39 Artificial lakes are man made bodies of water which offer possible alternative to once-through cooling. The heated effluents can be discharged into the lake at one end and the water for cooling purposes may be withdrawn from the other end. The heat is eventually dissipated through evaporation. (68) NUCLEAR HAZARDS (Radio Active Pollution) The radiation hazard in the environment comes from ultraviolet, visible, cosmic rays and microwave radiation which produce genetic mutations in man. The biggest hazard comes from X-rays which account for 95% of out radiation exposure other than cosmic rays. Nuclear energy is used to produce clean electric power. The energy released in the splitting of nuclei in the atoms is used to generate electricity. There were about 600 nuclear power rectors in developed countries upto 1985. US alone have 100 licensed nuclear plants. About 53 power plants were cancelled between 1980 and 1984 due to enormous radiation danger. The nuclear power plants are more convenient to run. Once fueled, they can operate for several months. These plants are different from conventional electricity generating plants. In the fueled plants, fossil fuel is burnt to produce heat. But the fuel used in nuclear plants, being radioactive, is critically dangerous ‘and the waste materials are -hazardous. No power ° plant is perfectly contamination proof. Leakage may occur from several points which may be chronically radioactive. The nuclear wastes released by the nuclear reactor also emit radiations, if not properly stored. . 5.8.1 Sources of Nuclear Hazards Various sources of nuclear hazards are grouped into two types 1. Natural sources. 2. Man-made (Anthropogenic) sources.540 Environmental Science _and_Engineorin 1. Natural sources a : a) The Very Important natural source is space, which emit cosmic rays. (b) Soil, rocks, air, water, food, radioactive radon-222 etc., also contain one or more radioactive substances. 2. Man-made sources Man-made sources are nuclear power plants, X-rays, nuclear accidents, nuclear bombs, diagnostic kits, etc., where radioactive substances are used. 5.8.2 Effects of Nuclear Hazards environment is one of the most Radiation pollution of the ich we are subjected severely. horrible ecological crisis to whi Radioactive radiation affects the cells in the body and the function of glands and organs- People suffer from blood ‘ed to doses around 100 to 1000 cancer and bone cancer if expos °s aro t Toentgens. Unlike the other pollution, radioactive pollution can cause genetic disorders even in the subsequent generations. Studies have shown that the health effects due to radiation are dependent on the level of dose. 1. Exposure of the brain and central nervous system to high doses of radiation causes delirium, convulsions and death within hours or days. 2. The use of eye is vulnerable to radiation. As its cell die, they become opaque forming cataracts that impair sight. 3. Acute radiation sickness is marked by vomiting, bleeding of the gums and in severe cases, mouth ulcers, 4. Internal bleeding and blood vessel damage may show up as red spots on the skin.Environmental Pollution 644 Dy 5.8.3 r= Nausea and vomiting often begin a few hours after the gastrointestinal tract is exposed, Infection of the intestinal wall can kill weeks afterwards. Unbom children are vulnerable to brain damage or mental retardation, especially if irradiation occurs during formation of the central nervous system in early pregnancy. Control Measures from Nuclear Hazards i) If Nuclear devices should never be exploded in ai activities are extremely necessary then they should be exploded underground. In nuclear reactors, closed-cycle coolant system with gaseous coolants may be used to prevent extraneous activation products. Containments may also be employed to decrease the radioactive emissions. It can be achieved by using tightly sealed boxes and closed cycle system. Production of radioisotopes should be minimized, as once produced they cannot be rendered harmless by any means except the passage of time. Minimum number of nuclear installations should be commissioned. Fission reactions should be minimized as the rate of decay of radionuclides and subsequent emission of radiation are unaltered by man. > In nuclear and chemical industries, the use of radioisotopes may be carried under a jet of soil or water instead of powder or gaseous forms. In nuclear mines, wet drilling may be employed along with underground drainage.ss Environmental Sclence_and Engineering 9. Extreme care should be exercised in the disposal of : . : ‘ : ndustrial wastes contaminated with radio nuclides. Nuclear medicines and radiation therapy should be applied when absolutely necessary with minimum doses. 10. vs ct high chimneys and ventilations at the working place where radioactive contamination is high. It seems to be an effective way for dispersing radio-pollutants. Disposal methods are the possible ways to distribute the radio-pollutants. Thesd methods make the pollutant in a confined place}to spread over a large space such that pollution cah be weakened and its effects can be reduced. / (5.8) soup WASTE MANAGEMENT Rapid population growth and urbanization in developing countries~have led to the generations of enormous quantities of solid wastes and consequential environmental degradation. An estimated 7.6 million tonnes of municipal solid waste is Produced per day in developing countries. These wastes are disposed in open dumps creating considerable nuisance and environmental problems. These are potential risks to health and to the environment from improper management of solid wastes. Management of solid waste is therefore, become very important in order to minimize the adverse effects of solid wastes. 5.9.1 Types of solid wastes Depending upon the nature, solid wastes can be broadly classified into two types 1. Urban wastes. 2. Industrial wastes.Environmental Pollution £43 5.9.2 Sources of Urban and Industrial wastes |. SOURCES OF URBAN WASTES Urban wastes include the following wastes (a) Domestic wastes It contains a variety of materials thrown out from the homes. Examples Food waste, cloth, waste paper, glass bottles, polythene bags, waste metals, etc., (b) Commercial wastes It includes the wastes coming out from the shops, markets, hotels, offices, institutions, etc., Examples Waste paper, packing material, cans, bottle, polythene bags, etc., (c) Construction wastes It includes the wastes of construction materials. Examples Wood, concrete, debris etc., (d) Biomedical wastes It includes mostly the waste organic materials. Examples : Anatomical wastes, infectious wastes, etc., CLASSIFICATION OF URBAN WASTES (i) Bio-degradable wastes The urban solid waste materials, that can be degraded by micro organisms are called biodegradable wastes.oo oS = SSS BE BOR EMAIL ly aera Ss —~ gta Stic wase marcas Bato te St SZSESES af caled aoelenkgeebhie wees. sae Tone ES Soar meas Sass NARS oe.Environmental Pollution 5.46 produces foul smell and breeds various types of insects, which spoil the land value. Industrial solid wastes are the sources of toxic metals and hazardous wastes, which affect the soil characteristics and productivity of soils when they are dumped on the soil. Toxic substances may’ percolate int contaminate the ground water. Buming of some of the industrial wastes (or) domestic wastes (like cans, pesticides, plastics, radioactive materials, batteries) produce furans, dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls, which are harmful to human beings. 19 the ground and PROCESS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Flow Chart (@) Lanafi Solid Waste Generation = Collection of waste eer To transfer the collected wastes to the destination point To store the collected wastes meanwhile time of the disposal Segregation of wastes_}-»{ Home separation for recycling Disposal methods (b) Incineration (c) CompostingOF OLED A hd CUP AANA: Ni wie. RAT XO PAD byl I wiles. phe w b Sere, pA Whthey LS ODM WII, WHE ayapseeme HOST ME tty I Ph, wade Vihtgt7e # YOAL CAE Wh wipe Slip. Gatith whe Be: tte, BG tia: that Wind whe tapste + Vt We viHay Yo M40 wipe I ee wom. S txr sepwhihe, ge Wiehe Ve GOMES 0 tt MA, i pth, ¢ tee 6 “0h thle b te Kittie voter etn pt tt Ae WO IS, tpn say a VL WI NA AA, SO CO Ri IP we wae GLI tes ay makin na, I VIP! OMe. 6 tertng A uote torn, 6 he pre, i or ee Aor ae el * S te Ges att, Hed Be 45 anmtatonm amit, ihe tat. SHAS te WON, As ras i. ee es Mh SOOAT tems I Sia AEA CIA YT Semen Se YO OA MLR CRE CC tmetn S ete wh SIEALADS anotshe AAR Dore mE Cee Be SA A HARE POI OO UPD AE eh nate PbenEnvironmental Pollution II Discarding wastes For discarding solid wastes the following methods can be adopted. i Methods of disposal of municipal solid waste (a) Landfill (b) Incineration (c) Composting (a) Landfill s Solid wastes are placed in sanitary landfill al alternate layers of 80 cm thick refuse, covered with sel ae earth fill of 20 cm thickness. After two or three years, soli waste volume shrinks by 25-30% and the land is used for parks, roads and small buildings. The most common and cheapest method of waste disposal is dumping in sanitary land-fills which is invariably employed in Indian cities. Land-fill structure is built either into the ground or on the ground into which the waste is dumped. The method involves spreading the solid waste On the ground, compacting it and then covering it with soil at suitable intervals. Advantages 1. It is simple and economical. 2. Segregation not required. 3. Landfilled areas can be reclaimed and used for other purposes. 4. Converts low-lying, marshy waste-land into useful areas. 5. Natural resources are returned to soil and recycled. “advantages J. A large area is required. 2. Since land is available away from town, transportation cost is heavy. —3. Bad odours, if landfills are not Properly managed.al J nyironin wlonog mid A. The Jand filled areas will be the murces of mosquitoes and flies and hence inwecticider ands pesticides are to be applied at regular interval 5. Cates fire hazard due to the formation of methane in Wel weather, (b) Incineration wing, solid wante, It ih more It is a hygienic way of dinpe Vs suitable if the waste contains more hazardous svaterial ap organic content, It is a thermal process and in very Active for detoxification of all combustible pathogens. It is an expensive technology compared to Jand-fill. and composting because incinerators are costly. In this method the municipal solid wastes are burnt in 1a furnace called incinerator. The combustible substances such as rubbish, garbage, dead organisms and the noncombustible matter such as glass, porcelain, metals are separated before feeding to incinerators. The noncombustible materials can be left out for recycling and reuse. The left out ashes and clinkers from the incinerators may be accounted for only about 10 to 20% which need further disposal either by sanatory Jandfill or by some other means. The heat produced in the incinerator during the burning of refuse is used in the form of steam power for generation of electricity throughout turbines. The municipal solid waste are generally wet but has a very high calorific value so it has to be dried up first before burning. The waste is dried in preheater from where it is taken into large incinerating furnace called destructors which can incinerate about 100 to 150 tonnes per hour. The temperature normally maintained in a combustion chamber is about 700°C and may be increased to about 1000°C when electricity is to be generated.Environmental Pollution £49 Advantages 1. The residue is only 20-25% of original weight, the clinker can be used after treatment. 2. It requires very little space. 3. Cost of transportation is not high as incinerators located within city limits. 4. Safest from hygienic point of view. 5. An incinerator plant of 300 tonnes per day capacity can generate 3MW of power. Disadvantages 1. Its capital and operating cost is high. 2. Needs skilled personnel. 3. Formation of smoke, dust and ashes needs further disposal, due to which air pollution may be caused. (c) Composting It is another popular method practiced in many cities in our country. In this method, bulk organic waste is converted into a fertilising manure by biological action. “ The separated compostable waste is dumped in underground earthern trenches in layers of 1.5 m and is finally covered with earth of about 20 cm and left over for decomposition. Sometimes certain microorganisms such as actinomycetes are introduced for active decomposition. Within 2 to 3 days ‘biological action starts, the organic matters are being destroyed by actinomycetes and lot of heat is liberated increasing the temperature of the compost by about 75°C and finally the refuse is converted to powdery brown coloured odourless mass known as humus and has a fertilizing value which can be used for agricultural field. The compost contains lot of nitrogen essential for plant growth apart from phosphates and other minerals.0 Environmental Sclence_and Enginooring World Health Organisation (WHO) has set up a compost ant in New Delhi in 1981 with a capacity to handle 90 to 100 tonnes of waste everyday. The prepared compost was supplied to nurseries, kitchen gardens and horticulture department. The composting technology is widely employed in developing countries. Advantages 1. When the manure is added water retention and ion-exchange capacity of soil to soil, it increases the 2. A number of industrial solid wastes can also be treated by this method. 3. It can (manure) be sold thereby reducing the cost of disposing of wastes. 4, Recycling - occurs. Disadvantages 1. The non-consumables have to be disposed separately. 2, Use of compost has not yet caught up with farmers and hence no assured market. (6.19) ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN PREVENTION OF POLLUTION be prevented and d especially the ts which should Environmental pollution cannot removed. The proper implementation an individual participation are the important aspec! be given due importance and stress. The individual participation is us processes and restraining the pollution activities and thereby the public participation plays a major role in the effective svivonmental management. A small effort made by each individual at bis own place will have pronounced effect at the pally act locally”. global level. It is aptly said “Think glo! seful in law makingAessuiseseat seit alti Rael livid ebuild ebony bun tH Wee fhe vey wil Mem me He Hee envied pei A101 Wdividual partolpalion Wha iene Wee nee Nel nme in pedinum preven Ce YPM conti Ate unt Vee winter, eomryey mid inbwr reacnncnn Al mney eBoy Vinclinse wey lable, vey Neh wee prnen sale products oe CVC fre retnyerauns Use watural was than coal Reduce deforestation Increase wee of renewable rescances, Remove NO, from sonon vebicwae exhaust Use office machines in well vertilaed cea. Use less polluting substitutes for haeretol Cezng agents, paints and other products. Use of ecofriendly products. Dont use polystyrene cups that have chicro flacrs carbon (CFC) molecules, which destroy ozome lavex. Use rechargeable batteries. Rechargeable bemeries will reduce metal pollution. Use organic manure instead of commercial mora fertilizers. Reduce garbage by recycling and reuse Slow population growth.Environmental Science_and Engineering 6.44 CASE STUDIES RELATED TO POLLUTION 511.1 Effluents Treatment at MRL, Chennai ‘A leading petroleum refinery, The Madras Refineries pimited (MRL) located in Chennai has taken important steps in managing the effluents discharging efficiently. The MRL has two efficient treatment plants designed to meet 1S2490 quality control standards. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has developed an industry oriented standards called MINAS (Minimum National Standards) as per the Environment Protection Act, 1986. At the new plant, the treatment facilities consists of three streams. 1. The first is cooling water treatment. 2. The second is treating sour and merox water and 3. The third is for treating floor wash and stream water and to remove oil. The three efficients streams from the refinery contain the following contaminants. 1. Processes and utility stream The contaminants are oil, phenols, acids and alkalis. grease, hydrogen sulphide, 2. The storm and wash water stream Oil and grease. 3. The general purpose stream Waste water, solids, organics and bio-organisms. The MRL has taken bold initiatives and concentrated on the water management to meet the water requirements of the factory due to decreasing sub-soil water.Environmental Pollution $2.2 1. MRL has installed non-chromate type treatment facility to avoid chromium, a heavy metal, mixing with the effluent. Facilities for recycling to help reduce the quantum of pollutant discharge are also installed. ie) Further, MRL, went in for installation of tertiary treatment plant to treat secondary treated sewage of the city at Madras Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board, to reuse the water. This facility, though costed heavily (rupees twenty five crores) and it has solved the water problem in summer. In installing this unit, it was ensured that the quality of ground in the area was not affected. 5.11.2 The Taj Trapezium case M.C. Mehta Vs Union of India The Taj Mahal is the “King Emperor” amongst world wonders. It represents the most refined aesthetic value and one of the most priceless national monuments and also a glorious reputation to the men’s achievements in architecture and engineering. According to the petitioner, the foundries, the chemical and the hazardous industries and also the refinery at Mathura are the major sources of damage to Taj. The SO3, emitted by the Mathura refineries, combine with oxygen along with moisture in the atmosphere forms sulphuric acid, called acid rain. This has a corroding effect on the clean white marble. Industrial waste, refinery emissions, brick kilns, vehicular traffic and generator sets are primarily responsible for polluting the ambient air around the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ). Both inside and outside, the marble has decayed and yellow pallor is affecting the entire monument.apart from being a cultural heritage is.a industry sell’ bringing more than two million tourists every year s a source of revenue for the country. The pollution ged &S a consequence of development — must be ““ymensurate with the carrying capacity of our ecosystem. The supreme Court agreed with the petitioner and ordered many ;ndusities to close down, Numerous other industries switched over from the use of coke/coal and obtained gas connections from the Gas Authority of India Ltd (GAIL). The judgement vigorously applied the “Precautionary Principle” and in’ May 1999, the Central Government constituted the Taj Trapezium Pollution Authority. he Bhopal Gas Tragedy 's worst industrial accident occurred in Bhopal city, M-P. on the night of 3"¢ December 1984. It happened at Union Carbide India Ltd, who manufactures some carbonate pesticides, using methyl isocyanate (MIC). The reactor got exploded, due to failure of its cooling ns of MIC leaked into the atmosphere. ‘he world’ system and 40 to! Effect (i) Methyl-iso-cyanate is a toxic gas, lower concentrations of which affects lungs and eyes and causes irritation in the skin. (ii) Higher amounts of MIC, remove oxygen from the lungs and can cause death. Effects in Bhopal The gas (MIC) spread over 40 sq. km area. About 5000 persons were killed and 65,000 people suffered from severe eye, respiratory, neuromuscular, gastrointestinal disorders. Nearly 1000 persons became blind.5,55 Environmental Pollution d 5.11.4 Arsenic pollution in ground water Example: 1 West Bengal, Bihar and Banglades! contaminated by the toxic heavy metal arsenic. lesh are severely Effect ‘ 3 1. The local people, who were ingesting low doses of arsenic for 10 - 14 years, were affected from white or black spots on the skin, called melanosis. 2. Long exposures lead to bladder and lung cancer. 3. Children are more badly affected by arsenicosis. Sources ; Excessive use of lead arsenate and copper atsenite as pesticides in summer paddy and jute crop seems to be the major cause of arsenic pollution. Example: 2 The states lying in the down stream side of the river Ganga are facing the problem of arsenic content. Nearly 350 million residents in Ganga basin are exposed to dangerous levels of the arsenic element in their drinking water. 5.11.5 Soft drink bottling unit (Coco-cola) The coca-cola’s bottling unit at Plachimada, Palakkad district, Kerala, discharged large amount of sludges. These sludges are used as fertilizers by the near by farmers. ‘But, analysis of the sludge showed that it contains, toxic metals like cadmium and lead. The scientists warned that the level of these toxic elements would pollute the land, local water supplies and the food chain.5.56. Environmental Science_and Engineerin 5.11.6 Mercury wastes We know that the mercury is an extremely toxic metal. Thermometer manufacturing company releases very small amount of mercury (from 0.1 mg to 10 mg per | kg of soil sample) into the atmosphere, which contaminates the soil. Hindustan Lever Ltd. (HLL) Hindustan Lever Ltd (HLL), Kodaikkanal, is manufacturing thermometer, disposed its mercury laden glass waste into the nearby area and created land pollution. By the intervention of local people and environmental groups, HLL transferred large quantities of mercury laden glass wastes from Kodaikkanal to USA. Palar River-pollution Palar river originates in Nandidurgam of Karnataka state and flows for about/350 km through Karnataka, Andra Pradesh 5.1 and Tamil Nadu. Palar supply drinking water for several municipalities, towns and villages in Vellore district, Tamil Nadu. Now the Palar is polluted by the effluent of various leather industries which inturn affecting the -agricultural productivity in 40,000 hectares of croplands. Type of pollutants Chrome tanning industries discharge large amounts of chemicals like chromium, calcium, ammonium salts, organic dyes and acids.5.11.8 Industrial pollution (Textile and dye industries) There are nearly 500 dying units and 195 bleaching units operating in and around Tirupur. They consume large quantity of water for processing and late or discharge waste water. The effluent from the above industries affect the surface and underground water and make the water unfit for domestic work. The effluent also increase the pH of the soil and affect the cultivation. The rivers like Bhavani, Noyyal and Cauvery get polluted due to mixing of effluent from the above industries. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) has directed all textile printers and dyers of Thirupur to not allow the effluent to mix in the river systems. 5.11.9 Marine pollution Spilled. oil, breaksdown the natural insulating oils and waxes, which shield the birds from water. Ultimately they loose their insulation, start shivering and freeze to death in winter. About 30,000 birds died in Torry canyon incident. Nearly 150 rare species of bald eagles also became victims when they ingested oil during Exxn valdez accident. $.11.10 Gulf war (marine pollution) The Gulf war took place in Kuwait from January 16 to February 26, 1991 between Iraq and USA. During the war American fighters dropped nearly a lakh of bombs, and forced the Iraqi army to withdraw from Kuwait. During the retreat of Iraqi, they have set fire on nearly 700 oil wells of Kuwait. Since most of the oil wells are on shore of the sea, oil from the oil well spills out into the sea. The floating oil over sea watef covered nearly 80 km long and 25 km wide area.Bil WES Peidstd nuge amou! . ints of 4 yke CO, and SO} into the atmosphere. poliaani gefeets 1. Nearly one million birds have been killed due t the oil slick. . 2. The oil slick in the sea made the desalination plants ineffective. 5.11.11 The Miniamatta Epidemic (1953) (marine. pollution) Miniamatta is a small coastal village in Japan. The Chisso Chemical Company, which produces vinyl polymer plastics used organomercurial compound. The industry released its effluent into Miniamatta sea. The effluent containing mercury ions is converted into methyl mercury, which is highly toxic. The marine organisms _ like phytoplankton and zoo-planktons easily absorb the toxic methyl mercury compound. These organisms are consumed by small fishes and these are intum consumed by large fishes. Finally the large fishes are consumed by human beings, Thus the poisonous chemical (methyl mercury) enter into the body of human beings through food chain. Effect It damages the central nervous system, which causes various disorders such as (a) Loss of vision and hearing. (b) Loss of muscular co-ordination and severe headache. (c) Nervous disorders.Environmental Pollution ee Chernobyl nuclear disaster (Nuclear pollution) In April 26, 1986, the melt down of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor, in Russia, has leaked out the radioactive rays and radioactive materials. Effect 1. Nearly 2000 persons have been killed by the accident. 2. People suffered due to the illness such as, degeneration of the cells, severe bleeding, anaemia, skin cancer. : 3. Animals, plants are also affected by nuclear radiation. (6.4) DIsasTER MANAGEMENT Hazard Hazard is a perceived natural event which threatens both life and property. Disaster A disaster is the realization of this hazard. Example Earthquakes, avalanches, floods, cyclones, droughts, volcanoes are different types of disasters. DEFINITION FOR DISASTER Disaster is a geological process and is defined as an event, concentrated in time and space, in which a society, or sub-division of a society undergoes severe danger and causes loss of its members and physical property. Types of disaster Based on the origin, disaster is grouped into two types. 1. Natural Disasters. 2. Man-made Disasters.io Environmental Science_and Engineoring Natural Disasters It refers’ to those disasters that are generated by natural phenomena. gxamples: Cyclones, floods, earthquakes, landslides, etc., 1 Man-made Disasters It usually refers to the disasters resulting from man-made hazards. Examples: Accidents, pollution, fire etc., Gap FLoops Definition Whenever the magnitude of water flow exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel within its banks, the excess of water over flows on the surroundings causes floods. 5.13.1 Causes of floods 1. Heavy rain, rainfall during cyclone causes floods. 2. Sudden snow melt also raises the quantity of water in streams and causes flood. 3. Reduction in the carrying capacity of the channels, due to accumulation of sediments causes floods. 4, Sudden and excess release of impounded water behind dams. 5. Human activities like construction of roads, buildings and parking space, that covers the earth’s surface, prevents infiltration of water into the soil and speeds up the run off. 6. Clearing of forests for agriculture has also increased severity of floods.Environmental Pollution 5.13.2 Effects of Floods 1. Floods cause heavy suffering to Pera living, in om lying areas because the houses and properties ; washed away. 2. Floods damage standin, 3. Floods cause a great econo) related problems due to wides} livestock. ig CTOps and mic Joss and health pread: contamination. ole 5.13.1 Flood Management Flood management involves the following ae 1. Encroachment of flood ways should be banned. 2. Building walls prevent spilling out the flood water over flood plains. 3. Diverting excess water through channels or canals to areas like lake, rivers, etc., where water 1S 10 sufficient. 4. Build check-dams on small streams, move building off the flood plains. ‘' <= 5. Restore wetlands, replace ground cover on water-course. Instead of raising buildings on flood plain, it can be used for wildlife habitat, parks, recreational areas, which are not susceptible to flood damage. 7. River-networking in the country also reduce flood. 8. Satellite pictures of pre-flood, flood and post flood with other informations contribute ‘to the’ flood management process. 9. Optical and microwave data from IRS is also used for flood management. 2 10. Flood forecasts and flood warning are also given by the central water commission. 11. Reduction of runoff by increasing infiltration through appropriate afforestation.5 Environmental Science_and Engineering {ndia Scanerio - Floods Next to Bangladesh, India is the most flood-affected country in the world. Nearly 40 million hectares are affected py annual floods in India. 20% of which is present only in Up. Next to UP, Orissa, Andra Pradesh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, west Bengal, Assam are also flood-prone areas. Table 5.5 Frequently occuring natural disasters in India Affected Location/Area Population (in Million) 8 major river valleys spread 260 over 40 million hectares of area in the entire country. Spread in 14 states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Kamataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Himachal Pradesh covering a total of 116 districts and 740 blocks. Nearly 55% of the total area of the country falling in the seismic zone IV and V.Environmental Pollution 6.63 Affected Population (in Million) Goa, Karnat Nadu, Andhra and West Bengal and Union Territory of Pondicherry besides Islands of Lakshadweep and = Andaman and Nicobar. Entire sub Himalayan region and Western Ghats. 6.19 CASE STUDIES 5514.1 Flood in Bangladesh - 1974 Every year, in Bangladesh, large areas are submerged during the monsoon season. In 1974, flooding extended nearly one-half of the country and stagnated for more than one month. Nearly 1500 people died in the floods and 2,80,000 people died from subsequent disease and starvation. Approximately 4,50,000 houses were destroyed and a total of 35 million people have lost their belongings due to floods.5, Environmental Science_and Engineerin 64 Gay CYCLONE Definition Cyclone is a _ meterological phenomena, intense depressions forming over the open oceans and moving towards the land. On. reaching the shores, it move into the interior of the land or along the shore lines. Thus the cyclones are the most powerful, destructive, dangerous atmospheric storms on the earth. The cyclone once formed may be active from days to weeks and their speed varies between 180-500 km/hour. 5.15.1 Occurence Tropical cyclones in the warm oceans are formed because of heat and moisture. The main requirement of formation of tropical cyclone is that the sea surface temperature (SST) must be below 25°C. The tropical cyclones move like a spinning top at the speed of 10-30 kn/hour. In India, cyclones’ originating from Bay of Bengal are more in number and intensity. But, they are relatively less in south west Indian Ocean and Arabian sea. In India cyclone occurs during October - December or April - May. Table 5.6 Different names of cyclones Name of cyclone} 5» $i 2 =) Place ee es 1. Hurricanes in Atlantic, Caribbean and Eastern Pacific, USA. 2: Typhoons in Western Pacific and Southern Coast of China, Japan. 3. Cyclones in Bangladesh and Eastern Coastal areas of India. 4. Willy Willies |in Australia.Environmental Pollution 5.65 5.15.2 Effect 1. The damage depends on the intensity of cyclone. The damage to human life, crops, roads, transport, communications, tanks, canals, livestock could be heavy. 2. Cyclone occurrence slow down the developmental activities of the area. *.15.3 Cyclone Management 1. Satellite images are used by meteorological departments for forecasting the weather conditions, which reveal the strength and intensity of the storm. 2. Radar system is used to detect the cyclone and is being used for cyclone warning. 3. For observing the exact location of cyclone, every half an hour satellite pictures are analysed. 4. It is difficult to stop the formation of cyclones, but the effect of which is minimised by planting more trees the coastal belt, construction of dams, dyke& embankments, wind breaks. CASE STUDY 5.16.1 Cyclone in Orissa - 1999 Two cyclones in Orissa occurred on 18th and 29th of October 1999. In the coastal area of Orissa, a powerful cyclone storm hit with a wind velocity of about 260 km/hour. Nearly 14 of 30 districts of Orissa were in severe damage. It has been reported that nearly 15 millions people were affected and 90-95% of the crop yield was affected. About 11,500 local schools have been damaged.16 Gry LANDSLIDES Environmental Science_and Engineerin, Definition a The movement of earthy materials like coherent rock, } , soil and debris from higher region to lower region due gravitational pull is called landslides. 5.17.1 1. Cause of landslides Down hill movement of earth is mainly caused by rain, forces either increasing the top material weight, lubricating the various layers, or making the slope too steep. Movement of heavy vehicles on the unstable sloppy. regions create landslides. Earthquake, shocks, vibrations and cyclone create landslides. Erosion in the hilly tract due to run-off water during rainy period also leads to landslides. Underground caves and underground mining activities may also leads to subsidence. 6. Unconsolidated sediments exposed due to logging, road or house building also causes landslides. 5.17.2 Effects 1. Landslides block the roads and diverts the passage. 2. Erosion of soil increases. 3, Sudden landslides damage the houses, crop yield, live stock etc.,Environmental Pollution 5.67 5.17.3 Landslides Management It is very difficult to control landslides. However, these can be minimized by (i) Unloading the upper parts of the slope. (ii) Improving the cultivation in the sloppy region, the roots of which provide cohesion and retards the flow of water and its erosion capacity. (iii) Steepness of the slope can be reduced by developing benches. (iv) Concrete support can be made at the base of the slope. (v) Draining the surface and sub surface water from the weak sloppy regions. (vi) Soil stabilization using some chemical (quick lime) is also effective in weak areas. CASE STUDY §.18.1 Landslides in UP - 1998 Due to landslide in Malpa village, Pithoragarh district, UP, on 18th August 1998, nearly 180 people including 60 Kailash-Mansarovar pilgrims and eight Indo-Tibet Border police personnel were killed. EARTH-QUAKES Definition An earthquake is a sudden vibration caused on the earth’s surface due to the sudden release of tremendous amount of energy stored in the rocks under the earth’s crust.5.68 ee Environmental Science_and_ Engineering 5.19.1 Occurrence A = earth’s crust has several tectonic plates of solid rock. se plates move slowly along their boundaries. When friction Prevents these plates from slipping, stress develops and results in sudden fractures along the fault lines within the plates. This Causes earthquakes and the violent vibrations in the earth. | | 5.19.2 Causes Ht 1. Earthquakes are caused due to disequilibrium in any ii} part of the earth crust. This disequilibrium is caused tt by volcanic eruptions, hydrostatic pressure of i man-made water bodies like reservoirs, dams, and i lakes, which inturn causes movements of plates. ! 2. Underground nuclear testing. 3. Decrease of underground water level. Severity of an earthquake The severity of an earthquake is generally measured by | its magnitude on Richter Scale as shown in the table. } Richter Scale Severity of earthquake Less than 4 Insignificant 4-49 Minor 5-59 Damaging 6 - 6.9 Destructive 7-719 Major More than & Great