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1 One of the functions of the placenta is to provide a barrier to toxins and pathogens.

A study was done on donated afterbirths. The afterbirth is a placenta with part of the umbilical cord
attached.

The purpose of the study was to find the maximum size of particles that can pass through the
placenta and enter the umbilical cord.

The researchers inserted beads with a diameter of 0.5 µm into blood vessels in the placenta. Three
hours later they recorded the percentage of beads found in the blood in the placenta and in the
umbilical cord.

They then repeated the tests using beads with diameters of 0.8 µm, 2.4 µm, 5.0 µm and 8.0 µm.

Their results are shown in the graph.

Convert the diameter of the 5.0 µm beads into millimetres (mm).

Space for working.

........................... mm [1]

[Total: 1]
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2 The photograph below is a scanning electron micrograph of some pollen grains from wind-pollinated
flowers and insect-pollinated flowers.

Write the formula that would be used to calculate the actual diameter of pollen grain H.

[1]

[Total: 1]
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3 The photograph below is a scanning electron micrograph of some pollen grains from wind-pollinated
flowers and insect-pollinated flowers.

The actual diameter of pollen grain H is 0.082 mm.

Convert this value to micrometres (µm).

Space for working.

........................... µm [1]

[Total: 1]
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4 Bacteria are useful in biotechnology and genetic engineering.

The diagram shows a photomicrograph of a bacterium.

Write the formula that would be used to calculate the actual width of the bacterium.

[1]

[Total: 1]

5 The diagram below shows a human sperm cell.

Write the formula that would be used to calculate the magnification of the diagram.

[1]

[Total: 1]
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6 The diagram below shows a human sperm cell.

The actual length of the sperm cell in the diagram is 0.055 mm.

Convert this value to micrometres (µm).

Space for working.

........................... µm [1]

[Total: 1]
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7 Bacteria are useful in biotechnology and genetic engineering.

The diagram below shows a photomicrograph of a bacterium.

The actual width of the bacterium is 0.0008 mm.

Convert this value to micrometres (µm).

Space for working.

........................... µm [1]

[Total: 1]
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8 Below is a photomicrograph of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera.

Write the formula that would be used to calculate the actual length of the bacterium (not including
the flagellum) in the diagram.

[1]

[Total: 1]
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9 Below is a photomicrograph of Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera.

The actual length of the bacterium shown in the photomicrograph is 0.0026 mm.

Convert this value to micrometres (µm).

Space for working.

.....................................µm [1]

[Total: 1]

10 A cell has an actual length of 0.2 mm. A student wants to make a drawing of this cell so that it
appears two hundred times bigger.

How long should the student draw his cell?

A 4 mm B 0.04 mm C 40 mm D 40 cm
[1]

[Total: 1]
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11 An experiment is set up as shown.

water

soluble blue crystals

After several hours, the water turns blue.

Which process causes this colour change to take place?

A absorption
B active transport
C diffusion
D osmosis
[1]

[Total: 1]

12 The diagram shows a pollen grain of a rice plant. The size of the image is 40 mm.

40 µm

The actual length of the pollen grain is 40 m.

By how many times has the diagram been magnified?

A x1 B x10 C x100 D x1000

[1]

[Total: 1]
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13 The diagram shows a magnified image of a human liver cell with a mitochondrion labelled. The
actual size of the liver is 20 m.

The image size of the liver cell is 40 mm and the image size of the mitochondrion is 4 mm.

mitochondrion

20 µm

What is the actual size of the mitochondrion shown in the diagram?

A 0.002 mm B 0.02 mm C 0.2 mm D 2 mm

[1]

[Total: 1]