STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC —P Strato ts mode up of Seana ban) wembais Nivitesl_or_weldled to getter tinue Ot veted to guiee cub heir joints, bat for the Caltwins’am Peposes the join ax e)_fo_be “Hiinged or _ph= jorokd.” —The cligoset typ of fame oo O_Perect frame Aho is moon by Pere, The £eeme Sth ead a os Suasficient to Keep tye frame tiny Soir “Supporting —on,_eaideneot load, 6 Knowse os" Per fers Brome” — The SimPlot Portece feome_ is tronole: which Concise @ thre _ -Mtenbeis_Qoel_ “Hirer Joho The_tecte_moenbus AB < Be — AC —sthe three tes a. —_____a8 ce.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Tene joint (0)_1s_aaded_-ty_Bose_rrargle AGc So e290 _memioers _owe_odded_(Cd_ord 86). Cc D & ——The_rame_ABCD Also br _Airalyseo! bythe —_Condiken 4) equiitbrs 210. -__this_feame_is_allto_Koow 0 Peyect Fearne. Dos te sostn_at CE 400 Boule tsorgislor frome ABC, Boon 6S) we td = 2h +3 + 2G-3) +3 25-6 +3 es Hente_for a Pertect Prasat, the number e0& Tein’ and numba, Of imenbers,STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Sl Ton pexfeea_Prowe A Reosee._1o_ sich _cursbuv of _inembus ard _umibu. of Joma —Ore__oot inten by m= 24-3 _{s_Keoon 04 impetgea Promne. —Th_moy_be ethos maclon > 2)- 3) orelen thant, Hee Preme iso, —Aingerfea fene. pa phytate (0) Te "teense ot oumanstina. ona one lou thon (aya). ——tHhren_the frame {3 Known Or “deficlent frome TR the umber ot embod ine, frame _Ove_sngre thon (Ah-3) “then the rome 1s _Kno.0n os" Sed Reoukons ot Supports af frome The Fronts ove Senwoily supported: Won Bote support Gon Winged _suppart: / o ~ ‘¢ ARE . = SR Feee lt tlhe on nae, Howe tre lined fu 7 PR ite fant _sigpiel too Hinge Sago Aten tae ee —He_Oekon @- tre Roetton_usil be. lepend Upon ire load Syston 00 > hae DP Support Reackon, dekomnines). by the Condivors Gt equim): The erdernay —lonad_cn the frat and the “rochott oF sugpals rount acre o AaHen O To: Hits aethod- “Seaton tine ts Posseal. tire ugh the —Taenbeu ,— in _ushidn Forties _orre_to_lbe__ determined, The Sector —\ine_should oe _chmion_ta_Sud_o_Way Hod Ak doesnot curs n e_membus to _ushids the foe —OxXe_unenovn, Te = The _Pact_of Arad, on ony side Sk the Section tind, —istweottd 04 Free body diogyarn ten ete ee he —Ous09 OF extemal fore on Hnod Part ond fortes ta the mem, abo Cuk by the Seckon Vine > The Unknown fortes fo the membad Ove tun cleiamines), ry using -2quotton ef _enutiibiun aa Zi4=20_, $420 , ZN=0 Most. De_ate srogatiude OF the fares, $0 Hoe memnlous cor by 9. Secon tre, ts Positive Kno tne _Osumenl__dliveckon is cornet —— TE tre __rmogattude oF 0 force‘ 4s_ogosve_1 Hoon reverse Hee —drrectran_6_tho_forie-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Wecow cnet ae “Find the Pores 40 the mumbus AB, Acard Be 9 tee To fing _Nertcot Keockon he Awlone O_ Looel_20_kot_acteg et A_Should be Known. (ircenere ares Be pac = ad ASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Now the distonce GQ Unt & ackon Boke! fon B is Cos6s = Ti %, = AG Cad = Ase hhSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC eS [Rg ats | Novwd ler us convdes He squililmum DL tte Vomous joins Les Fis forte tn member BG, Fue forte ts member Bc Reactving, Me forex Aches on the joint B, es Fy Sines sts ‘as Is Fj, = Baws = is 0-866 Rae Fi= ean ed) ieee oie B Resclvinay the Portes I, Howgonrally , we ge FL = F, coses 1 > Ary Z [& = Bhekn (fF Le #3 = fowe 79 the temby AC, A = fore in the smembe 8c Ressduing, fortes NOwaally, we Ga Fa SiIN36 = SKY é St 1 Py tre tn,STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Find tne foray an the wraenitend Aw. ord Ac_of Are ta shoo fy using "Methad of xekona”.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Let the directions Of Faq And Fee ont arsurmed Novo Tokeingy the moment of an the fora Cdk of He let Port abour C, we get. Isx 5 + (Rh, 1 AQ=0 T+ Fy x (5s ws 3s)20 Fen > cao . 32 s7 fos 30 Foy = 1422 Comprenon) Now Towing the Moment dan the fories adkeg on the Kit Port about A, Use get Is x@s xCosed) = Tq t (as venga) is 4 Wr OS be Fe > ‘s NGD we 2 We as 0-866 _ 0866 = B66 kn CTendle),STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC “Seog: em 2 A truss span Sm is Loaded aa Shoon in fg. Fired the Yeackons and forces fn the Mmenbos 4) the das: lore 7 Let us Pest _derontien the reasions Q ard Qg TBiomale ARO ts a nright Asm» R= seas Rasy [Cecastiobart Aderge) | Dix CEB, we hae. BE = Be casag pas 8,STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC es lh Be = asr The distante BG the line @ adION G tre VORA Loed D Ax fom pein 8. “= Be rhy x cos ss ~ (ase) % Now taking the momengs about A, We Jet fas ee ADH RAT so 2 Ra 210 Rat Rg = lO Ry oOSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC WY Ee tay Now. consider the SQUAT briny SE the Vomioud Omi. Joint A Now _Consder_tre_joine 8 “YOun=B ——— Resehuiras the fersces Vertianny, — Fee = Sines Fge = 20H (OS) ited ae Tne Acq 2 tec cos2d = = ROY 0-966 “Farha eG)STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Fowt - Cc Respiving forces Verncally, we get Feo Sno +Fte 9966 =O Fe sft = ees Ap > - Mee The Mognitudt Feo is Ave, Wine the csumed Arreckor is vdONg, Resolviey chries, hovigontaly , wet Se The —¥0 (66 = Kg Fee (sed 6arr-Feo 2 am-Fe 2 ane 608 — For he 2 = 10-2. = to-mrd leg tite c yee > 20-484 2kee T ROA 2 2O78Y te * Jee = 10.3% KH <9) Feo = LOSEM m& Hence Chage the iteton in Fey.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC SL ~Join - & Resolwlag the —Pertes alorg BED, we det Fen + eases + Seg Feo = 80-127 05 = 2-6 Fen = lu ew Co) __STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Wee une Deteuming the forces. a aU the Tembes ta Cshoun tn ty) Conblever drugs, by Using rnethod Gh. iar Start the _caluokors Bown {pin C. Brom_Mangle ACE, we _InaviSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC DOmT- Cc Reasctuing the forces verbiouly , we QeF- Jeg SINB = lo00 Je = ooo sin6 A000. O6 Feo = 1666.64 Ni Cc) - + Resoluing the forced horgonially, We get Fea = Feo Cose 196666 FOP Nod Consider the Covilibium d iar B_ Restluing, Verily , we ge Fap = l000 4 Ce) Fan > Xe > Buss SJORT-D Fog > Force tn memba OF, Ressiving foster Yourowy, WE GckSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Sy 1000 + 1666-66 SinB = Fay INV 4 Teo SHB 1000 + Ibbb 664 O68 = Fy t O64 Len? O6 Spo + Feo? “088. A \Gb6. 66 Fan + Fen = 2333.32 —— O Resttvincy fovea hongoniatly., ude Sek 1666.66 core + Fyo Case = Te, (sO _ Cr _C1h6006 + Fag)-2 Sep Ose \666.66 4Sap = Fey 1666 .6-—— @— Aes eit Addins, Roo tans, >and we gd Fen + Ean = 2333. “Aig 2 —\bb6-3-— io Subskhukny this Value Gn _2avoken®,.we sd _ > 92a.20 (7) Fao + 2500 > 3333.2 > 22322— awO - member. Fomme_tn ths vterioo _|__platurt ad fereces ANB. (23% 33 nN FJensie _ Bc. \333. 28. Tene Ba \oeb- 66 N _Comprewive pe ts asco oN : _Compremive | AD 33.32 N Tei BD | ComprernveSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Taxing moment 4 cit Sores Aches, ON gly POM” Abou! Porn TF, we ger. Rex +4 gq %FG =O VOA¥G +Fpe *(U rs a8) +0 = ua Fim = “Gy anad Tou > — 8-98 kW Ne Sign Shows thed tre forte Fons lompase Fy = AAT KH Comprenron tating he nomunt aloout Pole 0, we ger Ry ® Rds 2s = FE, * Bo sinad Rg Cosas > Trev wn as Lug x (aac Jeg = Stoao = L4arx ose Fes + tusreet os Teg F Ase Urd Censite) Now foking, Ane Momacts dh all forces Port ako B we det p70 Ockad on the WightSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC 2. Fue of Sper Sen fs loaded at thovon in FF Find) the Seadiien. and fereet tn the rnenbee coached “1 Fed ‘ WKS 4 ang ae'e so . Qe 2 = "RS* (Wot) — 10 = aakn Now craw a gecfien Bae (1-1), Cutting the rrembes 4,5 ands Conbicee “he C4iiilosure Of le Right Pat’ of the Fue Let Fa Fs od Fe ane the feet co wenbes 4S okt. uxt these directionsSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Now fking Ae moment of all tke forces acting on -ighhpet about Price RE, we re @ Ry xBK Cosact = Fy x CBE x09) to x( very = F, * Chea x os) bo 'Ryge How Zz aS : . Now faring won af all the fous about pero e® aefing oo) mah pets we ek yee =o 1a x @Rtas 307+ Fe a ee Rous taking. the momnints about” point < of att tke fore acting. om tre Hight pa ne qn : ta x C25 — BE w28) = Fyxce + Re rSe IR x25 — MEE RQ) = Fy X BE Mo30 t lOxaT > 7 . Sn, CORPR Tos Tre aturtd pres ate herne »STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC ANALYSIS OF PERFECT FRAMES TYPES OF FRAMES ‘The simplest fiame is a triangle, which has three members and three joints (pin-jointed), Although there are many types of frames, which can be thought of, the frames may be grouped under two classes viz. Perfect frames + Imperfect frames PERFECT FRAMES: A perfect frame may be defined as that one which is made up of members just sufficient to keep the frame in equilibrium, when loaded, without any change in the shape. The simplest example of a perfect frame is a triangle. It is to be noted that the shape will not be distorted when the structure is loaded (Figure 12.1(a)). Thus, for three-jointed frame, there should be three members to prevent distortion, If it is needed to increase a joint to this triangular frame, ABC, two members AD and BD are to be added (Figure 12.1(b)). Thus, to keep a fiame as a perfect frame two additional members at one joint have to be added (Figure 12.1(¢)). Examples of perfect frames. A relationship for a perfect fiame can be obtained in terms of joints and members. Let n be the number of members and j be the number of joints. In Figure 12.2(a) let the three members AB, BC and AC and three joints A, B and C are removed. Now, we have (n~ 3) members and (j— 3) joints in the frame (Figure 12.2(b)). It can be noted that for (j ~ 3) joints, there are 2(j~ 3) members, i.e,, 3 joints and six members are remaining. LLY Requirement of number of members.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 CESOSPC SPEC So for a stable frame the minimum number of members should be equal to two times the number of joints minimum three. IMPERFECT FRAM! Imperfect frame is one in which the number of members are more or less than (2j— 3). The imperfect frame may be further classified as © Deficient fiame Redundant frame. Let us consider a square frame, which has four members and four joints (Figure 12.3(2)). As per the relationship we should have (2 4)~3=5 members for the fame to be stable. As only four members are present it is not a stable frame. So, if'a frame has less number of members than that required by the relation n= (2j—3), then the frame is known as deficient frame Deficient and redundant frames. By adding one more member, E, the square frame satisfies the relation (i.e., 2 x 4 — 3 = 5) and hence forms a perieet frame, Redundant Frame If another additional diagonal member is added (Figure 12.3(c)) the frame remains stable. But it has more members than required, ie., 6 members instead of S members. Such a frame is called a redundant frame. ‘Thus, a redundant frame is an imperfect frame, in which the numbers of members are more than (2 ~ 3). Thus, it can be summarized that: Ifn= (2j~3) then the frame is a perfect frame Ifn< (2j~3) then the frame is a deficient frame Ifn> (2j~3) then the frame is a redundant frame. Perfect frames are stable, whereas deficient frames are unstable. Hence, perfect frames can be analyzed using equilibrium conditions, Redundant frames, although stable, cannot be fully analyzed by using equilibrium conditions Following are the assumptions made in finding the forces in the members of a frame. The frame is a perfect frame ‘The frame is loaded only at the joints All the members of the frame are pin-jointed Self-weight of the members is neglected.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC © Forces in various members of a perfect frame may be found out either by analytical method or graphical method. Here, the discussion is confined to only analytical method. A perfect frame can be analytically analyzed by the following methods: * Method of joints or method of resolution * Method of sections or method of moments METHOD OF JOINTS OR METHOD OF RESOLUTION Fora given frame or a truss the support reactions are determined taking moments of the external forces with respect to the support. Then cach joint is considered individually asa free body in equilibrium and the forces on the members at that joint are determined by summing up all the vertical component of forces to zero and all the horizontal component of forces to zero. ie, EV=0 And ZH=0 Joints should be selected such that forces for only two members are unknown in that joint. ‘The force is said to be tensile if it pulls the joint to which it is connected. This method is explained in detail in the solved problems given below.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC PROBLEM: I Determine the forces in the members of the truss 20KN hs D Solution: First support reactions are found. Forces in members are found by analyzing the equilibrium of forces at each joint. Support reactions From 4 ABC, AB = AC * cos 60° =5 * 0.5 = 2.5 m From A ABD, AD= AB x cos 60° = 2.5 « 0.5 = 1.25m Taking moments of forces with respect to A and equating Rex5 = 10%1.25 Re=25 kN RA=10~2.5=7.5 kN. Joint A Let FAB be the force in the member AB FAC be the force in the member AC Let FAB act towards the joint A and force FAC act away from the joint A. Resolving the forces vertically and equating,STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Ra = Fag sin 60° ug =P sin 60° 0.866 Fan = 8.66 KN (C) Resolving the forces horizontally and equating. FAC =FAB sin 60°. = 8.66 * 0.5 =4.33 KN (tensile) Since the values are positive, the assumed directions of force are correct Joint C Let FBC be the force in the member BC and FAC be the force in the member AC ‘The force FAC has already been found out and acts away from the joint C. Let the force FBC act towards the joint C. Ro = Fac sin 30° Fan =5 KN (C) C R,=2.5KN | Resolving the forces vertically and equating, RC = FBC sin 30° Summary Forces in members are tabulated below, AB . Compressive AC Tensile BC Compressive PROBLEM: IISTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. Solution: ‘Support reactions: Taking moments of forces about A and equating RD * 10 = (12 « 75) + (6% 25) = 105 RD =10.5 kN RA= (6+ 12) 10.5=7.5 KN JOINT A Let FAB be the force in the member AB and act towards joint A FAE be the force in the member AE and act away from joint A B Resolving the forces vertically and equating Ry = Fu, sin 60° F = 7.5 48 sin 60° Resolving the forces horizontally and equating, FAE = FAB cos 60° = 8.66 = 0.5 = 4.33 KN (tensile) =8.66 KN (compressive) Since the values are positive, the assumed nature of force is correct. JOINT D: SPECSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Let FCD be the force in the member CD and act towards joint D and FDE is the force in the member DE and act away from the Joint D. Resolving the forces vertically and equating 2, =Feysin60? 5 =o 15-19 240 (compres) Sind?” 0866 Resolving the forces horizontally and equating, FDE =FCD cos 60° = 12.12 * 0.5 = 6.06 KN (tensile) c iD Fy=10.5KN JOINT B Let FAB be the force in the member AB which act towards joint A (as already found) Bin 4 3 Let force FBC act towards the joint B and force FBE act away from the joint B Resolving the forces vertically and equating, FBE sin 60° +6 =FAB sin 60° Fy sin 60° —6 Figg = fan Sn OO" =6 sin 6” _ 866%: = 1.73 KN (tensile) 0.866 (onsite) Resolving the forces horizontally and equating FRC = FABcos60° + FREcosé0° = (8.66 = 0,5) + (1.73 « 05) = 5.195 N (compressive) JOINT CSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC aw é Let FBC be the force in member BC and act as compressive FCD be the force in the member CD and as compressive FCE be the force in the member CE and assumed to act away from joint C. Resolving the forces vertically and equating F, sin 60° + 12=F,, sin 60° in60°. Feg= LTBOKN As the value of FCE is negative, the assumed nature of the force is not correct. Thus, the force is compressive FCE = 1.736 (compressive) SUMMARY Forces in members are tabulated below Tensile ‘Compressive PROBLEM: III A truss of span 5 m is loaded as show in fig. find the reaction and forces in the members of the trussSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC PROBLEM: IV PROBLEM: V Problem 11.8. Determine the forces in the truss shown in Fig. 11.22 which carries a horizontal load of 12 kN and a vertical load of 18 KN.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Taking moments of all forces at A, we get Rg x 4=18x24+12x 15 = 36+ 18 = 54 54 4 R, = Total vertical load~ Ry = 18 - 13.5 = 4.5 kN (}) H, = Sum of all horizontal loads = 12 kN (<-) Now the forces in the members can be calculated. In triangle BCD, BD = (BC* + CD? - 2? +15? = 2.5m R, 13.5 KN (1) BC_ 2 cos = Fp" a5 =08 ong £218 dnd= a5 798 Let us first consider the equilibrium of joint A. Joint A ‘The reactions R, and H, are known in magnitude and direction. Let the .ctions of the forces in the members AC and AD are as shown in Fig, 11.22 (a). Resolving the forces vertically, we get Fy sin = Ry of. i 45 KN Fyy= east gg S TORN (Compressive) Fyn ds Resolving the forces horizontally, we get Fig 1122 @) Fyc= Hy + Fan 008 8 = 12 +7.5 x 0.8 = 18 KN (Tensile) Joint C ‘Atthe joint C, the force O in member CA and vertical load 18 kN are known in magnitude and directions. For equilibrium of the joint C. Fyg = Fo, = 18 KN (Tensile) Fon = 18KN (Tensile)STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. Joint B ‘At the joint B, Ry and force Fy, are known in magnitude and direction. Lot Pap is the force in member BD. Resolving the forces vertically, we get Foy x sin @= Ry Ry | 135 mind” 06 = 22.5 KN (Compressive) Compressive Tensile PROBLEM: VI Determine the forces in the truss shown in fig, which is subjected to horizontal and vertical loads. Mention the nature of force in each case. The truss is supported on rollers at B and hence Rp will be vertical. The truss is hinged at A and hence the support reaction at A will consists of horizontal reaction Ha and a vertical reaction Ra. Taking moment about A, we get Rp * 12 = (8 * 1.5) + (3*4) + (6*8) Ry +12 = 60412 Rg*12=72STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. Rp= Ry = 6 KN(T) ZFy = 0 Rat Rp = 9KN Ry =6-Rs Ra=9-6 Ry = 3KN(1) Hy = 8 KN (-) IN TRIANGLE ACC* AC = V2? + 1.52 =V4+ 6.25 sin 0 = 0.6 Joint A Resolving the force vertically, we get Fc, sin 8 = 3 kN SPECSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-1 CESOSPC SPEC 3 3 Fea Sind ~ 0.6 Fap = 5 kN (compressive) Resolving the force horizontally, we get Fra = Fea cos 0 + Ha Fra = 520848 Fge = 12 KN (Tensile) Joint C The force Fea is known in magnitude and direction. The assumed direction of the forces Fev and Fer are shown in fig Resolving forces vertically, we get Fopsin 0 Fop= BRN Cr b 5 KN (Tensile) Resolving forces horizontally, we get Fep = Foq 008 8 + Fp 008 © =5%0.8+5x08=8K . (Compressive) Fig. 11.23 (ec) Joint F ‘The forces Fp, and Fpp are known in maguitude and directions. The assumed directions ofthe forces Fpp and Fog are shown in Fig. 11.23 (4). Resolving the forces vertically, we get 5 xsin 04 Pop sin 6 = 8 _ Ssind +3 sind 3 5+ gt b+ age Resolving the forees horizontally, we get 12 +5 c0s 9 = Fop+ Fyp cos @ 12.45% 08= Fop+0 or 12+4=Fop Hig 11.26 (2 Fog = 12 +4 = 16 KN (Tensile) 2 For -5+5=0STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Joint D ‘Phe forces Fg and Fpp are known in magnitude and direction. The assumed directions of Fig and Fp, are shown, in Fig. 11.23 (). Resolving vertically, we get Fg sin 0 = Epp x sin 0 = 0 é Fg Rosolving forees horizontally, we get Fron = Fep = 8 EN Fig. 11.23 (€) Fog = 8 KN (Compressive) Joint G Now consider the joint Joint G ‘The forees Fg and Fpq are known in magnitude and direction. The assumed directions of Fgg and Figg are shown in Fig. 11.23 (). Resolving the forces vertically, we get sin @= Fp, sin 6+ 6 =6 6 6 Foe = Gog Fp 710 EN Censile) Pig. 1.28) For Resolving forces horizontally, we get Fog = 16— Fo, cos 0 = 16-10 0.8=8 kN (Tensile) Joint E ~The forces Fag and Pye are known in magnitude and directions. Let Fy, is acting in a direction as shown in Fig. 11.23 (g). Resolving forces vertically, we get Fog sin 0= Fog sin 0 Pup = Fog = 10 & Fog = 10 KN (Compressive) If we have calculated the forces in member BE and BG, considering joint B, we would have got the same results. Fig. 11.23 (@) ayN c BAN Now the forces in each member are shown in Fig. 11.23 (h). PROBLEM: VILSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC METHOD OF SECTIONS OR METHOD OF MOMENTS When forces in a few members ofa truss are to be determined then this method is the most simple one. This method is easy since we do not need the solutions from other joints, Here, we pass a section line passing through the members in which the forces are to be determined. The section line should be such that it does not cut more than three members in which the forces are unknown. The truss on one side of the section line is treated as a free body in equilibrium under the action of external forces. The unknown forces are then determined using the equilibrium equations, SM = 0, ZFx = 0 and ZFy=0. When we get a negative value of force ina member then the assumed direction is not correct and it has to be reversed, PROBLEM: VIII PROBLEM: IX A truss of span 12 m is . Determine the forces in members.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC E Length of member, sin @ = 0.625 Support reactions Taking moments of all the forces about A and equating R, x12=(15x8)+10%4 160 =—=13.33 KN Re 12 R, =10+15-13.33 = 11.67 kN JOINT A Before considering joint A, it is necessary to identify members which do not have any force.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Asa general rule if three forces act at a joint and two of them are along the same straight line then for equilibrium of the joint, the third force should be equal to zero. At joint A. there are two members and one reaction. FAB and RA are in a straight line. So, FAH is perpendicular and will have zero force. At point F, a similar condition exists then FFG is zero. At joint D, FCE and FDE are in a straight line. FDG is perpendicular and is zero ‘The forces Fan and Fay are the two forces out of which FAH = 0 and the assumed direction of FAB H Ry= 11.67 KN FAB = 11.67 KN (compressive) JOINT B Fap= 11.67 KN (compressive) Resolving the forces vertically and equating, Fy = Fey, 0088 Fry = 8 = oe 14.96 KN (tensile) Resolving the forces horizontally and equating. FBC =FBH sin 0 = 14.96 x 0.625 FBC = 9.35 kN (compressive) JOINT H Forces FCH and FGH be the forces in the members CH and HG and the assumed directions are Resolving the forces vertically Fen + 10 =Fpncosd FCH = FBHcos@ — 10 = (14.96 * 0.78) — 10STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC = 1.67 KN (compressive) Resolving the forces horizontally FGH = FBHsin® 14.96 * 0.625 = 9.35 KN (compressive) JOINT C ‘The forces FBC and FCD and the assumed directions are shown in Figure 12.35. c B D Resolving the forces vertically Fon = Fog cos _ Fou _ 1.67 ce cos) 0.78 Resolving the forces horizontally FBC + FCG sin = FCD FCD =9.35 + (2.14 « 0.625) FCD = 10.69 KN (compressive) JOINT D FCD and FDE are the forces in members CD and DE and the assumed directions are Fo D = 2.14 KN (tensile) = 10.69 KN G As already discussed the foree in DG is zero. Therefore, for equilibrium condition for the joint D, FCD = FDE = 10.69 kN (compressive) JOINT G SPECSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC 15 KN FCG and FEG are the forces assumed on the members CG and EG along with their directions Resolving the forces vertically Fg 0080+ F,,, cos = 15 15—F., cos8 cos8 _ 15—(2.14x0.78) 0.78 17.09 KN (tensile) F, ‘EG JOINT F FEF is the assumed direction which is shown in FEF = RF = 13.33 kN (compressive) Summary Forces in the members are tabulated below AB -11.67 Compressive AH- ONil BC- 9.35 Compressive BH- = 14.96-Tensile CD- 10.69 Compressive 2.14 Tensile CH 1.67-Compressive DE 10.69 Compressive DG ONil EF 13.33 Compressive 17.09 Tensile FG ONil GH ... aseuenacte veeninee cesennsees 9.35 TensileSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Find the forces in the members AB, AC and BC of the truss shown in Fig. 11.5. 20KN Sol. First determine the reactions Ry and Rp. The A line of action of load of 20 kN acting at A is vertical. This load is at a distance of AB x cos 60° from the point B. Now let us find the distance AB. ‘The triangle ABC is a right-angled triangle with an- gle BAC = 90°. Hence AB will be equal to BC x cos 60°. ‘ AB= 5x cos 60° =5x p= 2.5m Now the distance of line of action of '20 KN from Bis AB x cos 60° or 2.5 x $ =125m. ‘Taking the moments about B, we get Re x5 = 20 x 1.25 = 25 25 Ro= FE =5kN Ry = Total load - Rg = 20-5 = 15 kN Now let us consider the equilibrium of the various joints. Joint B —" Let F, = Force in member AB F, = Force in member BC Fig. 11.6 z Let the force F is acting towards the joint B and the force F, is acting away* from the vint B as shown in Fig. 11.6. (The reaction Re is acting vertically up. The force F is horizon- ial. The reaction R, will be balanced by the vertical component, of F,. The vertical component “fF, must act downwards to balance R,. Hence F, must act towards the joint B so that its vertical component is downward. Now the horizontal component of F, is towards the joint B. Hence force F, must act away from the joint to balance the horizontal component of F,). Resolving the forces acting on the joint B, vertically F, sin 60° = 15 15 15 a 1= gin 60°" 0.866 * 17.32 KN (Compressive) As F, is pushing the joint B, hence this force will be compressive. Now resolving the forces horizontally, we get F, =F, cos 60° = 17.82 x a = 8.66 KN (tensile) “aoint € Let F, = Force in the member AC F, = Force in the member BC ‘The force F, has already been calculated in magnitude -.ad direction. We have seen that force F,, is tensile and hence it will pull the joint C, Hence it must act away from the joint C as hown in Fig. 11.7. Resolving forces vertically, we get F, sin 30° = 5 kN 5 "3" Sin 30 As the fore F, is pushing the joint C, hence it will be compressive. Ans. = 10kN (Compressive)STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC ; Determine the forces in all the mem- bers of a cantilever truss shown in Fig. 11.21 Sol. Start the calculations from joint C. From triangle ACE, we have AS 3 Gne= 0 4 EC = {3? +4? = Fig. 11.21 Joint C ‘The direction of forces at the joint C are shown in Fig. 11.21. Resolving the forces vertically, we get Fp sin 0 = 1000 1000 _ 1000 7" Fop = =~ * a7 = 1666.66 N (Compressive) © Sind” 06 m Resolving the forces horizontally, we get Fon = Feop * 008 8 = 1666.66 x 0.8 = 1338.33 N (Tensile) Now consider the equilibrium of joint B. Joint B Resolving vertically, we get Fp = 1000 N (Compressive) Faq > Fog = 1933.33 (Tensile) Now consider the joint D. Joint D The forces in member CD and BD have already been calculated. ‘They are 1666.66 N and 1000 N respectively as shown in Fig. 11.21 (a). Let Fyq = Foreo in member DA, and Fp = Force in member DE Resolving forces vertically, we get 1000 + 1666.66 sin 0 = Fp sin® + Fp sin 0 1000 + 1666.66 x 0.6 = Fup x 0.6 + Figp x 0.6 Fyp + Fyp = 1022 + 1666.66 = 333332...) Resolving forces horizontally, we get 166666 cos 0 + F,p C08 0 = Fy cos 0 1866.66 + Fyy=Fey OF Fgp~ Fy = 1666.66 Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get 2F py = 3339.32 + 1666.66 = 4999.98 Pap = “2928 = 249999 = 2500 N (Compressive) Substituting this value in equation (i), we get Fy +2500 = 3333.32 Fp = 3833.32 - 2500 = 833.32 N (Tensile) Now the forces are shown in a tabular form below : Fig. 11.21 (a)STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Determine the forces in all the members of a cantilever truss shown in Fig. 11.20. Sol. Here the calculations can be started from end C, Hence consider the equilibrium of the joint C. Joint C Let Pop = Force in member CD, and F oq = Force in member CA. Their assumed directions are shown in Fig. 11.20. Resolving the force vertically, we get Fp * sin 60° = 1000 1000 — 1000 P aa 60" ope8 1154.7 N (Tensile) Resolving the forces horizontally, we get Foa= Fop X 08 60° = 1154.7« 0.5 = 577.35 N (Compressive) Now consider the equilibrium of the joint D. Joint D [See Fig. 11.20 (a)] The force F(,, = 1154.7 N (tensile) is already calculated. Let Fp = Force in member AD, and Fp = Force in member BD ‘Their assumed directions are shown in Fig. 11.20 (a). Resolving the forces vertically, we get Fp 08 80° = 1154.7 cos 30° 1154.7 cos Fao 08 30° Fop= = 1164.7 N (Compressive) a Resolving the forces horizontally, we get Fig. 11.20 (a) Pryp = Fy sin 30° + Fyp sin 30° 1154.7 x 0.5 + 1154.7 x 0.5 = 1154.7 N (Tensile) Now the forces are shown in a tabular form below : Member Force in the member Nature of force AC 87.95 N Compressive cD 1154.7 N Tensile AD 1154.7 N Compressive BD 1154.7 N TensileSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC 4m ——+44-—~ 4 m + 4am Sol. The truss is supported on rollers at B and hence Rg will be vertical. The truss is hinged at A and hence the support reactions at A will consists of a horizontal reaction H, and a vertical reaction Ry. ¢ ‘Taking moment about A, we get ‘ RgX 12=8x15+3x4+6x8 ; t =72 ; 15m 72 1 = jg = SEN(D) 4 ' | = Total vertical loads - Ry a e F (3 +6)-6 k— 2a 91 4m ———_ 3KN(T) ‘Sum of all horizontal loads Fig. 11.23 (a) = 8kN (-) In the triangle ACC*, AC = JAG? + CC® = 27+ 15? = 25 ome) =08 and sinO= Fe~ 55 = 06 ‘Now the forces in the members can be calculated. Consider the joint A. Joint A The reactions Ry and H, are known in magnitude and direction. Let the directions of the forces Fy, and Fp, are as shown in Fig. 11.23 (6). Resolving the forces vertically, we get Fo4 x sin @ = 3 KN =5kN (Compressive) Resolving the forces horizontally, we get Fig. 11.23 ) Fog = Fog 008 0+ Hy, =5*08+8212KN (Tensile) Joint C ‘The force ¥,, is known in magnitude and direction. The assumed directions of the forces Fop and Foe are shown in Fig. 11.23 (c). Resolving forves vertically, we get Foy sin 8 = Fog sin 0 “ Foy = Fop=5 KN (> Fey=5KN) * Pop = 5 KN (Tensile) Resolving forves horizontally, we get Fen = Fea 008 8 + Foy £08 0 =5x084+5x0.8=8kN Fig. 11.23 (c) (Compressive)STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. Joint F The forces Fy4 and Fg are known in magnitude and directions. The assumed directions of the forces Fpp and For are shown in Fig. 11.23 (d). Resolving the forces vertically, we get 8xsin 6+ Fppsin d= 3 sing +3 sind 3 sind ~°* 06 Resolving the forces horizontally, we get 12 + 5.008 0 = Fp + Fyp 608 0 or 12+5x0.8= Fop +0 or 12+4=Fop . Fog = 12-44 = 16 kN (Tensile) SPEC Pp, a-5+ Joint D ‘The forces Fy¢ and Fp are known in magnitude and direction, The assumed directions of Fyg and Fpp are shown in Fig. 11.23 (). Resolving vertically, we get Fy sin 0 = Ppp x sin 0 =0 s F708 Resolving forces horizontally, we get Fg = Fp = 8 EN Fig. 11.23 (©) Fipg = 8 EN (Compressive) Joint G ‘The forces Fpg and Fpg are known in magnitude and direction. The assumed directions of Fog and Fp are shown in Fig. 11.23 (/. Resolving the forces vertically, we get Fog sit 0 = Fyg sin 0 + 6 =6 6 6 Fog= =<. = 10KN (Tensil cz ino 06 ~'ORN (Tensile) Resolving forces horizontally, we get Figg = 16 ~ Fog cos 0 = 16 - 10 x 0.8=8 KN (Tensile) Joint E ~—The forces Fgg and Fyg are known in magnitude and directi i direction as shown fn Fig. 11-23 (g). on a Resolving forces vertically, we got aera Fog sin 0 Fyg sin 0 Pag = Fog = 10 Fag = 10 kN (Compressive) __Ifwehave calculated the forces in member BE and BG, considering joint B, we would have got the same results. Fig, 11.23 (g)STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Problem 11.10. Determine the forces in the truss shown in Fig. 11.24 which is subjected to inclined loads. 4m—re—~ 4m ——He— 4m = Sol. The truss is supported on roller at B and hence R,, will be vertical. The truss is hinged at A and hence the support reactions at A will consists of a horizon- tal reaction H, and a vertical reaction X,. Now length AC = 4x cos 30 = 4 x 0,866 = 3.464 m and length AD = 2.x AC =2 x 3.464 = 6.928 m Now taking moments about A, we get Ry x22 2xAC+1xAD+1 x AB = 2x 3.4644 1x 6.928+1x 4= 17.856 356 Rye yy = M49 KN ‘Total vertiesl components of inclined loads =(1+2+1)xsin 60° = 4x 0.966 = 3.464 KN ‘Total horizontal components of indined loads = (14241) cos 60° =4x05=2KN Now R, = Vertical components of inclined loads + .0~Ry = 4.464 - 1.49 = 2.974 KN (t) Hi, = Sum ofall horizontal components = 2 kN Now the forees in the members can be calculate. Consider the equilibrium of joint A.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC Joint A Let Py = Force in member AE and F p= Foree in member AC ‘Their ditections are assumed as shown in Fig. 11.24 (a) Resolving the fores vertieally, we get Fe xin 30° + 1 xsin 60° = 2874 Pye X 05 + 0.866 = 2.974 2974 - 0.866 nr a Fig. 1124 (@) = 4.216 KN (Compressive) Resolving the forves horizontally, we get Fyg22 + Fyq 008 80° 1 x e08 60° = 244,216 «0,866 -0.5 = 5.15 EN (Tensile)STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. Joint C From Fig. 11.24 (b), we have Foy = Fyo = 4216 (Compressive) and Fog #2 KN (Compressive) Now consider joint £. Joint E [See Fig, 11.24 )] Resolving forces vortically, wo get 14 2x sin 60° = Fy x sin 60° Fp =2+ ma = 3.155, (ensile) Resolving forces horizontally, we get 5.15 ~ 2.x c0s 60° ~ Fpp 608 60° ~ Fyp = 0 5.15- 2x 4516 5 -Fyp 20 Ppp = 5.15 - 1-157 = 2.58KN Fig 11.240) (Tensile) At the joint G, two forces, ie. Fyg and Fig are in the same straight line and hence the third foree, ie, Fay should be zero. : Fp 0 Now consider the joint F. Joint F (See Fig. 11.24 (d)] Resolving forces vertically, we get Fypx sin 60° =0 * Fp =0 Resolving horizontally, vo got Pyg = Pep = 2.58 KN Fp =2.58 KN (Compressive) 6 — ose F 25 8 Fig, M24 (d) Now consider the joint B. Joint B Resolving vertically, we get Figg sin 30° = 1.49 Pig 4 =2.98kN (Compressive) 258 kN Rye 49k Fop=Fyq=298kN (Compressive) Fig. 11.24) Problem 11.8. Determine the forces in the truss shown in Pig. 11.22 which carris horizontal load of 12 kN and a vertical load of 18 KN. “ ws Sol. The truss is supported on rollers at B and hence the reactic to the roller bave i the reaction at B inthis case should be vertical! SS be ROmmAL At the end A, the truss is hinged and hence the sup; i A! t 1¢ support reactions at the hinged e ‘will consists of a horizontal reaction H, and a vertical reaction Ry. ingen ASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC ‘Taking moments ofall forces at A, we get Rp x42 18x24 12x15 = 96+ 18-54 13.5EN()) Ry = Total vertical load~ Ry = 18-13.6 = 4.5 kN (1) HH, = Sum of all horizontal lpads = 12 kN (=) Now the forces in the members can he caleulated In triangle BCD, BD= {BC* + Cb? = 2" + 15" = 2.5m BCL 2 BD" 25 cD BD” 35 Let us first consider the equilibrium of joint A. cos 8 8 6 sinO= Joint A ‘The reactions A, and HH, are Imown in magnitude and iroction. Tat the directions of the forees in the members AC and AD are as shown in Fig. 11.22 (a), Resolving the forces vertically, we got (Comprossive) In, ig. 11.22 (0) Bigg = Hog + Fan 008 © 2+ 75 x08 = 18 KN CCensile) Now consider the joint C. Joint © Atthejoint ©, the farce 0 in member CA and ver 18 KN sre known in magnitude and directions. For equilibrium of the joint C. Fgo = Fox = 18 kN (Tensile) = 18EN (Tensile) Fep Now consider the joint B. Joint B Fig. 11.22 6) At the joint B, Ry and force Pye are known in magnitude . and direction. Let Py 18 the force in member BD. Resolving the forces vertically, we get Fypx tin @= Rp 2.5 EN (Compressive)STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC A truss of 12 m span is loaded as shown in Fig. 11 Determine the forces in the members DG, DF and EP, using method of section. Sol. The truss is supportedén rollers at B and hence R,, will be vertical. The truss is hinged at A and hence the support sections at A will consists of a horizontal section H, and a vertical section R,. In triangle AEC, AC = AE x cos 30° =4x 0.866 Now length AD =2x AC = Now taking the moments about A, we get Rgx 12=2xAC+1xAD+1x AE = 2x 3.464 + 1 x 6.928 + 1x 4= 17.856 Now draw the section line (1-1), passing through members DG, DF and EF in which the forces are to be determined. Consider the equilibrium of the right part of the truss. This part is shown in Fig. 11.33 (a). Let Fog Fp and Ppp are the forces in members DG, FD and EF respectively. Let their directions are assumed as shown in Fig. 11.33 (a). Taking moments of all forces acting on right part about point F, we get Ry X44 Pygx FG =0 149 x 44 Fy, x (4 x sin 30°) = 0 FG = 4x sin 30°) 1.49 x4 ¥ 00 * Te sin 30° ~ ve sign shows that the force F,, is compressive. s Fg = 2.98 KN (Compressive). Ans. Now taking the moments about point D, we get Ry x BD 008 30° = Fy, X BD x sin 30° Ry x cos 30° = Fry x sin 30" 49 x 00s 30° _ 1.49 x 0.866 Fype ee sin 30 05 = 2.58 KN (Tensile). Ans. Now taking the moments of all forces acting on the right part about B, we get Frp x 4 distance between Fyy and B = 0 “ Fy = 0. Ans. (+r A distance between Fyp and B is not zero) =-2.98kN Fig. 11.33 (a)STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC For the pin-joined truss shown in Fig. 11.31, find 1 i susibeie mark 1, 9Gaah Bek ce agie Mad Of mS Mew eho ee etait Sol. First calculate reactions Ry and Ry. Am re 4 mle 4m le 4m Taking moments about A, R, x 16 = 80 x 12 Ry = oe’ = 60 kN R, = Total vertical load ~ Ry = 80 - 60 = 20 kN Let us now find the forces in the members 1, 2 and 3 by the method of section, Take a section ¥-Y passing through the members 1, 2 and 3, Now consider the equi- librium of left portion shown in Fig, 11.31 (a). Let F,, F, and F, are the forces in the members 1, 2 and 8 respectively. Their assumed directions are also shown in Fig. 11.31 (a). Taking moments of all forces (here R,, F,, F, and F,) about point D, we get Ryxd=P x45 Ryxd_20%4 ain “45 = 17.78 KN (Tensile). Ans. Now taking the moments about C, we get R,x 8= F, x Perpendicular distance between F, and point C fd) To find the perpendicular distance between the line of action of F, and point C, first find angle CDH Fig. 11.81 {) DE _45 8= 307 40 4 o=tant $2 = 48.37° and tan a= 05 40 = tan7? —— =7.125° a= tan 0 7.125) ZCDH = 0 + « = 48.87 + 7.125 = 55.495 05 4.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC From triangle DEC, we know that CD = 45° +4? =6.02m Now from C, draw a perpendicular CL on the line of action of F, as shown in Fig. 11.31 (6). <. From right-angled triangle CDL, in(a+ y= sin(a+ 0) = Gp CL = CD sin (a + 0) 02 x sin (55.495) Fig. 11.31 ©) =496m Substituting the value of OL (e., perpendicular distance between F, and C) in equation} @, we got Ryx8=F, x 4.96 p= Bax8, 2x8 3" "496 " 4.96 To find the force F,, resolve the forces (ie., Ra, Fy, F, and F,) vertically. Hence, we get R,-F,sina+ F, sin =0 20 - 32.26 x sin (7.125) + F, x sin (48.87) = 0 = 82.26 kN (Compressive). Ans. 20-44 F, x 0.7474=0 16 F,= = G7a74 = 21.4 kN (Compressive). Ans.STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS-I CESOSPC. SPEC A truss of span 9 m is loaded as shown in Fig. 11.30. Find the reactions and forces in the members marked 1, 2 and 3. Sol. Let us first calculate the reactions R, and Ry. Taking moments about A, we get By x9=9x3+12%6=27+72=99 9 B= =11kN R,= (9+ 12)- 11 = 10 kN D E fet sm—sfe— 3m —ahe— 3m —H }-——_ 9m ——_—_4 Fig. 11.30 Now draw a section line (1-1), cutting the members 1, 2 and 8 in which forces are tobe determined. Consider the equilibrium of the left part of the truss (because it is smaller than the right part). This part is shown in Fig. 11.80 (a). Let @ F,, F, and F, are the forces members 1, 2 and 3 respec- oF. tively. Let their directions are assumed as shown in Fig. 11.80 (a). Taking moments of all the forces acting on the left part about point D, we get 10x3=F,x4 0x3 F; 4 =7.5KN (Tensile). Ans. Now taking the moments of all the forces acting on oun the left part about point G, we get k#— 3m —>} 10x3+F,x4=0 rig i1s0 R= Negative sign shows that force F, is compressive. Be F,=7.5 KN (Compressive). Ans. Now taking the moments about the point C, we get, FP, x3-9x3+F,x4=0 F,x3-27+7.5x4=0 Negative sign shows that force F, is compressive. a F,= 1.0 KN (Compressive). Ans.