‘Saudhana Nol. 123, Noa, January 2016, pp.23. OF 12.3456878910-011.012-3 © Indian Acadany of Siences Diffuse Wave Wavelets Analysis for Structural Health Monitoring ASHWARYA SHEEL WALI", SANDEEP KUMAR’, AMIT TYAGI? and DEVENDRA MOHAN’ "2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U), Varanasi 221005, India 5 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U), Varanasi 221005, India Abstract. A small number of sensors can interrogate difuse ultrasonic waves ina large volume of structure with high sensitivity, but itis difficult to correlate changes in difuse ultrasonic signals with the health of that struc- lure, This study present a comprehensive wavelet-based damage detection strategy for diffuse ultrasonic waves ‘generated by tone bursts and received by broadband piezoelectric transducers. The research helps in developing a diffuse zone selection methodology for damage analysis and investigates its potential using laboratory exam- ples. Developed methodology compare the wavelet based method with the existing enengy-based methods for ‘damage analysis and show that the wavelet caries information about the material damage. The strategy includes a systematic feature extraction method forthe declaration of the structural status as damaged or undariaged, Keywords. Ditfuse Wave, Wavelet, SHM. 1 Introduction Ultrasonic waves and elastic waves are both commonly used for in situ monitoring of the health of structures. For inspec- tion of large structures such as plates and pipes, narrowband guided waves are preferred, but the method is unsuitable for 2 rge class of small and complex shape structures because ‘of the noise generated from the boundary reflected waves [1- 4], Researchers have used the difuse field concept to study acoustic signals in a room where the wal reflects the sound: ‘This concept has been observed and analyzed in solid media [5-7]. Acoustic emission can be used to check the quality tnd performance of vette like structures on a regular bat [8 This method can be applied to both shor-term and long- term damage assessment [9]. Acoustic emission fas been successfully utilized to monitor the health of steel and con- crete structures such as bridges, dams, and other structures [10-11]. The term “diffuse wave field” refers to an enclosed area with uniformly distributed wave ener. ‘An enclosed area displays non-correlated phase distibu- tions (ie. no standing waves) along with random distribution ‘of wave amplitudes and directions. The certainty of diffuse field occurrence is dominant if all boundaries within the en- closures acta diffuse reflectors [12]. In the initial work, Egle assumed that signal was a product ofa slow decay function and a stationary Gaussian random process, Ia this work, it was shown that there exists a possibility to extract the mean square stationary component representing the initial power tnd zero-crossing rate. This helps in analyzing the frequency ‘component of the signal [13]. The technique is further ad- vanced by applying the diffuse wave concept of room acous- tiesto solids with two propagating modes, This was further used for energy calculations in these modes [14]. Weaver ‘For comespondence performed analysis considering subdivided structures modes. In this work, two classes of modes were considered. First- class of mode predominantly consist of transverse particle displacements and other class for modes mosly containing longitudinal panicle displacement, It was concluded thatthe ‘equilibrium state is predominantly transverse for a steady- state diffuse field in soli structures [15]. Using total spectral ‘energy density, the researchers concluded that diffuse fields ina finite plate will partition their time-mean energy among different propagating branches without regard to the source nature [16]. Moreover, an extension of the same methodol- ‘ogy to a halfspace where the contribution of the surface in ‘the general disturbance was analyzed (17]. ‘Wang et. al. contributed to real-time damage assessment using difuse ultrasonic waves. In this study, damage growth- induced variations in difuse ultrasonic signals were used 10 develop a damage index. The damage was predicted by the probability of the damage growth occurring due to strain- related stress development [18]. Mariani et, al, investigated temperature and signal drift compensation of bulk ultrasonic waves for structural health monitoring. “The amplitude of successive back wall reflections ata specific temperature was found to be significantly more constant with respect to the time ratio of successive back wall reflections. k was also de- ‘ducted that this ratio can be utilized to identify changes in the back wall reflection coeficient over time [19]. Zhan et. al, developed a three-dimensional model involving an itera- tive, non-linear approach to estimate localized hanges. This technique is further used for real-size concrete beam testing Which identifies damage location and depth o* multiple ex isting eracks (20) Diffuse field analysis emerges as an alternae approach in the area of non- destructive evaluation of structures. It has been observed that energy distribution on sold surface de~ pends on the structure and a new defect changes the energy 23332334 signify the inital and final indices retated to the time window under consideration, Figure 5: Comparative plots of approximate coefficients of free and constrained boundary conditions at 3MHz (a)Sensor 1; (b)Sensor 2 (¢) Sensor 3(d)Sensor 4 52 Spectrogram differencing ‘Time-frequency analysis for non-stationary «iffuse signals provides an acceptable process for comparison of two sig- nals. Let short-time Fourier transform (STF1) for spectto- ‘gram computation ofa signal S(njof length N & defined as: 2nk)=Sisimeim-ne™ Were os window: anton of nth 8% nd the fcquny inex OEM) td fo een 2 to . i Inala sip Zink it som fertndvi- val a off enamine Xs pce Ts fi o Zea.k) is obtained for each nX% value for N=0.).2ov- = nxye Zink) = ¥1 Sted ® As n is elated to continuous-time (t) by ox fe ‘Modulus value of complex STFT |Z(n,)| as been con- sidered as speetrogram.Spectrogram diferencing, similar 10 o2338 time domain differencing is carried out considering reference signal, Z;(n.k) and measured signalZ,(n,k)- The normaliza- tion process i applied before subiracting the reference signal from the measured signal. In normalization, both spectro- _grams are normalized globally to unity energy. The process is caried out within the window of interest before diferenc- ing, The difference between two spectrogram 6(7,) i For mulated as follows: oink a0) ‘The difference in energy using the above methodology is ‘considered as spectral residual energy, defined as follows: ay 5.3 Wavelet-based Residual Energy Method ‘A wavelet transform canbe expressed as ux Duel + Dale ‘Where ¢/ and y are called as scaling function and wavelet respectively. The process of wavelet wansform simplifies When we use refinement relations. The basis function at a lower level jean be expressed in terms ofthe basi functions ofhigher level #7 as «2, a= Dinei"" (3) ols Deal “The coefficients fh and g, are known as low and high pass filter coeficients.These filer coefficients split a signal into high and low-frequency signals. It can be expressed as «Dat +S day aay as) ‘Wavelet transform is used fr al signals (healthy an de- feotve plats). Data cleansing is used to remove the noise Which generally sensor receives from various sources. Gen- nly high-frequency signal contains noise, so we eliminated the highest level frequency part ofthe signal and the signal is reconstructed which is represented here a1. Daubechies wavelet is used to remove local high-frequency noise. The remaining signal is normalized to unity energy as Lage Similar to spectral residual energy where a short-time Fourier transform i used, we used wavelet and calculated 16) author name for running head residual energy which can be called wavelet-based residual ‘energy (WBER). Its calculated as: oe Buoy +B, Bcd)? p= ——4! ___ as Sau? +E) EalP Ene = DU + DY DOD Where subscript HP and DP indicates healthy and defective plates an a9) 6 Results and Discussion ‘The Output ofthe present work is divided in two pars. First part contains results of analysis using wavelet based energy ‘method and its comparison with two pre-existing techniques namely time domain differencing and spectrogram differene- ing methods, Second part of the research includes appli- cation of wavelet integrated with neural network analysi Specimens with four different types of through notches are ‘considered for diffuse wave based energy analisis. As wave reflections from the boundary have a major rcle in forming diffuse wave signals, therefore cantilevers with different size notches are considered forthe analysis. Data, cbtained using the storage oscilloscope, are analysed using thtee techniques described earlier. Inthe present analysis, signal ofa healthy sample is considered as a reference For every method. En- ‘ergy based on time-domain differencing is caleulated forall the measured signals. Similar procedures are followed for the spectrogram differencing technique and wavelet based residual energy method. Figure 6 shows the plot of resid- ual energy using three defined techniques atthe excitation frequency of 2MHz. Signals are received at four different locations using sensors, It can be noted that residual energy inall four sensors correlates tothe defect size, The time do- ‘main differencing method shows less variatiot compared 10 the other two methods. Residual energy plots for the second level of excitation at 2.5MHz is shown in figure 7. It is observad that a good linearly approximated correlation exists for all four sensor Positions Figure 8 shows residual energy plots at 3MHz central fre ‘quency. ACthis level, a good correlation is otserved for all ‘three methods a all four sensor locations, All the results show, in general, a commen trend of in- creasing the residual energy with an increase in the damage size. In all the above cases, performance of time domain differencing method for estimating defect size is not good. Spectrogram differencing based residual energy method show ‘a better capability for damage assessment compared fo time domain differencing method. As compared (0 pre-existing techniques, wavelet based residual energy method shows high performance using less data in detection of damage present inthe structure,short tite for runing head Figure 7: Variation of residual energy at 2.5MHz 7 Conclusion and Future Scope ‘This paper presents diffuse signal based techniques for dam- age analysis. This paper proposes a method for detecting dif- fuse zones in signals based on wavelet analysis. A wavelet based residual energy concept is developed for analyzing the severity of damage present in a structure, The method in- volves two types of samples at different impulse excitation levels. The two samples with different boundary conditions are considered. One sample has a free boundary condition ‘and the other with constrained boundary condition. ‘The dif- fuse zone is predominant in free boundary condition com- pared to constrain boundary. ‘The result of the experimen- lal investigation verifies that samples tested with constrained 2339 Figure 8: Variation of residual energy at SMH boundary show comparatively smoother curve compared to samples with free boundary condition, This phenomenon ‘can be well correlated with the condition tha: diffuse zone exists only in free boundary condition because the reflection of the signal get absorbed under constrained toundary con- dition, Wavelet transform is applied for both types of sam- ples (Healthy and Damage). High frequency siznals contain- ing noise are eliminated and signal reconstruction performed, Wavelet analysis is successfully applied to derive residual ‘energy. The paper presents a comparative study between wavelet-based residual energy and two other pre-existing tech- niques, namely time domain and spectrogram differencing, ‘The residual energy trends ofall he techniques show similar characteristics. However, the new developed methodology of | wavelet based residual energy method provides better perfor- ‘mance trend compared to other techniques. Nomenclature2340 x) Time Dependent Signal 151 YQ) Mother Wavelet DWP Discrete Wavelet Transform Fhe Free Boundary Condition ta Che Constrained Boundary Condition Che Constrained Boundary Condition m Sit Reference signal for time domain differencing Smt Measured signal for time domain differencing r Time length for die domain differencing method J, Sampling frequency in time domain differencing 5,(n) Reference sample signal in time domain differencing S;() Measured sampled signal in time domain differencing A(x) Signal difference for time domain differencing (91 B Weight function Su(n) Unity energy measured signal ‘nim Initial and final indices ‘A(n) Energy at specific time window = ETD Energy of time domain differencing STFT Shor time Fourier transform Sn) Signal for spectrogram differencing Q(n) Specific window function for spectrogram differencing 1] Zin) Signal for spectrogram differencing x ‘Sampling factor for spectrogram differencing Zjwk) Reference sigaal lor spectrogram dilerencing Zain) Measured signal for spectrogram differencing ‘in,k) Spectrogram difference ESpgD Energy for spectrogram differencing U- Wavelet transform Scaling function for wavelet uv} Wavelet fanetion J/ Lower level basis function 1h, Low pas filter coctiients 4; High pas filter cooticiems x; Normalized signal unity enerey Eur Energy of healthy plate Epp Energy of defective plate Whre Wavelet based residual energy References {1} Alleyne, D.N.. and Casey. 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