' I } INTRODUCTION: % Hisoagy is a branch of science which deals with studyof structure and function of tissue. ‘% —Theletm*Histology” was given by ‘* Tissueis a group of similar or dissimiar cells having a conmon origin and function, ‘%* —Tissue- meaning derived from latin word STexerer, Founder of histology - easel histology ~Bichat,. ™ * Thelermtissue was given by - Biehats, ‘%* Histogensis is development of tissue from undifferen- tiated germ layers. Tissue isa characteristic feature of multicellular ani- mals. ig O4F_sporges are the only muticetlar animals without issue system, Coelenterates (Eg. - Hydra) are the first tissue grade * animals, %* Development of tissue system is the result of division, ( oflbour. [Te Com mpaut URE OG peeled ‘amation of tissue occurs during gastrulation of embryonic development. BASIC COMPONENTS OF TISSUE: * Cals: tis living and solid component of tissue. * Inter cellular secretion : Itis non-living component ofissue, called Matrix, * Extra cellular fluid : It is non-fiving component like Cerebrospinal ud, Synovial ud, Plasma, Lymph fi. Every animal tissue contains cells and mattix. 2 Presence of matriis characteristic of animal issue, Source and Nature of Mate * — Matrix represents secretion of cells of the tissue (Se- ‘retion is useful metabolic product, discharged from ‘he cal) - within the body. * — Nonvtiving (substances which are secreted from the callare alvays non-living) (7s fluid | ae Thies ardyqd the tissues, bathing cells of the tissue. Itacts as a mile man and helps in the exchange of materials between blood and cells ofthe tissues, ‘“tbecomes lymph atter entering into the lymph ves- sels. is formed due to passing of some blood plesma out of the blood capilaries. |. Ithas almost simitar chemical composition at ditfer- | nt ecsot te boy, yma; It swells due to accumulation of the tissue ful CLASSIFICATION OF TISSUE SYSTEM _ On the basis of function, animal tissue is of the ~~ following types : !) _Epithotial Tissue : Protection/Protective covering, (ii) Connective Tissue : Connection and suppor. Muscular Tissue : Movement, Nervous Tissuo : Conduction of impulse. wm Characteristics : + Theterm Epithelium’ was introduced by RUYSGh. + tis tning and covering tissue, The cells have a rapid rate of cell division. Epithelium originates frorh ectoderm (skin epidermis), mesoderm (coelomic epithelium) and endoderm (gut epithetium). ‘* Minimum amount of intercellular Muid, it causes com- * Paction of tissue. x Atcertain places plasma membrane of adjacent cells are bounded directly and are devoid of intercellular fuid, This points called Tight Junction, %*_Atcertain region plasma membrane of adjacent cells become thick and internally itbears thread lke struc- lure called tonofibril. This specific zone is called desmosomie, + One end of tissue is bound with Basement membrane andother ends free. isement membrane is made up of protein and polysaccharide. Itis present below epithelial cells. Function : Ithelps in protection, secretion, absorption, res- Piration, ultra fitration, sensory function. ‘Types of Epithelial Tissue : a @ Simple Epithelium — tis made up of single layer, * (Compound Epithelium itis made up of more than one layer, () SIMPLE EPITHELIUM: * Simple epithelium consists ‘of compactly packed with little space or no space between their single layer of cells. * — Single layered in thickness. ‘On the basis of shape and height of cell it is of following types : A. Simple Squamous Epithelium: ‘© Colls are thin and flattened in structure and appear as tiles or fat plate lke, Scanned with CamScannerSe ee eee . __ i. ss Inner lining OF cheek Ts made up oF simple squs- ous epithelium, Ciliated Epithelium : «Epithelium containing cia on their fee Surface Golis may be columnar or cuboidal. * Kis also known as Pavement Epithelium because a . «Utah packed + Fwotpescrotesreresent canst Mow 88 Tesselated Enlthelium ve ()Kinocita - Motil, arises from basal Body, (0+ wavy appearance ofits margin. 2) arrangement, pointed at one end. © Nucleus is disc shaped and centralised, * @ Stereocitia - Non-motile, no (9 + 2) arrange. ine mam oral ‘ment, cylindrical in shape. istributit «Function of cia is © Petionin (0 To dive the mucous. © Bowman's capsule of nephron, (@) Movement of gametes. Endothelium (Blood vessel) Distribution : ‘Mesothelium (Wall of coetom) # Bronchioles. w Alveoliofungs. 1 Buccopharyngeal cavily of frog ‘® Membranous labyrinth, Respiratory tract. Descending lop of Hen, . Fallopian tube. Lining of capitary. @- Veniticles of brain and spinal chord. @ Lining of taste bus, @ Unilayer of isodiametric cells. (Height and width Pseudostratified Epithelium : equal) il «. Ghn-sedlon~ equa shaped tote nt ecosesesin Nucleus ~ oval shaped and centrally located. = i : ‘itcovmaytopeont testa, | [Pemsenetenn ao: Distribution: eens Nuclei are notin one level Gi) Some cells are pointed. e Kidney tubule. Germinal layer. (Some cells are twisted. @ Ducts of salivary gland. May or may not contain cia, ‘2 Ducts of pancreas. Distribution: Clary bodies. «Duct of parotid glandeNon-cliated pseudo-strati ‘choroid. fled. Epithelial layer ofretina. @ Urethracfmaie+ Aciniof pancreas. + Trachea —Ciliated pseudostatned, . Simple Columnar Epithelium : * Bronchus = ‘e Unilayer of tall cells (Height is more than width) + Nasalchamber— Cross-section ~ Polygonalor rectangular. ert ener Nucleus Spherical, located near the base (due Also known as stratified epithstium, tosecretory properties) . May contain migro-vili (e.g. :Intestine) * Composed ofmanylayerof ges. + lnnermostlayerrests upon basement meta Gallbladder. == Main function = protection. ne ® Gastleglnds ‘Types of Compound Epithelium : intestinalglands. A. Stratified Squamous Epitholium : 2 Goblet cels. #7109 layers of cel 1 Mucous membrane. : + Superfciallayer— squamous shaped (2. jee Scanned with CamScanner0 Middie ayer ~ polygon: Deeper yer cuboidal. © Upperlayers ~ constantly shedded off, continu- us replaced by cells of lower layer. layers of celis are interconnected by pro- toplsmi processes, Hence, these cells are known a8 Prickle cells. © Celis may or may not be keratinised, Stratified Keratinised Squamous Epithelium : * Keratinised squamous epithelium contains in- soluble protein keratin, ; © Upper layer of cells are dead cells (Non-nucle- ated) = Keratn protein is derived from Keratohyaline, * Keratinisation occurs due to dry environment, =Innermost layer is called Stratum germinativum. ' Upper layer of dead cels called Stratum comeum. Distribution : ‘« Epidermis of skin of land vertebrates, (il) Stratified Non-keratinised Squamous Epithelium Keratin protein absent, «Upper layer of cells living and nucleated. + Mostly present in moist environment, Distribution : © Oralcavily e Pharynx. Oesophagus «Anal canal, « Vocal chord © Vagina * Comea = Conjuctiva of eye Stratified Columnar Epithelium : » 3104 layers of cells, « Upper laye«s—columnar, « Middle layers - polygonal. * Inner layers — ‘cuboidal, + May-contain cilia, Distributi + Larynx (Ciliated) » Soft palate. 'e Epigiottis Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium : «3104 layer of cells. e Upper.cells - cuboidal ‘© Middle cells - polygonal. ‘= Innermost cells - columnar. ‘¢_ Allcelis are nucleated and living. ee ne Ors Distribution: y «Duct of sebaceous glands «Duct of sweat glands Duct of mammary glands. D. ~ Transitional Epithelium : 5107 layer of cells. lso known as plastic epithelium. ‘® Present in areas subejeted to distention. Upper layers - oval shaped. ‘Middle layers - polygonal Inpermost layers - cuboidal. lo basement membrane.» * Number of layers not constant. \eNucleus large in size (due to polyploid) * fmpervious to water. fpistbuten i Ureler Urinary bladder Renal pelvis, E, Specialised Epithelium : @ — Glandular epithelium : © Epithelium lining the gland. Glands are group of secretory cells having glandular structure, Classification of Glands : 1. Based upon presence or absence of duct (@) Endocrine glands (ductless) (&) Exocrine glands (with duct) (@) Endocrine Glands : © Without any duct, ¢ Secretes hormones only, * Pour their secretion directly into the blood stream, © Quantity of secretion varies. ©.9., Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenals, (Exocrine Glands : e With duct. * « Secretes enzyme, mucous etc. © Secretes through duct. Secrotions act as biocatalyst, Secretions act locally. * 0.9.:Liver, Salivary gland, Sweat gland etc. 2, Based upon number of cells : (@) Uniceliutar (b) Multicellular. (2) Uniceltular glands : «Secretory units consist of single cell, iimplest of all glands. Present in the skin of anamniotes. Scanned with CamScanner‘Based upon Nature oF Secret (a) Mucous (b) Serous (c) Mixe Presentin the alimentary can; 2 89. ial of amniotes, Thread_cells eh 2 I (Anamniotes) ¢F3kesy : Mucous glands : sscOus. (i) Goblet cells , Mucous glands id ion is viscous. . (Amr mucus, secretion ey mutica 8 888 mites) 2 See nat land, cardaz a" fn ‘© Made up of more than one cell, * ach, Palatine glands, Goblet cells: ® Structurally more complicated, (®) Serous glands: 4 May or may not be branche, ‘ Secretes enzymes or watery fluid. © Divided i xotwo types) Sinole mutcehy _e Secretion is clear, dj .acymeighng «eg. Parotid gland, Sweat glant {ar (i-Compound multi-celtuler, ©. Simple multi cellular generally un. | () Mixed glands ‘ranches, —— On Seoees both mus and enzyme. — 0.9. Sil saat tubules glang «Secretion is viscous. Lebetiuin,Menialgiand edamation, yrkd: $e. Submendbular gland, Gasegland. we le colled aland-+Sweat glands ofskinand | (i) Sensory Epithelium : a i «Contains sensory cells. we le alveolar gland ~ Sebaceous gland. »-Moditied columnar epithelium. Uc-\Siale branched tubular gland ~ Sweat glands Contains sensory hairs on its surface. oon | «Cells remain connected to nerve fibres at the Gi) Compound multi cellular glands are struc- base, «Occurence : Olfactory epithelium (Scheneiderian turally more complicated and branched. .9. Compound tubular gland ~ Pylori glands membrane), Taste buds, Lining of intemal ear, of Sona Bruno gaa, Mik aud of (i Germinal Epithelium : prototherians. 2 Madified cuboidal celts, Compound alveolar gland ~ Sublingual and ‘© Capable of producing gametes like sperm and Submandibular glands. ovum. e Occurence: Lines the gonads. ‘L-Coffipound tubulo-alveolar gland— Pancreas, Mammary glands Parotid glands, () Pigmented Epithelium : 3. Based upon Mode of Secretion : 1» Modified columnar cells. (@) Merocrine (b) Apocrine (e) Holocrine Contains pigment. (@ — Merocrine gland: 2» Occurence : Retina of eye. se-Aiso known as epicrine or eccrineglands. _ | Functions of Epithelium : ‘Secretion most economical. «Protection, ‘Secretion is discharged by simple difusion withe «Lubrication, out loss of any part ofthe cell Absorption. g.: Sweat glands, Salivary glands, Pancreas, @ Secretion. ‘Goblet cells. «Reproduction (6) Apocrine glands : «Pigmentation Secretory materials accumulated in the apical «Excretion, eK part of the cell. + Transmission ofstimui, == Secretions discharged by exocytosis # Storage, J ‘e Apical portion of the cell is damaged or lost. SKIN; ‘ Eq. : Mammary gland. . enemies tke hair, nait glands tog, (o) Holocrine glands: | Skin aie {integument sy system, «Also known as,necrobiotic gland. eA 7 'e largest andeaviest organ. 4 The whole cell disintegrates. 2 Surface area 2 metros 21.5te0". ‘¢ New cell is replaced immediately. 0 Le 2mm CeLmm) |: Sebaceous gland. wes. Seda (@) Epidermis, (b) Dermis (c) Hypodermis Scanned with CamScanner(2) Epidermis « Outermost layer of skin Avascularised. © Made up of five layers, Stratum comeum—Uppermost layer, non-nucle- ated and dead, keratinised, squamous shaped. Stratum lucidum Squamous shaped cells, dead and non-nucieated, contains protein eledin,. present in palm and sole only. Stratum granulosum — Present below lucidum, composed of squamous cells, contains protein |- keratohyaline: , csc\ cous Stratum spinosum - Composed of polyhedral Cells, Spine like process, living (Rowen cens| Stratum germinativum —Innermost layer, cuboi- dal cells, rest on basement membrane, high rate OF muiosis, Iso known as stratum malpighi, «f+ (b) Bermis S*7 Roem SP 05em Thick and strong layer. . I Present below the epidermis. 1 \»-tiiainly composed of connective tissue. ‘e Contains collagen, reticular and elastic fibres, fibroblast, adipocytes etc. * «Differentiated into two layers. ° e Outer papillary layer and inner reticular layer. Papillary layer : : @ Composed of loose connective tissue i Collagen fibres present. (ii) Remains connected to epidermis by finger- like process called Papillae. ' intains specialised touch receptor cells ~ Meissner’s corpuscles Reticular layer: ) Composed of dense connective tissue. (i) More vascularised and more sensory. (ii) Contains smooth muscle fibres, sebaceous gland, sweat glands etc. €ontains specialised pressure receptor cells: ~Pacinian corpuscles. () Hypodermis : e Innermost layer of skin. «Present below the dermis. «Composed of loose fibrous connective tissue. Highly vascularised. se Much thicker than dermis. Contains sweat gland, (so known as subcutaneous layet tains thick layer of adipose tissue called, ‘Adiposus Panniculus.~ 45) “et Scanned with CamScannerFunction ofSKIN: ==. O— e Protection (First line of defence) femperature regulation. e Excretion in form of sweat. Synthesis of vitamin D Sensory reception. air is characteristic feature of mammals. irely epidermal in origin. hair follicle pushes down to the dermis. hair follicle is intimately associated with seba- ceous gland and arrector pilli muscles. e hair is formed from cells derived from stratum | germinativum. | e most part of the hair is keratinized, hence dead. | a ESTEE Scanned with CamScanner