PREFACE TO THE 1974 EDITION ire eel hence RANT aainIae PREFACE TO THE EXPANDED AND UPDATED EDITION cscs ‘ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Chopter 1. THE PHILIPPINES AND ITS PEOPLE... Geography Economy. Population Government snnsnsnne Filipino Traits and Values, Chopter 2 THE PHILIPPINES N ANCIENT TIMES (200,000 Bc. ~ 1300 A.) . w Barly Settlers... a —o 1B Economic Life See 15 Social life 16 ‘The Government 18 Culture 20 Chopter 3 EARLY CONTACTS WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES (900 ~1400 A.D Early Trade Routes and Contacts Economic and Cultural Exchanges ‘The Coming of Islam .. Ghopter 4 ENCOUNTER WITH THE WEST (1400 — 1600) ‘The Coming of the Spaniards ‘The Battle of Mactan First Settlement in Cebu ‘The Settlement in Panay ‘The Founding of Manila Chapter SHE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPANISH RULE (1600s ~ 1000). Reasons for Spanish Colonization... 55 Political Changes 55 Economic Changes ... 62Chapter 6 CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY (1360-10209, toes se Portuguese and Dutch Threats... 72 Early Resistance in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao e : B Reasons for the General Failure of the Revolts nme seonenes 80 ‘The Chinese Presence --.-..nmnn : 80 ‘Ghopter 7 CULTURAL CHANGES AND IDENTITY (1600 ~180).. Spanish Influences Impact of Cultural Changes Chopter 8 THE BEGINNINGS OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM (mid 17005-1900). British Invasion and Occupation nnsnmnmnenoninrenennnnananannenensn OF ‘The Silang and Palaris Revolts cnnnnnninnsnan OT Basco's Economic Plans —— 98 Laisses-aire and the Opening of Ports = sine 99 ‘The Rise of the “Filipino” Middle Class a 100 ‘The Education of Some Filipinos .. = Cvs TOL The Opening of the Suez Canal sn 102 Liberalisin in the Philippines wren orenenanniennnenee 108 ‘The Campaign for Secularization «oneweunnse 104 Choper 9 THE CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS (182 ~ 1892. ID ‘The Reform Movement .. a on 110 Freemasonry and Its Roe ws ' 14 La Liga Filipina ne 11S ‘Why The Reform Movement Failed 116 Chopler 10 BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN (1892-1896)... soa ndn ll ‘The Founding of the Katipunan. SS 120 ‘The Aims and Structure ofthe Katipunan - somes 120 ‘The Teachings of the Katipunan. = sevens 123 ‘The Women in the Katipunan, a 126 The Kalayaam enn 7 126 ‘Twin Souls of the Katipunan... : 127 Ghopter 11 THEREVOLUTION OF 1896 pn seine TOM Conditions before the Revolution 132 The Fighting Begins - 134 Rizal’s Execution —— 136 The Execution of Bonifacio. 138 ‘The Biak-na-Bato Republic. - 140 Choplor 12 THESTRUGGLE CONTINUES 4 The Relief of Primo de Rivera 145 ‘The Spanish-American War . 5‘Aguinaldo Goes to Singapore .. 147 Aguinaldo Returns. . 149 The Mock Battle of Manila... sown 151 Chapter 13 FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE The Dictatorial Government nme ise ‘The Revolutionary Government . 159 The First Philippine Republic 162 Choptor 14 THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR (1899-1902), ‘The "Benevolent Assimilation” Proclamation .. ‘The Shot that Started the War. The Fall of the Mabini Cabinet ... ‘The Assassination of Luna ‘The Conquest of the Visayas. ‘The Kiram-Bates Treaty sou Aguinaldo Retreats to Palanan... ‘The Stage of Guerrilla Warfare Chapt 15. THE RESULTS OF PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR... Filipino Casualties and Losses .. ‘The Disposition of the Friar Lands Filipinization of the Church Copter 16 ANERICAN COLONIAL RULE: POLICY AND GOVERNANCE (1699-1907). 188 The Military Rule «suns svn onan 190) ‘American Policy in the Philippines sone 190 Civil Government = 192 ‘The First Philippine Assembly. oe 196 Ghopter 17 TRAINING FOR SELF-GOVERNMENT 1907-1921) m Government Reorganization w..cunsmn sn 202 Filipinization Under Harrison 204 ‘The Jones Law 206 Chapter 18 THE CAMPAIGN FOR INDEPENDENCE (1922-1935) 20 ‘The Wood-Forbes Mission cree 211 ‘The Conflict Between Osmeria and Quezon 212) Independence Missions 10mm a 214 Copter 19. THEIMPRCT OF AMERICAN RULE (1898-1995) nan Education and the School System... oe 222 Public Health and Welfare... se see 223 Improvement in Trade and Industry 224‘Transportation and Communication... ~ 224 Democracy and Civil Liberties. 225 Language and Literature . 226 Negative Results of American Rule. 226 ‘Chapter 20 THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE WORLD WAR I (1935-1945) unin m9 Problems of the Commonwealth a seonnneae 230 Achievements of the Commonwealth ja. se 232 ‘The War in the Pacific ... : seen 234 Government Reorganization 235 Guerrilla Warfare ... 237 ‘The Government-In-Exile 237 ‘The Return of MacArthur ews. 237 ‘The Commonwealth Reestablishment 238 ‘The End of the War +m. . 239 Chopter 21 THETHIRD REPUBLIC (1946-1969)... Conditions After the War 242 The Government Reorganization sree 242 ‘The Third Republic Proclaimed —— 244 CChopter 22. FROM THE FIRST QUARTER STORM TO THE DECLARATION. (OF MARTIAL LAW {1970-1972} th oe SAS Crisis in Society . 253 ‘The 1971 Constitutional Convention and the 1973 Constitution 258 Declaration of Martial Law 257 Chapter 23 FROM MARTIAL LAW TO PEOPLE POWER (1972-1986)... 260 Marcos's New Society = = 261 ‘Mass Movements to End Martial Rille : 264 The Assassination of Ninoy 265 The 1986 Snap Elections : : 267 People Power at Esa janes : 268 Chopter 24 POST EDSATO THE PRESENT (1966-2008) Saini snes 0 The Aquino Presidency . : . sone 27 ‘The Ramos Presidency . 273 “The Estrada Administration and People Power Il 275 ‘The Macapagal-Arroyo Government . : 277 BIBLIOGRAPHY no a S penecie 1B INDEX ~ re 29PREFACE TO THE 1974 EDITION In presenting this work to the younger generation, I have in mind the colossal task of instilling in them the spirit of Filipinism. This is shown in the point of view I have taken, namely, that of a Filipino. A reading of many books on Philippine history shows that most of them, if not all, are still suffering from what has been called “colonial mentality.” For a long, long time, books on Philippine history have been written through the eyes of foreigners, especially Spanish and American, Thus, one reads that Magellan discovered the Philippines, that the Filipino guerrillas who fought the Americans in 1899 to 1901 were bandits, that the Catholic Church unified the Filipinos, and many more statements which downplay, if not ignore completely, the role of the Filipinos in the development of their polity. Consequently, foreign-oriented books prevaricate the facts of Philippine history. This book follows the orientation of my other previously written books on Philippine history. They have been written from the point of view of the Filipinos and not of the Spaniards and the Americans. Even so, facts are not twisted to accommodate national prejudices. The facts are allowed to stand as facts, but their interpretations are my responsibility. Consequently, while I discussed the evils of the Spanish administration, | also discussed the good that Spain had done in the Philippines; the same may be said of my treatment of the American period: the good as well as the bad are placed side by side for alto see. This is the essence of impartiality in history. There is no deliberate twisting of facts in order to accommodate friends or to drag down enetnies. One notes that the questions at the end of each chapter are mostly of the type “why” and “how.” This is important, for the students should be trained in thinking for themselves. The questions “when” and “what” are seldom asked because they are more factual than interpretative, and in history interpretation is more important than the mere filling vp of dull facts and dates. | therefore minimized the number of dates in order not to burden unnecessarily the minds of the students. The parrot-like method of approach to the learning of history should give way to the interpretative method, Thope that the young students, and even adults, will find this book useful; especially in the reconsideration of the facts of our history as a people. ‘TEODORO A. AGONCILLO Quezon City 1974THE PHILIPPINES AND ITS PEOPLE Pe How come Filipinos have varied physical features? Such diverse economic activities? Observers say, one’s geography (e.g., archipelagic and tropical) can help shape not only a people's physical appearance but also their economy, character traits, history, and development. The Philippines is a tropical and archipelagic country found in Southeast Asia. Endowed with rich natural resources and a warm, hospitable people, it has its own share of political and economic challenges to meet. = GEOGRAPHY The Philippines is an archipelago lying southeast of the coast of the mainland of Asia. It is located a little above the equator and thus, belongs to the northern hemisphere. Of approximately 7,107 islands and islets that compose the archipelago, some 4,000 have no names, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Samar, Palawan, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, and Bohol are the ten biggest islands. The total land area, excluding the bodies of water surrounded by land, such as Laguna de Bay, Taal Lake, Lake Lanao, and many more ag geography ~ science thot studies the earth's form, physical features, climate, population, ond ‘other related topicsa 126° 130° thea zon = : ae | : of annes zl : wi 7 ~ r creer a . 3 emit FE cent 2 mS uz0n eS 7 BE cree “i peice < Se. ‘ sneha rt * Dh NBRARE Go oes VISAYAS. A a Aan fee 3 — MINDANAO gS", Sent mes cathe Oe eurangernty 7? : BORNEO re eer -like these, is 300,000 square kilometers. The northernmost island of Luzon is just 100 kilometers away from the island of Taiwan, formerly called Formosa, North and west of the archipelago lies the South China Sea; to the east is the Pacific Ocean; and to the south are the Celebes Sea and the waters of Borneo. The coastline of the Philippines is irregular and stretches for about 36,289 kilometers, about twice as long as the coastline of the United States, excluding that of Alaska and Hawaii. ina note verbale submitted by the Philippine government to the United Nations on March 7, 1955, the Philippines is defined as “a mid-ocean archipelagic state.” Thus, “All waters around, between and connecting different islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago, irrespective of their width or dimensions, are necessary appurtenances of its land territory, forming an integral part of the national or inland waters, subject to the exclusive sovereignty of the Philippines.” Because of the irregular coastline, the country abounds in good harbors, landlocked straits, and hundreds of small rivers, bays, and Jakes. Manila Bay, which has an area of a little less than 2,000 square kilometers and a circumference of about 190 kilometers, is considered one of the finest natural harbors in the world. The Philippine Deep, which is found east of the Philippines near Samar and Leyte, is considered as one of the deepest sea trenches in the world. A look at the physical map of the Philippines shows that it is mountainous. There are numerous peaks from north to south, cf which Mount Apo in Mindanao is the highest, standing at approximately 2,954 meters high. The second highest is Mount Dulang-dulang in Bukidnon, which is 2,938 meters high. The northern and eastern parts of Luzon have rugged mountains which are volcanicin origin. There are three large mountain ranges in Luzon. They are the Western Caraballo Mountain Range, the Sierra Madre Mountain Range, and the Caraballo de Baler. Western Caraballo runs from north to south and divides itself into the Central Cordillera and the Northern Cordillera. It crosses the provinces of northern Luzon, west of the Cagayan River. The Sierra Madre begins at the town of Baler in the eastern part of Quezon Province, and crosses the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Quezon. Its the longest continuous mountain range in the Philippines. The third mountain range, the Caraballo de Baler, begins from the town of Baler and ends in the Strait ‘of San Bernardino, This mountain range includes Mayon Volcano in Albay and Bulusan Volcano in Sorsogon. Outside of these big mountain ranges are the small mountain ranges of Zambales and the Tagaytay Ridge. The Zambales range begins at Cape Bolinao, follows the coast of the China Sea, and ends in the Bataan Peninsula. The Tagaytay Ridge crosses the provinces of Cavite and Batangas. Mount Makiling in Laguna and Taal Volcano are parts of the ‘Tagaytay Ridge. Mindoro, Panay, and Negros have small mountain ranges. ‘The highest peaks in these parts are Mount Halcon in Mindoro andKanlaon Volcano in Negros. Leyte and Samar are not as mountainous as the provinces mentioned above. Mindanao, on the other hand, has four distinct mountain ranges. They are the Eastern Mountain Range, which begins at Surigao and follows the Pacific coast; the Central-Eastern Mountain Range which begins at Butuan and extends south to Agusan ‘on the east and to Pulangui on the west; the Central-Western Range, which begins at Mount Apo, follows the boundary of Cotabato, and ends in the Zamboanga Peninsula; and the Western Range which begins west of lligan Bay and ends on the shores of Basilan Strait Volcanoes and Earthquakes ‘There are many volcanoes in the Philippines whose eruptions caused. inuch damage to lives and property. Twenty-six of the volcanoes are considered active, while the rest are supposed tobe dormant or “sleeping,” ‘The most famous of these active volcanoes are Iraya in Batanes; Taal in Batangas; Banahaw in Quezon; Mayon in Albay; Bulusan in Sorsogon; Hibole Hibok in Camiguin Island; and Makaturing in Lanao, Mayon and ‘Taal are the most active of these volcanoes. They have erupted for no less than twenty-five times. Mayon is famous the world over for its perfect cone shape, while Taal is famous for being the smallest volcano in the world, In 1966, Taal volcano erupted, which led to the resettlement of the people of Volcano Island to other places. ‘The Philippines is within what is called the seismic belt, that is, it lies in the path of earthquakes. Manila and many parts of Luzon experienced several earthquakes over the years including that of 1863, which caused the destruction of many residential houses and government buildings and the death of the famous priest, Father Pedro Pelaez in the Manila Cathedral; that of 1937, which destroyed, partially, or completely, many big buildings in Manila; that of 1968, when many buildings were partially destroyed while an apartment building was completely destroyed resulting in the death of hundreds of people; and that of 1990, which registered 7.8.0 the Richter scale, killing and injuring thousands of people, and damaging about 20,000 square kilometers of densely populated areas in Luzon.Climate ‘The Philippines has a tropical and maritime climate which is tempered by the breeze from the Pacific Ocean on the east and the China ‘Sea on the west. Based on rainfall and temperature, there are two major seasons: the dry season which extends from December to May, and the wet season which extends from June to November. The period from late November to February is usually cool. May is often the hottest month of the year, while January is the coldest. Even so, the climate in general ishealthful. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first governor-general of the Philippines, describing it to the King of Spain said, “This country {the Philippines} is salubrious and has a good climate... Generally, typhoons have influenced the climate and weather of the country. These typhoons may be classified into “remarkable” and “ordinary.” The former have destroyed millions of pesos worth of crops and property. Typhoons and tropical cyclones most frequently enter the Philippine area of responsibility (PAR) during the months of July to October. Some of the worst typhoons that ever struck the country include Uring in November 1991, Rosing in October 1995, Reming in November 2006, Ondoy in September 2009, and Pepeng in October 2009. Natural Resources Nature has given the Philippines rich soil and plenty of natural resources. The rich valleys and fertile plains are planted to crops such as rice, corn, coconuts, sugar cane, bananas, pineapples, and varieties of vegetables. The country has enough water resource for electricity; food such as fish, seaweeds, sea shells; as well as pearls for jewelry. There is an abundant supply of minerals like gold, copper, silver, lead, zinc, nickel, manganese, and chromium, as well as non-metallic minerals like salt, clay, coal, sulphur, asbestos, limestones, gravel, and gypsum. Gum resins and lumber can be obtained from the country’s vast forests. The Philippines also has oil. Called “black gold,” its discovery at Malampaya, Palawan has encouraged foreign and Filipino firms to drill welis for oil. Its commercial ‘exploration will greatly improve the country’s economy. However, despite this natural abundance, conservationists and civil society have expressed concern over the depletion of forests, abusé and misuse of land resources, and threats to marine and coastal ecosystems. A significant response by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) was its lobby for Congress to pass the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Bill in 1992, Now called R.A. 7586, the laws premised on the concept of the involvement of local communities in biodiversity conservation and habitat management. Thus, indigenous peoples living in the protected areas are given responsibility over their territories and sustainable livelihood alternatives. bi iodiversity- | diferent forms of life existing in @ particular ‘environmentjofuel - fuet derived from some plant cathodes — the electrode by ‘which electric current leaves © polarized electrical device Other laws that protect our environment include the Philippine Clear Air Act of 1999, the Ecological Solid Waste Management of 2000, and the Clear Water Act of 2004. Economy Rice is the main crop of the country and is cultivated in large quantities in Central Luzon, Western Visayas, and Mindanao. Its production, however, remains insufficient due to several factors. First, destructive typhoons and floods often destroy thousands upon thousands of rice lands leading to government importation of rice. Second, the agricultural sector remains backward despite government efforts to modernize it through the introduction of programs like the “Masagana 99" technique in the sixties and the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program in recent years; the use of “miracle rice varieties”, the use of fertilizers and pesticides to increase rice production, which puts a toll not only on poor farmers, who oftentimes cannot afford them, but also on the environment, particularly the quality of soil. Third, the production shift to sources of biofuels such as jathropa and other cash crops, which command higher prices in the market, has also affected rice production in no small way. Fourth, the massive conversion of farm lands for yesidential and commercial use has also contributed to low rice productivity, not to mention the loss of farm labor. ‘The major Philippine products for export include coconut oil, fresh bananas, pineapples, sugar, gum resins, and abaca, among others. Among the country’s growing industries are mining, lumber, metal, woodcraft, furniture, and petroleum. The Philippines is also among the world’s supplier of semiconductors and manufactured goods like ignition wiring sets and other wiring sets used in vehicles, aircrafts, and ships; cathodes of refined copper; and microprocessors. Clothing and clothing accessories are also produced in the country. The United States of America remains our top market for exports followed by Japan, Hong Kong, and the People’s Republic of China. Other big markets of Philippine products are the Netherlands, Germany, Singapore, Malaysia, Republic of South Korea, and Taiwan (National Statistics Office, 2007). POPULATION Based on the latest figures from the National Statistics Office (2008-2009), the Philippines has one of the fastest-growing population with a birth rate of 26.42 births/1,000. Life expectancy stands at 67.89 years for men and 73.85 years for women. There are approximately92 million Filipinos today as projected by the NSO. Concentrated in the more urbanized sections of the country, 84% of the population is functionally literate. As of 2009, an estimate of 35 million Fi nos are employed. Thirthy-four percent of employed Filipinos are engaged in agriculture (hunting, forestry, and fishing); 15% work in sector (mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water, and construction); while 51% are employed in the service sector (wholesale and retail trade, repair of vehicles, household goods; hotels and restaurants; transport, storage, and communicatio: inawstry estate, renting and business activities; education, health and social work, etc.). These figures raise the question whether the country is truly on its way towards industrialization or not. ‘The majority of the Filipinos belong to the Austronesian ethnic group. Due to early trade contacts and subsequent colonization by the Spaniards and later by the Americans, Filibinos today are a mixture of races. The offspring of a native Filipino and a foreigner, whether Chinese, Spaniard, American is called mestizo. With the phenomenal growth of Filipinos working overseas (OFWs) the mestizo group has expanded to include Arabs, Japanese, Koreans, and Europeans, There are around 170 spoken languages with almost all of them belonging to the Austronesian language family. Among the major languages are Bicolano, Bisaya, Cebuano, Chabacano, Hiligaynon/longgo, llocano, Kapampangan Maguindanaon, Maranao, Pangasinense, Tagalog; Tausug, and Waray. Filipino is the national language with Filipino and English as che official Ianguages of the country. GOVERNMENT The Philippines is a constitutional republic with three co-equal branches: the executive, legislative, and judiciary. The executive brainch, headed by the President and Vice President, administers the functions ofthe government though the cabinet that is made up of departm and headed by department secretaries. The legislative branch, which is responsible for enacting bills into laws, is composed of the Senate (Upper House) and the House of Representatives (Lower House), led by the Senate President and the Speaker of the House, respectively. ‘The judiciary consists of the systems of courts with the Supreme Court as the highest court in the land and headed by the Chief Justice. For administrative purposes, the Philippines is subdivided into regions and provinces, except for Metropolitan Manila. Each provi is headed by a governor and.has its own legislative body calied Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The provinces, in turn, are composed of cities and municipalities. Cities and municipalities are further financial, veal + | incustialization ‘the process of éveloping tne “industries of ountry or area ‘cromojor | ‘source of = comedivided into barangays. A barangay is the smallest political unit of the : country and headed by a barangay capeain ‘The country has undergone five constitutional changes since the Malolos Constitution of 1899 which set up the First Filipino Republic with Emilio E, Aguinaldo as president. ‘These constitutions are «Condition - the bedy of (1) the 1935 Constitution, which served as the basis for the fundamental nsition Commonweal vernment with Manuel juezon. hveples ty transition Commor lth govert it with 1 L. Quez organized and ‘governed which @ state is distinguishing feature of character of © person or as president followed by Sergio S, Osmenia; (2) the 1943 Constitution of the Japanese-sponsored government which recognized the Second Republic under President Jose P. Laurel; (3) the 1935 Constitution, which set up the Third Republic under President Manuel A. Roxas, followed by Elpidio R. Quirino, Ramon F. Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcia, Diosdado P. Macapagal, and Ferdinand E. Marcos (for his first teem); (4) the 1973 Constitution that extended the term of President Marcos beyond the provision of the 1935 Constitution, and set up the Fourth Republic; and (5) the 1987 Constitution during the presidency of Corazon C Aquino (as the first president of the Fifth Republic), to that of Fidel V. Ramos, the short-lived administration of Joseph E Estrada, and that of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. FILIPINo TRAITS AND VALUES 7 The Filipino people have many common traits. Perhaps the most | important trait of the Filipinos is their hospitality. They welcome \ visitors, whether Filipinos or non-Filipinos, with open arms and warm ‘hearts. Visitors are given the best in the house and they would go to Se eeapat the extent of incurring debts to make their visitors contented, happy, people and comfortable. Filipino hospitality is unequaled and known the world over. Filipinos maintain close family ties. The family is the unit of society and consists, at least until very recent times, of the parents, the grandparents, and the children. The head of the family is the father, but it is really the mother who governs. The mother does a lot of things for the family: she is the first teacher of the children; she is the treasurer of the home, the accountant, the censor, the laundrywoman, and the cook. Thus, in many Filipino families, even the father calls the wife “Mama” or “Mommy.” He dutifully hands over his salary or earnings to the wife, who in case of the father’s illness, works to support the whole family. Present-day women's rights advocates in the country, however, call this le“double-burden.” The problem of the family is not the problem of the parents alone; it is the problem of all the adult members of the family. If Juana, one of the children, wants to continue her studies, say in the high school, the older brothers and sisters help the parents in sending her to school. If she finds employment, she in turn helps her parents, brothers, and sisters to send the younger children to school. Thus, cooperative work within the family circle is not uncommon. Respect for the elders is one of the best Filipino traits. Filipino parents exercise moral influence over their children. The latter obey their parents willingly and help them in their work. The younger men and women do not, as a rule, disturb their elders when the latter are talking or conversing with other people. Even among strangers, respect is shown by slightly bowing the head or by using some words of respect. ‘The Tagalog po is commonly used by almost everybody to show respect even to a younger man (or woman) if the latter is a stranger. The Filipino is sentimental. This sentimentalism is shown in many ways. For example, someone from the province pays his friend from another province a visit. The visiting friend brings along with him gifts for the host's family. These gifts are called pasalubong. When it is time to go, the friend may feel deeply sad to depart from the friend's house. Kindness is never forgotten. The friend who is left behind also feels sad and gives the departing friend some pabaon like food or any thing to give to the departing friend's family, Leaving home for another country or even for places within the Philippines is usually accompanied by much crying and silent tearful goodbyes. Filipinos as a people have several values. Values are those aspects in life that include customs, traditions, etc., which the people regard as necessary and important in their dealings with one another. One of these values is pakikisama, a sense of togetherness or comradeship. Pakikisama refers to doing somebody a good deed, such as helping a relative or neighbor build a house without asking for compensation, orhelping someone look for a job, and so on. If one does these, he/she is said to be mabuting makisama. If one does the opposite, he/she is called masamang makisama, Pakikisama does not mean doing crooked or dishonest things in order to look good to others. Pakikisama is a positive value and means doing somebody a good turn or being helpful without ulterior motive. Utang na loob or debt of gratitude is another famous Filipino value. ‘Apperson who receives favor from another, whether this person is a friendcxuected to pay this debt of gratitude by returning the favor in the same measure, if not, more. A friend who fails to return a favor 5 colled walang uteng na laob or an ingrate. People who lack utang na loob ave Aisliked or avoided, iva or kahihiyan is another Filipino value. It means sense of shame. To the Filipino, just .¢ other Asian people, hiya is something that a person most possess to a high degree. A person without hiya is called ‘valang hiya o¥ shameless. Because of this value, a Filipino would sometimes de something foolish in order to save face, Thus, because of | hiya, a poor Filipino prasant will contract debt or borrow money from. relatives, neiahbors, o¢ friends in order to have a feast for the baptism of > son or daughter. On other occasions, many Filipinos borrow money to spend on food and other things to celebrate a town fiesta at the expense of the family budget. Out of shame or hiya, they do not want neighbors to think that they could not afford to spend for the event. “_ STuDy GUIDE How would you describe the climate of your province? 2. Using a graphic organizer such as the one below, list the products in your province. Indicate which of these are exported to eign countries and which among these are imported from other countries or obtained from other parts of the Philippines. Wome of Provine Population: Kinds of products Exported to Imported/Obtained from | 3, Look at the map of the Philippines and that of the United States. heir coastlines. What do you think is the advantage of the s over continental United States in this respect? What do + the disadvantages of being an archipelagic country in you thinks thetr10, In your opinion, which among the reasons cited in the chapter on why the Philippines imports rice from foreign countries, can easily be remedied? Explain your answer. Do you agree that the Philippines is not yet an industrialized country? Explain your answer. Does having around 170 languages pose an obstacle in unifying the Filipinos? Provide evidence and data for your arguments. Which among the five promulgated constitutions were under foreign domination? Which were not under foreign domination and hence expected to be more democratic? Justify your answer. In your opinion, given the archipelagic character of the Philippines, is the present unitary and presidential system of government suited to its geographic characteristic? Explain your answer, Filipinos have values. From your observation and experience which among the following values: (a) hiya, (b) utang na loob, and (©) pakikisama involve a lot of grey areas or issues. Explain your How would you describe your physical characteristics — are you a native Filipino or a mestizo? If you are a mestizo, what type of mestizo/mestiza are you? SuGGEsTED AcTIVITIES What are the major exports of the Philippines today? Which among these are the major earners? How many typhoons usually visit the country? Which among these were the most destructive and when did they occur? Consult a physical map of the Philippines. Reread the first section of the chapter that describes the physical characteristics of the Philippines. Identify the geographic features mentioned in this chapter. Draw a sketch of your province and indicate in your drawing, the following: (a) the mountains, (b) the rivers, and (c) the valleys or plains. (You may ask help from your parents or local authorities) Draw a blank map of the Philippines on a sheet of bond paper. Identify the name of the major islands in the country. On the same map, indicate the location of the major mountain ranges in the Philippines. Make a portrait of yourself, capturing the features of a Pinoy. Use colorful materials and art paper. Post the portrait on the classroom walls for viewing, comments, and appreciation Wwé . ow fk “ant 3 .e —S THE PHILIPPINES IN ANCIENT TIMES | (200,000 B.C. - 1300 A.D.) Ge On the average, we Filipinos find it difficult to believe or even imagine the existence of an ancient and evolved people as our ancestors. These ancient Filipinos possessed a culture of their own comparable to other civilizations in Southeast Asia and the rest of Asia for that matter. The lack of awareness of our ancestry resulted to feelings of inferiority to other cultures and dependence on the influences brought in by colonizers and foreigners as sources of our identity as a people. Evidences, both material (economic, social, and political structures) and nonmaterial (language, literature, arts, and belief system) demonstrate that the ancient Filipinos were a productive and creative people. They produced their own unique technology and culture that were appropriate to their given naturalenvironment, climate, and geography. Hence, Filipinos were already a civilized people long before the encounter with the West.Ear_y SETTLERS ‘Some theories on Philippine prehistory suggest that the Philippines and the rest of the islands in Southeast Asia may have been sites of human evolution between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago. One theory says that during the Ice Age, the waters around what is now the Philippines fell about 47.5 meters below its level. Because of this, large areas of land came to the surface and formed “land bridges” to mainland Asia. It is said that it was during this period that the first settlers, a small group of hominid, came to the Philippines. Most likely, they were hunters and gatherers on an exploration trip. The earliest stone tools and animal fossils found in Cagayan Valley in northern Philippines were dated back to at least 200,000 years ago. Although no human fossils were found yet, the artifacts suggest their existence. Collectively they were called Cagayan Y= Man or homo erectus philippinensis. They had similar characteristics as the 2% Java Man of Indonesia and Peking Man of China. In 1962, a skull cap of man was discovered in the Tabon caves of Palawan. From this skull, archeologists learned that man had been in the Philippines for at least 22,000 years. The cave where the Tabon Man was found was dated back to half a million years old and had been occupied for more or less 50,000 years. A piece of charcoal which dated back to 30,000 years was also found which may indicate the first use of fire in the archipelago. The prehistoric people had a primitive culture characterized by the use of stone implements. They hunted animals such as the pygmy elephant and rhinoceros. In some languages of the Philippines, including Tagalog, the word for elephant is gadya. This shows that once upon a time there were elephants in the Philippines. The early Filipinos" lived in caves. They also gathered food from their immediate environment. They wore clothing made from materials that they got from nature. Skull cap Stone tools = I shal use the word “Pilipinas” instead of the correct “natives” so as not to confuse the young students. Before the coming ofthe Spaniards, the natives ofthe Philippines were ‘ot called Filipinos but natives of the places where they came from, But forthe present [purpose and forthe akeof simplicity shall refer tothe ancestors the present Filipinos as Filipinos TAA ttheery- eset | of facts, ' Propositions, | ‘of principles | offeredto exploin things | ‘het ore observed | tkeAge-o {Period inthe | Eons history | sven ice sheats | ‘covered the! Surface of the | ‘earth cousing the sea levels to ‘drop 10 200 meters, fo the level lower than | they are today | prehistoric —the | period before vritten records; | divided into the | Stone Age, the Bronze Age, ‘ond the Iron Age, onthe | basis of the materials used for weapons ‘and tools 13Immigrant ~ cre} who immigraies, | 2., goes to a foreign eau | denen! ps immigrents rehistory — period before history was first recorcled in writing Some 25,000 to 30,000 years ago, another kind of settlers, the ancestors of the Negritos (Aeta, Ati, Dumagat), came to the Philippines by crossing the “land bridges.” They were said to have come from the south, by way of Palawan and Borneo. Another Negrito migration occurred a little later by way of Sulu and Mindanao. These immigrants ow gun, bow and arrow. They practiced dry agriculture similar to the kaingin system that is practiced today by some hill and mountain people. Their tools were made of stone. Their clothing onsisted of bark of trees, and their houses were made of leaves and branches of trees. More that 7,000 years ago, long after the ice that covered the world melted, the resulting rise in the sea level ushered in the arrival of another group of people, the Austronesians. They came to Southeast Asia by boats from Southern China, They had brown skin (kayumanggi) and an early stone age culture, Much later, some of them came to the Philippines from Indochina and South China also by boats. They built their houses with pyramidal roofs. They practiced dry agriculture and produced yams, rice, and gabe. Their clothing consisted of pounded bark of trees with various printed designs. The Kalingas, the Gaddangs, the Apayaos, the Igorots, and the llongots, all indigenous groups of Luzon; the native Visayans; the Tagbanuas of Palawan, the Bagobos, the Bilaans, the Manobos, and the Tirurays of Mindanao, are probably descendants of this group. By 500 to 800 B.C., the early Filipinos knew how to make copper and bronze implements. They irrigated their rice lands and built the first rice terraces in the Philippines. Another migration allegedly occurred about 300 or 200 B.C., or more than two thousand years ago. Those who came to Luzon by way of Palawan and Mindoro were said to have known irrigation, smelting, and manufacturing of weapons, tools, utensils, and ornaments made of iron and other metals. This Austronesian migration continued up to the beginning of the Christian era in the thirteenth century. The latest group was more advanced than the previous immigrants. They had a syllabary or alphabet that might have come from India. These Austronesians were the ancestors of the settlers that traded with ancient China and early southeast Asian communities. They would later lay the foundations of Islam in Sulu and Mindanao. ‘These theories of migrations, however, are still subjects of debates: The artifacts are not enough to warrant definite conclusions about Philippine prehistory.Economic Lire ‘The ancient Filipinos practiced agriculture, which was the main source of their sustenance. Rice, coconut, sugar cane, cotton, banana, hemp, orange, and many kinds of fruits and vegetables were iaised. Land cultivation was done in two ways: the kaingin system and tillage. In the kkaingin system, the land was cleared by burning shrubs and bushes. The cleared land was then planted to crops. In the tillage system, the land was plowed and harrowed, then followed by planting. Pigafetta, the historian of the Magellan expedition which zeached the Philippines in 1521, said thathe found in Sugbu (Cebu) stich foodstuffs as sergo, oxange, garlic, gourd, lemon, coconut, sugar cane, and many fruits. The ancient Filipinos practiced irrigation. They increased their crop production by irrigating ditches. The rice terraces in Banawe, Mountain Province attest to this ancient practice, The ditches of these :ice terraces are stone-walled and run for thousands of feet up the mountain side. If viewed from a distance, the whole rice terraces give the viewer the picture of a huge stairway to the sky. Itis estimated that if placed from end toend, the length of the Banawe rice terraces would total about 19,312 kilometers or almost half-way around the world from the North Pole to the South Pole. The rice terraces of Banawe are one of the Wonders of the World, Aside from agriculture, the ancient Filipinos engaged in industries such as fishing, mining, shipbuilding, poultry and livestock raising, logging, pottery, and weaving. Textiles like sinamay were woven with threads obtained from banana and cotton plants. The ancient Filipinos also domesticated chickens, native ponies, carabaos, pigs, and goats. Fishing was a common industry because most of the settlements were along rivers and seas. Antonio de Morga, a Spanish official in the judiciary who wrote about the early Philippines, said that “this industry {fishing} is quite general in the entire country and is considered a natural activity for the self-support of the people.” Various methods of catching fish were used, such as the use of nets, bow and arrow, lance or spear, the wicker basket, hook and line, corrals, and fish poison. Mining was also another important industry before the coming of the Spaniards. In 1569, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi reported to the Viceroy of Mexico that there was “More or less gold...in all these islands; it is obtained from rivers and, in some places, from mines which the natives work.” He mentioned Paracale in Camarines Norte, the locos, the Visayas, especially Cebu, and along the Butuan River in Mindanao, as places where “very good gold” could be found. Shipbuilding and logging wre also thriving industries. Morga testified that many Filipinos were “proficient in building ocean -hemp—crtoush | ‘fiber from an ‘Asian plant, e.g, eboco Ssgoing vessels.” This skill can perhaps be explained by the abundance of thick forests in the archipelago that are rich in hardwoods, and by the fact that the Philippines, being surrounded by water, naturally produced good sailors. The Filipino shipbuilders built all kinds of boats for travel, war, and commerce. The Spaniards later classified these boats into banca, lapis, caracoa, virey, prau, and vinta. These boats carried products between Manila in Luzon and Cebu in Visayas and as far as Butuan and the rest of Mindanao. No currency was used in trading, Goods were bought and sold through the barter system called baligya. For example, a goat is exchanged for a big basket full of fish. Sometimes, the Filipinos would exchange gold for products sold by the Chinese, who trusted the Filipinos and consigned their goods to be paid only upon their return trip to the islands. Commerce extended far and wide into nearby foreign lands such as Borneo, Malaya, Thailand, Cambodia, Sumatra, and India. Soctat Lire ‘The ancient Filipinos were divided into social classes. These were the nobles, the freemen, and the dependents. The nobles, composed of the chiefs and their families, were the early society's upper class. They were highly respected in their community. In the Tagalog region, the nobles usually carried the title of Gat or Lakan. One finds these words today in some surnames like Lakandula (Lakan Dula), Lakanilaw (Lakan Haw), Gatmaitan (Gat Maitan), Gatchalian (Gat Saiian), Gatbonton (Gat Bunton), and many others. Next to the nobles were the freemen who may be regarded as the society's middle class during the ancient period of Philippine history. ‘The members of the lowest class were the dependents called alipin among the ancient Tagalogs. The low social status of the dependent was acquired by captivity in battle, by failing to pay one’s debts, by inheritance, by purchase, or by being pronounced guilty of a crime. ‘Among the Tagalogs, the dependents were classified into aliping hamamahay and aliping sagigilid. The namamahay had his own house and family. He served his master by planting and harvesting his master’s crops, by rowing the master’s boat, and by helping in the construction of the master’s house. On the other hand, the sagigilid had no house of, his own, he lived with his master, and could not marry without the Jatter’s consent. Among the Visayans, the dependents were of three kinds: the tumataban, who worked for his master when told to do so; the tumarampuk, who worked one day a week for his master; and the ayuey, who worked three days a week for his master.Dependents were further classified into three levels or grades: first, as full dependent (whose parents were both dependents); second, as one-half dependent (with one parent as dependent); and third, as semi- dependent (with one parent being one-half dependent and the other free). These levels were not permanent. Anyone could move up or down a level upon payment of debts or by purchase. Thus, there were no slaves in the real sense of the word — only dependents due to debts or captivity from war or battles. Women’s Position in Society The Filipino women, before the arrival of the Spaniards, enjoyed high position in society. As a custom, women were the equal of men in ancient Filipino society. They could own and inherit property and sell it; they could engage in trade and industry; and they could succeed to chieftainship of her community or barangay in the absence of a male heir. Wives also enjoyed the right to give names to their children. The names usually were derived from an event or trom the physical features of the child. Thus, a beautiful girl was named Si Maganda; a very healthy boy was named Si Malakas, and so on. The men respected the women. To show this respect, the men, when accompanying women, usually walked behind the latter. This was done not only to show respect for the women, but also to protect them from any harm that may come from behind. Marriage Customs In most cases, a woman of one class married into the same class. ‘Thus, a noble married a woman from a noble family; a woman from the freemen class married into this class; and the man from the lowest class. matried into his own class. However, there were exceptions when a man, for example, showed bravery and courage in battle, or when he had become powerful enough to lead the people of his community. Aman could marry as many women as he could support. His children byhis first wife were considered legitimate children and could, therefore, inherit his property. The so-called illegitimate children were not given the right to inherit from their father. Courtship during that period of Philippine history was long and difficult. A man served the parents of the girl he loved for years. He chopped wood, fetched water, and did errands for the gi’s parents. When. accepted by the latter, the marriage was then arranged. The man was required to give a dowry, called bigay-kaya, which usually consisted of a piece of land or gold, To the parents of the girl, the man must give a gift called panghimuyat. To the girl's wet-nurse, the man must also give a gift called bigay-suso. These arrangements were made by the parents of the bride and the groom. The marriage ceremony was simple. It consisted of with the law or roles dowry property oF ‘money brought byabrideto her husbond or 1748. the groom and the bride drinking from the same cup. Then an old man would announce that the cerernony was about to begin. A priestess would bow to the assembled guests and then would take the hands of the couple and join them over a plate of uncooked rice. She would then shout and chrow the rice to the guests. The latter would respond with aloud shout and the ceremony was over. Mixed Marriages Mixed marriages, that is, marriages between a man and a woman belonging to different social classes, were not common. A marriage, for example, between a dependent anda freeman would result in the division of their children into two classes. If the father was a freeman, the eldest, the third, the fifth, the seventh, and so on, belonged to the father's class. ‘The rest of the children, that is, the second, fourth, sixth, etc., belonged to the mother’s class. If there was only one child, this child was classified as heif-free and half-dependent. If the number of children was odd, that , ehie2, five, seven, etc., then the third, the fifth and the seventh would become half-free and haif-dependent, THE GOVERNMENT ‘The community called barangay was the basic unit of government. It consisted of 30 to 100 families. The Tagalog word “barangay” was derived from the Austronesian balangay, a boat which transported the Austronesian immigrants to the Philippines. The Spaniards changed the letter“ in balangay to “r” and pronounced it the Spanish way: barangay. Each barangay was independent and was ruled by a chieftain. It was the primary duty of the chieftain to rule and govern his people justly and to promote their welfare. The subjects, on the other hand, served their chie‘tain in times of war with other barangays and helped him in tilling and sowing the land, They. paid tribute to him. This tribute was called uwis, the Tagalog word for “tax.” The chieftain’s children and other relatives were highly respected in the commaunity and were exempted from paying tribute and from rendering personal services to the chieftain, The chieftain was powerful and exercised the powers of the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. In war, he was the supreme commander. However, he was aided by a council of elders in his vole as lawmaker. This council gave the chieftain some wise pieces of advice in order to guide him in the administration of justice. Relations existed between barangays. They traded with one another. Sometimes, alliances were concluded between barangays for mutual protection against a common enemy. An alliance was sealed through a vitwal called sanduguan or blood compact. This entailed drawing of bloodfrom the arms of the contracting parties, mixing their respective blood in a cup of wine, and drinking the mixture, Having drunk each other's blood, the contracting parties then became "blood-brothers.” How a Law Was Made ‘The chieftain of a barangay made the laws of the community. When he had a Jaw in mind, he called in the council of elders to give their opinion. If the elders approved the proposed law, the chieftain ordered a town cryer, called umalohokan, to announce to the community the approval of the law. With a bell in one hand, the umalohokan would ring it as he went along to call the attention of the people. ‘Then he explained the new law to them. Any person violating the law was immediately arrested and brought before the chieftain for trial. Deciding Cases Most disputes during the ancient times were decided peacefully. The court of justice was composed of the chieftain as judge and the elders of the barangay as members of the “jury.” If conflicts arose between members of different barangays, the differences were resolved by arbitration. A board composed of elders from neutral barangays acted as azbites The trial of a case was usually held in public. The accuser and the accused faced each other with their witnesses. The witnesses usvally took an oath to prove their honesty. The oaths took such forms as, “May the crocodile devour me if Itell a lie’; “May I die here and now if [do not tell the truth"; and so forth. Then the parties to the litigation presented their arguments and their respective witnesses. The man who had more witnesses was usually judged to be the winner. If the defeated person contested the decision of the chieftain, the latter openly sided with the winner and compelled the loser to accept his decision. The loser had no other alternative than to accept the decision of the chieftain. The Trial by Ordeal The trial by ordeal was not unique to the ancient Filipinos. It was also done in Europe to determine who of the disputants was right or telling the truth. As practiced in the Philippines, the trial by ordeal consisted of ordering the suspects, in the case of theft, to dip their hands into a pot of boiling water. The suspect whose hand was scalded the most was judged guilty. Another form of trial by ordeal was holding lighted candles by the suspects. The suspect whose candle died out first was the guilty party. Another form of trial by ordeal consisted of ordering the suspects to plunge into a deep river with their lances. The one who rises tothe surface first was pronounced guilty. Stil another form was ordering the suspects to chew uncooked rice. ‘The one whose saliva was thickest was the culprit. jury — people deciding on proceed 19[A Kalinga woman ‘Maguindanaon cloth some | CULTURE cod ecieve mens oft portiadar tine | Clothing When the first Spaniards came to the Philippines in 1521, they found the early Filipinos with a culture that was different from theirs, Some aspects of this old culture were undoubtedly Malay, but the other aspects were probably the result of a different environment. under ' | Among the ancient Filipinos, the male clothing consisted of the upper and lower parts. The upper part was a jacket with short sleeves called kangan. The color of the jacket indicated the rank of the wearer: the chief wore a red jacket, while those lower in rank wore either black or blue. The lower part of the clothing was called bahag, which consisted of a cloth wound about the waist, passing down between the thighs. The women were usually naked from the waist up. They wore a saya or skirt. Among the Visayans, this lower part was called patadyong. Apiece of white or red cloth, called tapis, was usually wrapped around the waist or the chest ‘The ancient Filipinos had no shoes. They walked about barefooted. Men usually wore a headgear called putong, a piece of cloth wrapped around the head. The color of the putong showed the number of persons the wearer had killed. Thus, a man wearing a red putong had killed at least one man, and the one wearing an embroidered putong had killed at least seven men.Ornaments The ancient Filipinos wore ornaments made of gold and precious stones. Women as well as men wore armlets called kalumbiga, pendants, gold rings, earrings, leglets, and bracelets. Gold was common, so the ancient Filipinos used it not only in making rings, armlets, and bracelets, but also as fillings in between the teeth. These fillings were made vo adorn the teeth. The body was also adorned by tattooing including the fece. The women also tattooed their arms and faces to make themselves beautiful. Among men, however, tattooing had another use. It was used as a man’s war record, that is, the more a man was tattooed the more he was admired by the people of his community for his bravery in battle. According to the first Spanish missionaries who wrote about the ancient Filipinos, the Visayans were the most tattooed people of the Philippines. For this reason, the Spanish missionaries called the Visayans, pintados or painted people. ‘The Houses The Filipino house of today in the barrios is no different fom the typical ancient Filipino house. The ancient house was built of bamboo, wood, and nipa palm. This kind of house was (and is) suited to the tropical climate of the country. The house was set on stakes called haligi, which ‘were made of bamboo. This held the house above the ground. The lower part of the house was enclosed with stakes. Fowls were placed inside the enclosure. To go up the house, one had to ascend a ladder made of bamboo. At night or when the owner of the house was not around, the ladder was drawn up. There was also a sort of gallery called batalan where household work was done. What isa ed the sala now was used not only as an area for receiving visitors, but also as a place to sleep in.Asmall room near the sala, called silid, was a place where mats, pillows, and baskets of rice were kept Among the Hongots and the Kalingas of northern Luzon and among the Mandayas and the Bagobos of Mindanac, the houses were built on treetops. On the other hand, the Bajaos or Sea Gypsies of Sulu had their houseboats. They lived in such houses because they are a sea-loving people. They roamed the seas for a living and for adventure, erament a decorative object or detail. that adds quality or distinction too! person, place, | or thing \ pendant=a" } hanging ' ‘omament, ' especially one attached toa necklace ort bracelet : tattoe = tome adesign on | fhe skin by} pricking it} ‘vith oneedle “+ ‘ond staining jt} wih on indole | pigment : an22 Education and System of Writing ‘There were no formal schools but children of school age were taught in their own homes by their mothers who were their first teachers. Based. on the testimony of the Spanish Jesuit missionary, Father Pedro Chirino, there was hardly a'man or a woman who did not know how to read and write, Perhapsit is an exaggeration to say that the literacy rate was 100%, but itis safe to say that the ancient Filipinos were generally literate. It is very likely that music and religion were also taught to the children for it is unthinkable that a religious people like the Filipinos would neglect the teaching of religion to the children. Our ancestors possessed a system of writing or alphabet called a syllabary, baybayin or alibata where every letter is pronounced as a syllable, ‘The syllabary consisted of seventeen symbols, three of which are vowels (patinig) and fourteen are consonants (katinig) Itis still debated whether the ancient Filipinos wrote from left to or from right to left or from top to bottom or from bottom to top. riting and language experts still argue about the writing orientation of the baybayin, Perhaps Pedro Chirino, who wrote a book about the ancient Filipinos with whom he had early contacts, was correct when he said that the early Filipinos wrote from top to bottom and from left to right. f Vowels: | & += 3 i A El ou [come Q SF A RM Wet | Ba Ka DaRa_— Ga Ha i Fe PT WN mM ws [la Ma Na Nga | | ow cae oD wn Sa Ta Wa Ya Baybayin or alibateThe early Filipinos wrote on large leaves of plants and trees, and sometimes on barks of trees and bamboo tubes. They used the colored ‘aps of trees as ink, while they used pointed sticks or iron as pencil. Some samples of this ancient writing that have come down to the present are found among the Hanunuo Mangyans of Mindoro and Palawan. Early Literature ‘The ancient Filipinos had a literature that may be classified into written and oral. Among the Tagalogs, the oral literature consisted of sabi (maxims), bugtong (riddles), talindaw (boat song), tagumpay (victory songs), uyayi and hele (cradle song), ihiman (wedding song), kumintang (war song), and many others. In the nineteenth century, the kumintang became a love song, During the Revolution, it disappeared and was replaced by the kundiman. ‘The early Filipinos had also written literature. The Ifugaos of north- ern Luzon, for example, had epics which were originally recited but later ‘on were written down. Their epics are the Hudhud and the Alm. The former glorifies Ifugao history and its hero, Aliguyon. The Alim, on the other hand, tells the story of gods that resemble the Indian gods in the epic Ramayana. The epic of the llocanos, Biag ni Lam-ang (Life of Lam-ang) originated even before the arrival of the Spaniards. The Bicolanos have their epic called Handiong. The Muslims, a very daring, brave, and courageous people, have produced several epics: the Bantugan, Indarapatra and Sulayman, Bidasari, and parang sabil. The other non-Mustim and non-Christian peoples of Mindanao also have their epics, but these have not yet been written down completely and have not been translated into English or any of the well-known Philippine languages. MGA KASABIHAN, SALAWIKAIN BUGTONG (Sayings) (Pfoverbs) (Riddles) 1. Angkopalaran kodiko |1. Ang tumatakbo nang | 1. Isda ko sa Maribeles, rman hanapin, dudulog, | matulin, kung matinik | nasa loob ang Ialapie kung talagang | aymalatim. keliskis. akin (Answer: sil) |2. May taingaang lupa; | 2. Anghindi lumingon | 2. Nagtago siPerico, may pakpak ang sapinanggalingan ay | — rakalitaw ang ulo. baliea hindi makaravating sa | (Answer: pako) ___-_ | Paremenan _| [3 Huli man daw at [3. "Pag mayisinuksok, | 3. Matanda na ang nuno magaling ay rmiay madudukor: hindi pa nalilig. nathahabol din. (Answer: puse) 23Music and Dance Filipinos are considered born musicians. Many of them play two or more musical instruments. Pigafetta, already mentioned esrlier, that the vos of Sugbu (Cebu) played such musical instruments as the ¢imbal, ‘bal, the drum, and other instruments, most of which were made of weed or bamboo. When an officer of the Spanish explo:er Villalobos went to Samar in 1543, he saw natives playing a stcinged instrument ed udyapt. Among the Negritos of Zambales and Bataan, the favorite ‘nusical instruments were the kullibaw, which resembled tae Jew's harp made of bamboo; the bansic, a sort of flute made of bamboo; and the -gangsa, a kind of guitar. To the accompaniment of these musical instru- ments, the Negritos performed their potato dance in which a man was represented asa thief stealing sweet potatoes in the farm, ‘They had also the torture dance which commemorated the capture of a1 enemy; the duel dance which represented a duel between two warriors; and the lovers ance ia which a man danced around a woman to show his love for her. Phe ilocanos had their inusical instruments like the kotibeng, a sort ‘uitar with five strings; the flate: and the kudyapi. Their favorite dances ‘nnallogong (hat dance) and the kinnoton (ant dence). Among Visayas, the favorite dances were the balitaw (xchange of emporaneous love verses) and dandansoy (courtshi: dance). Both es are still popular today, Among the Tagalogs, érarna, dance, th and music developed almost at the same time. This was because drama could not be staged without the accompanying music ané dance, So the music and the dance were classified into halatong, dalit,lulay, kumintang, tagulaylay, subi, barimbaw, tagayan, and others. Thus, the ancient Filipinos from all regions had dances and songs for all occasions. ‘ danes shared by the CordiltercnsThe earliest Filipino works of art may be tools and weapons. These t st rough, but os began to polish them. , bracelets and other used to improve thelr appearance. With the introduction of bronze gong ndicaces that bronx é s, and even d This social arts such as dance and music were already developed in ancient The early Filipinos also used metal and glass. Simple weapons, such as daggers, bolos, knives, and spears, were made with artistic designs in their handles. Pottery with beautiful designs was also made, while images made of wood, ivory, and horn were carved, Muslim azt, in particular, deals with plant and geometrical d while Ifugao art deals with animal and haman representations. Moro weawens: fez, kompiten, ‘ond berang Religi Bie The prehistoric Filipinos believed that the soul was immorta also be in life after death as evidenced by the marunggul j. bones of the dead. They believed in one Supreme Being they called Barhalang Maykapal or simply Bathala, Aside from the Supreme Being, they also worshipped minor deities whose functions were closely telated io the daily life of the people. Thus, the god of agriculture was called Idiyanoie; the god of death, Sidapa; the god of fire, Agni; the god ofrainbow, Balangaw; the god of war, Mandarangan; the goddess of harvest, Lalahon; the god of hell, Siginarugan; and other gods and goddesses. The ancient Filipinos worshipped the sun and venerated the moon, the animals and birds for they believed in the interconnectedness of the unseen with the visible. Thus, the objects of nature should be respected. Even very harmful and dangerous animals, like crocodiles, were ve~ nerated. Old trees, too, were considered sacred and nobody was allowed to cut down such trees. Reefs, rocks, and crags were also revered, and dishes and kitchen wares were left on them as a sign of reverence. The soul-spirits called anito were venerated. This is called the “Cult of the Dead.” The memory of dead relatives was kept alive by carving images made of gold, stone, and ivory. The image was called larawan or likha among the Tagalogs, diwata among the Visayans, and bulé! among the Ifugaos. The people offered prayers and sacrifices to these images or symbols in order to win their sympathy. Not all anitos were g00d; some were bad. But whether an anito was good or bad, the people prayed to it and offered various sacrifices to win its goodwill, ifit were | good, and to placate its anger, if it were bad. The offerings or rituals | were laid down by a woman priest called baylana, babaylan, or katalona, 2 and occasionally by male priests. Manunggul jer, 720 B.. Burial The ancient Filipinos believed in the life hereafter and the relationship between the living and the dead, which made them respect the memory of the dead. When a relative died, he/she was placed in a coffin and buried under his/her house. The living relativesplaced his/her cloth, gold, and other valuables in the coffin. This was done because the ancient Filipinos believed that in this way, the dead relative would be gladly received in the Other World. Upon the death of a person, the neighbors and relatives made fires under his/her house. Armed sentinels guarded the coffin lest some sorcerers open it and thus release the foul smell of the dead person. Professional mourners were hired by the relatives of the dead person in order to show their deep feeling of loss. Mourning for a woman was distinguished from that of a man such that the former was called mortal and the latter was called maglahi. Mourning fora dead chieftain was called laraw. When his death had been announced, all quarrels, and even petty ‘wars, were stopped. Spears were carried with the tips pointing downwards; daggers were carried with hilts reversed; singing in boats was prohibited; and the wearing of “loud” clothes was also prohibited, Srupy GuIpE 1. Make a timeline of events depicting the early settlers in the archipelago. Include details like period or time of arrival, physical characteristics, and level of cultural development. What conclusions can you make based on these data about the Filipinos’ ancestral origin and way of life? 2. What are the similarities of the economic lives of the ancient Filipinos and the modern Filipinos? Would you say that agriculture as practiced during that period of our history was practically the same as today? In what ways do they differ? In what ways are they similar? 3. Why do you think shipbuilding, mining, and lumbering thrived in the ancient times, long before colonization? 4, Given the social classes during the ancient times in the Philippines, would you consider the society as democratic and egalitarian? Why or why not? 5. Describe the ancient Filipino houses and clothing (including ornaments) and show how these reflect the climate and environment in which these evolved. 6. Are you in favor of the dowry in marriage and the idea of “marrying in the same class” as practiced during the period? Explain your7. Do you see any difference or differences between the religious ‘beliefs of our ancestors and the present Filipinos? 8. What do the various forms of early poetry, song, dance, and visual arts signify as far as Filipino values and belief system are concerned? SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES 1. Form two teams and conduct a debate on the issue whether the trial bby ordeal is a fair process or not. One team should take the affirmative side and the other, the negative side. ‘Together, with your classmates, prepare an exhibit on the life of the ancient Filipinos. Divide yourselves into groups and prepare project following these suggested topics: a. aminiature ancient Filipino house b. handmade or ready-made dolls showing the ancient Filipino clothing for male and female & aminiature barangay (houses, plants, trees, etc.) 4. aminiature model of warriors fighting each other miniature boat or boats used by our ancestors 3, Write a short letter (in Filipino or in your regional language) using the ancient, Filipino syllabary or baybayin. You may write on any topic of your choice. Read your letter in class. 4, Research on ancient harvest rites of early Filipinos. As a class or in groups, prepare and perform a ritual for a rich rice harvest led by the babaylan or baylana. Use costumes and props for the presentation.EARLY CONTACTS WITH NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES (900 -i 4 Though less studied due to scarce written sources, the Philippines’ early contacts with its neighbors can now be better appreciated with the recent discovery of material evidercés as well as new documentary sources. Oral and cultural evidence show that early on, the Philippines already had trade, and cultural exchanges with its Asian and Southeast Asian neighbors. The seemingly scattered isiand- group of people actively engaged in trade end commerce with their neighbors; an exposure that further enriched the economic life and culture of the early Filipinos, long before the coming of the West. a Eary TRADE ROUTES AND ¢ ONTAC Ancient Filipinos, and boat builders. Th30 2 PACIFIC OCEAN “Tawa ; % sounn ccna Bea LUZON suggested they reached even as far as Champa (present-day Vietnam) and India. Thus, long before the coming of the Portuguese and Spaniards im the region, the Philippines had outside trade contacts, and along with these, varied cultural exchanges took place. Scholars have yet to agree as to when and with whom these contacts began. O.W. Wolters said sucha trade may have been there as early as the third century, based on the pearls and gold excavated in Funan. Sulu was rich in pearls and gold was abundant in the country. Filipina historians and archeologists believe the Filipino-Chinese trade contacts began around the ninth century during the Tang dynasty (618-906 A.D). They citeas evidence Tang stonewares that were found in the Babuyan Islands, along the coasts of Ilocos, Pangasinan, Mindoro (Puerto Galera), Batangas (Calatagan), Manila (Santa Ana), Bohol, Cebu, Jolo, and Cagayan de Oro. If the Chinese did not bring these items directly to the Philippines, Chinese goods probably found their way to the islands by way of Borneo through Arab traders who had earlier direct trade contacts with the Chinese. Avab Trade Routes in Southeast Asia Between 900 and 1200 A.D.,a group of people called Orang Dampuan from Southern Annam (Vietnam today), established trading posts in Sulu. A flourishing trade developed between Champa (Annamese Kingdom) and the people of Sulut who were called Buramtsr. ‘This trade proved favorable to the Orang Dampuans whose prosperity drew the ire-of the Buranuns. In a fit of jealousy, the Buranuns massacted some ‘Orang, Dampuans causing the others to flee and return to Champa. It ‘was not until the 13th century that they would return to Sulu to tradepeacefully once more. The famous pearl trade of Sulu also attracted another group of people known as the Banjar of nearby Borneo. Regular trade relations ensued between Sulu and Banjarmassin, The Buranuns, who had not yet forgotten their tragic experience with the Orang Dampuans, were also suspicious of the Banjars. But the traders of Banjarmassin, aware of the fate of the Orang Dampuans, were more diplomatic, Instead of antagonizing the Buranuns, they brought their beautiful princess to Sulu and offered her as a bride to the Buranun prince, who eventually married her. Sulu thus became a tribute-state of the empire of Sri-Vijaya, along with Banjarmassin and Brunei. Sulu developed into an emporium to which trading ships of Java, Sumatra, Cambodia, Siam, and China would anchor to savor Sulu's prosperous trade and splendor. Arab traders, who up to this point dominated this Southeast Asian trading, were later barred from the central Chinese coast. They relocated to the Malay Peninsula where they sought an alternative route starting, from Malacca and passing through Borneo and the Philippines to reach! magaificent Taiwan. They continued to carty Southeast Asian goods tothe Western | display of world using this southern route. They also carried Philippine goods on | SPPearance board Arab ships to the Chinese mainland through Canton. So keen was | $Uz8rainty ~ the competition that the Arab ships carried non-Chinese goods | SHerty over amounting to 20-40% of the total cargo. This lasted up to the Javanese or Madjapahit period (1377-1478), ‘The Chinese trade in’the Philippines greatly improved during the Ming dynasty (1368-1650). During this time Emperor Yung-lo sent a flect of vessels to the Philippines, under the command of Admiral Cheng, Ho, to visit Lingayen, Manila Bay, Mindoro, and Sulu in 1405-1406, 1408-1410, and 1417. The Chinese Emperor even tried to impose its suzerainty over Luzon by sending Ko Ch’a-lao as governor. Emperor Yung-lo's death, however, put an end to this ambitious plan. Economic AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES Using the compass on sea voyages, Chinese traders competed with the Arabs from the eleventh to the twelfth century. Sung porcelain unearthed in Sta. Ana, Manila and around the Laguna de Bai, attested to the success of this trade. By the thirteenth century, the Chinese had overtaken the Arabs in the region. Description of the lucrative trade between China and the Philippine archipelago can be found in Chao Ju- | ___ kkua’s Chu fan-chi (1225) where the Chinese mentioned the following { jucrative — places: Ma-i (Mindoro or Baé in Laguna), Min-to-lang (Mindanao), Ma-_ | profitable l-lu (Manila), Su-tu (Sulu), and Pi-sho-ye (Visayas). The Philippine trade *~ goods included bulak (raw cotton), abaca, cloth of various patterns, 31hardwoods, gums, resins, betel nuts, pear shell, pink and blue coral trees, large conch shelis, tortoise shells, sponges, rattan, beeswax, musk, wonebha ? sandalwood, leather, mats, and pepper. In exchange, China brought: iron bars, porcelain and pottery, silk, chintz, black daraask, Java cloths, red tafette, blue cloth, bronze gongs, small bells, mirror, scales, -oins, jade, projectiles, gold, silver, censers, leac, colozed glass beads, iron needles, tin, lead sinkers for fishing nets, lacquered ware, copper cavicrons, wine, ry, and “tine” (akind of Chinese silver ney). Although trade was conducted in general through the barter system, by {the eighth century, a type of currency {began 20 be used in the form of barter :. By the twelfth centery, gold coins gan to be used as medium. scoigin- 9 1 Fe earthen nange, With trade of products came cultural cchanges, including religion. These in orn, would influence the indigenous toms, and religious beliefs the ancient Filipinos. This is ‘rue of the influences on our ystem of writing, technology, ornaments, food, and religious efs and practices. Much of the Chinese influence on Filipino life is economic in nature. This is shown by ‘nese words that were adopted into the languages of the ?hilippines, larly Tagalog. Here are some examples: Borie rings © Shineso ‘Tagalog ompau | _ |___he-bi i 2: katoi | kotay | cut up mect, \ ab pve plowshare hoke-bu hhukbo: ermy peh-chihet “pelsoy ese cabboge ‘There are hundreds of Tagalog words which have their origin in Chinese, Most of these words have economic meanings. Filipinos also learned from the Chinese the use of umbrellas, | percelain, gongs, the manufacture of gunpowder, metallurgy, and | rsining methods. Pezhaps the Filipinos also borrowed the Chinese custom. of having parents arrange the marriage of their children, Wearing whiteclothing, instead of black, for mourning the death of family and relatives, is also of Chinese origin, especially among the Visayans. Quite epart from the Chinese, the aacient Filipinos vere also influenceé by the Indiens of Indie, The ancient Indians mey not have settled ir huge numbers in the Philippines, but their influence cn Filipino culture may have come through the ancestors of the present Inconesians. ‘The Melays who came to the Fhilippines were possibly Hinduized Malays, that is, Malays who professed the Hindu religion of India. This Indian influence is clearly seen in some of the words in the different languages of the Fhilippines, including Tagalog, which were derived from Sansirit, the ancient language of India. Some of the Tagalog words of Sanskrit origin are the following: | Senet | Tagalog English ( hi} ohes snail ~~ RiBand or wife part, portion fort ‘Beauly J Telorewa: Telewe Spider ere | ae tala stor Sanskrit words or their variations are aiso found in Viscyan and Maguindanacan languages. Such words as agama (religion), pandita (priest © tumbaga (copper), baginda (emperor), sutra (sill), and many others, are of Sanskrit origin. Several deities in the m of ancient Filipinos show traces of indian. influence: Indvc Batara, Lord of the Universe; Idiyanale, god of agriculture, Agni, god of fire, and many more. A figurine of the Hindu goddess Padmapani was found in Butuan and was dated to 300 A.D. This could attest to that ancient contact between the Philippines and the Indian sub-continent. The Philippine Catholic wedding ceremony has Indian influences. The use, fox example, of the cord and the veil during the Catholic marriage cexemony in the Philippines is Indian in origin. tt is not originally Western or Spanish Catholic, because the nor-Pailippine Cath 128 20 veil and cord ceremonies. ‘The Laguna Copperplate discovered in the Pagsanjan, Laguna river delta in 1986 is another evidence of this early Philippine contact with its Southeast Asian neighbors particularly the Malays and Indonesians. Dated to 900 A.D., the copperplate contains an inscription in an old Philippine language, stating the full payment of a loan obtained by a woman trader from her contacts in the nearby indonesia. The copperplatemetalluray — the ort of extracting metals from ‘ores; working metols to moke objects missionary — person propageting © religious faith consciousness ~ person's thoughts and feelings os a whole 34 also shows shared knowledge in metallurgy and its use in trade and commerce to record transactions, as in this case, as certificate of credit and loan payment. ce Corie A tear Lage ieee cee te oh te este Pe aie ae Leguna copperplate ‘THe Conc oF IsLaM After Mohammad’s death in 632 A.D, Islam spread outside of Arabia in two stages. In the first stage, Islam was brought to the rest of the Middle East, Northern Africa, Spain, and Central Asia. In the second stage, Muslim missionaries traveled with Arab merchants to India, China, and finally to Southeast Asia where a number of them (traders and also missionaries) settled and intermarried with members of the royalty. They also set up mosques and madrasahs (schools). In the Philippines, Islam was introduced by Tuan Masha’ika, a trader from Malaya, and his companion Tuan Maqbalu who came to Sulu in the 1240s. According to Sulu genealogy called tarsila, his wealth increased and with it, the status of Muslims in the communities was raised. By 1380, when a missionary from Java, Karim ul’ Makhdum arrived in Buansa (Sulu), he found a thriving Muslim community that welcomed him and his efforts to strengthen Islam around the mosque he built in Tubig Indangan, Tawi-tawi. Ten years later (1480), Rajah Baginda arrived from Sumatra. He further deepened Islamic consciousness among the Muslims in Sulu by building more madrasahs in the area: He later rose to a position of power in Sulu, But it was Abu Bakr (who married Rajah Baginda’s daughter, Paramisuli), who succeeded in establishing a government similar to the sultanate of Arabia. Meanwhile, in Maguindanao (present-day Cotabato and Lanao), Serif Kabungsuan arrived from Jahore, now a state of West Malaysia, and converted many inhabitants to Islam, He became the first sultan of Maguindanao. So rapid was the spread of Islam that when the Spaniards first arrived in 1570, they found Maynila and the nearby places withMuslim connections. The rulers of the cod kingdom of Maynila were found to be ( related by blood and marriage to the royal i house of Muslim Brunei Teachings of Islam The basic tenets of Islam are found in the Qur'an (Koran), the holy book of the Muslims. Written in Arabic, the Koran is considered the word of the Supreme Creator, Allah, as directly communicated by the angel to the prophet Mohammad. Among the teachings of the Koran are the following: * Theres only one Supreme Being, Allah, the Creator of the Universe and all of humankind, * Allah isa just and merciful God and itis Allah's desire that all should Tepent of their sins, purify themselves so they could enter death aradise after * Life in this world is only temporary and one’s good deeds, as well as the bad deeds, are listed by an angel for final judgement on the last day of the entire humanity. Each one will be judged according to what one has done in his lifetim © The Koran forbids any human or animal representation in their art. Only geometric patterns are allowed, * Eating pork, drinking wine, gambling, and other vices are forbidden in orthodox Islam. 35© Islam forbids loans and usury. 2 Muslims are duty-bound to help the poor, the orphans, and widows. © Telling lies, stealing, adultery, and murder are all grave sins that serious punishment. » Every Muslim must have goodness expressed in faith in God and such virtues as patience, faithfulness, honesty, industry, honor, and courage. © A follower of Allah has to observe the following rituals or obligations: a declaration of faith in the oneness of God (shabada); prayer facing the east (Mecca) five times a day (salah); fasting (sawm); giving of alms (zaka#), and a one-time pilgrimage to Mecca (Aadif). desi Fasting is observed during the Ramadan, which is held at the ninth month of the Muslim calendar. No solids are taken from early dawn until the sun sets. They purify themselves by praying and practicing good deeds and self-restraint. The Sultanate Unlike the barangays of the non-Muslim ancient Filipinos which were smaller in size and very much decentralized, the sultanate governed a much larger territory through a centralized network of officials with the Sultan at the top. Sulton (With royal or Avab ancestry) a Rume Bichara (A council of elders composed of datus) ‘and panglimos (teachers) Other officials: Wolir ~ first minister/datu Maja rajah ~ customs chief Rajah laut ~ chief of the seas ‘Qodi — chief interpreter of the | Muslim eds (traditions) end | tow, and the Mustim court {the Sherich)Stupy Guipe What factors encouraged the ancient Filipinos to trade with China and its Southeast Asian neighbors? In the absence of written records, what evidences can you cite to show that a lucrative trade connected the Philippines with China, India, and the rest of Southeast Asia long before the West came to colonize the region? ‘Among the early trade contacts of the Philippines during the ancient period, which country do you think had the most influenice on the early Filipinos? Explain your answer. Which among the early contacts of the Filipinos had the least or imal influence? Explain your answer. Compare and contrast the way the Orang Dampuans and the Banjars conducted or carried out their trade relations with the early settlements in the Philippines. Describe the competition between the Arabs and the Chinese for dominance in trade. Who eventually won and why do you think this is s0? List as many words in our language which are of Chinese or Indian origin. Present the list in a chart. Identify the following in relation to the early trade contacts of the Philippines in ancient times: @ Buranun (@ Buansa (b) Banjars @ madrasah (© Orang Dampuans hadi (@ Admiral Cheng Ho (Ruma bichara (© Chu fan-chi (nm) imam © piloncitos (o) Paramisuli (®) Padmapani (0) Ramadan (h) Laguna copperplate38 SuGGESTED ACTIVITIES Make a timeline of events to show the chronology of early trade contacts of the early Filipinos before the coming of the Spaniards. With the aid of a map of the Philippines and Asia, trace the trade routes used by the Arabs and the Chinese in the Southeast Asian Region during the early times. Make a table listing the dates of the arrival of Muslim missionaries in the Philippines, the places Islam occupied, the early Muslim leaders, and their accomplishments, Using a Venn diagram, compare Islam with Christianity. In what ways are they similar and in what ways are they different? Cite beliefs and practices that are unique only to the Muslims or to the Christians, and beliefs and practice that both religions share. Research on the various types of boats used by the ancient Filipinos to travel to different places to conduct commerce. Draw each one and submit for class viewing,ENCOUNTER WITH THE WEST (1400 - 1600) ‘To the West, for quite a long time, the Philippines and the rest of the world was Tierra Incognita (Unknown Lands). Coming into the region for purposes of trade and other reasons (Christianization and civilizing the “uncivilized”), these lands were new and exciting “discoveries” for the Europeans. But this is certainly not true of the Filipinos, of the “Indians” of America and the “Blacks” of Africa, These peoples, unknown to the West, have long inhabited these lands and evolved their own civilizations that are unique to their given environment and history. ‘The West, led by Portugal and Spain, rival each other for the possession of rich colonies in America, Asia, and Africa. With her naval supremacy, daring and imaginative explorers, and a Spanish Pope who drew up treaties defining territorial rights to her, Spain won over her rivals. Using both the "sword and the cross” Spanish conquistadores and missionaries succeeded in establishing colonies in the Americas without much resistance. Until the fatal battle in Mactan, Cebu, an island in the Philippines, when Spain's famed explorer, Ferdinand Magellan, was killed by the local chieftain Lapulapu. It took almost fifty years before another attempt to colonize the islands succeeded under Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. After meeting stiff resistance in Cebu Legaspilater established the first European settlement in the archipelago. Then he moved to the island of Luzon where he founded a permanent Spanish colony in the kingdom of Maynila.foeters- hom wha! took partin | fenitoy | Spedtion | prchisions | in Western ‘ Europe (Ith | T3ircemures, | toretake the | Maly Lond Uersolem) | inne Soracemor | Maine! expec ' a fomvey or eae Inaertoken by | gona people for purpose, expecially exploration Tae CoMING OF THE SPANIA How and why the Spaniards and the Portuguese air (the European's term for Asia or the East) is along stevy. '» centur rope was experiencing some changes be industry and commerce, the advances in science, the iraps-vemen science of navigation, and the invention of machines and znarine ments. Added to this was the desire of the Buropeans to ka aw move the countries of the “Orient” because of the stories tzid by the C crusaders of Europe, who went to the Holy Land to reclair: ‘Muslims. The stories led many Europeans to admire the wwonde:s of the East. Also, some Europeans were already trading with Axian con Oriental spices, silk, fruits, attar of roses, Persian precious stones were easily sold in European. stimulated more trade with the countries of Asia ‘The Venetians or citizéns of Venice, which ist Italy, enjoyed this monopoly at the start. Sosn a! the Spaniards, and other peoples of Europe b2 Oriental countries. As 2 result, rivalry developed aro countries, This commercial rivalry led to Europ ditions Asia The Trade Routes At the time the Europeans were developing ti 4 a, rope. The first was the Northern Route which passed through Central Asia by land, there existed three trade routes connecting Asia to > 7 * season Sea) > 5 Malacca woluccas Me: girs Islends) < TNs Indian OceanSag Semarkend and Bokhara, then around the Caspian 2 ‘ack Sea, and finaly to Constantinoplein the Mediterranean. "asral Route which started from Malacca in the t and the Indian ports, then ‘inople, and finally to Cairo then to the Indian Ocean and to the ports of ly £0 Cairo in the Mediterranean. century an in nt event took place which led ser Toutes. in 1453, the Turks captured the city of vugh which two routes passed. They closed the ‘tral Routes. However, they allowed the Venetians te on condition that they pay a certain sum as + came to monopolize the Southern Route. “entageous for them, since they controlled the European ahs Bast. This Venetian monopoly compelled Portugal and Spain Sute to Asia so they could continue their lucrative tries, Portugal was the first to send 2 of the most famous Portuguese navigators w, editions s Prince © called, “The Navigator.” In his desire to make ie sent an expedition t the Azores, near the islands of Madeira and the Azores ! “eveloped into Portuguese colonies. Later, Prince { *xpeditions to Western Africa, using the | igation he developed, like the astrolabe, the and the caravel, which was a kind of ship. Prince Henry's voyages inspired other explovers to sail to the Rast In 1487 nese navigator Bartholomew Diaz “discovered” the e of Good Hope and, continuing his vay fe, reached Calicu:, India his voyage marked the first time that ean country, through her cached the East Sy sailing he southernmost tip of the inent of Africa. Spain, upor contin f Africa. Spain, upon lea f this successful voyage, sent w North America, Christopher Colombus an expe 0 what isn | estrolabo — 6 instromant formerly vsea in mooring the altitudes of the stars ane! ether heavenly bodies{pepe bot Pn elt or low | 42 from the Pope | a native of Genoa, which later became a part of Italy, went to Spain and offered his services to the King and Queen. Sailing from Spain, he “discovered” North America in 1492. He thought that the large mass of land he had “discovered” was Asia. Later, Amerigo Vespucci, also an Italian, was sent by the Spanish King and Queen to explore what Columbus had found. The geographers at the time ‘thought that Amerigo found a “new world,” and so they named this land, America. Other “discoveries” followed soon after. In 1500, Vicente Pinzon “discovered” what is now Brazil. In 1513, Nufez de Balboa crossed what is now Panama and “discovered” the Pacific Ocean. These geographical “discoveries” led to more explorations of new lands and their development as colonies of European countries. ‘The Division of the World “The fact that Portugal was the first country to sail to the East and establish colonies earned her the prestige as the first sea power to chart an alternate passage to India. On the other hand, Spain, which sent explorers to the Americas, began to lay claim to these areas, Thus, a sea rivalry resulted from the “discoveries” made by Spain and Portugal. To avoid a possible war between the two great nations, Pope Alexander Vi, a Spaniard, whose family name Borja was Italianized into Borgia, issued a bull in 1493 dividing the world into two. All lands south and west of the Azores and Cape Verde Islands were to belong to Spain. Portugal, on the other hand, was to take possession of the continent of Africa. In order to make this provision clear, the Pope issued another bull on the same day (May 3) by which an imaginary line was drawn from north to south at 100 degrees west of the Azores. Lands to bbe discovered east of this imaginary line would belong to Portugal, and those on the west would belong to Spain. But in September of the same year (1493) the Pope, being a Spaniard, nullified this provision of the second bull by allowing Spain to own lands to be discovered in the East, which properly belonged to Portugal. The King of Portugal protested the decision of the Pope because it violated the rights of Portugal as provided for in the second bull of May 3, 1493. To avoid any conflict between the two nations, they concluded the Treaty of Tordesillas on June 7, 1494, The important provisions of this treaty were the following: (2) An imaginary line was drawn from north to south at a distance Of 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. Lands to be discovered east of this line would belong to Portugal, and those on the west would belong to Spain.