Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF ANTIQUE
College of Technology
Sibalom, Antique

MODULE IN DRFT 1
Orientation to Residential Planning and Materials & Commercial Arts
with Occupational Health and Safety Practices

OVERVIEW OF THE MODULE

Welcome to the course Orientation to Residential Planning and Materials & Commercial Arts (DRFT 1). This
module is designed to equip the Bachelor in Technology (BIT) major in Drafting students the knowledge and skills in
residential planning and materials & commercial arts.

This module consists of four (4) chapters briefly describe as follows:

 Chapter 1 – Commercial Arts

Chapter 1 discusses the definition of terms used in art and design, the elements and
principles of design, and methods of pencil rendering (sketches and portraits).
 Chapter 2 – Fundamentals of Architectural Planning & Design
Chapter 2 discusses the meaning, importance and development of architecture, kinds of architecture (as to
purpose) and types and parts of a house.
 Chapter 3 - Architectural Building Materials and Symbols (Plans and Elevations)
Chapter 3 discusses the different kinds of building materials and symbols, door and
window parts and symbols, appliance and fixture symbols and sanitation facilities
symbols.
 Chapter 4 - Basic House Planning
Chapter 4 discusses the factors affecting the planning of a house, architectural planning and design (plans
and elevations), structural details (foundation plan, columns and footings, beams and floor slabs, doors
and windows) and roof styles and types of trusses.

Chapter 1 – Commercial Arts

Lesson 1 – Definition of Terms, Elements and Principles of Art and Design

Starting Accurately (Introduction)

This chapter discusses the definition of the different terms used in art, the elements of art and its uses, and
principles of art and its application.

Objectives:

At the end of this chapter, the learners will be able to:

1. define the different terms used in art;
2. identify the different elements of design; and
3. apply the basic principles of art and design.

Stimulating Learning (Motivation)

 Think about things like labels on food products, posters for sporting events or concerts, or the logo for your
favorite sportswear or tech company. Commercial artists and graphic designers were hired to come up with those images.
People have created commercial art for centuries. As soon as someone developed a product, they probably
thought about ways to get more people to buy it.

Inculcating Concepts (Input/Lesson Proper)

A. Definition of Terms:

1. Art – is anything made or done by man that affects us or moves us so that we could see, feel, or appreciate beauty
in it.
2. Drafting - is a graphic language that is concerned with the preparation and construction of drawings needed to
develop and manufacture products.
3. Design- is the harmonious selection and arrangement of lines, forms, textures, values and colors in a given space.
Design is synonymous to composition. The principal aims of design are utility and beauty. Applied design puts to
use elements and principles of this harmonious composition to materials and objects for definite use in life.
4. Commercial art - is the art of creative services, referring to art created for commercial purposes, primarily
advertising. Commercial art uses a variety of platforms (magazines, websites, apps, television, etc.) for viewers
with the intent of promoting sale and interest of products, services, and ideas.

B. ELEMENTS OF DESIGN:

1. Line- is a geometrical figure which is made by the movement of a point. Visually, a line refers to the contour,
profile, or outline of an object. It determines the shape form of the object. A line may be curved, straight,
continuous or broken. It may represent a visible or hidden edge, or as a guide in lettering. It may be used as a
construction line in outline drawing, as a projector in perspective drawing, or as a means of shading a drawing.

Generally, there are two kinds of lines, namely:

a. Straight line – a line that has no curve points. It is considered as the shortest distance between two points.

Kinds of Straight lines:

1) Vertical line – a line that is standing upright. A line with an angle of 90˚ (right angle).
2) Horizontal line – a line that follows the direction of the horizon. A line that follows the direction of
the ground. A line having an angle of 180˚ (straight angle).
3) Inclined/Slanting/Oblique/Diagonal line – a line that is neither vertical nor horizontal.
4) Broken line/Mixed line/Zigzag – combination of vertical, horizontal and/or inclined line.

Vertical Lines Horizontal lines Inclined lines

Mixed Lines or Zigzag

b. Curve line – a line that has no straight points. It is a line that constantly changes its direction.
 Kinds of Curve Lines:

Infinite Curve or Spiral Closed Curve Slight Curve

Abrupt Curve Irregular Curve or French Curve

Form- the mass, shape, area created by an outline. It determines the size and proportion of an object. A visual
form may be a plane or solid figure. Shapes are two-dimensional, meaning that they have only length and width.
Form is a 3-dimensional shape. Form and shape are related. You can turn a shape into the illusion of form by
adding value and you can simplify a form from life into a shape.

Geometric shapes - precise shapes that can be described using mathematical formulas.  Ex. Circle, square,
triangle, oval, rectangle, parallelogram, trapezoid, pentagon, pentagram, hexagon, and octagon.

Texture- the quality, nature, or character of an area or surface produced by a form. Texture can be soft, hard, fine,
or coarse. Texture can affect colors of objects.
2. Value- the lightness or darkness of a color.

Value scale - a guide to creating a range of value, good pieces of art have a full range of value

Tints- light values (color added with white)

Shades- dark values (color added with black)

Light source - area in which light is originating from

Highlights - areas on an object where light is hitting
Shadows- areas on an object where light does not hit
3. Color- the quality or kind of light reflected to the eye by the surface of an object.

Classification of Color: (Prang System)

a. Primary colors- the root of all the other colors: red, yellow, blue
b. Secondary colors- produced by the mixture of any two primary colors: green, orange, violet
c. Tertiarycolors- produced by the mixture of a neighboring primary and secondary colors in the color chart:
yellow-green, yellow-orange, red orange, red-violet, blue-violet, red-violet

Color Harmony- the pleasing, effective, congruent and balanced combination of two or more colors or shades. It
does not imply a random mixing of colors but a purposeful selection of a number of colors to achieve a desired
effect. You can achieve harmony by combining related or contrasting colors.

Related color Harmony:

a. Monochromatic color harmony- the use of only one color but of different values.
b. Analogous harmony- combination of two or more colors adjacent to each other on the color chart.
Contrasting color harmony:
a. Complementary harmony- combination of colors opposite each other on the color wheel.
 b. Split complementary harmony- combining a primary or an intermediate color on the chart with colors with
colors on each side of the complement, that is a scheme of colors so placed on the chart as to describe the
letter Y.
c. Triad harmony- combination of three colors are so placed in the chart as to mark out the three points of an
equilateral triangle.
d. Neutral colors harmony- the combination of colors black, white and/or gray.

C. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN:

1. Harmony- a principle that produces an impression of unity through the selection and arrangement of congruent
and complementary elements.

2. Balance- the condition or quality that gives a feeling of rest, repose, equilibrium, or stability. (You do not arrange
elements according to physical weight but the visual weight to achieve balance) Types of balance: (formal or
symmetrical and informal or asymmetrical).
a. Formal or Symmetrical balance – is the balance of equal “visual weights” placed at equal distance from the
axis.
b. Informal or Asymmetrical balance – is the balance of unequal “visual weights”, the heavier one being near
the axis and the lighter one far from the axis.

c. Rhythm- the regular, uniform or related movement produced through the repetition of a unit or motif. Types
of rhythm: accented and unaccented .
Rhythm is a principle of design that suggests movement or action. Rhythm is usually achieved through
repetition of lines, shapes, colors, and more. It creates a visual tempo in artworks and provides a path for the
viewer's eye to follow.
d. Proportion- the principle that shows the pleasing relationship between the whole and its parts and among the
parts. Types of proportion: relative and absolute

Relative proportion is the size of an object in relation to other objects. Absolute proportion is the scale or
size of an object.

e. Emphasis- principle that directs the eye from the central or dominant elements of a composition to less
important, subordinate parts .