ABPL90405 Energy and Carbon for the Built Environment

Week 5
Transport Energy and
Greenhouse Gas emissions

Presenter: Dr Andrea (Andrew) Pianella

© Copyright The University of Melbourne 2019

Week 5 seminar overview
• Quiz #03 and solutions

• Discussion

• Active lecture: Transport Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

• Activity: Exercises and calculation of transport energy and GHG emissions

• Group assignment consultations and feedback

2
Quiz
• The quiz link is available on the LMS Canvas

• You have 20 minutes to complete your quiz (there is a built-in timer)

• Use your laptop or your mobile phone app

3
Discussion
Transport energy and greenhouse gas emissions?

• How could we reduce greenhouse gas emissions from mobility?

• What are the effects of using cars as a transport mode, in terms of energy
use and greenhouse gas emissions?

4
Break
 ABPL90405 Energy and Carbon for the Built Environment

Active Lecture
Transport Energy and
Greenhouse Gas emissions

Presenter: Dr Andrea (Andrew) Pianella

© Copyright The University of Melbourne 2019

Lecture learning objectives
At the end of this lecture you will be able to:
• Understand the main factors affecting transport energy and greenhouse gas
emissions

• Develop an awareness of the various approaches to calculate transport energy

use and greenhouse gas emissions at a neighbourhood level

• Quantify the transport energy and greenhouse gas emissions of a household

living in a residential building

7
 At the urban scale

Operation
Material
Raw material manufacture, End of life
Construction
extraction processing and
transport
Maintenance

Transport energy
Transport energy is energy demand associated with the
mobility of residential building users, using any transport
mode, and accounting for both direct and indirect
requirements, across the supply chain

8
Why include transport?
80

Houston
70 Phoenix
Detroit
USA
Private Transport Energy Use per Capita [GJ]
Denver
60
Los Angeles
San Fransisco
Boston

50 Washington
Chicago

New York
40

Toronto
Australia
Perth
30 Brisbane
Melbourne
Sydney
Europe
20 Hamburg
Frankfurt
Zurich
Stockholm
Paris Brussels South east Asia
London
Munich West Berlin
10 Copenhaguen
Vienna Tokyo
Amsterdam Singapore
Hong kong
0 Moscow

0 50 100 150 Density [people/ha]

Urban 200 250 300 350

(Newman and Kenworthy, 1989)

9
Car transport energy
• Direct energy 100km:
• Fuel economy per 100km?
• Energy content of 1L of petrol?
• Efficiency of car engine? 40 %
130 kg
• Weight of 2 persons / weight of car? =10 %
1300 kg

6 l/100km × 35 MJ  210 MJ
Wasted
201.6 MJ
210 × (1 - 0.4 × 0.1) MJ
10
Transport energy of a typical household in
Melbourne
• Average annual car travel distance in
Melbourne (outer): ~15 000 km
• Average direct transport energy
intensity per vkm: 2.1 MJ/vkm
• Indirect transport energy =1.8 MJ/vkm
(~85% of direct)
• Number of cars: 1.5
• Primary direct TE: 47.25 GJ/a
• Primary indirect TE: 40.5 GJ/a
• LCTE (50 years): 4 388 GJ
• LCOPE (50 years): 7 605 GJ
© Stephan (2012) • LCEE (50 years): 4 100 – 5 800 GJ

11
$

12
Process

Calculate transport
Get average annual
energy and
travel distance per Specify occupancy
greenhouse gas
person, by mode
emissions

ATDcars ATDbike NOhh ATD×NOhh×DTEI

ATDtrams ATD×NOhh×ITEI
ATDmetro
ATDtrain
13
 How to quantify transport energy

Direct Transport energy (non-electric car)

𝑇𝑇

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶ℎℎ= 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇× 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ × � 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝑡𝑡 ×𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡

=1
𝑡𝑡
Where:
DTEChh = Annual direct transport energy of cars owned by the household hh, in GJ;
TDC = Annual car travel distance per capita, in km;
NOhh = Number of users within the household;
t= Car technology i.e. gasoline, diesel or natural gas;
FEt = Average fuel efficiency of car technology t, in l/km; and
ECFt = Energy content of fuel used in car technology t, in GJ/l.

This area is reserved for subtitles – please remove before filming

 How to quantify transport energy

Direct Transport energy (electric car)

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶ℎℎ = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ×𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ ×𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ×𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

Where:
DTEEChh = Annual direct transport energy of an electric car owned by the household hh, in GJ;
TDEL = Annual car travel distance of the electric car per capita, in km;
NOhh = Number of users within the household;
EFEL = Average fuel efficiency of the electric car in GJ/km; and
PEFEL = Primary energy conversion factor for electricity production in Gjprimary/GJdelivered

This area is reserved for subtitles – please remove before filming

 How to quantify transport energy

Indirect Transport energy (car)

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶ℎℎ = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ×𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ ×𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

Where:
ITEChh = Household annual indirect transport energy related to car transport, in GJ;
TDC = Annual car travel distance per capita, in km;
NOhh = Number of users within the household; and
IEIC = Indirect energy intensity of cars, in GJ/pkm.

This area is reserved for subtitles – please remove before filming

 How to quantify transport energy
Direct Transport energy (public transport)

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑃𝑃ℎℎ= � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓× 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓× 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ + � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ×𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ×𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ×𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓=1 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =1
Where:
DTEPhh = Annual direct public transport energy use of the household, in GJ;
fp = Fuel-based public transport mode used by the household;
TDfp = Average annual travel distance per capita using fuel-based public transport mode fp, in km;
FEfp = Average fuel efficiency of fuel-based public transport mode fp, in l/km; and
ECFt = Energy content of fuel used in using fuel-based public transport mode fp, in GJ/l.
ep = Electric public transport mode used by the household;
TDep = Average annual travel distance per capita using electric public transport mode ep, in km;
EFep = Average fuel efficiency of the electric public transport mode ep in GJ/km; and
PEFEL = Primary energy conversion factor for electricity production in GJprimary/GJdelivered
NOhh = Number of users within the household.

This area is reserved for subtitles – please remove before filming

 How to quantify transport energy
Direct Transport energy (public transport)

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑃𝑃ℎℎ= � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓× 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓× 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ + � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ×𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ×𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ×𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓=1 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =1

This area is reserved for subtitles – please remove before filming

 How to quantify transport energy

Indirect Transport energy (public transport)

𝑃𝑃

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃ℎℎ = � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝× 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ

𝑝𝑝=1

Where:
ITEPhh = Annual indirect public transport energy use of the household hh, in GJ;
p= Public transport mode used by the household;
TDp = Average annual travel distance of the household users using public transport mode p, in km/user;
IEIp = Indirect energy intensity of public transport mode p, in GJ/pkm; and
NOhh = Number of users within the household.

This area is reserved for subtitles – please remove before filming

 How to quantify transport energy

Total Annual Transport energy

𝑇𝑇𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,ℎℎ = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,ℎℎ +𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚,ℎℎ

Where:
TEm,hh = Household annual transport energy related to transport mode m, in GJ;
DTEm,hh = Annual direct transport energy requirement for transport mode m and household hh, in GJ;
ITEm,hh = Annual indirect transport energy requirement for transport mode m and household hh, in GJ.

This area is reserved for subtitles – please remove before filming

 How to quantify transport energy

Life Cycle Transport energy

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐸ℎℎ = � 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦,ℎℎ +𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦,ℎℎ

𝑦𝑦 =1

Where:
LCTEhh = Life cycle transport energy demand of household hh, in GJ;
POA = Period of analysis, in years;
y= Year of POA;
TECy,hh = Transport energy of cars owned by the household for year y, in GJ; and
TEPy,hh = Public transport energy use of the household for year y, in GJ.

This area is reserved for subtitles – please remove before filming

 How to quantify transport emissions
Scope 1 emissions

The average emissions intensity in for the fuel in kgCOee/GJ of the car/bus/train
× annual direct energy use for that mode

Scope 2 emissions
For electric vehicles and transport modes: convert primary energy for electricity
to greenhouse gas emissions using the emissions factor for operational energy

Scope 3 emissions
Given, based on input-output analysis

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Converting primary energy to greenhouse
gas emissions
Fuel Emissions factor (kgCO2e/GJ) Total global warming
potential
CO2 CH4 N2 O (kgCO2-e/GJ)
Black
coal 88.2 0.03 0.2 88.43
Brown
coal 92.7 0.01 0.4 93.11
Biomass 0.0 0.6 1.2 1.8
Dry
wood 0.0 0.08 1.2 1.28
LNG 51.2 0.1 0.03 51.33
LPG 59.6 0.1 0.2 59.9
Gasoline 66.7 0.2 0.2 67.1
Diesel 69.2 0.1 0.2 69.5
Ethanol 0.0 0.06 0.2 0.26
Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (2011)
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Data
Melbourne
Indirect
Transport Indirect
Direct primary energya greenhouse gas
mode primary energy
(MJ/pkm) emissions
(MJ/pkm)
(kgCO2e/pkm)
Car gasoline 2.42† 1.99† 0.1821†
Car diesel 2.73† 2.07† 0.1907†
Car LPG 1.85† 2.07† 0.1896†
Car electric 1.22
(delivered
1.41†- 0.1367†
energy 0.36#)
Bus (diesel) 2.47† 1.14† 0.12†
Tramway 1.26
(delivered
0.67†- 0.07745†
energy 0.37†)
Metro Train 2.14
(delivered
0.97†- 0.1166†
energy 0.63†)
Note : aThe values in brackets are final energy intensities, i.e. prior to multiplication by the primary energy
conversion factor of electricity in the region or country. Based on: †Lenzen (1999), #Perrin (2012). †-

Indicates that the indirect fuel requirements have been subtracted since they are taken into account when
multiplying the direct requirements by the electricity primary energy conversion factor.

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Gathering data from VISTA

• https://transport.vic.gov.au/about/data-and-research/vista/vista-data-and-
publications

+
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Victoria

Additional

• https://chartingtransport.com

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Break
 15 mins

𝑇𝑇

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶ℎℎ = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ × � 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝑡𝑡 × 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡

𝑡𝑡=1

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶ℎℎ = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ × 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
Variable Value
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑃𝑃ℎℎ = � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 × 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 × 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ + � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 × 𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 × 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ Number of occupants 3
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓=1 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒=1

𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Average car travel distance per capita (km) 5000
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃ℎℎ = � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝 × 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐸ℎℎ = � 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦,ℎℎ + 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦,ℎℎ Average bus travel distance per capita (km) 1000
𝑝𝑝=1 𝑦𝑦=1
Average tramway travel distance per capita (km) 2000
Gasoline car direct energy intensity (MJ/pkm) 2.42
 Calculate the annual direct transport energy Diesel bus direct energy intensity (MJ/pkm) 2.47
demand for all relevant transport modes Tramway direct delivered energy intensity (MJ/pkm) 0.37
 Calculate the annual indirect transport energy Gasoline car indirect energy intensity (MJ/pkm) 1.99
demand for all relevant transport modes Diesel bus indirect energy intensity (MJ/pkm) 1.14
 Calculate the total energy demand over 50 Tramway indirect energy intensity (MJ/pkm) 0.67
years for this household Tramway indirect greenhouse gas intensity 0.07745
(kgCO2e/pkm)
 Calculate greenhouse gas emissions for
tramways over 50 years Primary energy conversion factor 3.4
Brown coal emissions factor (kgCO2e/GJ) 93.11
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Solution 𝑇𝑇

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐶𝐶ℎℎ = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ × � 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝑡𝑡 × 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶ℎℎ = 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ × 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

𝑡𝑡=1

• Annual travel distance by car per capita

• 5 000 km/capita
• Number of occupants
• 3
• Fuel efficiency × Energy content of fuel
• 2.42 MJ/pkm
• Indirect energy intensity
• 1.99 MJ/pkm
• 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎℎ = 5000 × 3 × 2.42 = 36.3 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
• 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇ℎℎ = 5000 × 3 × 1.99 = 29.85 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
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Solution 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑃𝑃

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑃𝑃ℎℎ = � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 × 𝐹𝐹𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 × 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ + � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 × 𝐸𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 × 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃ℎℎ = � 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑝𝑝 × 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑝𝑝 × 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓=1 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒=1 𝑝𝑝=1

• Annual travel distance by bus and tram per capita

• B: 1 000 km/capita
• T: 2 000 km/capita
• Number of occupants
• 3
• Fuel efficiency × Energy content of fuel | Primary energy
conversion factor
• B: 2.47 MJ/pkm
• T: 0.37 × 3.4 = 1.26 MJ/pkm
• Indirect energy intensity for bus and tram
• B: 1.14 MJ/pkm
• T: 0.67 MJ/pkm
• 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 1000 × 3 × 2.47 = 7.41 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
• 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2000 × 3 × 1.26 = 7.56 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
• 𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 1000 × 3 × 1.14 = 3. 42 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
• 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2000 × 3 × 0.67 = 4. 02 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺

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Solution 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐸𝐸ℎℎ = � 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐶𝐶𝑦𝑦,ℎℎ + 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑃𝑃𝑦𝑦,ℎℎ

𝑦𝑦=1

• Annual car transport energy

• 36.3 + 29.85 = 66.15 GJ
• Annual bus transport energy
• 7.41 + 3.42 = 10.83 GJ
• Annual tramway transport energy
• 7.56 + 4.02 = 11.58 GJ
• 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿ℎℎ = 50 × (65.15 + 10.83 +
11.58) = 4378 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺

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Solution 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐺𝐺 TRAM = � 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐸𝐸𝑦𝑦TRAM × 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦 + 𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑂ℎℎ × 𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝑦𝑦TRAM × 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐺𝐺𝑦𝑦TRAM

𝑦𝑦=1

 Primary annual direct transport energy

▫ 7.56 GJ
 Greenhouse gas emissions factor for electricity
▫ Brown coal: 93.11 kgCO2e / GJ
 Direct greenhouse gas emissions per year
▫ 7.56 x 93.11 = 703.91 kgCO2e
 Indirect greenhouse gas emissions per year
▫ 3 × 2000 × 0.07745 = 464.7 kgCO2e 258.36
tCO2e

 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 TRAM = 50 × 703.91 + 464.7 =

58 430.50 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘2𝑒𝑒 = 58.4 tCO2e
31
Questions you need to ask yourself in your
groups
• What is the average travel distance by capita and by mode for my
neighbourhood?

• What intensities do I need depending on the transport mode chosen? (assume

active transport requires 0 energy and emissions, but still report the km
travelled!)

32
Week 6 details
• Quiz #05 on Transport Energy on Friday 8th September
• Assignment due on Thursday, 31st August at 11:59pm

• Presentations Friday 1st September, starting at 12:10pm

• Each group will have up to ~15 minutes to present their neighbourhood and their results
• Q&A session will follow each presentation

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