x n=reactance of tℎe reactor inserted ∈tℎe neutral , oℎm

I F =fault current , amps

the previous problem.

Three-phase Fault (3 phases short-circuited)

Ea
I F=
x1
wℎere : E1 ϕ =E a=rms line ¿ neutral voltage at no load , volts
x 1= positive sequence reactance , oℎms
I sc =symmetrical sℎort circuit current , amps
E 1.0
I F= a = =− j6.667 pu
x 1 j 0.15 Circuit diagram and sequence networks connection for a
line-to-line fault of an unloaded generator.
Single-line-to-ground Fault I a=0 I b=− I c
I a 1=− I a 2

Ea Ea 1.0
I a 1= = = =− j 3.333 pu
x 1 + x 2 x 1 + x2 j 0.15+ j 0.15
I a 2= j 3.333 pu
I a 0=0 since I n=0
2 0 0
I b 1=a I a 1=1∠ 240 x − j 3.333=3.333 ∠ 150 pu
0 0
I b 2=a I a 2=1∠120 x j 3.333=3.333 ∠ 210 pu
I b 0=0

I b=I b 1+ I b 2 + I b 0=−5.772 pu
Sequence Networks Connection
I c =− I b=5.772 pu
Ea 1.0
I a 1=I a 2=I a 0= = I } rsub {F } =−5.772 p ¿
x 1 + x 2+ x0 j 0.15+ j 0.15+ j 0.05
¿ − j2.857 pu I } rsub {F } } over {{I } rsub {F } } = {−5.772 } over {−6.6

I ' F =I a=I a 1+ I a 2 + I a 0 Shortcut Method for L-L Fault

I ' F =3 I a1 =3 (− j 2.857 )=− j 8.571 pu Two-phase Fault (Line-to-line fault)

I ' F − j8.571 1.286 √ 3 E1 ϕ

= = I sc ¿ I F =
I F − j6.667 1 x1+ x2
wℎere : E1 ϕ =E a=rms line ¿ neutral voltage at no load , volts
x 1= positive sequence reactance , oℎms
Shortcut Method for SLG Fault x 2=negative sequence reactance , oℎms
3 E1 ϕ
I F=
x1 + x 2+ x0
wℎere : E1 ϕ =E a=rms line ¿ neutral voltage at no load , volts
x 1= positive sequence reactance , oℎms Ea 1.0
I F= = =− j6.667 pu
x 2=negative sequence reactance , oℎms x 1 j 0.15
x 0=zero sequencereactance , oℎms three-phase fault
x 0=x g 0 +3 x n
x g 0 =zero sequence reactance of tℎe generator , oℎms
 Ea 3 ( 1.0 ) Va
=− Vj6.667
a0=
'
I F =3 I a 1=3 · =
x 1 + x 2+ x 0 j 0.15+ j 0.15+ j0.05+ j3 x n 3

x n=0.0333 pu
2
(22)
Z B= =0.968 oℎm
500
x n=0.0333 pu x 0.968=0.0322 oℎm Sequence Networks Connection

Ea
I a 1=
z 2 z0
z1 +
z2 + z 0

a. 1.0
I a 1= =− j 4.444 pu
j0.15 ( j 0.15)
Ea j 0.15+
I a 1=I a 2=I a 0= j0.15+ j 0.15
x 1 + x 2+ x0
j 0.15
x 0=x g 0 +3 x n= j0.05+ 3 ( j0.0333 )= j 0.15 pu I a 2=−(− j 4.444 x )= j 2.222 pu
j 0.15+ j 0.15
1.0 I a 0= j2.222 pu
I a 1=I a 2=I a 0= =− j 2.2222 pu
j 0.15+ j 0.15+ j 0.15
I b=I a 0 +a I a1 + a I a 2= j2.222+ ( 1 ∠ 240 ) ( 4.444 ∠− 90 ) +¿
2 0 0

I ' F =3 I a1 =3 (− j 2.2222 )=− j 6.6666=− j 6.667 pu

)(2.222∠ 900 ¿=6.666 ∠ 1500 pu
I ' F − j 6.667 1.00
I c =I a 0+ a I a 1 +a I a 2= j 2.222+ ( 1 ∠120 )( 4.444 ∠− 90 ) +¿
2 0 0
= =
I F − j 6.667 1
)(2.222∠ 900 ¿=6.666 ∠ 300 pu
b.
I n=I ' ' ' F =I b + I c = j 6.666 pu
I } rsub {F } } over {{I } rsub {F } } = {−5.772 } over {−6.667 } = {0.866 } over {1 ¿ ¿
I n=3 I a 0
Fault current in the L-L (2 phase) fault is not affected by the
ground reactor. I ' ' ' F 6.666 1.00
= =
c. Double Line-Ground Fault IF 6.667 1
Shortcut Method (DLG Fault)

3 E1 ϕ ∙ x 2
I F=
x1 x2 + x 0 ( x 1+ x 2 )

Circuit Diagram for a DLG Fault

V b =V c =0 I a=0
−1
V 012 = A V abc
Va
V a 1=
3
As you see in the above figure, the neutral point of the alternator is
Va connected to the ground. Now if by chance Line to Ground
V a 2= fault occurs then a huge amount of current will flow. According to
3 the above figure, a huge amount of current will flow through the 'B'
phase and Earth. This huge amount of current will damage the
winding of the alternator. That is why we connect the neutral
point to the ground (earth) through a resistor which limits the high
current during fault and protects the alternator from damage. 
Ea
I ' F =3 I a1 =3·
x1 + x 2 + x 0
x 0=x g 0 +3 x n= j0.05+ 3 R pu

1.0
I ' F =6.667=3 ·
j 0.15+ j 0.15+ j0.05+3 R
3
6.667=
√(3 R) +( 0.35)2
2

R=0.0943Ω
R=0.0943 x 0.968=0.0913Ω